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PREFACE, 



. The prominent position now occupied by Missouri among the 
States of the Republic, renders an apology for writing its history 
unnecessary. Its astonishing progress in population, wealth, and 
intelligence, as well as its prospective importance, are such as to 
fully justify, it is believed, not only a record extending from its 
first discover}' down to the time of its purchase by the United 
States, but also a recital of its "Territorial career, and of its advance- 
ment as a State since its admission into the Union, in 1820. 

Much care and labor have been given to each of these periods. 
In them were enacted scenes and incidents of thrilling interest. 
Great pains have been taken, in detailing these events, to present 
only such as are authentic and reliable. To this end, information 
has been sought for at every available point, and drawn from the 
most trust-worthy sources; yet such only has been retained as, 
upon careful consideration and the closest scrutiny, has been found 
weighty and significant. At the same time, it has been attempted 
to embody facts in the narrative, in a manner to avoid crudeness 
on the one hand, and a dry chronological recital on the other. 

It will be seen that the topography and geology, as well as the 
geography of the State, have received that attention which their 
importance demands. Manufacturing, commercial and agricultural 
interests have also a prominent place. Missouri's mineral deposits, 
especially those of iron, coal and lead, have been dwelt upon. The 
richness of some of them is indeed marvelous! They form a basis 
of wealth, limited only by the extent of their development. 



IV I'ltKKACE. 

Sketches of the rise, progress, and presei^t condition of the vari- 
ous religious denominations of Missouri form a conspicuous feature 
of the hook. In addition to these, a history is given of the puhlic- 
school system of the State, and also an account of the institutions 
of learning, of which the Commonwealth is justly so proud. 
Therein is shown how a rapidly increasing and intelligent people 
keep pace, in all that concerns religion, morality and learning, 
with older communities, iji other portions of the Union. 

A distinguishing characteristic of this work is its county 
sketches. In them the reader is hrought into close relation with 
each particular part of the State. The advantages of these are 
obvious, embracing, as they do, narratives of pioneer life, descrip- 
tions of interesting localities, and personal reminiscences. The 
staple products of each county, the quality of its soil, its market 
facilities, the course and size of its various streams, its educational 
advantages, — all these items of interest, and many others, are 
largely dwelt upon. The first settlement, too, of each county; its 
organization; its internal improvements; the location and progress 
of its principal towns; its suffering, or exemption from the ravages 
of civil war; its area and statistics; its natural resources; — these 
are some of the many subjects to which the attention of the reader 
is called. 

A considerable space has been yielded in the book to biographies 
of leading and prominent men, living and dead, who have borne 
an active part in the various enterprises of life, and who have 
become closely identified with the history of Missouri. The acts 
of those living must not be forgotten; nor nmst the memories of 
those who have passed away be allowed to perish. Such men, in 
fact, constitute the State. It is the imperative duty of the histo- 
rian to chronicle their public and private efforts to advance the 
great interests of society. The deeds of these men are to be re- 
corded for the benefit of those who follow them. Their successful 
lives add to the glory of the Commonwealth. 

In the present rapid progress of civih'zatioii and refinement, 



PREFACE. V 

speculation is far mor'^ readily attracted to the future than to the 
past — onward toward t. it which is to come, rather than backward 
to what is finished. Notwithstanding this, the history of the State 
must be carefully studied to rightfully appreciate its present great- 
ness, or to forecast what is to follow. Besides, it is certainly befit- 
ting and proper to pay a due regard to the generations that have 
preceded us, upon whose labors we have entered, and the fruit of 
which we now enjoy. W. B. D. 

St. Louis, December, 1876. 



■Jo 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 



COI^TEKTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 

De Soto discovers the Mississippi — He advances to tlie Nortliweat — Win- 
. ters in Missouri — Object of the Expedition — Hardships and Discour- 
agements — Death of Dc Soto — Tlie French in search of the Great 
River — Marquette and Joliet discover it June 17, 1673 — They journey 
southward to tlie mouth of the Arkansas — Marquette returns to his 
Mission and Joliet to Quebec — Sensation in Canada at the news of 
the Discovery — Death of Marquette — Robert Cavalier de La Salle — 
Hennepin sent to explore the Upper Mississippi — Voyage of La Salle 
to the Sea — He takes formal possession of Louisiana — He returns to 
France — Organizes a Colony for Louisiana — Sails from Roclielle — Dis- 
astrous Voyage — Lands in Texas — Deserted by Beaujeu — La Salle de- 
parts for Canada — Is Murdered — Count de Frontenac — Settlements in 
New France — D'Iberville in Bay of Mobile — Enters the Mississippi — 
Tonty's Letter to La Salle — D'Iberville goes to France — M. De Bien- 
ville — Collision with the English — D'Iberville returns to Louisiana — 
Takes Possession of the Country anew — Tlie French ascend the Miss- 
ouri . .1 

CHAPTER II. 

OCCUPATION OP THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 

Louisiana reduced to Embarrassing Condition — Friendship established 
between the French and Indians — Settlements in the Illinois Country — 
Land Titles — Louisiana granted to Crozat — Extent of Louisiana — 
First Laws — Crozat relinquishes his patent to the King — Condition of 
the Colony — Transfer of Louisiana to the Company of the West — Its 
Privileges and Powers — Extravagant Expectations of the Company — 
Fort Charlies — New Settlements — Mining Operations — Mines St. Fran- 
cois and Potosi discovered — Spanish Expedition from Santa F6 
against the Missouris — Slaughter of the Spaniards — Fort Orleans 
erected on the Missouri — Destruction of the Fort — Massacre of the 
French — End of the Mississippi Company — First village established 
on the Missouri River — St. Louis Founded — Manners and Customs of 
earlv French Settlers. 8 



VIU CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER III. 

SPANISH DOMINATION IN UPPER LOtHSIANA. 

Treaty of Fontainebleau — Extent of English Acquisitions — Secret Treaty 
between tlie Frencli ami Spanish Kings — Louisiana ceded to Spain — 
She defers Jurisdiction — M, D'Abadie^ — Arrival of General D'Ulloa in 
New Orleans with Spanish troops — Hostility of the Inhabitants — 
D'Ulloa required to leave the Country — Arrival of Count O'Reilly in 
1769 — Severe measures to obliterate French Supremacy — Rios in St. 
Louis — St. Ange acting Governor — Departure of Rios with his Troops 
for New Orleans — Pontiac — His Assassination — Don Pedro Piernas — 
End of French Domination — Piernas Policy — His Popularity — Pros- 
perity of St. Louis — Immigration — Death of St. Ange — His Will — 
Caroudelet founded — Crozat Succeeds Piernas — Fernando de Leyba — 
George Rogers Clark — St. Louis attacked by Indians — Treachery of 
Leyba — His Removal from the Command — Crozat placed in Autliority 
— Leyba's Death — End of Crozat's Administration — His Successors — 
Expansion of Settlements — Revival of Trade in St. Louis — Close of 
Trudeau's Official Career — Charles Dehault Delassus — Arrival of 
Spanish Troops — Retrocession of Louisiana to Prance. • • 21 

CHAPTER IV. 

ST. LOTUS FROM 1803 to 1820. 

French Settlers — Missionaries — Anecdote related of a Missourian — 
Streets and Houses — Log Houses — Log Church — Government House — 
Chouteau Mansion — Madam Chouteau's Residence — Fort St. Charles — 
Pain Court (short bread) — Number and Character of Houses— Names 
of principal Merchants and Traders— The Fur Trade— Prices of 
Goods— Increase of Population — New Buildings— Postoffice estab- 
lished — First Paper west of the Mississippi — St. Louis incorporated — 
Missouri Fur Company formed — Trading Posts established— Company 
Dissolved— First School established — Bank of St. Louis — Bank of 
Missouri incorporated — Population of St. Louis in 1815— Arrival of 
first Steamboat— First Steamboat on the waters of the Missouri— First 
Board of School Trustees — John Jacob Astor — Missouri Fur Company 
revived. 33 

CHAPTER V. 

RETROCESSION OF J.OUISIANA TO FRANCE AND ITS PURCHASE BY THE UNITED 

STATES. 

Treaty of St. Ildefonso — Spain cedes Louisiana to France— Purchase of 
the Territory by the United States— Sum of Pay-nent, $15,000,000— 
Duration of French Sovereignty— General Wilkiason in command of 



CONTENTS. IX 

the United States Troops — Spanish Troops embark for Havana — Cere- 
mony of French Deliverj' to the United States — Amos Stoddard — Lou- 
isiana divided — Placed undtr Jurisdiction of Governor and Judges 
of Indiana — Extent of Upper Louisiana — Popuhition— Meriwether 
Lewis and William Clark conduct Exploring Expedition— Prepara- 
tions for the Undertaking — Objects Achieved — First Courts of Justice 
— District changed to Territory of Louisiana, March 3d, 180") — James 
Wilkinson appointed Governor — Aaron Burr — Fort Bellefontaine es- 
tablished — Meriwether Lewis Governor — Embargo of 1807 — Its intlu- 
ence on St. Louis — Incident of Personal Prowess — Governor Lewis' 
Successors — Steamer New Orleans -The Great Earthquake — New Ma- 
drid destroyed. • ■ 43 

CHAPTER VI. 

MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

1812—1820 

Louisiana to be called Missouri — Territory advanced to second grade of 
Government — Counties laid oft" — First Election — House of liepresenta- 
tives convenes December 7th, 1S12 — Members — Oath of office — First 
Business — Council appointed — Proclamation of Governor Bates — Will- 
iam Clark succeeds to the oflBce of Governor — Meeting of the General 
Assembh' — Laws passed — Boundaries of Counties Defined — Enumera- 
tion of Inhabitants — Kufus Easton elected to Congress — First Session 
of second General Assemblj', December 5, 1814 — Number of Represen- 
tatives under new apportionment — Indian Troubles — Fort Bellevue 
attacked — Governor Clark instructed to establish a Garrison at Prairie 
du Chien — Fort commenced — Governor Clark returns to St.^Louis — 
Sends a Force to preserve the Post from attack by the Indians — Ter- 
mination of the Expedition — Legislature of 1816 — Acts pas,sed — Leg- 
islature of 1818— Counties formed — Application to Congress for au- 
thority to Organize a State Government. 59 

CHAPTER VII. 

ORGANIZATIOX OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 

Receipt of application by Congress for authority to Organi/x* a State 
Government — The "Missouri Question" — A Political Storm — Excite- 
ment in Missouri — Compromise Effected — Missouri to decide whether 
Slavery Allowed or Rejected — Election for Members of Convention 
to Frame a Constitution — Meeting of Convention — Members — Consti- 
tution signed 19th of July, 1820— Alexander M'Nair Elected Governor 
— Amendment to Constitution — Boundaries of Missouri — Collision be- 
tween Missouri and Iowa — Military Force appealed to — Questions of 
DispHte referred to the United States Court — Conditions of the Consti- 
tution — General Summary 69 



X CONTENTS. 

CHAPTEK VIII. 

ADMISSION OK MISSOUKI INTO THE UNION — ADMINXSTKATIOK OK GOVERNOR 
ALEXANDEll M'NAIR. 

1820-1824. 

Opening of the First Legislature— Message of the Governor and his 
Recommendations— Election of United States Senators — New Counties 
Formed — Location of State Capital — Further Congressional Action on 
the Admission of Missouri — Reception of Missouri into the Union 
Complete — Failure of Bank of Missouri — Stay and Relief Laws — 
Special Meeting of the Legislature— Solemn Public Act— Legislative 
Session in November— First Directory published in St. Louis — Govern- 
ment Grist-mill— St. Louis incorporated as a City — Rocky Mountain 
Fur Company — Missouri Fur Company — Fatal Duel between Barton 
and Rector — Election of 1827 — Frederick Bates elected Governor — Con- 
vening of the Legislature — Governor M'Nair's Closing Message — 
Governer Bates' Message 77 

CHAPTER IX. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FREDERICK HATES, ABRAHAM .1. WILLIAMS 
AND JOHN MILLER. 

1824-1828. 

Bill in Reference to Duelling — Veto of the Governor — City of St. Louis — 
Its Mayor — Street improvements — Arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette 
— Enthusiasm of the Inhabitants — General Atkinson's Expedition — 
Treaties with the Kansas and Osage Indians— Survey of Santa F6 road 
— Death of Governor Bates — Abraham J. Williams acting Governor — 
Election to Fill Vacancy — John Miller Successful Candidate — In- 
dustrial Pursuits— General Assembly Meet at new Seat of Govern- 
ment — Election of United States Senators — Immigration — Financial 
Aftairs— Productiveness of Lead Mines— Removal of Indians from the 
State • ■ . 89 



CHAPTER X. 

ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR .TOHN MILLER. 

1828-1832. 

Quadrennial Election for State Officers— John ^Miller Re-elected Govern- 
or — Presidential Electors — Legislative Session in November, 1829 — 
Governor Miller's Message and Recommendations — Hostilities of the 
Indians- Militia called out by the Governor — Branch Bank of the 
United States established at St. Louis— Judge J. H. Peck — Arrest of 
L. E. Lawless — The Salt Question — Speech of Senator Benton on the 



CONTENTS. XI 

Salt Tax — Re-election of Spencer Pettis to Congress — Duel between 
Pettis and Major Biddle — United States Census, 1830— Steamboat 
on the Upper Missouri — Black Hawk War — Re-charter of the United 
States Bank — President Jackson's Veto — Excitement Among the 
People — Indignation Meetings — Election for State Officers — Cholera 
in St. Louis 95 

CHAPTER XL 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS DANIEI, DUNKLIN AND LILBURN W. BOGG8. 

1832-1836. 

Legislative Session — Governor's Message and Recommendations — Coun- 
ties Organized — State Penitentiary ordered Built — Population in 
1832 — State Finances — The Mormons in Jackson County — Fears of the 
Citizens — Removal of the Mormons — Cholera at St. Charles, 1833 — 
Accounts of Famine at Mouth of the Yellowstone — General Assembly, 
1834 — Dr. Lewis F. Linn Elected United States Senator — Immigration 
— Eight Steamboats Arrive in St. Louis — Railroad Mania — Destructive 
Fire in St. Louis — National Road Enterprise — Public Meeting — Quad- 
rennial Election for State Officers — L. W. Boggs elected Governor- 
Texas Revolt — Presidential Electors — Vote for Martin Van Buren. 104 

CHAPTER XII. 

ADMINISTH.VTION OF GOVERNOR IJI,BURN W. BOGG8. 

1836-1840. 

Ninth General Assembly — Governor's Message — Stale Debt — Vote for 
Governor — L. W. Boggs declared Elected — Banks Chartered — Expul- 
sion of Foreign Bank Agencies — Money Panic — Bank Failures — Sus- 
pension Specie Payment — Death of David Barton — Seminole War — State 
House Burned, 17th November, 1837 — Mornnm Difficulties — Military 
Assistance called — Peace Restored — Mormons leave the State — Tenth 
General Assembly — Governor Boggs' Message and Recommendations — 
Important enactments — Thomas H. Benton Elected United States 
Senator— William Clark died— Fur Trade of 1838— Election, 1839— 
Special Election in October — Nominations for Governor and Lieu- 
tenant-Governor — Immigration to Missouri — Thomas Reynolds elected 
Governor Ill 

CHAPTER XIII. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS REYNOLDS AND .M. .\I. MARMADUKK. 

1840-1844. 

Eleventh General Assembly — Governor Boggs' Recommendations — Ad- 
journment of Legislature — Important Laws Passed— Death of J. B. C. 



Xll CONTENTS. 

Lucas — Missouri's Finances — Legislature Re-elect Lewis F. Linu 
United States Senator — Died October, 1843 — David R. Atchison ap- 
pointed to fill Vacancy — Impeachment Trial of John D. Leland — Iron 
Mountain — Lead Mines — Governor Reynolds Suicides — Democratic 
State Convention — John C. Edwards, Nominee for Governor — Death 
of Ex-Governor Daniel Dunklin — State Election — Whigs Refuse to 
Nominate Candidates for Congress — Their Opponents divided — " The 
llards" and "The Softs" — Thomas H. Benton Re-elected United 
States Senator — Edwards Elected Governor — Majority Vote to Ckll a 
Constitutional Convention 119 

CHAPTER XIV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN C. KDWARDS. 

1844-1848. 
Session of Thirteenth General Assembly — Governor's Message — United 
States Senators Elected — Auditor of Public Accounts Report — The 
Vote for Presidential Electors — State Census Taken— Rapid Increase of 
Population — The Great Flood — Rivers Overflow their Banks — Inhabi- 
tants Flee from their Homes — Adjournment of Legislature — Exultation 
at News of Texas Annexation — Boundary Dispute between Iowa and 
Missouri — Constitutional Convention — New Constitution Proposed — 
Volunteers for Mexican War — Second Requisition for Men — Election 
— Constitution Rejected by Vote of the People — Congressmen — Four- 
teenth General Assembly — Message of Governor Edwards — His Recom- 
mendations — Resolutions Regarding Executive Expenditures — "Tart 
and Bitter" reply of the Governor — Laws Passed — Memorials to Con- 
gress — Legislature Adjourns February 16th, 1847. .... 126 

CHAPTER XV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR AUSTIN A. KING. 

1848—185'.?. 

Fifteenth General Assembly convened 25th of December, 1848 — Senate 
Resolutions regarding Congressional action on Slavery Question — 
Laws passed — Northern Boundaries Questions settled in favor of Iowa 
— "St. Louis Republican" on the Situation — Presidential Election — 
Cass Electors receive Majority vote — Destructive fire in St. Louis — 
Tvventy-thrci! Steamboats Consumed— Valuable Cargoes lost — Buildings 
Blown up — The Lives lost — Value of Property destroyed — Insurance 
— Re-appearance of Cholera — General Assembly, 1850 — State Treasury 
Receipts — State Expenditures — State Debt — Henry S. Geyer United 
States Senator for six years — St. Louis and Pacific Railroad — State Aid 
— Election of 1852 — Sterling Price elected Governor — Called Session 
of tlie Legislature — Exciting contest for Speaker of the House — Gov- 
ernor King's Message — Laud Grants by Congress. .... ^34 



CONTENTS. Xlll 

CHA.PTER XVI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR STERLING PRICE. 

1853—1856. 

Legislature of 1852 — Governor King's Annual Message — Growing Pros- 
pects of tlie State — March Onward and Upward — Sterling Price Inau- 
gurated Governor January, 1853 — State Capitol — State Luuaiic As3'lum 
— Railroads under Construction — Session of Eighteenth General As- 
sembly — Bills approved and signed by the Governor — Two Houses 
meet in joint Convention to elect United States Senator — Unsuccessful 
Balloting — Action postponed — Legislature adjourned to first Mon- 
day in November — Death of Lieutenant-Governor Wilson Brown. • 140 

CHAPTER XVII. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OP GOVERNORS TRUSTEN POLK, HANCOCK JACKSON AND 
ROBERT M. STEWART. 

1856—1860. 

Nineteenth General Assembly convened 29th of December, 1856 — Govern- 
or's Message — Revenue of the State — Trusten Polk's Inaugural Message 
— Meeting of two Houses Legislature to elect United States Senators 
— James S. Green elected to fill Vacancy, and Trusten Polk for six years 
— Adjourned Session of Legislature — Governor Polk resigns the office 
of Governor — Succeeded by Hancock Jackson — Twentieth General 
Assembly — Governor's Message and Recommendations — Adjourned 
Session of Legislature — R. M. Stewart, Governor — His views on Rail- 
road Enterprises — Third Special Session of Legislature — State Election 
— Claiborne F. Jackson received majority vote for Governor — Seven 
Members of Congress Elected. 144 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OK GOVERNORS CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON, HAMILTON R. 
GAMBLE AND WILLARD P. HALL. 

1860-1864. 

First Session of Twenty-first General Assembly — Inauguration of 
Governor Jackson — Election of Delegates to State Convention — Meet- 
ing of Conventicm 28th February, at the Capitol — Adjournment — Ad- 
journed to Meet in St. Louis 4th of March — Proposals of Georgia for 
Missouri to Join the Soutliern Confederacy — She Decides Against 
it — News of the surrender of Camp Jackson — Great Excitement in the 
Legislature — Military Bill Passed — Military Placed under Command 
of the Governor — Telegrapli Taken Possession of^Ringing of Bells 
and Shouts of Men — Midnight Session of the Legislature — 13,000 Kegs 



XIV CONTENTS. 

of Powder sent into the Country — State Treasure removed — City of St. 
Louis, Scene of Great Excitement — General Lyon in Possession of the 
Arsenal — General Frost Sunemltrs his Command to Lyon — Riot in St. 
Louis — Twenty-five Killed and Wounded — Legislature Adjourned until 
September — General Harney — Interview between Government Officers 
and State Authorities — Governor Jackson Calls for 50,000 State Militia 
— Proclamation by General Lyon — Movement of Government Troops — 
Arrival at the Capital — Offices of the State Government — General 
Lyon near Booneville — Governor Jackson at Syracuse — Union Citizens 
Plundered — Government Force, 10,000 men — State Treasurer, Auditor 
and Land Registrar Return to Jefferson City and Take the Oath of 
Allegiance — The Home Guard of the Capital Under Direction of 
Colonel Boerstein — General J. C. Fremont in Command of the Depart- 
ment of the West — Engagement at Carthage — Battle at Wilson's Creek 
— Attack on Monroe Station by Confederate Troops — General Pope in 
Command in Northern Missouri — State Convention at Jefferson City, 
July 22 — State Offices Vacated b}' Convention — H. R. Gamble Chosen 
Governor — General Fremont's Emancipation Proclamation — Fremont 
Superceded — General Hunter in Command — Convention of Southern 
Sympathizers at Neosho- — General Price in Southern Missouri — 
General Curtis moves with Federal Force to Southern Missouri — 
— Appointment of United States Senators — General Schotield in Mili- 
tary Command — State Convention June 3d — Convention of Emanci- 
pationists — Election for Members of Congress — Legislature meets 
December 29, 18C2— Sta'te Officers to Retain their Offices until Close of 
1864 — A convention called on the 15th of July, to Consider Plan of 
Emancipation — General Curtis Removed, and General Schofield Ap- 
pointed — Convention Passed Ordinance of Emancipation — Differences 
between the State and Enrolled Militia — Convention to Revise the 
Organic Law of the State — Immigration — Adjourned Session of the 
Legislature, November 10th, 18G3 — B. Gratz Brown elected United 
States Senator — Important Laws Passed 152 

CHAPTER XIX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOR THOMAS C. FLETCHER. 

1864-1868. 

Annual Election — The Vote for President Lincoln — Union Ticket for 
State Offices Elected — Session of the Twenty-third General Assembly 
— Statistics of Enlistments — State Finances — Cessation of Military Dis- 
turbances — Common Schools — Governor Fletcher Inaugurated — Meet- 
ing of Constitutional Convention — Ordinance of Emancipation Passed 
— How the News was Received in St. Louis — New Constitution — Diffi- 
culties as to the Right of Possession of the Supreme Court Judges — 
The Test Oath and Difficulties Connected with its Enforcement — 
Arrest of Attorneys, Teachers and Clergymen — State Statistics — 



CONTENTS. \V 

Railroads — Pulilic Schools — Legislative Proceedings — Efforts to Modi- 
fy the Test (.)uth — Close of the War — The Test Oath brought before 
Supreme Court, and the United States Supreme Court — Declared Un- 
constitutional — Elections — The Registry Law — Claim on Federal Gov- 
ernment — Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment concurred in by 
State Legislature — Twenty-fourth General Assembly Convened Janu- 
ary 2d, 1867 — Governor Fletcher's Message — His Recommendations 
for Repeal of Test Law — Trial by State Senate of Judge Walter King 
for alleged Misdemeanors — Election of United States Senators — Con- 
dition of State Finances — Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company — Ad- 
journed Session of Twenty-fourth General Assembly, January 7, 1868 — 
Democratic and Republican State Conventions — Election for Governor 
and State officers — J. W. McClurg, Governor — State Resources — State, 
Penal, and Benevolent Institutions — Educational Affairs — University of 
Missouri — Monument Erected to Memory of Thomas H. Benton — In- 
crease of Population — Taxable Property of the Commonwealth. . 188 

CHAPTER XX. 

ADMINISTR.VTION OF GOVERNOll JOSEl'U W. M'CLUUG. 

1868-1870. . 

Session of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly -J. W. McClurg Declared 
Elected Governor — Inaugural Message — Amendment to the State Con- 
stitution Recommended — Other Recommendations — Carl Schurz Elect- 
ed United States Senator — Adjournment of Legislature to January, 
1870 — Assessed Valuation of Taxable Property — State Debt — Illinois 
and St. Louis Bridge Commenced — Railroad Enterprises — Charitable 
and Penal Institutions — Adjourned Session of Legislature — Laws 
Passed — Legislature of 1870-71 — Amendments to the Constitution Sub- 
mitted to a Vote of the People — Republican State Convention — Lack 
of Harmony — Governor McClurg re-norainated — 250 Delegates With- 
draw from the Convention — A New Ticket — B. Gratz Brown Nomi- 
nated for Governor by Withdrawing Delegates — Exciting Campaign — 
Liberal Party Triumphant at the Election — Federal Census 1870 — 
Missouri Advanced from Eighth to Fourth Position Among the States, 
since 1860 — St. Louis Risen to Rank of Fourth City in the Union. . 303 

CHAPTER XXI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR B. (illATZ BROWN. 

1870-1872. 

Twenty-sixth General Assembly — Message and Recommendations of 
(jrovernor Brown — Joint Convention to Elect a United States Senator 
— New Registration Law — Financial Condition of the State — Executive 
Mansion — Institution of the Blind— Geological Survey — Adjourned 



XVI CONTENTS. 

Session of tlie Legislature — Message and Recommendations of the 
Governor — State Bonds — Re-districting tlie State — Amendments of the 
Constitution Submitted to Voice of the People and Ratified, November, 
1871 — "The Gunn City Tragedy" — "Liberal-Republican" Movement — 
Convention at State Capitol — Republican and Democratic Conventions 
— John B. Henderson nominated by Republicans for Governor — Silas 
Woodson, nominee of Democrats and Liberal Republicans, Elected. 209 

CHAPTER XXII. 

ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR SILAS WOODSON. 

1872-1874. 
First Session Twenty-seventh General Assembly — Recommendations of 
Governor Brown in Closing Message — Governor Woodson Inaugurated 
— Vote of the Two Houses of the Legislature separately for United 
States Senator — Joint Combination — Exciting Contest — Lewis V. Bogy 
Declared Elected— Investigation upon Charges of Bribery — Bogy Ex- 
onerated — Important Convention in St. Louis— Interesting Statistics as 
to the Mineral Resources of Missouri — Special Session of the Twenty- 
seventh General Assembly, 7th of January, 1874 — Recommendations of 
Governor Woodson — Important Laws Passed — Special Message of 
Governor, relating to Lawlessness — Act Providing for Secret Service 
Force- "People's Party" Inaugurated— Election, 3d November— Suc- 
cess of Democratic Ticket 215 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR CHARLES H. HARDIN. 

1874-1876. 
Regular Session of Twenty-eight General Assembly, convened 6th Janu- 
ary, 1875 — Valedictory Message of Governor Woodson to the Leg- 
islature— Boud^ of the State Matured— Funding Bonds Issued— 
Reduction of Indebtedness of the State— Seminary and University 
Funds — The Centennial Exposition — President Grant's Policy toward 
Louisiana Denounced — Educational Institutions of Missouri — Schools 
in Prosperous Condition — Joint Convention of the Legislature to 
Canvass Votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor — Charles H 
Hardin, Governor elect. Sworn to Administer the Duties of the Office — 
Inaugural Message — Recommendations — Laws Passed— Session of the 
Legislature closed, March 2i)th, 1875— Extra Session called— Railroad 
Commissioners appointed— State Convention to Revise Constitution — 
New Constitution prepared — Measure Accepted by Vote of People, 
October 30lli, 1875— Southern Pacific Railroad Convention in St. Louis 
—Number of Delegates— Resolutions Adopted — Conspiracy to Defraud 
the Government of the Revenue on Whisky— Distilleries Seized— 
Subsequent Developments. ... - 222 



CONTENTS. XVll 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OP MISSOURI. 

Position — Boundaries — Navigable Waters — Bold Springs— Sulphur and 
Petroleum Springs — Varieties and Species of Timber — Grandeur and 
Beauty of tlie Forests — Climate — Rocks and Useful Minerals — Geologi- 
cal Ages — Division of Soils — Staple Products — Fruits — Domestic Ani- 
mals — Coal Measures — Iron Deposits — Lead Mines — Copper and Zinc 
Ores — Marbles and Granites — Mineral Paints — Water Power produced 
by Springs. . . - 

CHAPTER XXV. 

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 

Earliest Protestant Church — Rev. David Green — Log Meeting-house — 
Organized Existence of the Baptist church in Missouri — Associations 
— Number of Cliurches — Membership — Congregational church — First 
Missionaries — First Preaching in St. Louis — First Congregational 
church Organized, in 1852 — Second Congregational church in the State 
— Pilgrim Church — Rapid Growth — Home Missions — Other Churches 
Organization — Number of Churches in the State — Christian Church — 
First Preachers in Missouri — Church at Fultou — Organized Churclies 
in the State — Cumberland Presbyterian Church — First Presbytery — 
Present Number of Presbyteries — Number of Synods — Ministers — 
Members — Methodist Episcopal Church — Introduction of Methodism 
into Missouri— Rev. John Clark — Missouri Circuit — Posperity of the 
Church — Church Houses in 1876 — Church Membership — Sabbath 
Schools — Presbyterian Church — First trace of Presbyterian Preach 
ing in Missouri — First Protestant Church in St. Louis — Division of 
Church — Protestant Episcopal Church — First Services held in the 
Territory, 1819 — Christ Ciiurch Erected — Bishop Kemper — Congre- 
gations in 1836- -Rev. Cicero S. Hawks made Bishop of Missouri — 
Progress of the Church — St. Luke's Hospital Established — Bishop 
Hawks died — Rev. Charles F. Robertson his Successor — Roman Cath- 
olic Church — Catholic Missionaries — Town Established — History of 
the Church to the Present Time — United Presbyterian Church — Its His- 
tory in Missouri — Unitarian Church — First Church Founded in 1834 — 
Church Membership — Church of the Unity — Prosperous Condition 246 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

EDUCATION. 

History of the Public School System — Particular Institutions — Their 
Organization and Location — Desiug and Scope — Vicissitudes en- 
countered — Prosperity enjoyed — Denominational Connection — Health- 
fulness and Advantages of Location — Endowments — Donations — Ad- 
vancement since the War — Prospective Development. . 278 



XVIU CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

COUNTIES OF MISSOURI. 

Situation — First Settlements— Organization — Physical Features — Soils — 
Staple Products — Market Facilities— Course and Size of Streams— Caves 
— Mounds — Indian Relics — Traces of Ancient Cities — Ancient Races 
— Climate — Educational Advantages — Internal Improvements — Tim- 
ber Supply — Varieties of Same — Rocks and Useful Minerals — Coal 
Beds — Description of Interesting Localities, and Personal Reminis- 
censes — Narratives of Pioneer Life — Location and Progress of Principal 
Towns — SnflFering or Exemption from Ravages of Civil War — Munici- 
pal Townships — Area and Statistics — Natural Resources — County Seat 
— Location and Progress of Principal Towns 313 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

BIOGKAPHY. 

Personal Sketches of Leading and Prominent Men, Living and Dead. 463 

APPENDIX. 

Record of Territorial and State Offices, Judges of Supreme Court, United 
States Senators and Representatives to Congress 621 



633 



Il^J'DEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PORTRAITS. 



^Adams, Washington 132 

/Allen, De Witt C 346 

yAlverson, Iverson B 390 

^assett, Charles C 320 

/Bingham, George C 470 

•Birch, James H 100 

.-Blair, Frauk P 10 

/Bogy, Lewis Y 22 

^Bohart, James M 280 

/Boone, Banton G 226 

/Bottom, M. D., Montgomery 328 

''Broadhead, James O 34 

-Chrisman, William 196 

/Clifford, Benjamin P 418 

^Cockrell, Francis M 40 

''Colman, Norman J 46 

X:;ollier, Luther T 393 

X)rittenden, Thomas T 158 

/Daniel, Henry Clay 338 

^Dcan, Benjamin D 95 

- Dinning, Louis F 274 

rDoniphan, Alexander W 498 

/Dorman, Jerubal G 497 

>©unn, George W 144 

>Dunn, Lemuel 152 

-Eads, James B 16 

/Evens, John 507 

Ewing, Ephraim B 70 

/'Ewing, Robert C 510 

'Flood, Joseph 188 

^Ford, Nicholas 314 

>Oiddings, Napoleon B 513 

-Guitar, Odon 176 

'Halliburton, Wesley 202 

'Hardin, Charles H 4 

-Harris, John W 238 

"Hays, William B 429 



/Heryford, William 522 

/Hicks, Russell 106 

^Hillman, William H 371 

-Hill, Britton A 439 

/Hockaday, John A 220 

-'Houston, Thomas F 414 

-Hughes, Charles J 530 

Hutchins, Stilson 59 

^elley, Henry S 77 

/Krekel, Arnold 95 

Langdon, Edwin J 262 

/Lathrop, LL. D., John H 536 

/Major, Sr., Samuel C 376 

Marshall, Hugh D 423 

McCarty, Edward C 372 

3IcGrath, Michael K 112 

McCullough, Joseph L 367 

<Morgan, Michael D 326 

^losby, M. D., William W 256 

• Nacke, Joseph 556 

^ickerson, Edmund A '.. .386 

'Owens, Samuel H 214 

Owen, Reuben P. . . 450 

Paxton, William Q 560 

Peers, Charles E 456 

Phelps, William H 384 

Philips, John F 120 

Read, LL. D., Daniel .-. . .306 

Richardson, Samuel A 359 

-Riley, Charles V 573 

Rltchey, Mathew H 408 

Rollins, James, S 22 

■Rollins, Anthony W 582 

.Ryland, John F 64 

-Sawyer, Samuel L 209 

j-tihelton. Pines, A 588 

Ismith, George, R 590 



XX 



INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



--Smith, Dr. T. R. H. 
"Smith, George 



.119 

. 89 



'Stanard, Edwin 52 "Wilkinson, John 



-Stephens, James L 324 



-Winston, John H 614 



"Swallow, Prof. George C 230 "Woodside, John R 170 

-Switzler, William F 182 -Wornall, John B 250 



Baylor, John H 244 



-Wagner, David 82 pYeaman, Rev. W. Pope, Chancellor 



-Wells, Erastus 446 



Wilson, Elisha V 164 



Wilson, Robert, P. C. 



.420 
.610 



-Wright, Foster P 138 



William Jewell College 617 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



^tate Capitol Frontispiece. 

- First Meeting-House 247 

" Pilgrim Congregational Church . . . 255 

Christ Church 268 

St. Peter and Pauls Church 272 

'St. Louis University 302 

Washington University 308 

^William Jewell College. 310 



Breckenridge Public School 831 1" 

Clay County Court-House 347 - 

Bridge — Lafayette Park 440^ 

Lake — Lafayette Park 441 - 

Cottage — Fair Grounds 442 

Second Baptist Church 443 

Steel Bridge over Mississippi River, 
St. Louis 446 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 



CHAPTEH 1. 

SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 

The valle}' of the Mississippi was iirst discovered b_v ireruiuido 
de Soto, an associate of Pizarro in the conquest of Pern, 
whose name liad become renowned in the liistorv of Spain. This 
distinguished adventurer exph^red the lower Mississippi counti-y, 
traversing the interior from Florida to tlie river, and as far north 
as the mouth of the Arkansas; and, passing np the White river, lie 
crossed the Ozark mountains, spending the Avinter of 1541-:2 on 
the plains or ])rairies beyond, in the wcstei'n ])art of the 
present State of Missouri, tlic fii-st of white men to set 
foot u])on its soil. The object of this ex})editiou was to ascer- 
tain whether there existed any gold oi- silver mines in that sec- 
tion of the Country; and, having failed to discovei- any. he was 
returning, when he met his death near the mouth of lied Hiver 
in the year 1542. 

lleferring t<t l)e Soto's travels in Miss(Miri, Schoolcraft, in 
]8ir>, said: "Through these Alj)ine ranges De Soto riued with 
his chivalrous and untiring army, making an outward and inward 
expedition into regions which must have presented unwonted 
hardshijis and discouragements to the march of troops. To add 
to these natural obstacles he found himself opposed by iierce sav- 
age tribes, who rushed ujion him from every glen and detile. and 
met him in the o}»en grounds with the most savage energy. His 
own health finally sank under these fatigues; and it is certain 
that, after his death, his successor in the command. Louis de 
Moscoso, once more marched entirely through the southern 
Ozarks. and reaclu-d tlic ])uffalo jtlains beyond them. Such 
1 



2 AX ILLUSTKATKD 

energy and feats of daring had never before been displayed in 
Xortli America, and the wonder is at its lieight, after beliolding 
the wild and rongh mountains, cliffs, glens, and torrents over 
which the actual marches must have laid. Some t>f the names 
of the Indian nations encountered by him furnish conclusive 
evidence that the principal tribes of the country, although they 
■ have changed their particular locations since 1542, still occupy 
the region. Thus, the Kapahas, who then lived on the Missis- 
sippi, above the St. Francois, are identical with the Quappas; the 
Cayas with the Kansas, and the Quipana with the Pawnees.'' 

Neither De Soto nor Moscoso had visited the country with a 
view to its colonization. The acquisition of gold was the absorb- 
ing idea. 

in the year 1673, the French government took steps to discover 
/die upper Mississippi and a passage to the South Sea; and Talon, 
the Intendant of Canada, was requested to give the sub- 
ject his attention. Louis Joliet was selected for the work^ 
to be accompanied by Father James Marquette, missionary. On 
the 17th of May, they embarked, in two frail bark canoes, from 
Michilimackinac, to explore the Mississippi river, with live men. 
On the 7th of June, they arrived at Clreen Bay. Here the party, 
adding to their number two Miami guides, passed up the Fo.\ river, 
to the portage, and, crossing the same to the AVisconsin, slowly 
sailed down its current, amid its vine-clad isles and its countless, 
sand-bars. No sound broke the stillness — no human form ap- 
peared; and, at last, after sailing seven days, on the 17th, they 
hapi)ily glided into the great river. Continuing their journey 
southward, they landed on the western side of the stream at a point 
where the city of Davenport, Iowa, now stands, where they were 
heartily received and entertained by the '' Illinois." Ilesuming 
their voyage, they reached the mouth of the Arkansas ris-er, near 
the 33d degree of latitude. Thus it will be seen that that portion 
of the Mississippi forming the eastern boundary of Missouri, was 
discovered by the last named French explorers, who were, it is 
believed, the iirst white men that had floated u})on the Mississippi 
for a i)eriod of one hundred and thirty years — or since the voyage 
homeward of Moscoso, with the remains of De Soto's expedition, 
in the year l.")-i3. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 3 

Joliet and Marquette having discovered tliat the Mississippi 
did not discharire itself into the Pacific, hut took a southerly 
course, and having been disappointed in not finding an outlet 
to the ocean ; their provisions being scanty, and with few persons 
to prosecute their voyage; — they resolved on returning and com- 
municating to tlie Government the results of their discoveries. 
They journeyed homeward by the Illinois river, until they arrived 
at an Indian village near the site of the present City of Chicago. 
Joliet proceeded thence to Quebec by the upper lakes, and Mar- 
quette remaining among the Indians died in May, 1675, in the 
western part of the present State of Michigan, some distance 
south of the promontory called the " Sleeping Bear." 

The news of the discovery of the Mississippi created a g:'.eat 
sensation in the colony. The boundaries of the American conri- 
ncTit, comprising such a vast extent of country, were then known 
to extend toward the sea, and although they were satisfied as to 
the course which the Mississippi took, they did not doubt that 
they should find the ocean to the westward of the territories they 
had discovered. These researches had contributed to the glory 
of France; they had added lustre to the events of the reign of 
Louis XIV.; the cause of science had been greatly promoted by 
the exertions of its navigators; further scope had been afforded 
to the studies of its geographers and naturalists, yet the discov- 
eries were not complete. Until they had traced the course of 
the Mississippi, and liad re-commenced the voyage at the point 
where Joliet and Marquette abandoned it, and were satisfied 
that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, it coidd 
not be said that they had completed their task in the exploration 
of tlie great American Continent.^ 

In 1680, Robert Cavalier de La Salle fitted out an Exploring 
Expedition consisting of F'ather Louis Hennepin and M. 
Du Gay with six others to advance to the head waters of 
the Mississippi. Hennepin went as far north as the Falls, which 
he named St. Anthony in honor of his patron saint, St. Anthony 
of Padua. In his })ublished "Adventures,'' Hennepin gives an 
account of his journey south to the Arkansas river, of the trutli 
of which serious doul)ts are entertained by historians. 

1 Hart's Hist, of Miss. Valley, p. 32. 



4 AN ILLUSTRATED 

In 1882, La Salle made a tour of exploration through the val- 
ley of the Mississippi. To the '"great river," he gave the name 
of St. Louis, and to the country traversed by it, Louisiana, 
both in honor of the King of France; and to the Missouri 
river, the name of St. Philip. As the expedition proceeded 
down the river. La Salle took formal possession of the country at 
the mouth of the Arkansas, and at Xatchez. On the 6th of April 
it arrived at a place where the Mississippi divided into three 
channels, and the boats separated so as to explore them all. Tlie 
water soon became brackish as they advanced, and on the 9th, 
they reached the open sea. K procl-s verbal was tlien drawn up 
and signed by all the party; and amid a volley of musketry a 
a leaden plate, inscribed with the arms of France, and the names 
<•'{ those who had made the discovery, was deposited in the earth. 
Tlie expedition then ascended tire river to the Illinois, and La 
Salle dispatched Zenobe Membre, a triar, to France to lay au ac- 
count of his voyage before his government. 

The year following, La Salle returned tt^ France to make 
arrangements for colonizing Louisiana, which he accomplished 
by July. 1684, when his fleet of four vessels left Tlochelle. 
Arriviuo- ut St. Domino'o, he steered to the nurth-west, 
for the mouth of the Mississippi ; but, being ignorant of the coast, 
the fleet went too far westward, and landed at the Bay of IMata- 
gorda, (14th of February. 1685.) at a distance of one hundred and 
twenty leagues from the river they were in search of. The sub- 
sequent history of this unfortunate expedition is a lamentable 
one. Ditticulties arose between La Salle and Beaujeu, his associate. 
One of the vessels was shipwrecked, and on the 14th of March, 
the project of establishing a colony was abandoned by Beaujeu, 
who left La Salle without mechanical implements and other 
articles which were necessary to commence operations in an un- 
cultivated region, with one hundred and eighty ]>ersons', on an 
inhospitable shore, in a distant country, sui'rounded by sav- 
ages and exposed to the most imminent danger. \ fort was ei'ected 
to protect them on the Riviere aux Yaches, which was called St. 
Ijouis in honor of the French King. Farly in 1686, La 
Salle decided to returti to (^anada, taking with him seven- 
teen pers(»ns, and leaving twenty at Fort St. i.ouis, including 



■■■■1^^ 




f4 



-^ .M, 



GOVERNOK OF MISSOURI. 



HISTOItY OF MISSOUIII. O 

men, women and eliildren. Disasters still followed this unfortun- 
ate adventurer, and La Salle was assassinated by <»ne of his com- 
pany. The further account of the e.\])edition is not necessarv to 
be given. The student of American history owes a tribute of re- 
spect to the memory of this early explorer, who sacrificed his for- 
tune and his life to the cause of French colonization in America. 

The discovery of the Mississippi In- Marquette and La Salle, 
undertaken under authority of the French (Tovernmcnt. gave to 
France a claim to navigate the great river and its pi'incipal tribu- 
taries, and to occui)y and settle in the country traversed l)y them. 
The farther ex])loration of the lower Mississi]-)pi was interrupted 
by a war of the Iroquois Indians and British colonies against the 
Province of Canada from 1689 to 1696. This war, which was 
terminated by the peace of Ryswick, in 1697, engnjssed 
so much of the attention of the French that they 
made no further attempt to colonize either Texas (»r Lou- 
isiana; but several Frencli Canadians, attracted b}' the beauty and 
fertility of the country, had established themselves durino; this 
period along the shores of the Mississiiipi. and were the ances- 
tors of many of those wealthy ]>lanters and merchants who are 
now settled in the city of New Orleans and the surrounding 
country. They had founded establishments in that ])art of Louis- 
iana, and at Mobile, in order to be as near as possible t( » the Fi-ench 
West India islands, whithei' they resorted for pur})oses of com- 
merce. Settlements were also formed in the Illinois country, east 
of the Mississippi. 

As soon as peace was re-established on a solid and jiermanent 
basis, the French court bestowed its attention on the affairs of 
the New "World, and before the close of the century ''old Kas- 
kaskia" was known through not only all the Illinois, of which it 
^vas for many years the capital, but throughout Canada; and the 
Catholic missions established had grown into parishes, so gi-eat 
was the tide of iramijrration and so fair the fame of the country. 

Count de Frontenac, Governor General of New France, 
was very active in promoting the occupation of the valley of the 
Mississippi, and in 1697, a number of colonies were located at 
various points, north and south, to secure the possession of this 
vast inland territory. At the beginning of the eighteenth century. 



b AN ILLI'JSTIIATED 

tlie settlements in Xew France were coniiiied to the eastern side 
of the Mississippi; but the reports made by a few wan- 
derin*^ oxplurei-s tliat both gold and silver were verv 
abundant in what is now Missouri and Arkansas, induced the 
French to turn theii- attention to the country to the west. Ac- 
cordingly, Count de Frontenac projected an expedition to the 
mines of up])er Louisiana, A fort was erected and settlements 
commenced, but the prejudices of the savage were soon excited, 
and their demonstrations of hostility induced the French to 
abandon this ])art of the country, without making any permanent 
settlements.! 

In the year 1699, D'Iberville arrived from France, with a view 
of making a settlement in Louisiana, and cast anchor in the bay 
of Mobile, from whence he went to seek the great river. Search- 
ing carefully, upon the 2d of March, he discovered and entered 
its mouth which had been so lonff and unsuccessfully sousrht. 
Slowly ascending the stream he found himself puzzled by the 
little resemblance which it bore to that described by Tonty and 
Hennepin; and so great were the discrepancies that he began to 
doubt if he were not on the wrong river, when an Indian chief 
sent him a letter from Tonty to La Salle, on which, through thir- 
teen years, those wild men had been looking with wonder and awe. 
Satisfying himself that he had reached the desired s])ot, he re- 
turned to the Bay of Biloxi, between the Mississippi aiul Mobile 
waters, built a fort, and leaving it suitably manned returned to 
France. During his absence, Avhile his lieutenant, M. De Bien- 
ville, was engaged in exploring the mouths of the Mississippi 
and taking soundings, and had rowed up the main entrance some 
twenty-five leagues, unexpectedly, and to his no little chagrin, a 
i>ritish corvette came in sight, carrying twelve cannon. Slowly 
t-reepingup the swift current De Bienville succeeded in inducing 
the latter to withdraw from the river, reti'acing its course to the 
open sea. This was the first meeting of those rival nations in 
the Mississippi valley which from that day was a bone of con- 
tention between them, till the conclusion of the French war of 
1756. D'Iberville, on his return from France in January, 1700, 
determined to take possession of the country anew, and to build 

1 Parker's Missouri, pp. 40, 41. 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 7 

a fort upon the banks of tlie Mississippi itself. So, with due form, 
the vast valley of the west was again taken possession of in the 
name of Louis, as the whole continent through to the South Sea 
had been previously, by the English, in the luime of the King of 
England ; and what was more effectual, a little fort was built and 
four pieces of cannon placed therein. Another fort was subse- 
quently built where the city of Natchez is now located. 

In the year, 1705, the French ascended the Missouri 
as far as the mouth of the Kansas, the point where the 
western boundary line of the State now strikes the river. They 
found the Indians friendly and hospitable, and cheerfully engaged 
in trade with them. 



CHAPTER II. 

OCCUPATION OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPL 

111 coijsequeiice of wars in Europe, wliich demanded all 
the attention and resources of France, the colony of Louisi- 
ana was reduced to the most embarrassing condition. The King, 
though obliged to withhold from it the usual supplies of men and 
money, was determined to keep it out of the hands of his ene- 
mies. The country was believed to contain inexhaustible mines 
of gold and silver, which, when opened, would not only place the 
colony upon a permanent basis, but be sufficient to pay the 
debt of France, which, during the reign of Louis XIY., had in- 
creased to upwards of two thousand millions of livres. "Mutual 
friendship and confidence had been established between the 
French and all the western tribes of Indians, and emigrants from 
Canada continued to advance to the Illinois country, which was 
settling up rapidly. In 1712 the authorities of Kaskas- 
kia issued land titles for a 'common lield,' and deeds and 
titles to aid the people in the pursuit of important public and 
private enterprise." 

In view of the promising future of the Illinois country, and 
of the mines of precious ores believed to exist on either side of the 
river, the King granted the exclusive privilege in all the trade 
and commerce of the province, to Anthony Crozat, by letters 
patent, in 1712. The great wealth and credit of this gentleman, 
and the important services he had rendered the crown, were sure 
pledges of his ability and exertions; and it was confidently ex- 
pected that he would prevent the extinction of the colony. His 
charter extended sixteen years from the 26th of September, 1712. 

Louisiana, as then held by France, included the entire Missis- 
sippi Valley, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains, and 
north to the lakes. At this time, there were less than 
four hundred Europeans in thelower half <>f the district described, 
yet Crozat entered upon his projects with an energy which exhib- 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 9 

ited his coutidence in his gigautic and hazardous undertaking. 
He adopted for the government of the country the laws, usages 
and customs of Paris, which were the^firsi laws of civilized soci- 
ety that w^ere ever in existence between the Gulf of Mexico and 
the Falls of St. Anthony. 

Crozat, however, was disappointed in his expectations in re- 
gard to the mineral resources of Louisiana; and although vast 
sums had been expended, there was no prospect of an immediate 
indemnity. Those who had left their native country to settle in 
the colony became discontented. As agriculture was totally neg- 
lected, they did not raise a sufficiency for their owni consumption, 
and large investments were therefore necessary to purchase pro- 
visions, which, together with other expenses of the colony, by far 
exceeded the profits of its trade. A trial of five years, with like 
results, induced Crozat, in 1717, to relinquish his patent to the 
King.i 

A short time after this relinquishment, the colony of Louisi 
ana was granted, by a patent containing similar privileges and 
restrictions, to the Mississippi Company, or Company of the West, 
projected b}^ the celebrated John Law, with authority to monopo- 
lize all the trade and commerce of Louisiana and New France, 
to declare and prosecute wars, and appoint officers. From the 
ability and enterprise of the company, the greatest expectations 
were entertained. Sometime after the patent was received, the 
company established a post in the Illinois country, where tliey built 
Fort Chartres, about sixty-tive miles below the mouth of the 
Missouri, which, at the time of its completion, was one of the 
strongest fortresses on the continent. In order to promote 
the objects of their corporation, and encourage the settlement of 
the country, they had held out the most liberal induce- 
ments to French emigrants, and made them donations of 
all lands which they should cultivate and improve. ^[iners anil 
mechanics were also encouraged to immigrate, and tlu't'ity of New 
Orleans, which had been founded in 1717, received considerable 
accession to its population in the fall of tlie same year. The 
settlements now began to extend along the banks of the Missis- 
sippi, and in the country of the Illinois. 

1 Stoddard's Sketches of Louisiana, p. ;i5. 



10 AN lL]:LsT?;ATEi) 

Under this company, Philippe Francois Renault, who had been 

appointed "Director General of the mines of Louisiana," with 

two hundred minei-s and skillful assavers, arrived in the 

1719 : ' 

Illinois country, in 1719, and the miners were soon dis- 
patched in different directions to explore the country on both 
sides of the Mississippi. During the years 1719 and 1720, the 
Sieur de Lochon, M. de la Motte, and a number of others, en- 
gaged in exploring the country lying between the Missouri and 
the Ozark Hills; and in 1719 the former commenced diirffine on 
the Meramec. He drew up a large quantity of ore, a pound of 
which produced two drachms of silver. Afterward, at the same 
place, he extracted from two to three thousand weight of ore, 
from M-hich he realized fourteen hundred francs. 

The miners and assayers sent out by the company were either 
headed by Renault or M. de la Motte, and in one of their earliest 
excursions the latter discovered the lead mine on the St. Francois, 
near the present Fredricktown, Avhich bears his name. Soon af- 
ter, Renault discovered the mines north of what is now Potosi, 
which continued to be called by his name. 

As early as 1719 the Spaniards, alarmed at the rapid encroach- 
ments of the French in the upper and lower Mississippi valleys, 
made strenuous exertions to dispossess them; in order to ac- 
complish which, they thought it necessary to destroy the nation 
of the Missouris, then situated on the Missouri river, who 
were in alliance with the French, and espoused their interests. 
Their plan was to excite the Osages to war with the Missouris, 
and then take part with them in tlie contest. For this purpose an 
expedition was fitted out from Santa Fe for the Missouri, in 1720. 
It was a moving: cara/an of the desert — armed men, hor- 
ses, mules, families, with herds of cattle and swine to 
serve for food on the way, and to propagate in the new colony. 
In their march they lost the proper route, the guides became be- 
wildered, and led them to the Missouri tribes instead of the 
Osages. Unconscious of their mistake, as both tribes spoke the 
same language, they believed themselves among the Osages, in- 
stead of their enemies, and without reserve disclosed their designs 
against the Missouris, and supplied them with arms and ammu- 
nition tt» aid in their extermination. The chief of the nation i)er- 




^^^^^^^ ^.^^. 



■f'f^C^ 



IIISTOKY OF MISSDIKI. 11 

reived the fatal mistake, but euctmi-ai^ed the error. He showed 
the Spaniards every possible attention, and promised to act in 
concert with them. For this purpose he invited them to rest a 
few days after their tiresome journey, till he had assembled his 
warriors and held a council with the old men. The Spanish cap- 
tain immediately distributed several hundred muskets among 
them, with an equal number of sabres, pistols, and hatchets. Just 
before the dawn of the day upon which the company had arranged 
to inarch, the Missouris fell uj^on their treacherous enemies and 
dispatched them with indiscriminate slaughter, sparing only a 
priest, whose dress convinced them that he was a man of peace 
rather than a warrior. They kept him some time a prisoner, but 
he finally made his escape, and was the only messenger to bear 
to the Spanish authorities, the news of the just return upon their 
own heads of the treachery they intended to practice upon others. 

The boldness of the Spaniards, in thus penetrating into a 
country of which they had no previous knowledge, made the 
French sensible of their danger, and warned them to provide 
against further encroachments. Accordingly a French post was 
designed for the Missouri, and M. Burginont was dispatched 
from Mobile to that river. He took possession of an island 
in the stream, al)ove the mouth of the Osage, upon which 
he built a fort which he named "Fort Orleans." The war be- 
tween the French and Spaniards continued, and the Indians, 
who had been leagued with the interests of the respective col- 
<tnies — Louisiana and Florida — carried on their marauding ex- 
cursions against the enemies of their respective friends. It was 
about this time — 1720-21 — that Fort Chartres was constructed on 
the Mississi])pi under the directions of the French King, by M. 
Boisbriant, and a fort and trading post for the company, at the 
mouth of Blue Earth river, on the St. Peters, erected by Le Sueur, 
who was accompanied by a detachment of ninety men. 

On his arrival at the mouth of the Osage, Burgmont found 
the dift'erent tribes in the vicinity engaged in a sanguinary war- 
fare, which prostrated all trade, and rendered all intercourse ex- 
tremelv hazardous. Hence it became an obiect to bring 

, 17'J4. 

about a general peace. This was attempted with de- 
sired success in 1724. In the mean time. Fort Orleans had been 



12 AN ILLUSTRATED 

completed and occupied; but soon after this event, the fort was 
attacked and totally destroyed, when all the French were massa- 
cred: it was never known by whom this Idoody work was per- 
formed. 

About this time, *• the French began to experience troubles 
of a sei'ious nature from the Indians, which were not entireh* 
surmounted until after a lapse of seventeen years. These, 
however, were chiefly confined to the southern parts of the 
colony. In consequence of disastrous events, Louisiana was 
reduced to the most distressing condition. It not oidy suffered 
from the effects of war, but from famine and disease, which con- 
tinually carried away numbers of its unfortunate inhabitants. 
The company, also, having been grossly disap])ointed in their 
expectations, and having already expended vast sums of money, 
were unable to render them any further assistance. Those who 
were concerned in it, and had thus foolishly lost their fortunes, 
made the most bitter com])laints against the projector of a 
scheme which they were now willing to give up as wild and 
visionary. This circumstance, together with the powerful ene- 
mies which Mv. Law had at court, not only completed his ruin, 
but entirely destroyed the credit of the company; and the Di- 
rectory, in view of the disasters they had experienced, determined 
to surrender the chai-ter into the hands of the French govern- 
ment, and retire from the American wilderness. The petition 
was readily grante<l, and by proclamation, dated April 10, 1732, 

the Xing declared the province of Louisiana free to all 
nss. ... . 

his subjects, with equal privileges as to trade and com- 
merce. But though the Company of the West did little for the 
enduring welfare of the Mississippi Valley, it did something: 
the cultivation of tobacco, indigo, rice, and silk, was introduced; 
the lead mines ot Missouri were opened, though at vast expense, 
and in hope of finding silver; and, in Illinois, the culture of M'heat 
began to assume some degree of stability and importance. 

Between this time and 1762, when the whole territory west ot* 
the Mississippi was ceded to Spain, no events transpired worthy 
of record. Renault, however, of whom we have before spoken, 
still remained in the colony and continued working the lead mines. 
In 1763, Francis l)Ui-ton made one of the richest discoveries in 



HISTORY OF MlSSOUlil. 13 

the mineral region, which was called " Mine a Burton," now 
known ae " Poto^i"; and the " Mine a Robina," two miles from 
the former, was discovered about the same time. The history of 
early mining in Missouri will be given hereafter, with some ac- 
count of subsetjuent events connected therewith. 

Not many years anterior to this, there were but six settlements 
within a hundred miles of the present site of St. Louis: these were 
Kaskaskia, situated on Kaskaskia river, five miles above the mouth 
of that stream, and two miles by land from the Mississippi; Fort 
Chartres, twelve miles above Kaskaskia; Prairie du Rocher, near 
Fort Chartres; St. Philip, or Little Village, four miles above the 
same fort; Cahokia, near the month of' Cahokia creek, about five 
miles below the centre of the present city of St. Louis; and Ste. 
Genevieve, u})on Gabouri creek, west of the Mississippi, about one 
mile from the western shore. Kaskaskia was once an important 
town of the Illinois country, and in its palmy days contained 
about three thousand inhabitants. It was " by far the most con- 
siderable settlement in the country of the Illinois, as well from 
tlie number of inhabitants as from its advantageous situation.'' 
It afterward fell to decay. 

During the year 1762, the first village was established upon the 
Missouri river, and named "YilWe du Cote," now St. 
Charles; and the 15th of February, 1764, is believed t<.> 
be the exact date of the first settlement on the site of St. Louis, 
and Pierre Laclede Liguest may justly be regarded as the 
founder of the city. L. U. Reavis, in his work on St. Louis, 
has given some account of the early days in Missouri, from 
wliich the followinji- extract is taken: '"In 1762, D'Abadie, 
Governor-General, granted to Laclede, in connection with other 
associates, a charter under the name of the 'Louisiana Fur i\m\- 
pany,' wliich conferred the exclusive privilege of trading * with 
the Indians of the Missouri, and those waters west of the Missis- 
sippi above the Missouri, as far north as the river St. Peters.' 
Antoine Maxent and others were interested equally with La- 
clede — by which name he was generally known. The lattei- 
appears to have been the active and leading s])irit of the associa- 
tion." 

The oidy inducement, at this period, for persons to penetrate 



14 AX ILLUSTRATED 

Upper Louisiana, oi" the Illinois, was the prospect of trade in 
furs or minerals, or the love of exploration and adventure. 
In the summer of 1763, an expedition was organized in New 
Orleans for the purpose of carrying into operation the pow- 
ers conferred in the charter granted to Laclede and his associates. 
The immediate object in view was the establishment of a perma- 
nent trading-post and settlement at some advantageous place north 
of the settlements then existing. The expedition, in charge of 
Laclede, left Xew Orleans the 3d day of Aug-ust, 1763, 

1703. . . 

and proceeded up the river with a large quantity of such 
merchandise as was necessary for trade with the Lidians. The 
voyage was a tedious one. On the 3d of November, three months 
after its departure, the exj)edition reached Ste. Genevieve, the old- 
est settlement in the present State of Missouri. It was then a place 
of some consequence, and the oldest French post on the west bank 
of the river. After a short stop, the party continued their course, 
their destination now being Fort Chartres, to which place Laclede 
had an invitation from the military commander, and where he 
determined to rest and store his goods while exploring the country 
for the proposed trading-post. Here he remained a few weeks, 
when he started for the mouth of the Missouri. It was not long 
before he discovered a bluff on the western shore of the Missis- 
sippi, at a sweeping curve of the river, on which stands the pres- 
ent city of St. Louis; and, impressed by the pleasant aspect of 
woodland and prairie swelling westward, he determined to estab- 
lish here the settlement and post he desired. As the Mississippi 
would soon be closed hy ice, Laclede could do no more than cut 
down some trees and blaze others, at that time. Returninjr to 
Fort Chartres, where he spent the winter, he occu})ied himself in 
making preparation for the establishment of the new colony. 
On the I5th of February, 176-i, a party under Auguste 
Chouteau, sent by him, arrived at the site he had chosen. 
" On this da}'," says Shepard, in his history of St. Louis, "Auguste 
Chouteau, the Lieutenant of Laclede, (the long known and much 
respected Colonel Auguste Chouteau), commenced o])erations on 
the block next to the river on the south side of Market street, where 
the old Merchants' Exchange building now stands, which had 
been the site of the only market-house the city contained for 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 15 

about sixty years from its foiiiiclatioii, and gave name to the street 
on wliicli it was located. Teuiporarv buildings for the shelter of his 
workmen and tools, were soon constructed from the timber on tlie 
ground; for that part of the city was covered witli a growth of 
the most suitable timber for that purpose, and for the cam])-iires 
of the new settlers, so necessary at that inclement season of the 
year." 

J.aclede^ being detained at Fort Chaitres, liad given his Lieu- 
^tenant orders to proceed to clear away trees and mark out the lines 
of a town wliich he named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV. of 
France, evidently ignorant, at the time, thac this monarch had 
ceded to Spain the whole country west of the Mississi])pi. llefer- 
ring to this location, Reavis says: "When Laclede and his men 
selected their trading station, the marvels of its future develop- 
ment were undreamed of. Around them lay a limitless and un- 
trodden wilderness, peopled only by tribes of savages and un- 
friendly Indians, and in which subsistence could only be obtained 
by the cluise. It is only when we thus contemplate our ancestors 
sti'ugglingwith unconquerable energy and daring, amid innumer- 
able dangers and hardships, that we properly estimate their worth 
and character. It is only then that we realize that the natural 
advantages of the location chosen, formed only one element in 
the colossal result of theii* lal>or. The others are to be found in 
those motives and heroic qualities which give stability and noble- 
ness to human actions.'' 

1 Pierre Laclede Liguent was boru iu Biou, France, near the base of the Pyrenees 
mountains, the line between France and Spain, in the year 1T24. He was about five feet, 
eleven inches in height, of very dark complexion, had black, piercing and expressiTc eyes, a 
large nose and expansive forehead. He died on the 20th of June, 1778, in his batteau on the 
Mississippi, of a fever, and was buried on the banks of that river just below its conllu- 
encc with the Arkansas, in the wild solitude of that region, without a stone or tomb to 
mark the spot where this enterprising Frenchman lies. He was a merchant of no ordi- 
nary mind. Others have acquired vastly larger estates, but no one has excelled him in 
pushing forward commercial enterprises in person, andplanting the seed of a city in more 
fertile soil, and cultivating it with greater sircccss. His scrutinizing eye and sound judgment 
directed him to the point on the block on Main street, in front of the spot where the Merchants' 
Exchange, was afterwards located, as the best place to sell goods on the west side of 
the Mississippi, in 1704. More than a century has since elapsed, and it is the best place 
yet. On this celebrated block, on whic^ Barnum"s Hotel now stands, and on which 
other elegant structures unite to cover the whole block, Mr. Laclede Liguest erected 
his dwelling house and store. He left a host of friends to lament his loss, speak his 
praise, and enjoy his labors, but no widow to shed a tear, or child to inherit his jjrop- 
erty or his name. His history while in Missouri, however, lives, and must live as long 
as the citv he founded retains its name. 



16 AN ILLUSTRATED 

The writer continues: '• Laclede's party liad been increased in 
numbers bj volunteers from Ste. Genevieve, Fort Chartres and 
Caliokia — then called • iS^otre Dames des Kahokias' ; but still, num- 
erically, it was a small band, and could have made no sustained 
resistance to Indians, had they disputed their right to settlement. 
It does not appear, however, that the pioneers encountered any 
hostility from the natives, Not long after theii- arrival, a lar^je 
body of Missouri Indians visited the vicinity, but Avithout un- 
friendly intent. They did not belong to the more war-like tribes ; . 
and being in an impoverished condition, all they wajited was pro- 
visions and other necessaries. After supplying tlieir wants, La- 
clede, l)y jiulicious management, succeeded in inducing them to 
depart, very much to the satisfaction of the people." 

Aftei' some progress had been made in the settlement, Laclede, 
who visited Chouteau early in April, returned to Fort Chartres to 
make arrangements for the removal to St. Louis of the goods left 
there, as it M'as expected that the fort would soon be surrendered to 
the English. During the ensuing year, this event took place ; and 
Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, the French commander, on 
the 17th July, 1765, removed with his officers and troo])s — 
about fifty men — to St. Louis. From this date the new settle- 
ment was considered the capital of upper Louisiana.' 

Throughout all their efforts at planting settlements in the 
western country, the French had steadily adhered to the policy 
of conciliating the Indians. They, indeed, seemed peculiarly 
adapted to harmonize in their habits and feelings Avith the 
wild denizens of the forest and prairie. In their explorations 
of the remotest rivers, in tlieir long joui-ntys overland, in the 
wigwams, in the cabins, at the forts, they associated with their 
red brethren on terms of entire equality. The French temper, 
so i)liant, so plastic, so strf)ngly in contrast with the stubborn 
spirit of Englishmen, M'as readily moulded to Indian customs and 
Indian forms. The wandering Frenchman, with his free-and-easy 
manners, his merry laughter, his fondness for (lis})lay, mingling 
in thje dusky crc»wd, was cordially welcomed at all the Indian 
villages of the west. He might choose himself a wife among hi.- 
Indian friends, and live with them and be one of them. In 
fact, amal<i:ani:iti(m existed to a very considerable extent; and, in 



lii 



!i|.»,p.i 



iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiK 




^^ O'JS'^/j 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 17 

a few generations, scarcely a tribe was free from ait infusion of 
Celtic blood. 

The ready adoption of the Indian manners and mode of living, 
and more than that, the fre<juent intermarriages between the races, 
had a tendency to bind the native tribes more closely to the 
French, who seemed to be bone of their bone, and flesh of their 
flesh. In all the "West, the Indian vill'ages were thronged with 
Frenchmen, who joined in the dances, went forth witli the hunt- 
ing parties, and along the war-paths; bnt, while this policy of 
intimate association with the diflferent Indian tribes strength- 
ened the hold of the government npon the country, it also 
tended to sink the Frenchman into a barbarian. Casting off" the 
habits of civilization, he soon imbibed the notions, whims and pre- 
judices of his wild associates. He loved to decorate his hair with 
the feathers of the eagle, and adorn his hunting shirt with hairy 
fringes, and his moccasins with a web-work of porcupine quills. 

Beside the Missionaries, other intelligent Frenchmen were 
scattered throughout the "West, studying the language of their 
Indian allies, complying with their usages, flattering their preju- 
dices, and assisting them in acquiring the arts of white men. 
These agents were careful not to rutfle the self-complacent dig- 
nity of the Indian nature. They never shocked the religious 
notions nor ridiculed the ancient customs of their savage friends. 
They attended at all public ceremonies, and took part in them, 
and strove to manifest a disposition to meet their companioi*s 
of the wilderness half-way. It is said that Count Frontenac him- 
self, plumed and painted like a chief, danced the war dance, and 
yeiled the war song, at the camp fires of his delighted allies; and, 
wiienever a party of sachems paid a visit to a French fort, they 
were received with military honors: the troops presented arms, 
the drums rolled, the cannons gave forth their thundering wel- 
come. Indian vanity was delighted with such pompous and 
showy friendship. The chiefs were regaled at the officers' tables, 
and when they took their de])arture were loaded with presents, 
and adorned with medals and decorations, and brilliant uniforms 
and flags. Their treatment was always respectful; none smiled 
at the strange fancies, or stared at the i-idiculous appearance of 
the daubed and greasy warriors. The shirtless savage, in cocked 



18 AN ILLUSTKATED 

hat and pliiiue, his scarlet coat-tail Happiug behind his naked 
legs, might stalk all over the parade ground and never suspect 
that he was an object of intense admiration to all. The hatred of 
the Iroquois, even, was not toward Frenchmen as men, but 
toward them as the allies of the Hurons, the hereditary enemies 
of the confederacy. 

The French settlements, therefore, at the West, as a general 
thing, were safe from Indian depredations. They were, indeed, 
situated in the midst of a wilderness, but it was a wilderness of 
beauty, and inhabited by friendly races; the tribes around them 
were but so many outposts to repel enemies, and give timely 
warning of danger. The settlements were compact villages, 
and isolated from each other. The settlers were kind and socia- 
ble and loved to congregate together. No farm-houses were 
scattered, as with the English, along highways cut through 
the woods. Generally they were on the bank of some pleasant 
stream: a single street ran along in front, each lot a few rods in 
width, extended back as far again, fenced in with rude pickets; 
each house contiguous to the houses right and left. The merry 
villagers could pour out their volubility at the windows, or on 
the stoops. The young men and maidens could readily pass 
from door to door. The houses were uniform : one story high, 
surrounded by galleries, being constructed of corner posts and 
studs, connected by numerous cross-ties, to hold the mud mixed 
up with cut straw into a stiff mortar, and plastered on with the 
hand. The whole outside was shingled over with bark, to shed 
off" the rains. The chimney outside was a rude stack of dried 
mud, supported by a pyramid of poles and slats. 

These French settlements had each commons in the rear of their 
houses, inclosing sometimes hundreds of acres within one continu- 
ous fence, for the benefit of all. Each villager had assigned him a 
certain ])ortion of it as a field or garden, graduated to the size of 
his family. Each one cultivated and reaped his own allotment, 
and kept the fence in repair where it adjoined him. The 
times for plowing, planting, and reaping in the commons, were 
regulated by special enactment. The fields and pastures were 
open to all who would work. The newly married received an 
outfit from the whole village, and had their place on the street 



iriSTORV OF MISSOURI. 19 

and in the field, assigned to them. The pastures of tlie settUv 
nient were well stocked with cattle, horses, and hog!^, wandorinir 
at large, the property of all. Care was a stranger to the vil- 
lager, and was rarely entertained as a guest; and amusements, 
festivals, and holidays came with frequency, to sweetcTi toil and 
stimulate cheerfuhiess. 

In these settlements the lands were all held in common, and 
there Avere always vacant fields, free to all who Avished to (»ccu])y 
and improve them. The system of landlord and tenant had no 
existence among them. Hospitality was esteemed both a duty 
and a virtue, and was cheerfully extended hy all. No taverns 
were needed: each and every house supplied that want to the 
extent of its capacity. They had no statute books, no courts of 
law, no prisons, and no instruments of public punishment. Such 
terms as " learning " and "science" were beyond t]iecom])rehen- 
sion of the simple villagers. In all matters appertaining to learn- 
ing or religion, the priest was their oracle. They never suffered a 
moment's anxiety in regard to politics or the aifairs of the nation, 
believing implicitly that France ruled the world, and ruled it 
right. Among these people were no trades or professions. Agri- 
culture alone was the business of all, embracing, of course, the 
care of the flocks and herds; each man being his own mechanic. 

The winter dress of the men was a coarse blanket capote , 
drawn over the shirt, and a long red vest, which served the 
double purpose of cloak and hat; for the hood, hanging down 
from the collar upon the shoulders and back, could be drawn U]i 
over the head to keep off the cold. On festive occasions, the 
blooming damsels wound around their foreheads fancy-colored 
handkerchiefs, streaming with gay ribbons or plumed with 
flowers. The matrons wore the short jacket and petticoat. Tiu' 
foot was left uncovered and free; but, on holy-days, it was 
adorned with the light moccasin, brilliant with porcupine quills, 
shells, beads, and lace. 

The peculiar manners and customs of these French settle- 
ments — isolated at first, isolated for a century afterwards, sep 
arated by more than a thousand miles from any other civilized 
communities — became characteristic and hereditary with the ])eo- 
ple. In their ordinary de]iortment, they were grave and saturnine. 



20 AN ILLUSTRATED 

from habit acquired from their Indian neighbors. In their amuse- 
ments, however, they exhibited all the gayety of the original 
Frenchmen. The remnants of that peculiar population stand out 
now amonff the bustlinij Yankees of the West as distinct, as uu- 
bending, as the Indian races, i 

1 Ferris' States and Territories of the Great West, pp. 77-88. 



CHAPTER ITT. 

SPANISH DOMINATION IN UPPER LOUISIANA. 

The French were now in quiet and peaceable possession of 
all upper Louisiana, Some important changes, however, were at 
hand. After the war between England and France, a treaty 
was made at Fontainbleau, in 1763. Ijj this treaty, which 
was etlected on the 10th of February of that year, England 
acquired the Canadas, and nearly all of Louisiana lying east of 
the Mississippi river. A portion of the latter claimed by the 
State of Virginia as her territory, was, after the American revolu- 
tion, ceded by her to the United States under the name of the 
Northwestern Territory. 

By a secret ti-eaty, signed on the 3d of November, 1762, be- 
tween the French and Spanish kings, the former ceded to tlie 
latter that part of the province of Louisiana which lay on the 
western side of the Mississippi, including the island and city of 
New Orleans on the eastern side; but it was not until the 21st of 
April, 1764, that the governor, M. D'Abadie, received orders from 
Louis XY. to proclaim the change to the colony. The arrival at 

New Oi'leans of General D'Ulloa with Spanish troops, 

. nee. 

in 1766, indicated a determination, or at least an inteji- 

tion on the part of Spain to assume control of the territory ceded 
to her; but he met with such hostility from the inhabitants as 
to discourage the effort, and the expedition finally departed with- 
out having assumed executive authority. France, thereft)re, con- 
tinued to maintain' her rule in lower Louisiana until 

Jiey. 

1769, when Count O'Keilly arriv^ed in the country, and 
forcibly took possession of the territory of New Orleans, insti- 
tuting measures of intolerance and proscription towards the ad- 
herents of France, thereby establishing his position and obliter- 
ating the French supremacy. During the year 1768, a Spanish 
officer named Hios, arrived at St. Louis with a small bodv of 



22 AX IIJX'STKATED 

troops. The scattered settlement of upper Louisiana liad no 
greater love for Spanish rule than tlieir neighbors below, but. 
having no means of detense, they accepted the- situation without 
opposition, Rios formally took possession of~the country in the 
name of His Catholic Majesty, but, as the records show tliat St. 
Ange continued to act as governor until 1770, it is not supposed 
that he attempted to exercise civil authority; and it is recorded 
that he left St, Louis with his troops on the 17th of July, 1769, 
returning to New Orleans, whei-e he co-operated with O'Reilly 
in maintaining Spanish authority in the lower province. 

It was during the same year that the aged Ottawa chief and 
noted warrior, Pontiac, arrived at St. Louis, to pay a visit to his 
old friend, St. Ange de Bellerive, The meeting was most cordial 
on the part of Bellerive. and every attention was paid to his illus- 
trious guest. But the visit was brought to a sudden and fatal 
termination by the murder of the renowned chief, while on a 
hunting excursion on the east side of the river, by a Kaskaskia 
Indian. 

Count O'Reilly having subdued all open opposition in the 
lower province, in the autumn of 1770, determined to 
establish an equal degree of subjection in the upper prov- 
ince. He appointed Don Pedro Piernas as lieutenant-governor 
and military commandant, and dispatched him with troops to St. 
Louis, where he arrived on November 20tli of the same year. 
He did not, however, enter on the exercise of executive functions 
until the beginning of the following year, but the delay was not 
occasioned by an active hostility on the part of the peo- 
ple. From this event, we may date the commencement 
of Spanish domination in upper Louisiana. 

The new Governor, fortunately, proved an excellent adminis- 
trative officer; and, as his measures were mild and judicious, he 
soon conciliated the people. He made no abrupt changes in the 
laws, and improved the tenure of 2)roperty by ordering accurate 
surveys, and determining the lines of the land grants previously 
made. Under the liberal policy of the Spanish (rovernor, St. 
Xouis prospered rapidly, while immigration constantly added to 
the population. 





^<SU-y^ 



^ 











U. 8. 8ENATOK. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 23 

111 1774. St. Aiige de Bellerive. who had accepted military ser- 
vice under Pienias, died, and was l)uried in the Catholic 

1774. 

cemetery with every mark of public esteem and respect. 
In his will, he commended his soul '"to God, the Blessed 
Virgin, and the saints of the Celestial Court." and appointed 
Laclede his executor. 

Imigration from the Canadas and lower provinces increased 
rapidly under the benignant policy of Spain, and settlements 
sprang up at different points along the Mississippi and Missouri 
rivers, some of which, however, date from a few years earlier. In 
1767, Carondelet was founded by Delor de Tregette, and appears 
at first to have been know as Louisburg, and at another period as 
Vide Poche. but finally received its present name in honor of the 
Baron Carondelet. In 1769, Les Petites Cotes, subsequently St. 
Andrews, now St. Charles, was founded by Blanchette Chas- 
seur. The first settlement at Florissant, afterwards called 
St. Ferdinand, was made by Beaurosier Dunegant in 1 776 ; 
and so the career of growth and prosperity was inaugurated 
in this portion of the Mississippi Valley. The successor of Pier- 
nas, was Don Francisco Crozat, who assumed office in 1775. and 
was succeeded by Don Fernando de Leyba in 1 77S. It was during 
the administration of the latter that the death of Laclede took 
place. 

The war which was now raging between Great Britain and her 
American colonies, could hardly be felt on the far western 

'' 1778. 

sliores of the Mississippi. Many of the inhabitants of St. 
Louis, and other places on the same side of the river, were persons 
who had changed residence from the opposite shore, when it passed 
under English role. They were influenced by a hereditary hostil- 
ity to that ])Ower; and although enjoying a mild government 
under Spanish rulers, their independent spirit, apart even from 
their feeling towards England, enlisted their sympathies in be- 
half of the colonies in the east, struggling for freedom. Their 
great distance did not secure them from the disasters of war. It 
was known that Spain sympathized with the colonies, and this 
speedily endangered their security, for the ferocity of many of 
the Indian tribes was directed against them by the British. 



24 AN ILLUSTRATED 

In 1778, Colonel George Rogers Clark, under the authority of 

Virginia, surprised and captured the settlements of Cahokia, 

Kaskaskia and other places, and earlv in 1779 started un an 

1779. " 

expedition against St. Vincents, now Vincennes, then held 
by the English under Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton from 
Detroit. The post was taken and its commander made prisoner. 

xVbout this time, an alarming rumor became prevalent that an 
attack on St. Louis was being organized under British influence. 
Actuated by a spirit of generous chivalry, Clark offered the as- 
sistance of himself and men to Lieutenant-General Leyba, for 
the protection of the town, but his offer was declined on the 
ground that the danger was not imminent. "Whatever was the 
ground of the fancied security, the sequel proves that he was an 
execrable traitor, or shamefully incompetent to meet the exigen- 
cies of the times. Apprehensions, however, began to disturb 
the people; and the defenseless condition of the town induced 
them to undertake some means of fortification. Although they 
numbered little more than one hundred men, tliey proceeded to 
build a wall of logs and earth about five or six feet high, in- 
closing the dwellings of the settlement. It formed a semi-circular 
line with its ends terminating at the river. It was supplied with 
three gates, at the ends of which a heavy piece of ordnance was 
placed, and kept in constant readiness. For some months after 
this work was completed, nothing occurred to indicate an Indian 
attack. Winter passed away, and the iiihabitants finally began 
to consider their apprehensions groundless; which was assisted 
by the Governor, that there was no cause for anxiety; in reality, 
however, the long pending attack was now l)eing secretly organ- 
ized. Numerous bands of Indians, composed of Ojibways, Win- 
nebagoes, Sioux, and other tribes, with some Canadians, number- 
ing in all nearly 1.500, had gathered on the eastern shore of the 
river, a little above St. Louis, and arrangements were consum- 
mated for a general attack on the settlement. 

The 25th of May, 17S0, was the festival of Corj»us Christi, 
which was celebrated l)v the Catholic inhabitants with re- 

17HO. ^ "... 

ligious ceremonies and rejoicing. There was no feeling of 
a]»])rehension abroad at this time, notwithstanding that an event 
calculated to arouse alann had occnrrod Imt :i few davs before. An 



IIKsTOKY OF MISSOURI. 25 

old citizen named Quenelle had crossed the river at Cahokia creek 
on a fishing excursion. AVhile vvatcliing liis lines he was startled 
to see, on the opposite shore of the creek, a man named DuCharme 
who had fled to escape punishment for some crime committed. He 
endeavored to induce Quenelle to come over to him, but the hot- 
ter thought he detected the presence of Indians in the hushes 
opposite and refused, returning hastily in his canoe to the town, 
where he reported what had occurred. The commandant ridi- 
culed his story, and it did not create any fear among the inhab- 
itants. Corpns (yhristi was celebrated w'ith unusual animation, 
iind a large number of the citizens left the enclosure of the town, 
and were scattered about the prairie — men, women and children, 
gathering strawberries. A portion of the Indians crossed the 
river on the same day, but fortunately did not make the attack, 
owing, probably, to their not knowing how many of the men had 
remained in the town. Had they done so, the result would surely 
have been fatal to the young settlement. 

(^n the following day, the whole body of the attacking force 
crossed the Mississippi, directing their course to the fields over 
which they had seen the iidiabitants scattered the day before. 
It fortunately happened that only a few of them were outside 
the town, and these, seeing the approach of the Indians, hastily 
retreated toward the up})er gate, which course led them nearly 
through a portion of the hostile force. Rapid volleys were 
fired at the fleeing citizens, and the reports speedily spread the 
alarm in tiie town. Arms were hastily seized, and the men 
rushed bravely toward the wall, opening the gate to their de- 
fenseless comrades. There was a body of militia in the town from 
Ste. Genevieve, which had been sent up under the command of 
Silvia Francisco Cartabona, some time before when apprehensions 
of an attack })revailed. This company, however, behaved shame- 
fully, and did not ])articipate in the defense, many of them con- 
cealing themselves in the houses while the flght was in progress. 
The Indians ap})roached the line of defense rapidly, and when 
at a short distance, opened an irregular fire, to which the inhab- 
itants responded with light arms and discharges of grape-shot 
from their pieces of artillery. The resistance inade was energetic 
and resolute; and the savage assailants, seeing the strength of the 



26 AN ILLUSTRATED 

fortifications, and dismayed by the artillery, to which they were 
unaccustomed, finally retired, and tlie fight came to a close. 

Commandant Leyha apj^earcd on the scene at this juncture, hav- 
ing been started from a carousal to some idea of the situation by 
the sound of the artillery. His conduct was very extraordinary; 
he immediately ordered several pieces of ordnance, which had 
been placed near the government house to be spiked, and was 
then, as is chronicled, rolled to the immediate scene of action in 
a wheelbarrow. He ordered the inhabitants to cease firing, and 
return to their houses. Those stationed near the lower gate, not 
hearing the command, paid no attention to it, and he directed a 
cannon to be fired at them. This barbarous order was carried 
out, the citizens only escaping the volley of grape by throwing 
themselves upon the ground, while the shot struck down a por- 
tion of the wall. The unparalled treachery of the commandant 
was fortunately exhibited too late to be of assistance to the In- 
dians, who had been beaten back by the determined valor of the 
settlers, and the attack was not renewed. When they left the 
vicinity, search was made for the bodies of the citizens who had 
been killed upon the prairie, and between twenty and thirty were 
ascertained to be lost. 

The traitorous conduct of the commandant, which so im- 
periled the existence of the town, had been obvious to the 
people generally ; and justly indignant at his cruel rascality, 
they at once took means to transmit a full report of his pro- 
ceedings to Galoez, then Governor of Louisiana. This resulted in 
the prompt removal of Leyba, and the settlement was again 
placed under the authority of Crozat. Leyba died the same year 
from the efi'ects, it is said, of poison administered by his own 
hand: universal obloquy and reproach having rendered his life 
unendurable. The year 1780, rendered so memorable by this 
Indian attack, was afterwai'ds known as the "year of the great 
blow." There is no doubt but this assault on St. Louis had for 
its object the destruction of the settlement, and was only frustra- 
ted by the gallantry of the people; that it was ]«irtially instigated 
by English influence is almost unquestionable. The Indians 
accepted their defeat, and departed without attempting any other 
demonstration. 



11 ISTOKY UF MISSOURI. 27 

Ponding the arrivHl of Crozat, Cartabona, before mentionecl, 
exercised the functions of I.ieutenant-dovernor, only, whoever, 
for a short period. One of the first works undert-aken by Cro- 
zat was the streno:thenin«: of the fortifications: he established half 
a dozen or more stone forts, nearly circular in shape, each about 
fifty feet in diameter and twenty feet high, connected by a stout 
stockade of posts. The fortifications as extended and improved 
by him, were quite pretentious for so small a settlement. On the 
i-iver bank, near the spot formerly occupied by the floating docks, 
was a stone tower, called the "• Half Moon," from its shape; and, 
westwardly of it, near the i)resent intersection of Broadway and 
Cherry street, was erected a square building called " The Bas- 
tion;" south of this, on the line of Olive street, a circular stone 
fort was situated. A similar building was built on Walnut 
street, intended f\>r service both as a fort and prison. There was 
also a fort near Mill Creek; and, east of this, a circular one near 
the river. The strong stockade of cedar posts connecting these 
forts, was pierced with loop-holes for small arms. This well devised 
line of defenses was not subjected to the test of another Indian 
attack; for, although during the continuance of the Revolutionary 
war, other settlements on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers had 
to contend against the savages, St. Louis was not again molested. 

The popularity of the mild and amiable Crozat, and his liberal 
policy in former years, attracted many new settlers to Missouri 
from the French villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the town 
was growing apace; when a slow, but most astonishing and irre- 
sistible fright fell upon the. inhabitants of St. Lonis, even greater 
than the late threatenino: of savages. In the earl v part of 
1785, the Mississippi had risen to its usual height, but 
still continued to rise; the whole American Bottom was covered 
with a sea of swift-running water, which bore on its bosom thou- 
sands of trees with their roots and branches exposed, ac- 
companied by everything that swollen rivers can bear away, all 
rushing toward the ocean with a swiftness and majesty that as- 
tonished every beholder. The villages of Cahokia and Kaskas- 
kia were surrounded by rushing waters, sweeping away grain, 
stock, and all tlie labors of the husbandmen. Nearly all of St. 
Jjouis was then situated on what is now Main street, and when the 



28 AN ILLUSTRATED 

water had I'isen above the banks and began to invade the dwell- 
ings, the terror and apprehensions were very distressing. The 
flood soon after abated. This year was denominated " the year of 
the great waters." 

In the year 1787, a band of pirates was located on Cotton 
Wood creek, commanded by two men named Culbert 
.and Magilbray. A barge belonging to Mr. Beausoliel 
started from Xew Orleans richly laden with merchandise for St. 
Louis. Arriving at the creek before named, the robbers boarded 
it, and the men were disarmed; but, by the heroic daring and 
strategy of a negro, who was one of the boat's party, the robbers 
were knocked overboard, and the crew having obtained possession 
of the barge, returned to New Orleans. The following spring, 
under an order issued by the Governor that all boats bound for St. 
Louis should go in company for mutual protection, ten keel-boats, 
each provided with swivels, and their respective crews, took their 
departure from that city, and in due time, and in safety, arrived 
at their destination. The arrival of ten barges together at St. 
Louis, was an unusual spectacle, and the year 1788 was afterward 
called "the year of the ten boats." 

The same year, the administration of Don Francisco Crozat 
terminated, and Manual Perez became (.Commandant (ireneral of 
the upper Louisiana country at the post of St.. Louis. At 
this time, the population of this and neighboring settle- 
ments, numbered nearly 1200 persons, while that of Ste. Gene- 
vieve was about 800. The administration of Perez was prosj^erous ; 
and, like his predecessor, he was greatly esteemed by the inhabi- 
tants. He brought some friendly Indians to the vicinity of Cape 
Girardeau, where he gave them a grant of land. They consisted 
of Shawiinese and Delawares, two of the most powerful tribes east 
of the Mississippi river. The object of this immigration was to 
oppose through them the Osage Indians, a strong Missouri tribe, 
who were constantly making incursions on the young settlements. 
This scheme is said to have operated satisfactorily. 

In 1793, Perez was succeeded by Zenon Trudeau, who also be- 
came popuhir, and instituted various measures for the 
encouragement oi immigration. During his adminis- 
tration, St. Louis and the other settlements in that j)ortion of 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 29 

the country, expanded raj)idly under the intiuence of the exceed- 
ing favorable terms oft'ered to settlers, and the fact that the fear 
of Indian attacks were greatly diminished; quite a number of 
citizens of the United States left the country east of the Missis- 
sippi, where the sway of the Enjjlish was then practically broken 
up, and took up their residence in the Spanish dominions. St. 
Louis improved in appearance, and new and neat buildings began 
to supplant, in many places, the rude log huts of earlier years. 
Trade received a new impetus, but the clearing of the country 
in the vicinity, and the development of agriculture, still made but 
slow progress. The dealing in peltries was the princi])al busi- 
ness; and, in their effort to expand their trade with Indian tribes, 
traders became more energetic and daring in their excursions, 
and traveled long distances into the interior westward, forcing 
their rude boats up the swift Missouri to many points never be- 
fore visited. 

Trudeau closed his official career in 1798, and was succeeded by 
C/harles Dehault Delassus de Delusiere, a Frenchman by 

J 798. 

birth, but who had been many years in the service of 
Spain. The winter of the succeeding year was one of extraor- 
dinary severity and received the title of "the year of the hard 
winter." The same year that Delassus commenced liis adminis- 
tration, was signalized by the arrival of some galleys with Spanish 
troops under Don Carlos Howard, and Avas called '* the year of the 
galleys." The Governor caused a census to be taken of upper 
Louisiana settlements, in 1799. from which the popula- 
tion of St. Louis was found to be 925 ; of Carondelet, 184; 
St. Charles, 875; St. Ferdinand, 276; Marius des Liard, 376; 
Meramec, 115; St. Andrew, 393; Ste. Genevieve, 949; New Bour- 
bon, 560; Cape Girardeau, 521; New Madrid, 782; Little Mead- 
ows, 72: total, 6,028. Total number of whites, 4,948; free colored, 
197; slaves, 883. St. Charles nearly equalled St. Louis in ])opu- 
lation, while Ste. Genevieve exceeded it. 

On the first of October, 1800, the treaty of St. Ildefonso was con- 
summated, by which Spain, under certain conditions, retroceded 
to France the territory of Louisiana; and in July, 1S02, the 
Spanish authorities were directed to deliver possession 
to the French Commissioners. This event, however, did 



30 AN IM.rsrifATED 

not take place until the 30tli of aS'ovember. M. i.finssat had 
been appointed the Plenipotentiary of the French Eepuhlic; and 
on that day, in the council chamber at IS^evv Orleans, he recei\'ed, 
in due form, tlie keys of the city, and issued a proclamation to the 
Louisianians, informing them of the retrocession of the country 
to France, and that it had been sold b}' that government to the 
United States. At a signal given by the firing of cannon, the 
Spanish flag was lowered and the French flag hoisted. 

In relation to this movement on the part of Spain and tlie 
subsequent one of France, it is only necessary to state, that, 
owing to the complications of the cabinets of the European courts 
on political questions, the part taken by the ministers of the 
United States, at the courts of Spain and France, for more 
effectually securing the rights and interests of our government 
in the river Mississippi, and other considerations, brought around 
these transfers of possession, and all parties were equally satisfied 
with the arrangements. 

Is it not strange that, during the thirty-two years that Spain had 
possession of upper Louisiana, the province was never settled by 
native Spaniards, excepting the oflicers who ruled over it, and a 
few fur-traders ? The inhabitants were French, or the descendants 
of French, from Canada or lower Louisiana; and the Spaniards 
have left no remembrances of themselves, save their land rej^ister: 
no institutions, no w^orks, not a single monument of public utility. 
Doubtless, the golden treasures buried in the mountains of Mexico, 
and of South America, were too alluring to allow emigrants to be 
tempted from them, and engage themselves in the labors of agi'i- 
culture in the rich valley of the Mississippi. But, taking a retro- 
spect, when S])ain was the greatest of maritime powers: when, 
during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, her navigators dis- 
covered new worlds, giving her an empire on which the sun never 
set; M'hen the great armada struck terroi- in the bosom of the 
haughty Elizabeth; — it becomes painful to witness how ephemeral 
is the ascendency even of the bravest and most prosperous nations! 
How truly rapid their decline and fall! Under the Spanish gov- 
ernment, the lloman Catholic faith was the established religioTi 
of the province, and no other Christian sect was tolerated by tlie 
laws. Each emigrant was required to be iin hon Catholique,&B 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 31 

tlie French expressed it; yet, Ly the connivance of the com- 
niundants of upper Louisiana, and by the use of a pious fiction 
in the examination of the Americans, toleration, in fact, existed. 
The manner of examining tliose who applied for the right ot 
settlement was to ask a few vague and general questions, which 
persons of almost any Christian sect could freely answer; such 
as, "Do you believe in Almighty God? in the Holy Trinity? 
in the true apostolic church? in Jesus Christ, our Savior? in the 
II0I3' Evangelist?" and the like. An affirmative answer being 
given to these, and sundry other questions of a general nature 
being asked, the declaration, "ww, hon Catholique,''' M'ould close 
the ceremony and confirm the privilege of an adopted citizen. 

Many Protestant families, communicants in Baptist, Methodist, 
Presbyterian and other churches, settled in the province, and re- 
mained undisturbed in their religious principles. Protestant 
itinerant elerg3mien passed over from Illinois, and preached in 
the log cabins of the settlers unmolested, though they were occa- 
sionally threatened with imprisonment in the caltthozo, at St. 
Louis, Yet these threats were never executed. 

It is related, that John Clark, a devoutly pious, but rather 
eccentric preacher, whose residence was in Illinois, made monthly 
excursions to the Spanish territory, and preached in the houses of 
these religious emigrants. He was a man of great simplicity of 
character, and much respected and beloved by all who knew him, 
among whom was Trudeau, the Commandant of St. Louis. He 
would delay till he knew Clark's tour for that occasion was nearly 
finished, and then send a threatening message, that if Monsieur 
Clark did not leav^e the Spanish country in three days, he would 
put him in prison. This was repeated bo often, as to furnish a 
])leasant joke with the preacher and his friends. 

During these times, Abraham Musick, who was a Baptist, 
and well acquainted with the Commandant, and who likewise 
knew his religious })rineij)les, presented a petition for leave to 
t(.> hold meetings at his house, and for permission for Clark 
to preach there. Tlie commandant inclined to favor the Ameri- 
can settlers secretly, yet comjiellod to reject such j)etitii»ns offi- 
cially, replied promptly that such a petition could not be granted. 
It was a violation of the laws of the country. "I mean" said the 



82 AN ILLUSTRATED 

accommodating officer, "you must not put a bell on your house 
and call it a church, nor suffer any person to christen your chil- 
dren but the parish priest; but, if any of your friends choose to 
meet at your house, sing, pray and talk about religion, you will 
not be molested, provided you continue, as I suppose you are, 
un hon CathoUque.^^ He well knew, that, as Baptists, they could 
dispense with the rite of infant baptism; and that plain, frontier 
people, as they were, they could lind the way to their meetings 
without the aid of the "church-going bell." 

The Catholic priests in upper Louisiana, received their salaries 
from the Spanish crown, and not from tithes from the people. 
None were ever levied or claimed in Louisiana, either under 
the French or Spanish governments; and the people were ex- 
empted from many other burdens imposed on other colonies. 
There were three curates and one vicar, with a few missionaries, 
who resided in upper Louisiana, with salaries rating from three 
hundred and fifty to four hundred dollars a year. Burial and mar- 
riage fees and other perquisites added to their salaries, made a 
liberal support. Hence no burdens were imposed on Protestants. 



CITAPTEI^t TV. 



ST. LOns FROM 1803 TO 1820-. 



Reference having been made to the early settlement of St. Louis, 
and to the somewhat ^^in<i;nlar habits of its iidiahitants, prior to 
the chanofe which l)rought the ])eo])le under the dominion of 
American laws and customs, it will be necessary here to refer 
more particularly to the events which have transpired since that 
time. Tlie liistory of the whole ten'itory of upper Louisiana is very 
largely identified with that of St, Louis. Nowhere in the world, 
outside of the Ilap])v Valley, in which Dr. Johnson discovered his 
imaginary Rassclas^ could a population so primitive be found as 
that upon which the manners of the Union operated after the ces- 
sion of Louisiana. The French settlers had retained the simple 
habits of provincial France of two centuries ago, intensified by the 
isolati(m in which they had lived. The good-natured, easy -living 
residents in the wilderness had the manners of children, unspoiled 
by the arts and affectations of civilization, as well as untaught by 
its sciences. Changes \vere to come now, and to be realized sud- 
denly. The difference between the Parisian of the Fanbourgty 
and the Frenchman from Picardv, is not nearlv so- jjreat as that 
which existed between the native of St. Louis, at the beijinninij: 
of this century, and the average American with whom he was^ 
now to come into contact, as a fellow citizen, and competitor inl 
business. Tlie conditions were by no means ecpial, but in the 
main the advantage for the city and territory has been immense. 
Individuals have sufft'red, the nuiss has progressed. The stimu- 
lation incident to rapic^ living, which could crowd the events of a 
slow existence into one year, proved t<3o much for some of the 
oldest settlers, but their successors are already moving onward 
toward the front rank. The ])henomena wow to be unrolled before 
their eyes, demanded new faculties for their comprehension; — 
restraints, amljitions, and an education, manifold, if not complete, 
such as few ot these simple souls had ever deemed possible. 

There were no public schools in the community, and religious 

3 



34 AN IJ.I.USTKATKI) 

(trganizatioiis were tew and languid. The zeal that burned in the 
veins of Fathers Marquette and Allouez, and in those of so many 
of their associates, had no likeness in the mild fervor of the mission- 
arv priest, who rarelyvisited each village, so wide was the region 
over which his duties extended. The whole business of life con- 
centrated itself within the domestic circle.; and there were neither 
hopes, nor ambitions, to be gratified beyond those narrow bounds. 
The virtues of the i)eople were proverbial; their honesty and re- 
ligious faith admitted of no question; they were simple to a 
fault. ''lime Lehlane with his papers and ink-horn," would have 
seemed an extravagance among those children of nature, who had 
neither notaries public, lawyers, judges nor civil tribunals. The 
/only prison was the guard-house, occu})ied by the small garrison; 
'and it is asserted, on what seems to be excellent authority, that 
for more than half a century there had not been an instance of 
delinquency, civil or criminal, that demanded its employment foi 
tluit purpose. JJeer skins constituted the currency of the country , 
and bai-gains weVe sealed with a grasp of the hand. Their com- 
munications were ''Yea, yea, and nay, nay;" and they believed 
*' what IS- more than that, cometh of evil," The descendants of 
these early settlers long retained the simplicity of manners and 
customs to. which- they were born. 

The French descendants of the present day tell numerous 
anecdotes that^ra]>hieally describe the unsophisticated nature of 
their ancestors.- One is worthy of perpetuation; A genuine 
Missourian vyas loitering for some time around the stall of a negro 
deak'i-, situated., on the bank of the Mississippi. The dealer was 
a Kentucky auerchant, who, observing him, asked him* if he 
wished to purchase an vthing. ''Yes," was the reply, "I should 
like to buy a neg-ro." He was invited to walk in; and, havini;- 
made his choice, he inquired "^he, price. '^'Five hundred dollars." 
replied the trader; "but, according to custom, you -may have one 
year's credit on the purchase." At this proposition the Missourian, 
became very uneasy; the idea of having such a load of debt upon 
liim for a whole year was too much. "No, no!"' said he; "I 
would rather pay you six hundred at once, and be done with it." 
"Very well," said the obliging Kentuckian, "anything to accom- 
modate;" and so the bargain was concluded. 




JAMES O BRIO AD HIE AD, 



HISTORY OK MISSOT'Kl. 35 

At the time Captain Stoddard took possession of npper Louis- 
iana, St. Louis Consisted of two loTig streets running ])aralk'l to 
tlie river, with a nuinhei- of otliers intersectiiii; tlieni at rii;lit an- 
o-k^s. Tliere were, however, some liouses on the line of the present 
Third street, wliieli was known as " the street of harns." The 
church huilding from ^vhich Second street derived its name, was 
a structure (»fliewn h)gs, somewliat rude and ])riniitive in appear- 
ance. AVest (»f Foiirth street, tliere was little else hut woods and 
commons; and the Planters' House now stands upon a portion of 
the space then used for purposes of pasturage. There was no 
]tost-ofhce. nor indeed anv need for one, as there were no otiicial 
mails. Government hoats ran occasionally between New Orleans 
and St. Louis, but there was no regular communication. The 
princi])al buildings were the Government House, on Main street, 
nearAValnut; the "Chouteau" mansion, ^ on the block between 
Main and Second, and Market and "Walnut streets; the residence 
of Madame Chouteau, on the block next north; and the Fort St. 
Charles, near the present intersection of Fifth and Walnut streets. 
In this fort, the Spanish garrison had their (plarter:^.■- 

The means of education were, of course, limited in character; 
and, as peltj-ies and lead continued to be the chief articles of ex- 
]»ort, the cultivation of the land in the vicinity of the town pro- 
irrcsscd but slowly. There are reasons for believing that Ste. 
(it'iievicve was a more important place, in a commercial point of 
\ icw, than St. Louis. At the time of the cession, there were only 
about one hundred and eighty houses, nearly all built of hewn 
logs; and, on the scpiare thus made, a roof was formed and covered 
with shingles fastened t(.» scantlings with wooden pegs, on account 
of the scarcity of nails. Some of the dwellings of the more 
wealthy inhabitants were erected of stone, with a massive stone 
wall encompassing them and the garden with which they were 
surrounded. These houses were of but one stor}', low-pitched, 
with a porch the full length of the building, and frequently a 
]tiazza in the rear. 

The princijjal merchants and traders at this time were Augnste 
</iiouteau, Pierre Chouteau, Manuel Lisa, Labadie and Sarpy, 

lThi« building was part of the first honee bnilt In St. Louis. 

2The early records cf ibe Catholic Church contain an account of the ceremony at the 
layin}: of the tlrst ntoneof ihis fori, in thi? nprins; of 1780. 



36 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Jacques Glamorgan, McCune and Co., and Messrs. Hortez, Pratte, 
(Iratiot, Tayon, Lacompte, Pajjin, Cabanne, Alvarez, Lebaume 
and Soulard. 

The fur trade, which had led to the founding of St. Louis, con- 
tinued for nianv years to be the principal business of the people; 
and, during the iifteen years ending in 1804, the average value of 
the furs collected at St. Louis, is stated to have been $203,750. The 
number of buffalo skins was only 850; deer, 158,000; beaver, 
36,900; otter, 8,000; bear, 5,100. A very different condition of 
things existed twenty or thirty years after, when beaver were 
nearly exhausted, and buffalo skins formed the most important 
article of trade. 

The supplies of the town — especially groceries — were brought 
from JS'ew Orleans, and the time occupied in going and com- 
ing averaged about live months. A voyage was an event that 
tinctured a lifetime; and when a boat was about to sail, the resi- 
dents would assemble in force to say au revoir to the friends who 
were about to tempt the perils of the river, as well as to gaze 
upon the pei'ilous gaieties of the sister city. The assemblage 
upon the shore would, u])on such rare occasions, display as much 
emotion as the more enterprising voyagers. In the year 1 804, Wil- 
liam C. Carr arrived in St. Louis, in the month of April, soon 
after the ])urchase and cession had been effected, having reached 
that point by river navigation from Louisville, Kentucky; and he 
stated that the voyage from one city to the other occupied no less 
than twenty -ii\-e days. There were then besides Mr. Carr, oidy 
two American families in the place — those of William Sullivan 
and Calvin Adams. The serenity of life in St. Louis palled upon 
Cai-r, after a tem]>orary sojourn of about one month; and he 
was carried off l)y the superior attractions of the lead trade at 
Ste. Genevieve, where he concluded that he would reside; but, 
eventually, he returned to St. Louis. 

Kufus Easton, John Scott, and Edward Hempstead came to the 
country as residents in the same year. The location at Ste. Gen- 
evieve, which could not retain Mr. (^arr, captivated Mr. Scott, who 
afterwards fully justiiied his choice, and Mr, Hempstead went to 
Petite Cote, since known as St, Charles, where he remained for 
manv rears, but at leuirth made St, Louis his home. 



HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 37 

The merchant of those times, it must be remembered, was a 
different personage, in all his bnsiness relations, from the mer- 
■chant of to-day. His warehouse occupied only a few square feet; 
his merchandise, usually, was stored in a large box or chest, and 
was only brought to view when a customer ap])eared. Sugar, 
coffee, tobacco, gunpowder, blankets, paints, salt, hatchets, guns 
And dry -goods, were all consigned t(» the same general rece])tacle. 

Imported luxuries, such as tea, brought enormous prices, be- 
cause of the length of time involved in mercantile transactions. 
An American merchant would effect three importations and ])ro- 
cure returns, within the time that a St. Louis houn/eo'ts would 
occupy in locking u]) his capital in a part of one cargo. The 
wasteful sloth of the trader was ])aid for by the consumers of his 
goods, and large numbers were precluded from consuni})tion, or 
could only use such items in small quantities, and on rare occa- 
sions. Sugar was two dollars a ])ound, and tea could be ])urchased 
at the same price; other articles being sold at prices j-ust as high 
in j)r()portion. Tea was comparatively unknown to the mass of 
the little community, until the advent of the LTnited States Govern- 
ment; although, of course, it had long been considered a ]>i-oper 
item for the better class of housekeepers to have on hand, to be 
produced when friends were to be specially regaled. 

•It would be tedious to catalogue the several items of daily con- 
sumption, and occasional use, with their customary values in 
<ieer-skin currency; many articles which are now esteemed indis- 
pensable to the mere maintenance of life in health, were then 
considered luxuries, or marks of a very high grade of comfortable 
living. Their cost made them appear to be extravagances which 
only the display incidental to some extraordinary occasion would 
warrant, even among people of ample means, as things, were 
understood in the beginning of this century, in St. Louis. The 
chanees made since that time cannot, all of them, be described 
as improvements; but, in many respects, they deserve our uiupiali- 
Hed admiration. Still, it must be borne in mind that the fru- 
gality of the olden time was not inconsistent with hajipiness. 
The people, moderate in their wishes, seldom wanted the neces- 
«aries of life; and, in their isolation, removed from temptations, 
they realized few wants which their means could not in some degree 



38 AX ILLUSTRATED 

supply, Tlieir lives passed serenely along, content with the 
pleasures of a semi-pastoral existence. Their dreams of luqipi- 
ness seldom outstripped the narrow bounds in which they began 
life, and their sympathies were entwined with their surroundiugs. 

Under the new regime the change became speedily apparent 
in every aspect of society. Population began to pour in rap- 
idly. To meet the demands thus arising, a ferry was estab- 
lished across the Mississij^pi; and, in a few months, there was 
found to be employment for another, to accommodate the con- 
tinuous line of wagons, and immigrant trains, that sought a 
passage to the newly opened country from the east to the west, 
across the river. Nothing less than an industrial conquest was be- 
ing effected, and this was the army, with a somewhat motley as- 
semblage of camp followers. New buildings were rising in all 
directions, much more tasteful than some of the old structures, 
suggestive of antediluvian days. In that respect, certainly, 
change and. improvement were synonyms. A post-office be- 
came indispensable, as soon as the new comers settled down; and 
of course that want was supplied without delay. Next to his pos- 
tal communication, the Amei'ican must have his newspaper; and, 
in July, 1808, "The Missouri Gazette," forerunner of number- 
less publications, was established by Joseph Charless. This was 
the hrst newspaper published west of the Mississippi, and it Vs 
now continued under the well known title of " The St. Louis Re- 
publican," a journal of acknowledged merit. 

The next considerable step was the incorporation of the town, 
which dates from the 9th of November, 1809. A memorial, 
signed by two-thirds of the taxable inhabitants, was the basis on 
which that change was effected, under the authority of an act of 
the Territorial Legislature of Louisiana passed in the preceding 
year. The municipal government consisted of a board of trus- 
tees, elected under the charter, according to the terms therein 
prescribed. The Missoui'i Fur Comi)any was one of the earli- 
est formations to prosecute the advantages which lay within 
the reach of the community, on a commensurate scale. The 
company was established in 1808, and its principal members 
were Pierre Chouteau, Manuel Lisa. William (>lark, Sylvester 
Labadie, Pierre Menard, and Auguste (/houteau. The capital 



HISTOHY OF MISSOTTKI. 30 

of the coin])ai\v was !i>4(),(M)<). The first expedition under its 
auspices was dispatciied under the conitnaiid of Majoi* A. 
Ilenrv; and liis success was gratitying. He established trading 
[>osts Dii the upper Missouri, on Lewis river beyond tlie Rocky 
Mountains, and on the southern l)ranch of the (^»hnnbia. Tiie 
post last mentioned was the tii-st on the great rivers of Oregon 
territory. After continuing in operation about four years, the 
company was dissolved, in 1812; whereupon most of the mem- 
bers being satisfied of the profitable nature of the undertaking, 
established inde])endent houses, to prosecute the trade, and to 
furnish outfits to private adventurers. At that time, the hunters 
and trai)pers formed a very considerable part of the jiopnlation 
of St. Louis. They were principally half-breed Lidians; but 
there were amone them many white men, who had been so Um^r 
accustomed to such pursuits, with the consequent exposures and 
incidental privations, that, in habits and appearance, they were 
not always distinguishable from the natives. 

Education became a necessity as soon as an Amei-ican ])opu- 
lation began to settle in St. Louis; and, accordingly, in lS(i4, the 
first Euirlish school was established. Tiotchford was the name 
of the first school-master. He was succeeded in his vocation 
by (leorge Tompkins, a young Virginian. Mr. Tompkins rented 
a room on the north side of Market street, between Second and 
Third, for the accommodation of his pupils, and occu])ied his leis- 
ure hours in studying law. The young teacher had in him the 
materials that compel a measure of success, lie ultimately be- 
came Chief Justice of the Supreme ('ourt of Nlissouri. which 
l»osition was filled by him, in a very creditable manner. There 
was a debating society established in connection with the school, 
and its meetings were often of a pecidiarly interesting charactei-. 
Many of the members of that society, among whom were I )rs. 
Farrar and Lowry, John OTallon, Edward J'ates, and Joshua 
i>arton, were afterwards distinguished for their eminent abilities, 
no less than for the services they rendered the public. 

Financial oj)erati()ns s])eedily demanded better accommodation 
than the town of St. Louis afforded; and. in August, is It!, the 
P)ank of St. Louis, the first institution of the kind in that p:irt 
of the territory, was incor]>orMt('(l. The conuiiissioncr^ of the 



40 AN ILLUSTUATKD 

Bank were Auguste Chouteau, J. J3. 0. J.ucas, Cleineut B. Pen- 
rose, Moses Austin, Bernard Pratte, Manuel Lisa, Thomas J>rady, 
Bartholomew Bertliold, Samuel Hammond, Kufus Easton, Koh- 
ert Simpson, Christian Witt, and Risdon 11. Price. President 
Samuel Hammond, and Cashier John B. Smith, were the first 
officers. That institution was not a success; and, after only two 
years operations, it came to a disastrous termination. The Mis- 
souri Bank was incorporated in 1817, on the first of February, 
when its predecessor was only six months old; the officers of tlie 
new establishment being Auguste Chouteau, President, and Lil- 
burn W. Boggs, Cashier. 

The population of St. Louis county and town, in 1815, when 
the census was taken by John W. Thompson, was only 7,895: and 
the town itself only contained 2,()()(). The " Missouri Gazette " 
published the enumeration on the 9th of December, 1815. 
About that time, the close of the Indian wars permitted a great 
tide of emigration west of the Mississippi; a part of which — a 
very valuable class of people — was added to the population of St. ( 
Louis, and Missouri generally. Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
and the region north of the Ohio i-iver, sent large contingents of 
enterprising citizens; and the town began, from that time, to lose 
some of its distinctive characteristics. Probably there are fea- 
tures, which are due to the early settlement and exclusive occu- 
pation by Frenchmen, that will not be completely efiaced a century 
hence, as there are still many marks of the primitive Dutch set- 
tlement in New York; but the impress was considerably lighter 
after 1816. 

The '2d of August, 1817, is memorable in the annals of St. Louis; 
as, on that day, the first steamboat arrived, much to the delight of 
the old, but, more especially, the new population. A new agency 
was thus imported into the commercial life of the town; and one, 
moreover, which the nol)le rivei", rolling jtast the city toward the 
sea, has since seen improved into vast proportions. There was 
hardly one town in the Union, to the development of whicli steam 
was a more important auxiliary, than to St. Louis, as events 
have since that tiuie abundantly proved. The most enthusiastic 
estimates of that day entirely tailed to (•onij)rehen(l its value to 
the citizens. The river is now for the citx' a hiirliwav whose 




FRANCIS M. COCKRELL' 

U. 8. 8 >XATO t. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 41 

importance is increased, not diminislied, by the wondrous expan- 
sion of the system of railroads which has given a limitless growth 
to the nation. The first steamer arriving at St. Louis was called 
the "Pike," commanded by Captain Jacob Keed, and was but a 
small boat, propelled by a low-pressure engine, having been 
built at Louisville, Kentucky; but Xoah's Ark, with the old com- 
nian<ler in person on board, or the Great Eastern, could hardly 
liave caused a greater commotion than did the ''Pike," as she 
touched the foot of Market street. To a large proportion of the 
po]nilation, a steamer was entirely novel ; and the anxiety to see the 
new and strange craft was compounded of sur})rise and delight ; but, 
to the Indians and half-breeds, she was a monster, as capable of 
propelling her course through the solid earth as through the river. 
As she neared the shore, thev ran in alarm ; and it was a loni; time 
before they could be induced to approach the boat. To the major- 
ity, its advent was an occasion for great rejoicing, more especially 
when it became known that other and larger vessels would con- 
tinue the traffic thus commenced. Two months later, on the second 
day of October, the "Constitution," commanded by Captain R. P. 
Gayard, arrived; after which time the sense of novelty gradually 
faded out, except for visitors from the country; but the knowledge 
of the value of the new mechanism ex]>anded every day, the steam 
engine being one vast agency, to which the old adage, "Famil- 
iarity breeds contempt," does not ajjply. In the month of May, 
IS 19, the first steamboat navigated the Avaters of the Missouri; 
and the "Independence," commanded by Captain Nelson, was as 
much a wonder along its banks as was the fleet commanded by 
his namesake to its enemies at Trafalgar. The boat ascended as 
far as "Old Franklin," after a passage of seven running days. 
The revolution was not yet complete, and could not be so con- 
sidered by th§ old settlers, or rather by their descendants, until 
New Orleans had been connected with their town by steam. 
That feat was accomplished in the beginning of the next month, 
on the second day of wiiich Captain Armitage, commanding the 
"Hornet," steamed in to the wharf, after a passage from New 
Orleans of only twenty-seven days. The passage has very often 
since then been made in much shorter time; but the wonder has 
never been so great as was then the surprise ot the original in- 
habitants of the citv and countv. 



42 AX ILLU8TKATED 

Tlietirst l^onrd <}t' School trustees was formed in the year 1817, 
and therein was the germ of tlie admirable system of school in- 
struction. wliich now obtains all over Missonri. Tlie eflbrts of 
individual men and women, were excellent in their several spheres; 
but something larger was requisite, in every sense, to cope with 
the re(|nireinents of the people. The growth of the educational 
scheme will be given in detail, elsewhere. 

The ethical and the material moved on side by side, hi the 
year 1819. John Jacob Astor, to whom the Union is indebted 
for many industrial advantages, founded, in St. Louis, a branch 
of his house, for the prosecution of the Fur trade, under the 
direction of Samuel Abl)ott. Nearly forty years had elapsed 
since he began that traffic on his own account jn New York; and 
his wealth was known to be enormous. The fact that he had a 
branch house in St. Louis was therefore of very great im- 
portance, in the eyes of all capitalists inclined to invest in the 
like profitable ventures. His sagacity and his diligence were 
alike proverbial. His depot at Astoria, at the mouth of the 
Columbia, and his establishment here, indicated the line on 
which the trade must rapidly and profitably expand. The West- 
ern Department of the American Fur Company made an era in 
the history of St. Louis; and the company entering u])on a veiy 
successful career through the northern and western part of the 
United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, niade the whole 
community ])artieipate in some degree, in the property which 
way thus superinduced. All that had been accomplished in this 
direction before the branch house was established, was found to 
have been fragmentaiy and personal; now, there were system and 
completeness; and the results achieved were, in every sense, cor- 
responding. The old Missouri Fur Compan3% whose establish- 
ment and dissolution have 'been already mentioned, at the time 
when the founding of many houses was noticed, was revived 
under the influence of the successes won by the establishment 
under the direction of Mr. Abbott, with several new names in 
the copartnery. John P. Pilcher, Manuel Lisa, Thomas Hemp- 
stead and (\iptain Perkins, flgure<l in the list of names; and 
tiius a new and powerful agency contributed to increase the 
wealth and industrial cnerirv of the town. 



CIIAITKR V. 

RETROCESSION OF LOUISIANA TO FRANCE, AND ITS PUR- 
CHASE BY THE UNITED STATES. 

Ou the iirst day of October, in the last year of the eighteenth 
century. Xapoleou, who liad assumed supreme direction of tlie 
affairs of France, in the preceding year, November, 1799, and 
had, long before that time, compelled Spain to become his ally on 
such terjiis as made that country truly the feudatory of France, 

caused the treaty of St. Ildefonso to be consummated. 

moo. 
Spain, under that instrument, and subject to certain con- 
ditions not essential in this relation, ceded to France the terri- 
tory of Louisiana, to parts of which both nations had alternately 
laid claim. This act at once recognized and extinguished the 
rights of the Spanisli monarchy. Pursuant to the terms of that 
treaty, the authorities representing Spain, were, in 1802, directed 
to deliver up the possessions indicated to Frencli commissioners; 
but, owing to unavoidable delays, the actual transfer was not 
made until December, 1S03, at which date M. Laussat, on behalf 
of France, received the surrender of the rights of the old mon- 
archy. France was, at that time, almost powerless on the high 
seas, and had been but recently bankrupt in resources. Immedi- 
ately before ^.'apoleon made himself master of France, with the 
a])probation of neai-ly all classes, the government had declared 
its inability to li(|uidate its debts. Under such circumstances, 
it was not easy to see how the newly acquired rights of the lirst 
consul could be made available for the gratification of his am- 
bition. His hopes were concentrated nearer home, already look- 
ing forward to the establishment of the empire, as his next step 
beyond the consulate for life, lie could not send troops to 
establish possession in the newly transferred territory; and, with- 
out such action on his ])art, his rights would be merely iu)minal, 
besides offering t«» his enemy. Great Britain, an o})portunity to 
increase her territory at his cost, with but little outlay of blood 



44 AN ILLUSTRATED 

or treasure; hence, upon tlie resuin])tiou of liostilities, President 
Jefferson, who had long wtitehed the development of this very 
interestij'g feature in Euro])ean historv, as affecting this con- 
tinent, availed hini.-.elf of the circumstances which gave him 
and the United States an advantage, to urge upon the French 
consul an offer for the vastterritorv held hv France. The 
1803. pm-chase of Louisiana was effected during his administra- 
tion ; and, as before stated, was carried to completion on the last 
day of Ai)ril, 1808, before France was actually possessed of the 
ceded territory. The sum agreed upon as payment, $15,000,000, 
may have been an object to France, in the then condition of its re- 
sources; but it was a very small item by comparison with the gain 
of territory for the Union thereby effected. Laussat, as Governor- 
General, in the name and on behalf of the French nation, admin- 
istered the government during only twenty days, providing foi- 
certain affairs of great urgency; and, at the end of that time, pos- 
session was formally resigned into the hands of our government. 
General James AVilkinson, in command of United States troops, 
established his camp in rea;diness for the movement already 
agreed npon, on the 19tli of December, 1803; and the Spanish 
trooi)s embarked for Havana at the same time, the vessels sail- 
ing immediately after. On the 20th, there were complimentary 
salutes from the forts and vessels, announcing the departure 
of the French Governor-General and his staff from office. Laus- 
sat, no longer Governor, except for the formalities yet to be 
carried through, proceeded to the city hall attended by a numer- 
ous retinue, while under previous arrangements the United 
States trooj)s entered the capital. The American commission- 
ers, General Wilkinson and AV. C. C. Claiborne, were received 
in due form in the hall. The treaty of cession, the respective 
powers of the commissioners, and the certificate of ratifications, 
were read; after which Laussat pronounced these words: "In 
conformity with the treaty, I put the United States in pos- 
session of Louisiana and its dependencies. The citizens and 
iidiabitants who wish to remain here and obey the laws, are. 
from this moment, exonerated from the oath of fidelity to tlu' 
French repid)lic." Claiborne, G(»vernor of the territory of Mi>- 
sissippi, exercising the power of Governor-(Teneral and Tnten- 



HISTORY OF MlSSiHIil. 45 

dant of the Province of Louisiana, delivered a con<rratulat(»rv 
discourse to the Louisianians. •* Tlie cession,"' said lie, '* secures 
to you, and to your descendants, the inheritance of liberty, per- 
petual laws, and magistrates whom you will elect yourselves." 
The ceremonies closed with the exchange of riau^s, which was 
affected by lowering the one, and raising the other, while the ar- 
tillery and trumpets celebrated the event, and the Americans 
expressed their joy in a tremendous shout. 

The agent of the French Republic for receiving possession of 
upper Louisiana from Spain, was Amos Stoddard, captain of ar- 
tillery in the service of the United States. Captain Stod- 
dard arrived in St. Louis in March, 1804; and, five days 
later Charles Dehault Delassus, the Spanish commandant, trans- 
ferred to him, as the representative of France, the possession of the 
territory, which he, on the tenth of the month, handed over to the 
United States. St. Louis, and the other towns in the vicinity, 
sustained something akin to an earthquake sensation in the fact 
of their being transferred, nolens vole ns^ from one government to 
another. The bonds of long association united them to the nation 
from which they had been severed in the two-fold disruption 
just el^'ected. Really, they had but little cause to attach them 
to Spain. The government of that countr}' had never been fav(n-- 
ably disposed toward colonists, as such; but circumstances had 
prohibited it from active interference, to a large extent; and there 
is, with most persons, an indication to look upon the past with af- 
fection, on the well known ]>rinciple that "distance lends enchant- 
ment to the view." The younger and more active-minded settlors 
looked with favor upon the vigorous young Republic, which, less 
than twenty-eight years before, amid storms and the devasta- 
tions of armed men, had commenced a national career; but 
they could not conquer a feeling of apprehension, almost amount- 
ing to dread, in the actual change. The hauling down of the 
flag of Spain, and the unfurling of the banner of the United States, 
caused an unmistakable shock. The promise of a bright ami 
glorious future on wnich their minds had been refreshed, was not 
sufficient to banish their natural feelings of regret, when the act 
of severance and union had been consummated. One writer thus 
describes the scene: "When the transfer M-as completely effected - 



46 AN ILLUSTKATKD 

wlien, in the presence of the assembled population, the flai^ of the 
United States had replaced that of Spain — the tears and lamenta- 
tions of the ancient inhabitants proved how mucli tliey were at- 
tached to the old government, and how much thev dreaded the 
change which the treaty of cession had brought about." But it 
does not foUow that, as a rule, the bride dreads the futui-e be- 
cause she weeps when tlie marriage ceremony has been performed. 
The feeling was not feai', so much as it was uncertainty, and the 
reo-ret which seldom fails to attach itself to sundered associations. 

On the 20th of March, 1804, Louisiana was divided into two ter- 
ritories l)y the action of Congress. The Territory of Orleans com- 
prised the soutiiern province, and the northern was thenceforth 
to })e known as the District of Louisiana, ('aptain Stoddard, 
recently the agent in the double transfer, was temporarily nomi- 
nated Governor, M'ith all the powers of the Spanish Lieutenant- 
Governor, in the last named ])rovince. The same act of ( 'Ongress 
gave to the Governoi- and Judges of Indiana, jurisdiction over the 
whole territory. General Harnson was then Governor, and so 
continued until 1813. On assuming control, the Governor pub- 
lished an address to the inhabitants, formally announcing the re- 
cent transferi, and setting forth that a permanent territorial govern- 
ment would speedily be initiated by Ct)ngress. The Governor's 
address was an excellent exp()sition of the new political aspect of 
affairs, and it eloquently detailed the advantages accruing under 
a liberal repul)lican form of government. 

At the time named, upper Louisiana comprised all that part of 
the province north of " llo})e Encampment," a well known spot 
on the Mississippi nearly opposite Chickasaw Blufts. It included 
the vast range of country, now known as Missouri, Iowa, Min- 
nesota, and Arkansas, — ^indeed all the western region to the 
Pacific ocean, south of the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, 
not claimed by Spain. The settled portions had been divided into 
<listricts for the })urposes of K)cal government. The population, 
in 1803, in the settlements of Arkansas, Little Prairie and IV ew 
Madrid, was estimated, on such data as could be obtained, at one 
thousand three hundred and fifty, <tf whom about two-thirds were 
Anglo-American, and the other third French. 

The district of Cai»e Giranleau inclu<led the territory between 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 47 

Tvwappaty bottoin and Apple creek. Its population in 1804, was 
olio thousand four hundred and seventy whites, and a few slaves. 
Kxcepting three »»r four families, all were emigrants from the 
Ignited States. 

The district uf Ste. Clenevieve extended from xVpple creek to the- 
Meramee. The settlement (beside the village) included settle- 
ments on the head-waters <»f the St. Francois, and at the lead mines. 
The population, in 1S04, M'as two thousand three hundred and fifty 
whites, and five hundivd and twenty slaves. More than lialf were 
Anglo- Americans. 

The district of St. Louis included the territory lyiug between 
the Meramee and Missouri rivers. It contained the villages of 
St. Louis, Carondelet and St. Ferdinand, with several settle- 
ments extending westward into what was afterwards known as 
l-'ranklin county. The village of Carondelet had between forty 
and fifty houses; its population was chiefly Canadian- Frencli. St. 
Ferdinand contained sixty houses. St. Louis had about one hun- 
dred and eighty houses, and a population of one thousand and 
eighty. The population of the district was two thousand two 
hundred and eighty whites, and about five hundred blacks. Kach 
of the districts extended west indefinitely. The largest and most 
populous settlement in the St. Louis district was called St. An- 
drews, situated near the Missouri, in the northwestern part of the 
j)resent county of St. Louis. 

The district of St. Charles included all the inhabited country 
between the Missouri and Mississi])pi rivers. It had two com- 
pact villages, St. Charles and Portage des Sioux, the inhabitants 
of wliich were French Creoles and Canadians. Femme Osage was 
an extensive settlement of Anglo-American families. The popu- 
lation of tlie district, in 1S04, was about one thousjind four hundred 
whites, and one hundred and fifty blacks; the Amei-ican and 
French ])opulation was nearly ecpially divided. 

The aggregate po|)ulation of u]»per Louisiana, at tlie ])erio(l (»f 
the cession, was 10,1 2(>, of which 3,760 were French, including 
a few Spanish families; r),(i!t(i were Anglo-Americans, who had 
immigrated to the country after J7l>0; and 1,27«> were black |>eo- 
ple, wh(>, with but few exceptions, were slaves. 

When the Illinois country was transferred to the F.ritisli ( 'rown. 



48 AN ILLUSTRATED 

in 1765, many wealthy and respectable families crossed the Miss- 
issippi, to avoid the change of jurisdiction. The ordinance of 1787, 
prohibiting involuntary servitude in the northwestern territory, 
caused a similar movement among slaveholders who would retain 
their slaves at the cost of abandoning their ancient possessions. 
"Liberal advantages were held out to settlers, and pains were 
taken to disseminate them in every direction. Large quantities of 
land were granted them, attended with no other expenses than of- 
fice fees and for surveys, which were not exorbitant; and they were 
exempted from taxation." This suffices to account for the rapid 
population of upper Louisiana, which, in 1804, consisted of En- 
arlish- Americans to the extent of more than three-fifths of the whole. 
The executive powers of the territory of Indiana having been 
extended over that of Louisiana, as already stated, and the (tov- 
ernor and judges being authorized to enact laws, as well as to ad- 
minister them, in the new country, as they were also in Indiana, 
subject only to the control of Congress, William Henry Har- 
rison, the Governor, afterwards President of the United States 
for a brief term, instituted the American authority here. Un- 
der the jjrovisions of this act, the Governor and judges of Indiana 
proceeded to pass sixteen acts for the government of the district. 
They were passed on the 1st of October, 1804, and related to 
the following heads: Crimes and Punishments; Justices Courts; 
Slaves; Revenue; Militia law; Recorders' offices; Attorneys; 
Constables; Boat men; Defalcation; Practice of Law; Probate 
Business; Establishing a (;Ourt of Quarter Sessions; Oaths; 
Sheriffs; Marriages. Under the act which gave jui'isdiction, 
all laws in force in the territory at the time of its passage 
were declared to be operative, except such as might be found 
inconsistent with the terras of the act of Congress. The civil 
law continued to be the law of the territory except in so far as 
it was expressly or impliedly repealed or modified by the laws ot 
Congress, or by the acts of the Governor and judges forming the 
Legislative Council of the Territory of Iiuliana. The laws ot 
Pennsylvania w^ere generally taken as models, in preparing the 
laws above mentioned; but those which referred to slaves, and 
free negroes, seem to have been modelled upon the statutes of 
Virginia and Kentucky, 



HISTOUY UF M18.SUUHI. 49 

In the year 18(>8, President Jefferson })rojected an expedition 
to explore the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean. 
He selected for this service, Meriwether Lewis and William 
Clark, officers of the American army, and gentlemen of such 
character and ahility, as would in all probability, enable them to 
command success in all the parts to which they would be exposed. 
The detachment employed in this expedition was small, but the 
men were chosen from anmng the best woodsmen of the west. 
The outfit was on a scale suited to the importance as well as the 
danger of the enterprise. The number was limited so as to enable 
them to subsist the party with convenience, by hunting on the 
line of march, without hindrance in their progress. The number 
of men who went with Lewis and Clark across the mountains 
was only twenty-eight, making an aggregate of thirty persons. 
They were accompanied as far as the Mandan villages by six 
soldiers and nine watermen. 

The expedition left their encampment in Illinois, opposite the 
mouth of the Missouri river, on the 14th of May, 1804. They 
ascended the Missouri, establishing their winter-(piarters at 
the Mandan villages. On the o])ening of navigation, they 
pursued their route to the head springs of the Missouri river, 
crossed the Rocky Mountains and proceeded down the Columbia 
(or Oregon) river, and wintered near the mouth of that stream. 
They returned the next spring and summer, having lost only one 
man in the perilous expedition, reaching St. Louis on the 23d 
of September, ISOfi. The time taken up from tlie date of the 
departure from the Mississippi, was two years, four months, and 
a few days. The following extract is taken from their pul)- 
lished travels: 

"The road by which we Avent out, by the way of Missouri 
river, to its head, is three thousand and ninety-six miles; thence 
by land by the way of Lewis' river, over to Clark's river, and 
down that to Traveller's Rest creek, where all the roads from 
the difi'erent routes met; thence across the rugged part of the 
Rocky Mountains to the navigable waters of the Columbia, 
three hundred and ninety-eight miles; tlience down the river 
six hundred and forty miles to the Pacific ocean: making a total 
distance of four thousand one hundred and thirty-four miles. 

4 



50 AN II.LUSTKATKl) 

Oil our return, in 1806, we came from Traveler's Rest creek 
directly to the falls of the Missouri river, wliich shortens tl^e 
distance about five hundred and seventy-nine miles, and is a 
much better route, redueino- the distance from the Mississippi 
to the Pacific ocean to thi'ce thousand fi\'e hundred and fortv-five 
miles." 

The narrative of the expedition is a very interesting one, and 
was productive of much good. All the territory lying west to 
the Pacific ocean, heretofore was a terra incognita^ and this 
exploratioji had the effect to call ])ublic attention to its valua- 
ble resources for the wants of man. Among the occurrences 
of 1805, 180C and 1807, are tlie expeditions of Lieutenant Z. M. 
Pike; the first to the sources of the Mississippi, and the second 
to the sources of the Arkansas, Platte, and Pierre Jaune rivers, 
and into the provinces of New Si)ain. These expeditions were 
condiu'Ted under the order of the gcjvernment, through General 
James Wilkinson. The journals ke])t by Lieutenant Pike (as his 
official title then was,) were by him })repared for the press, and 
jMililished, in 1810. These ex])lorations. with those of Lewis and 
(Uark,were extremely valuable. Until they were made, and their 
narratives brought before the public, the people of the United 
Srates had no ])ro])er idea of the value of the Louisiana })urchase; 
and if there had been complaints made of the amount paid for 
this ten-itory to the French, they were withdrawn when the re- 
sources of the Country were brought to view. 

The first courts of justice were held in the old fort in the city 
of St. Louis, near Fifth and Walnut streets, during the winter 
of 1804— 5. The tribunals in question were called " Courts of 
Common Pleas," By a subsequent act of Congress, bearing 
tson ^'^^^^ March 3d, 1805, the change indicated as probable 
by Governor Harrison in his address, was effected. The 
district became the "Territory of Louisiana," under a Governor, 
Secretary, and Judges. The new constitution, or oi-ganic act, 
took effect on the Fourth of July, 1805. The first Governor of 
the Territory was General James Wilkinson, with Frederick 
Hates, Secretary. The Judges of the Sui)reme Court were R J. 
Meigs and John 1>. C-. Lucas. As in the Territory of Lidiana, 
the Governor and Judges were the legislature, as well as the 



IIISTOUV OF MISSOURI. 51 

Chief Executive, subject to a remote and seldom used j)o\ver of 
veto, I'etaiued by (X)ugri'ss. The Executive ottices were in the 
old government building on Main street, near Walnut, just 
south of the Public Scjuare, in the present citv. In those offices 
General Wilkinson, Cxovernor of the Territory, was visited bv 
the brilliant, but unbalanced, and erratic, Aaron IJurr, when 
that ambitious personage was preparing his plans for the 
establishment of an independent rule, in the Southwestern ])art 
of the country; a design which involved many besides himself, 
in ruin. When Greneral Wilkinson was appointed (rovernor, 
local, military and civil rule had been provided for, under the 
iiuthority of the Governor of Indiana, by the division of the dis- 
trict into four military commands, known as St. Charles, in 
Avhich Colonel Meigs exercised authority; St. Louis, with Colonel 
Hammond for commandant; St. Genevieve under Major Seth 
Hunt; and Cape Girardeau under Colonel T. B. Scott. Upon the 
organization of the Territory and the Courts therein, those 
otKcers were su])erseded by the superior authority instituted; 
but the names of their several districts are perpetuated in being 
bestowed upon the counties. The system of legislation insti- 
tuted in 1S<>5, was continued for many years, with changes in the 
officers occasionally. 

AV^ilkinson established the fort of Bellefbntaine on the south 
t^ide of the Missouri, a few miles above its mouth, in 1806; 
but, early in the following year, the General was ordered 
St "uth to assist in suppressing the Burr conspiracy, and the 
fort at Bellefontaine was practically abandoned. During j)art of 
the year, Joseph Browne was Secretary of the Territory, and acting 
Governor in the temporary absence of Wilkinson; and Jolin B. 
C. Lucas and Otho Shrader were judges. In the following year, 
F/ederick Bates was ap])ointed Secretary of the Territory, and on 
the 7th of May, 1807, he signed his first act as Acting (rovernor. 
In the next year, ^feri wether Jx'wis, who was then Governor, 
with the same judges, formed the legislature, he continuing to oc- 
cupy the jiosition as Governor, until 1809. He received his ap- 
pointment from President Jefferson. 

The eiHl)argo of 1S07, and tiu; non-incercoui"se with England <>f 
180i*, lia<l a withering iiitiuenci' on the prosjierity of St. Louis, as 



52 AN ILLUSTRATED 

on other commercial towns. The gloom that hung over commer- 
cial affairs then seemed to ijive very threat uneasiness to 

1807-9. & ^ to 

all engaged in the fur trade, and none appeared more af- 
fected by it than Governor Lewis. Deep sympathy with his suffer- 
ing people seemed to have seized upon him. His friends used all 
means that friendship could suggest to rouse him from mental de- 
pression, and in the autumn of 1809 ])ersuaded him to visit Louis- 
ville. While on his journey thither, lie deliberately destroyed 
his life with his own pistol. His explorations Had furnished a 
lasting monument to his memory, and materials for many eulogies, 
as tributes to his virtues and exploits. 

Connected with the early settlement of Missouri are many inci- 
dents of ])ersonal prowess and bravery by the pioneers, against the 
invasion of bands of roving Indians. In the county of Callaway, 
is the site of ttie old French village of Cote sans Dessein, first 
settled in 1808, and which was at one time a populous place. 
This ancient town had its share in the Indian wars incident to 
the settlement of the country, and furnishes an instanceof gallantry 
in the defense of the place, equal to anything recorded in the his- 
tory of maidy firmness. The principal actor in this achievement 
was a Frenchman, Baptiste Louis Roy. He chanced to be 
in the block-house with only two men and as many women, 
when the attack commenced. With this small command he 
made a successful defense against a numerous and very deter- 
mined band of Indians. One of his men, observing the great dis- 
parity of force. Was ])anic-struck, and rendered no assistance in the 
conflict. He devoted himself to prayer and penitence throughout 
the sieffe. The women, the wife and sister-in-law of the y-allant 
Hoy, lent efficient and indispensable aid to the two soldiers, their 
husbands. The defendei's of the block-house had not been suffi- 
ciently provident in their supply of ammunition, so as to have.^ 
sufficient quantity of balls on hand at the begiuTiing of the attack. 
While the men were firing, the women made it their l)usiness to 
cast l)alls and cut patches, so as to keep up the defense in a steady 
and uninterrupted manner. The conse(pience was, that these two 
riflemen afterward numbered fourteen in their report of killed, 
without being able to form any correct account of the wounded. 

After the extreme suffering which the assailants endureti, 



iMiiiiiiiiMiiLii; Hi«'ni:iiiiiiniii!iiiiiii:i)|i|iii{iiiiiiiiiiiii{|i|iiiiiiiiiiiiiH 




ijiirH!ii!;i]|iii:i;il;i|i|i||ii|||i;!i:i'|ii|;i|ii||iiiiii' i|ii'i;\:':'i"i:;ii:;'Mi|; ^iNii-Ti.iiEJiiiiiiiliiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiijiaiciMiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiriniiiiiM in. 



EDWIN O. STANARD. 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 58 

they became desperate in their determination to take or de- 
stroy the block-house. They made sev-eral bold attem])ts to 
storm, but were always driven back with reduced numbers. 
This taui^ht them circumspection, and thev determined to set 
fire to the house. To eftect this in security, they fastened com- 
bustible matter to their arrows, and having lighted this, their 
missives were shot into the roof of the block-house; as often as 
this occurred, the women made it a business to extinguish the 
blaze by the application of the little water they had within the 
building. The place of defense was near the ri\ei- bank, but the 
garrison was too weak to justify a sally for additional supplies. 
It was with appalling interest that the little band observed the 
rapid expenditure of their small stock, as the incendiaries repeated 
their experiment. Their torches were sent up with fearful accu- 
racy from the shelter of a ravine, and each new blaze was accom- 
panied with the demoniac yells of their assailants. The women 
continued to aj)ply the water, with parsimoni(^us regard to economy, 
and not a drop was wasted. 

The fiery missiles were still showered upon the devoted house, 
and at each discharge the war-whoop was redcnibled. At last, 
the water was exhausted, the last bucket was drained of the 
last drop. The roof was blazing over their heads, and when 
despair was settling on the hitherto buoyant spirits of the lit- 
tle band, one of the females produced a gallon of milk. This 
was sufiicient to protract destruction, but no security against 
a recurrence of imminent peril. There was a pause after 
the last blaze had been extinguished. The defenders were watch- 
ing with acute sensibility every movement of their enemy, 
hoping that their fruitless efforts had discouraged them, and 
that in this they would find im})unity; but when they began to 
respire freely with hope of safety, another discharge broke on 
their view; the fiery arrows hurled in the air, and the roof 
blazed again with fearful clearness. A shout arose from a hun- 
dred wild and startling voices. Even Baptiste Hoy, himself, 
whose visage was the mirror of a hero's soul, looked aghast on the 
companions of his perd, until his wife, with an angel's smile on 
lier face, produced a vessel just tlien replenishetl — it proved the 
salvation of the tj^arrison. The fire was aii:ain extinmiished. 



54 AN 11, J J .ST HA TED 

Then it was that the elastic spirits of the little party sent tortli 
an answering shout of joy, and another of defiance, hurled with 
spirit in the face of savage exultation. At last, the hatHed blood- 
hounds ran off, screauiiny: a bitter howl of niini>:led resentment 
and despair. 

On the death of Governor Lewis, Frederick Bates acted as- 
Governor until President Madison appointed i3enjaniin Howard 
to that office, whose first legislative act was signed OctoT)er 2.>, 
ISIO, and his last, October 81, 1S12. lie resigned his 
office to accept that of Brigadier-General of Rangers, in 
the war of 1812, and, having served with great credit to himself 
during three campaigns, died at St. Louis, September 18, 1S14. 
On his resignation. Bates again was Acting-Governor, until De- 
cember 7th, 1812, when Captain William Clark, the companion 
of Ca])tain Lewis on the celebrated exploring expedition of the 
Missouri and Columbia rivei's, was appointed Governor of the 
Territory. The first legislative act under Governor Clark's ad- 
ministration, was appi-oved on the 31st of December, 1813. 
George Bullet was then Speaker of the House, and S. Hammond 
was President of the Council. Governor Clark's administration 
continued until Missouri was admitted a member of the Federal 
Union. 

During the year iSll, two important events took place which 
were especially noticeable in the history of the Mississippi 
country; the one was the building of the Steamer Xew 
Orleans, the first boat built west of the Alleghanies; the 
other was the earthquake which destroyed New Madrid, and affected 
the whole valley. Of the latter event, S. P. Hildreth has furnished 
an interesting account. He says: "The center of its vit>lence was 
thought to be near the Little Prairie, twenty-five or thirty miles 
below jVeNV Madrid, the vibrations from which were felt all over the 
valley of the Ohio, as high up as Pittsburgh. The first shock was 
felt on the night of the 16th of December, and was repeated at in- 
tervals, with decreasing violence, in the month of February follow- 
ing. New Madrid having sufi'ered more than any other town on 
the Mississippi from i ts effects, Avas considei'ed as situat.ed near tlic 
focus from whence the undulation proceeded. From an eye-wit- 
ness who was then al»ont fortv miles below that town in a fiat-boat. 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. O;) 

on his way t<) New Orleans with a load ut' ])r<Mluce, and who nar- 
rated the scene to me, the agitation which convulsed the earth 
and the waters <tt' the river, tilled every living creature with 
horror. The first shock took ])lace in the night, while the l>oat 
was lying at the shore in company with several others. At this 
period there was danger a])])i"ehended from the southern Indians, 
it being soon after the batth; of Tij)j)ecanoe; and for safety, sev- 
eral boats kept in company for mutual defense in tlui case of an 
attack. In the middle of the night, tiiere was a terrible shock 
aii<l jarring of the boats, so that the cnnvs were all awakened, and 
hurrie<l on deck with their weapons of defense in theij' hands, 
thinking the Indians were rushing on board. Tlie ducks, geese, 
and other aquatic birds whose nund)erless flocks were quietly rest- 
ing in the eddies of the river, were thrown into tlu; greatest tu- 
mult, and with loud screams, expressed their alarm in accents of 
terror. Tlie noise and commotion soon became hushed, and noth- 
ing could be discovered to excite ap})rehension, so that the boat- 
men concluded that the shock was occasioned by the falling in of 
a lar<re mass of the bank of the river near them. .\s soon as it 
was light enough to distinguish objects, the crews were all up, 
making rea<ly to depart. Directly loud roaring and hissing wjis 
heard, like the escape of steam from a boiler, accompanied by the 
most violent agitation of the shores and tremendous boiling 
up the waters of theMississi])pi in huge swells, and rolling the 
waters below, back on the descending streams, and tossing the boats 
about so violently, that the men with difficulty could keepon their 
feet. The sand-bars and points of the island gave way, swallowed 
u]) in the tumultuous bosom of the i-ivei-; carryingdowu with tliem 
the cotton-wood trees, cracking and crashing, tossing their iirins 
to and fro, as if sensible of their danger while they disapjuiared 
beneath the flood. The water of the liver, which the day befoi-e 
was toleraldy clear, being rather low, changed to a reddish hue, 
and became thick with mud thrown up from its bottom; while the 
surface lashed violently by the agitiition of the earth beneath, was 
covered with foam, which, <;athering into masses the size of a bar- 
rel, flcMted along on the trend)ling surface. The ejtrth opened 
in wide fissures, and closingagain, thi-ew the water, .-and and iiiiid 
in huge jets, higher than the to])s of the trees. The Mtmosj)lu!re 



5() AN ILI.rsTHATED 

was filled witli a thick vapor, or gas, to which the light imparted 
a piii*j)le tinge, altogether ditf'erent in appearance from the autnni- 
Tial haze of Indian sninnier, or that of smoke. 

" From the temporary check to the current, by the heaving of 
the bottom, the sinking of the banks and sand bars into the bed 
of the stream, the river rose in a few minutes five or six feet, 
and impatient of the restraint, again rushed forward with re- 
doubled impetuosity, hurrying along the boats, now set loose by 
the horror-struck boatmen, as in less danger on the water than 
at the shore, where the banks threatened every moment to de- 
stroy them by the falling earth, or carrying them down in the 
vortex of the sinking masses. Many boats were overwhelmed 
in this manner, and their crews perished with them. It required 
the utmost exertions of the men to keep the boat, of which my 
informant was the owner, in the middle of the river, as far from 
the shores, sand bars, or islands, as they could. Numerous boats 
were wrecked on the snags, and old trees thrown up from the 
bottom of the river, where they had quietly rested for ages, 
while others were sunk or stranded on the sand bars and islands. 
At New Madrid, several boats were carried by the reflux of the 
current, into a small stream that puts into the river just above 
the town, and left on the ground by the returning water, a con- 
siderable distance from the river. A man who belonged to one 
of the company boats, was left for several hours on the upright 
trunk of an old snaig; in the middle of the river, airainst which 
his boat was wrecked and sunk. It stood with the roots a few 
feet above the water, and to these he contrived to attach himself; 
while everv fresh shock threw the aeritated waves against, and 
kept gradually settling the tree deeper in the mud at the bottom, 
bringing him nearer and nearer to the deep, muddy waters, 
which, to his terrified imagination, seemed desirous of swallow- 
ing him up. While hanging here, calling with piteous shouts 
for aid, several boats passed by without being able ti) relieve 
him, until, finally, a skiff was well manned, rowed a short dis- 
tance above him, and dropped down close to the snag, from which 
he tumbled in, as she passed by. The scenes which occurred for 
several days during the repeated shocks, were horrible. The 
most destructive took ])lace in the beginning, althouijh they 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 57 

were repeated fur munv weeks, bocoiiiing lighter and lit^hter 
until they died away in slight vibrations, like the jarring of 
steam in an immense boiler. The sulplinrated gasses that were 
ilischarged dnring the shocks, tainted the air with their noxious 
effluvia, and so strongly impregnated the water of the river to 
the distance of one hundred and fifty miles below, that it could 
hardly be used for any purjmse for a number of days. New 
Madrid, which stood on a bluff bank fifteen or twenty feet above 
the summer flcx)ds, sunk so low that the next rise covered it to 
the depth of five feet. The bottoms of several lakes in the vicin- 
ity were elevated so as to become dry land, and have since been 
planted with corn." In the town of Cape Girardeau were 
several edifices of stone and brick. The walls of these buildinirs 
were cracked, in some instances from the ground to the top, and 
wide fissures were left. 

Tlie "Great Shake," as the people called it, was so severe in 
the county of St. Louis, that the fowls fell from the trees as if 
dead; crockery fell from the shelves, and was broken; and many 
families left their cabins fnnn fear of being crushed beneath their 
ruins. 

In the year 1809, tliere were manifestations of hostile intentions 
among some of the tribes of the northern Indians. On the 28th 
of June, 1S09, JMicholas JaiTot, of C^ahokia, whohad just returned 
from Prairie du Chien, made affidavit that the British agents and 
traders at that place, and on the frontiers of (\inada, were stirring 
up the Indians, furnishing them with guns and ammunition, and 
j)reparing them for hostile demonstrations. During November, 
the same year, hostilities commenced between the Osages and 
lowas, the latter having killed some of the former, not far from 
where Liberty is now situated, north of the Missouri river. 

In the month of July, 1810, a band of hostile Indians, supposed 
to be Pottawattamies, came into a frontier, settlement on the 
Loutre, at the upper end of Loutre Island, and nearly opj)osite 
the mouth of Gasconade river, and stole a number of horses. On 
the reception of this news, a company of six persons was raisiMl, 
who followed the savages across (Trand Prairie, to a branch of Salt 
river called Bone Lick. The party discovered the Indians, eight 
in number, who, in their retreat, threw off their piicks and plun- 



58 AN ILLUSTRATED 

der, <iu(l scattered in the woods. Xight coming on, the party 
struck a camp and immediately lay down to sleep, though one of 
the number (Stephen (^ole), the leader, warned them against it, 
and proposed a guard. About midnight, they were awakened by 
Indian yells and the death-dealing bullet. In the encounter 
which ensued, Cole killed four Indians and wounded the fifth, 
althouijh himself severely hurt. His brother was killed at the 
commencement of the fight, and two others of the party also lost 
their lives in the struggle. The survivors reached the settlement 
next morning, and told the sad tale. A party at once set out for 
the scene of disaster and blood, but finding no trace of the treach- 
erous foe, they l)uried the dead, and returned. The vsettlement of 
the Loutre commenced, probably, about 1806 or 1807, and until 
181Q was the "Far West," except the French settlement of Cot^ 
sans Dessein. During that year, emigrants found their way to 
the ''Boone's Lick country," now Howard county, Missouri. 
The few companies of rangers, raised by act of Congress, and the 
militia volunteers, were the only defense of the towns and settle- 
ments of Illinois and Missouri. 

In the month of A})ril, 1812, a deputation of Pottawattamies, 
Kickapoos and Chippewas came down the Mississippi, headed by 
Gomo, to negociate a treaty \vith Govei-uor Edwai'ds. They met at 
Cahokia, where the Governor addressed them in a forcible speech. 
He told them of the desires of our Government to preserve peace 
and harmony with all the Indian nations; warned them of the arts 
and designs of the Shawanese prophet, and the agents and traders 
from Canada; assured them he perfectly understood the hostile 
disposition of the Indians,— the murders audde[)redatious alread}' 
committed, and the combinations among the tribes attempted to be 
formed ; and that he should adopt energetic measures to protect the 
white people. He insisted still further, that the murderers must 
be given up, or the whole nation would suffer. The Indians 
professed to be humble, protested their inability to deliver up the 
murderers, and laid the blame on the Winnei)at!:oes; at the same 
time promising good behavior, on their part, for the future. 

Notwithstanding the good pr<jfessi(Uis of the Indians, the live& 
of the settlers were in constant dauirer. 




STILSON HUTCHINS. 



CHAPTER VI. 

MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

1812-1820. 

An act of Congress which was approved on the 4th of June, 
1812, changed tlie name of the Territory of Lonisiana to "Mis- 
sonri ;" and, at tlie same date, the Territory was advanced to the 
second ij^rade of ij^overnment. The Council consisted of 

' 1813. 

nine mem])ers. Tlie representatives, when elected by the 
peoj)le, were convened bv the ]>roclamation of the Governor, and 
recpiired to nominate eighteen ])ers(ms as councilors. The names 
selected bv tlie })eoples' representatives, were forwarded to the 
President «>f the United States, who, with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, appointed nine out of the number to constitute 
the Council during a term of live years. The persons nominated 
must have been residents in the Territory at least twelve months, 
to be eligible for nomination; and there was also a property quali- 
fication requii-ed, — each must possess in his own right, at least 
two hundred acres of land in the Territory. The House of Kepre- 
sentatives was apportioned at the ratio of one member for every 
live hundred free white male inhabitants. The qualifications for 
the office of representative were, a residence of one year in the 
Territory; being twenty-one years of age, or more; and a free- 
holder in the county for which he might be chosen. Represen- 
tatives were to serve during a term of two years, — to convene an- 
nually in the towni of St. Louis. 

On the first day of October, 1812, Governor Howard issued his 
proclamation as required by the act reorganizing the districts, as 
lieretofore they had been called, into the five counties of St. 
Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New 
Madrid. Tlie County of New Madrid included tlie district of 
Arkansas, with much other territory. Under the proclamation, 
tlie elections were ordered t(5 be held on the second Monday in 
November, on which day a delegate to Congress, and the several 
members of the House of Representatives were duly elected. 



60 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Four names for delegates to Congress, were announced on the 
18th of October, tlie competitors being Edward Hempstead, 
Rufus Eaton, Samuel Hammond, and Matthew Lyon. Hempstead 
was elected. There is no record available showing the num- 
ber of votes polled for the several candidates. The House of 
Representatives was convened on the Tth of December, 1812, 
and the meetings were held in the house of Joseph Robi- 
doux, on Main street, between Walnut and Elm. The repre- 
sentatives of the several counties then present were, for St. 
Charles, John Putnam and Robert Spencer; for St. Louis, David 
Musick, Bei'uard G. Farrar, William C. Carr, and Richard Caulk; 
for Ste. Genevieve, George Bullett, Richard S. Thomas, and Israel 
McGready; for Cape Girardeau, George F.Bollinger and Stephen 
Byrd; and for New Madrid, John Shrader and Samuel Phillips. 

The formality of administering the oath of office, devolved upon 
J. B. C. Lucas, one of the judges; William C. Carr was called to 
the Speaker's chair, and Andrew Scott was elected clerk. The 
first business, after organization, was to ncwninate eighteen persons, 
jis before mentioned, from whom the President of the United 
States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, should appoint 
the Council of Nine. The nominees were James Flaugherty and 
Benjamin Emmons, of St. Charles; Auguste Chouteau, Sen., and 
Samuel Hammond, of St. Louis; John Scott, James Maxwell, 
Nathaniel (/ook, J. McArthur, Moses Austin, and John Smith, 
of Ste. Genevieve; William Neely, George Cavener, Abraham 
Boyd, and John Davis, of Cape Girardeau; and for New Madrid, 
Jos. Hunter, Elisha Winston, William Gray, and William Winches- 
ter. Fi'om the names thus submitted, the Council appointed by 
the President and confirmed by the Senate, consisted of James 
Flaugherty, Benjamin Emmons, Auguste Chouteau, Sen., Samuel 
Hammond, John Scott, James Maxwell, William Neely, Georgty 
Cavener, and Joseph Hunter. The acting Governor, Frederick 
Bates, who, in the interim, had become Secretary of the Terri- 
tory, made proclanuition on the 3d of June, 1813, 

ISl'i 

amiouncing the names of the Legislative Council, and ap- 
pointed the first Monday in July following, for the meeting of the 
General Assembly. 

Before the called session to be held in .July, William (^lark en- 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 61 

tered upon the office of Governor. The journal of the House of 
Representatives was published only in the " Missouri (jrazette," and 
no proceedings are given for that session, except a friendly inter- 
change between the Assembly and the new Governor. The As- 
sembly, at its regular session, passed a law regulating and estab- 
lishing weights and measures; one cVeating the office of sheriff; 
onedetermino-the mode of takinti- the census; and one establishiuir 
pennanent seats of justice in the several counties. X law was 
also passed fixing the compensation of members of the Assembly: 
another defining crimes and punishments; another regulating 
forcible entry and detainer. An act was passed establishing 
courts of Common Pleas; one incorj>orating the Bank of St. 
Louis; and another erecting the county of Washington from a 
part of Ste. Genevieve county. 

The second session of the General Assembly began in St. 
Louis on the 6th of December, 1813. Tlie Speaker elect of the 
House M'as George Bullett, of Ste. Genevieve county, and Andrew 
Scott, clerk. Vacancies having occurred, several new members 
had been elected. Israel JVIcGready appeared for the new county 
of Washington. Samuel Hammond M'as President of the Legis- 
lative Council. The Assembly adjourned sine die, on the 19th of 
January, 1814. The boundaries of the counties of St. Charles, 
Washington, Cape Girardeau, and Xew Madrid, were defined, and 
the county of Arkansas was created. The enumeration of the free 
white male inhabitants, taken under the act of the legislature early 
in 1814, gave Arkansas, 287; New Madrid, 1,548; Cape Girardeau, 
2,062; Ste. Genevieve, 1,701; Washington, 1,010; St. Louis, 3,149; 
St. Charles, 1,096 ; making an aggregate of 11,393 : allowing an equal 
number of white females, and 1,000 slaves and free blacks, and 
the population of the territory was 25,000. The census of 1810, 
by the United States, gave 20,845 of all classes. 

Edward Hempstead, who had discharged his duty faithfully as 
a delemite to Coujjress, declined a re-election. The candidates at 
the next election were Pufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, Alexan- 
der M'Nair and Thomas F. Piddick. The aggregate vote of all 
the counties (excepting Arkansas) was 2,559: of which Easton re- 
ceived 965; Hammond, 746; M'Xair, 853; and Piddick, who had 
withdrawn his name ])revious to the election, 35. 



62 AN IIJ.USTHATKD 

The first session of the second General Assembly, commenced 
in St. Louis, on the 5th of December, 1814. The number oi" 
representatives was increased by the apportionment, under the 
census, to twenty members, who were all present on the first 
day; Jas. Caldwell of Ste. Genevieve county, was elected speaker; 
Andrew Scott, clerk; the Council chose William Neelv. of Cape 
Girardeau county, president. The county of Lawrence was or- 
ganized from the western part uf New Madrid, and the corporate 
])owers of St. Louis, as a borough, enlarged. From the exjxised 
condition of this section of country, and the thinness of the popu- 
lation, it suffered severely from the eifects of Indian and British 
hostility, a short time previous to, and during the war of 1812. 
Tecumseh, an Indian warrior, had visited Maiden, and received 
presents and promises from the British agent. On his return, lie 
endeavored to engage all the Indian nations in a common cause 
against the Americans; and, although that distinguished chief 
gave the signal by commencing warlike operations on the AVabash, 
the Indians on the Missouri, contirmed for some time to give 
proof of the most jjacific intentions toward the United States; 
but large presents were continually made, and every argument 
was used to induce them to take up the tomahawk. 

With few exce]>tions, the Miss(mri Indians reiiuiiued })eaceable 
until the summer of 1811, when they commenced some outrages iu 
Boone's Lick settlement, and on Salt River. General Clark, who 
comnuxnded this department, made every exertion to detect tlit; 
murderers; but, as the American force was not yet organized, it 
])roved unavailing. During the winter of 1811-12, murders be- 
came more fre(|uent, and this territory began to suffer all the 
dreadful effects of Indian warfare. From Fort Madison to St, 
Charles, men. women and children were continually put to death, 
and their habitations were consigned to the flames, by their unre- 
lenting foes. 

Upon the receipt of this intelligence, Governor Howard sent or- 
<lers to Colonel Kibby, who commanded the Militia of St. Charles, 
to call out a portion of the men who had been in requisition, to 
march at a moment's warning; and an express was also sent to 
the officer comnuindinij the remilar force of his district; and the 
(ntveruor himself immediately set out for St. Charles. On his 



irisT()i;v OF MissouKi. 63 

urrival there, he ur^ijanized u company of niiiger.s, consisting of 
the most hardy woodmen, wlio, by constant and ra})id inovements, 
sconred the tract of country from Salt river to the Missouri, near 
the juncti(»n of the Loutre. lie also established a small fort on 
the Mississippi, which was garrisoned by a body t»f regular troops 
<letached from Bellefontaine, under the command of Lieutenant 
Mason. "With these, he was enabled, in a considerable degree, to 
aiford ]»roteftion to the exposed frontiers. 

Al)out the beginning of May, 1812, the chiefs of the Great and 
Little ()^-ages, the Sacs, lieynards, Shawanese and Delawares, met 
in St. Louis, in order to accom])any General Clark to Washington 
City; apian which it was thought would have a happy aliect. After 
their departure, few outrages were committed by the Lidians f(»i- 
a considerable time; and, although large parties of them lurked 
about Fort Madison, and other posts on the Mississipj>i, such was 
the vigilance of the regulars and rangers then on duty, that they 
were y-enerallv frustrated in their designs. 

On the 26th of June, 1812, a council was held between the 
the AVinnebagoes, Fottawattamies, Kickapoos, Shawanese, ]\Iiam- 
ies, Wild Oats (fr(»m Green Bay), Sioux (from the river J)es 
Moines), Ottoes, Sacs, Foxes and lowas. The five first uamed, 
Mere in favor of the British; but some others were decidedly o]>- 
posed to any jtarticipation in the war with the United States; while 
the renuiinder were unwilling to give any decided answer, but 
rather encouraged the idea that they would unite with the hostile 
tribes. Thus, through the infltvence of Tecumseh and his brother, 
the Prophet, many of the tribes who had been uniformly at i»eace 
with the Americans, now appeared in arms, on the frontiers of the 
territory, and were only waiting for the removal of the rangers, to 
commence the slaughter 

The effects of this alliance were soon manifested. On the ."itli 
of September, 1S12, Fort Bellevne, (»n the Mississip])!, was at- 
tacked by about two hundred AVinnebagoes. A constant iiring 
was kept up on both sides, until dark. Early the next morning, 
the Indians renewed the attack, and shortly after burnt three 
boats, with their cargoes, consisting of j)rovisions and stores. 
The siesre was c*,)ntinued for several davs, but they were finally 
obliged to disi>er8e, after having lost many of their men. 



64 AN ILLUSTKATED 

Early in the spring of 1 814, Governor Clark was instructed by the 
War department, to ascend the Mississippi and establisli 
a garrison at Prairie du Chien, which had for several 
years been the ])rincipal rendezvous of the Indians, and their 
allies, the British. Accordingly, he left St. Louis about the 1st 
of May, with five armed barges, and about two hundred volun- 
teers, under the command of Captains Yeizer and Sullivan, and 
Lieutenant Perkins. He reached his place of destination without 
difficulty; all the Indians he met being friendly, or at least not dis- 
posed to make trouble. In the meantime, C/olonel Robert Dickson, 
the British Indian agent at that place, having received informa- 
tion of the approach of Governor Clark, had left about a month 
previous to his arrival, and proceeded to Mackinaw with a num- 
ber of Indian recruits for the British army, on the lake. Lieu- 
tenant Perkins, with sixty regulars, took possession, and immedi- 
ately began to build a fort about two hundred yards from the 
river. As soon as this post was tolerably strengthened. Governor 
Glark returned to St. Louis, leaving the two captains with a gun- 
boat, and an armed barge, and a crew of one hundred men, to co- 
operate with Lieutenant Perkins in maintaining it. No indication 
of hostility appeared until early in July, when Perkins was in- 
formed that preparations for an attack were in progress among 
the Indians. 

Governor Clark, on his arrival at St. Louis, consulted General 
Howard, who commanded the district, on the advisability of send 
ing up a force to relieve the volunteers at Prairie du Chien, and 
thus preserve a post-so important to the Western country; and, ac- 
cordingly. Lieutenant Campbell, of the 1st regiment, embarked 
with forty-two regulars, and sixty-six rangers, in three keel-boats, 
tc>gether with a fourth, belonging to the contractor and sutler.. The 
whole party, amounting to one hundred and thirty-three souls, 
reached Hock River, within two hundred miles of the place, without 
any accident. As soon as they entered the ra]>ids, they were 
visited by hundreds of Sacs and Foxes, some of them bearing 
letters from the garrison above to St. Louis. The officers, not 
being accjuainted with the arts of the Indians, imagined them to 
be friendly; and to this fatal security may \)e attributed the catas- 
trophe which followed. 




iliiiliiliiiiiliiiiiiiililiiiliiiliiii 



JOHN F. RYLAND. 



IIISTOIIY OF MissoriM. 65 

Tlie siitler's and eontnictor's boat had arrived near the head (»f 
the rapids, and proceeded on, having on board the aniniunition, 
witli a sergeant's gnard; the, rangers, in their boats, foHowed, and 
had ])roceeded two miles in advance of the commander's bar^e. 
Tlie latter having inclined to the east side of the river in search 
of the main channel, was now drifted by the wind to the lee 
shore, and gronnded within a few yards of a high bank covered 
with a thick growth of grass and willow. In this position, the 
commanding officer tbonght it advisable to remain nntil the wind 
abated. Shortly after, the report of guns announced an attack. At 
the first lire, all the sentinels were killed; and, before those of the 
troops on shore could reach the barge, fifteen out of thirty were 
killed, or wounded. At this time, the force and intentions of the 
Indians were fully developed. Without going into minute de- 
tails, it is only necessary to say that, in this engagement, the 
Americans had twelve killed, and between twenty and thirty 
wounded. The Indians, owing to the position held by them, 
received but little injury. The barges of Campbell succeeded in 
pushing out into the main channel and descending the river. 

On the ITth of 'Tuly, the long expected ejiemy, consisting of 
about 1,500 British and Indians, under the command of Colonel 
^IcKay, appeared in view of Prairie du Chien, marching from 
the Wisconsin ri\er. Every possible exertion was made by the 
Americans to give them a warm reception. A general attack was 
commenced upon the American gunb(»atin the river, commanded 
by Captain Yeizer, which was answered by a six-pounder. 
The enemy soon after changed their position, and crossed to an 
island in front of the village, from which they were enabled 
to fire upon Yeizer with small arms, and screen themselves 
l)ehind the trees from the grape-shot, which was incessantly 
<lischarged from the boat. After two hours contest, Captain Yeizer 
was induced to retreat down the river, which he effected, un- 
der a heavy fire of musketry for several miles. After the 
<leparture of the gunboat, tne attack was continued by the 
enemy, but with little effect, as the Americans remained in the 
fort. On the eveniiiir of the l!>th. Lieutenant Perkins b^inj; in 
want of ammunition, and hos})ital stores, and being without a 
surgeon, held a council with his officers. It was determined that 

E 



(50 AN 1JLLF8TKATED 

as it was impossil)le to maiiitHiu the post, their most proper 
course was to surrender. Terms of capitulation were agree«l 
upon, and the fort surrendered the next day. The i)risonei's were 
aftei-ward sent on their way to St. Louis. Thus terminated the 
ex])ed.ition to Prairie du Ohien. and with it, also, in a great 
measure, the war in Missouri. 

The war with Great Britain having closed, the treaties held 
with the varions nations at Portage des Sioux, in 1815, 
^*''^' gave peace to the frontiers of Missouri and Illinois, and 
immigrants began to flock to these territories. The older settle- 
ments increased in nnmbers. and many new settlements were 
formed. 

The territorial legislature convened again in December, 1816, 
and continued in session till FebruarN' 1, 1817. Among 
'* **■ the acts passed was one offering a bounty for the "killing 
of wolves, ]>anthers and wild cats;" two or three lotteries were 
chartered ; a charter was granted for an academy at Potosi ; and 
a Board of Trustees ineoi-porated for superintending schools in 
the town (jf St. Louis. This was the starting point in the school 
system in that city. The " Bank of Missouri" was chartered, 
and soon went into operation; and, bv autumn, 1817, the 

IS 17 ' . . 

two banks. "St. Louis" and "Missouri." were issuing 
bills. The first named has been in operation since 1814. 

The next annual session of the territorial legislature commenced 
in December, 1818. Dui-ing this session, the counties of Jef- 
erson, Franklin, Wavne, Lincoln, ^ladison. Montgomery, 
Pike, Cooper, and three in the southern part of Arkan- 
sas, were organized. Many acts were passed; the most impor- 
tant one was the enactment of the statute of limitations, in rela- 
tion to real estate, limiting the right of entry to twenty years. 
This was passed December 17, 181S. 

There were many and unmistakable indications of the rapid 
increase of the population in the territory during the years 1816, 
1817 and 1818, chief among which maybe noticed the organization 
of new counties, and the vigorous action of the legislature, in 
favor of a State organization. During 1818. more especially, St. 
Louis made raj>id advances in buildings of a better kind and in 
other enterprises, that were due, in great pai't. to the new ]>op- 



HISTORY OK MISSorUI. QJ 

Illation; and. in utt'oi-din^- coinniercial facilities, never before 
considered po!5^iible. Dr. John M. Peck, writing of the com- 
mencement of 181 S, says that he counted seven houses and 
stores of brick, already tiuished and occupied, besides some eight 
or ten others with the foundations laid, and the walls partly 
erected. Really, the progress was not great, but taken as evi- 
dence of a new departure, it was vital to the interests of the 
city. During that year, there were more than three millions of 
bricks manutactured, and about three hundred houses were erected, 
of which two were churches. The iirst brick dwelling house 
in the city was built by William C. C'arr, in 1813-14, but some 
time eUqised before another was erected. 

Changes were now coming in real earnest. The advent ()f 
steamboats seemed to have roused the community to emulate 
the life and vigor of the Union shown elsewhere. We have already 
seen, that the first of those harbingers of high-])ressure civiliza- 
tion that ascended the Mississippi, beyond the mouth of the 
Ohio, was the " Pike " steamer — more properly, we might have 
said, the" General Pike," — which reached St. Louis on the second 
of August, 1817. The commander, ('aptain Jacob lit'cd, sul)se- 
([uently became a resident of St. Louis, and died in all the hon- 
ors of citizenship. The second steam-vessel, the "Constitution." 
arrived on the second of October, next ensuing, under the com- 
mand of Ca])tain 11. P. Gayard. The connection between the 
newly arriving vessels, and the rapid increase of buildings of a 
better class, was apparent to all concerned. The pioneers of the 
uppei- ^rississippi added immense potency to the business 
h(»uses in St. Louis. Men and regions never before reached from 
that city, were now to become consumers of its merchandise, and 
contributors to its markets. The least imaginative could see the 
vast improvement, which every interest could hope to realize; 
and, there were good grounds on which to invest liberally, in 
the erection of new homes and business ])remises. Thirty years 
earlier, John Fitch's steamboat, " The Perseverance," had been 
first launched on the Delaware river; but neither the idea of the 
steaml)oat as then developed, nor the poverty of the times, 
would allow of the new agency coming into operation. Fidton, 
with manv advanta<;('s, had come intrt the wni-k; and. ten vears 



68 AN ILLUSTRATED 

prior to the new phenomenon reaching St. Louis, had hiunched 
the "Clermont;" so that, in this respect, St, Louis had not lost 
much time. The value of the novel agent was known to most of 
tlie new residents, by experience, more or less prolonged; and, 
although none could realize, beforehand, how great would be the 
change that must be effected by its aid, within the next half cen- 
tury, every man was ready to admit, tliat its jiower for good 
would be immense, Nearly six decades have passed since then, 
and the wonder-working engine is as much as ever a problem to 
the world. As much research is demanded to determine what has 
really been accomplished, so a great breadth and clearness of 
foresight, joined with the highest imaginative skill, is necessary 
to ascertain in what direction, and how far, its mechanical pow- 
ers may yet assist the race. The old residents were slow to ad- 
mit the value of the steam-engine; but they were constrained, at 
last, to allow tliat it had effected marvels, iu the congregation of 
a metroi^olitan people, ou their old village site. 



CHAPTER VII. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE STATK GOVERNMENT. 

During the session of the territorial legislature wliich met in 
December, 1818, application was made to Congress for a law to 
be passed, "authorizing the people of Missouri to organize a State 
government." On receipt of the application, a bill was pre[)art'd 
(during the session of 1818-19) in the accustomed form, autlu)riz- 
ing the people, in the several counties, to elect delegates to con- 
stitute a convention for the purpose of forming a constitution. 
While this bill was under consideration, an anti-slavery restric- 
tion was introduced by Talmadge, of Xew York, which, after 
a brief discussion, passed the House of Representatives, on the 
15th of February, 1819, by a vote of 79 to 67. This un- 

. 1819. 

expected movement brought up what has since been called 

the "Missouri Question;" causing a protracted discussion in both 

Houses, and raising one of those ])olitical storms in the country 

which threatened to endanger, if not dissolve, the national Union. 

It agitated the country from one extreme to the other, for eighteen 

months. 

The people of the Territory of Missouri were much tlivided and 
excited on the subject. It was believed by many that the Congress 
of the United States, a body limited, as they claimed, in consti- 
tutional power, was about to deprive the people of Misscturi of 
their just rights, in forming a constitution not in accordance with 
the treaty of cession, and, as they judged, not the best calculated to 
promote their interests. At that period, it is believed that not 
one-fourth of the population owned or held slaves; many were 
opposed to slavery as a measure of State policy, but (with a \-ery 
few exceptions) all were determined to resist what they regarded 
as an arbitrary stretch of Congressional power. 

From its earliest colonization, Louisiana had sustained and 
tolerated negro slavery, on both sides of the Mississippi: and 
African negroes had been recognized as pro})erty by its laws, un- 



70 AX ILIX'STKATKO 

del* the goveriiiiieiits of botli France and Spain. The treaty of 
cession secnred to the inhabitants of this province the protection 
and full enjoyment of their property. Hence, the people of Mis- 
souri, and their friends in Congress, maintained that CongTess 
possessed no authority to disturb the existing relations of master 
and slave. With the people of Missouri, it became a vital (pies- 
tion of political rights. Looking abroad over the Union as :^iien 
in Congressional life, the Xorth was strenuously opposed to the 
extension of slavery, vrhile the members from the South contended 
that Missouri should be admitted without restriction. It was the 
most exciting contest that had ever been known in the history of 
our legislation, both parties standing their ground in a hostile 
manner, neither wishing to make even the smallest sacrifice. 
The discussion continued during the session, and the bill was lost, 
with other unlinished business, at the close. 

On the opening of the next Congress, Mr. Scott, delegate from 
Missouri, and cliairman of the committee on the '' Memorial from 
Missouri," reported a bill to ''authorize the people of that terri- 
tory to form a constitution and State government, on an equal 
footing with the other States." The bill was twice read, and 
referred to the committee of the whole house. This was on the 
9th of December, 1819. On the 14th, Taylor of New York, 
offered a resolution for the appointment of a committee *' to 
inquire into the expediency of prohibiting, by law, the intrt)d no- 
tion of slaves into the territories of the United States, west of 
the Misftissip])i," After some discussion, in which the delegate 
from the Territory, took part, the Missouri bill w^as postponed, 
and made the order of the day for the second Monday in Jan- 
uary. The discussion opened at that time, and was continued 
during the winter. Various amendments to the bill were pro- 
posed in both Houses, but did not pass. In the mean while, 
application had been made by the people of Maine, with the con- 
sent of Massachusetts, to form a State government, and be 
admitted into the Union. This proposition, for a time, became 
coupled with the Missouri question, and had some inriuence on 
subsequent events. 

In the Senate, on the 3d of February, 1820, Thomas, from Illi- 
nois, offered an amendment to tlie Missouri branch of the bill. 



HISTORY OF MISSOIJUI. 71 

in these words: "That, in all tliat territory (;eded by France 
to the United States, under the name of I^onisiana. which 
lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes, 
nortii latitude, [excepting only such ])urt thereof as is] 
n(»t included within the State contemplated by that act, slavery 
and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the ])unishment of 
crinu's. whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, sliall 
1)6, and is hereby forever, prohibited: Provhled always, that 
any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service 
is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, 
such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the 
person claiming his or her labor ov service as aforesaid." 

This amendment was adopted in the Senate, on the 17th of 
Febi-uarv, by a vote of 84 to 10, and subsetpiently became the 
basis of the " Missouri Compromise," moditied by striking <)ut the 
words enclosed in brackets. On orderin*; tlie bill to a third readiiii?, 
in the Senate, the vote was in the atHrmative, ayes 21, noes "10. 

The bill as amended in the Senate and passed, was sent to 
the House on the 3d of March; and, though the .Fournal is silent 
on that subject, it is understood as an historical fact, that, at this 
crisis, when despair sat on the countenances! of the friends of 
Missouri, Mr. Clay, who Avas Speaker of the House, exercise<i the 
office of peace-maker, and, by his popularity and influence with 
both parties, not in an official capacity, but as an individual, 
calmed the waters of strife, and induced a majority of the mem- 
bers to accept the compromise of the Senate. The clause restrict- 
ing slavery w'ithin the new State M'as stricken out by a m;ijority 
of 90 to 87. On the final vote, for inserting the substitute from 
the Senate, it was decided, under the previous (piestion, in favor, 
134; agfiinst it, 42. So the House concurred in the amendments 
of the Senate on the evening of the 3d of March. Tlu^ act ])ro- 
vided for the representation of each county in the State conven- 
tion; in the aggregate, forty-one mend)ers. 

When the news was received at St. Louis, that Congress had 
passed the bill, by the provisions of which tlu^ ]>eople of Mis- 
souri should decide for themselves, whether slavery should be 
allowed or rejected, society was greatly agitated. The subject 
which had threatened such serious consequences at Washington, 



72 AN TLfJTSTUATKD 

was equally potent in the territory ; and tlie political storm liad 
not ceased l)ecaiuse of its being transferred from tlie East to the 
West; nor had it lost any of its exciting qualities. In St, Louis, 
from its being the largest town in the state, and consequently, the 
main theatre wliere the political drama would be played, the inhab- 
itants divided themselves into two great factions, — one opposing 
slavery, root and branch, and the other contending that in any 
case, the emancipation of slaves should be left open for legisla- 
tive action at some future time not restricted in the constitution. 
The election for members of the convention was held on the first 
Monday and two succeeding days of May, 1820. Both pai'ties 
selected their most influential members to form a ticket to be 
presented to the people. The persons elected to represent St. 
Louis county were Edward Bates, Alexander M'Nair, Jolni 
C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau. Jr., Bernard Pratte and Thomas. F. 
Riddick, all strong pro-slav^ery men. The convention met in St. 
Louis, on the 12th day of June, and their labors wei-e finished by 
signing the constitution on the 10th of July, 1820. i 

The first General Assembly were recpiired to meet on the 
third Monday in September, at St. Louis. An election for a (tov- 
ernor; Lieutenant-Go vernor; a representative in Congress for 
the residue of the sixteenth Congress; a representative for the 
seventeenth Congress; senators and representatives to the Gen- 
eral Assembly; sheriffs and coroners; was held on the fourth Mon- 
day in August. Tlie apportionment, in the constitution, for the 
first General Assembly, provided fourteen senators and forty- 
three representatives. 

At the election lield in August, Alexander M'JN^air was elected 
Governor, having received 0.578 votes and his opponent, William 
Clark, 2.050; W. II. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor, received 3,!»()7 
votes to his opponent 3,212. John Scott, of Ste. Genevieve 
county, was elected representative to Congress, which positi(»n 
lie retained until 1820. On the 28th of Xovember, 1820, an act 
of the legislature was passed fixing the seat of government at St. 
Charles, until October 1st, 1826, when it was to be removi'd to 
Jefferson (^ity. 

'No provision was made to refer the adoption of the oiiHtitiitiou to tUe i>ei.p'.e. It 
took offe t frmn th ; authority of the convention itcelf. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 73 

The constitution whicli liad been H(lo])ted, contained some j)ro- 
visions that were quite objectionable tt) the people. These were 
the otKce of Chancellor, with a salary of $20()0 per annum; and 
the salaries of the Governor and the Judges of the Supreme and 
•Circuit Courts, fixed at not less than $2000 per year for such 
•officers; but the leveling principle prevailed, which unwisely 
pulled down instead of lifting up, causing the alteration of 
the constitution, so far as to allow tlie Governor, only fifteen 
hundred dollars per annum; the Supreme Judges, eleven hun- 
dred dollars; and the Circuit Judges, one thousand dollars each. 
The mode provided for amending the constitution, was by a vote 
of two-thirds of each House of the Assembly proposing ametid- 
meiits; these to be published in all the newspapers in the state 
three times, at least twelve months before the next ensuing gen- 
eral election: and if at the first session of the next General 
Assembly, after such general election, two-thirds of each House, 
by yeas and nays, ratified such proposed amendments after three 
separate readings, on three separate days, the amendments be- 
came parts of the constitution. 

At a special session of the General Assembly in 1821, amend- 
ments to the constitution were proposed which were intended 
to remove tlie objectionable features, and they were passed by a 
•coTistitutional majority. The amendments were subsequently 
ratified at the first session of the next General Assembly, as ]>ro- 
vided by the constitution. 

The boundaries of Missouri, as prescribed by Congress, were as 
follows: "Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi river, on 
the parallel of thirty-six degrees of north latitude; thence west 
along that parallel of latitude to the St. Francois river; thence 
up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the 
main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six 
•degrees and thirty minutes; thence west along the same to a 
point where said ])arallel is intersected by a meridian line ])assing 
through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river, where the 
same empties into the Missouri river; thence from the point 
.aforesaid, north, along the said meridian line, to the intersection 
■of the parallel of latitude which [)asHed through the rapi^h of 
the river Des Moines making the same line to coi'reapotid with 



74 AN ILLTJSTKATF.n 

the Indian houndary line; thence east, from the point of inter- 
section last aforesaid, alonff the said parallel of latitude, to the 
middle of the channel of the main fork of the said river Des 
Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the 
Mississippi nver; thence due east to the middle of the main 
channel of the Mississippi river; thence down, and following^ 
the course of said river, in the middle of the main channel 
thereof, to the ])lace of beginning." 

The boundarv of the State has been given at length, in order 
to explain the ground of a dispute which at one period threat- 
ened serious collision between the territory, subsecjuently the 
State of Iowa, and the State of Missouri, relative to boundaries 
and jurisdiction. 

The words in italics, gave rise to the trouble, and in- 
volved tiie question, iirst, what was meant by the "rapids of 
the river Des Moines;" and, second, what Indian boundary was 
intended? Missouri contended for certain rapids, or ripples, in 
the river Des Moines, some distance up, which threw the line 
twenty or thirty miles farther north. Iowa contended that the 
rapids in the Mississippi called by the French explorers, Za 
rapides la 7'iviere Des Moines, was the point meant. 

After several years of contested jurisdiction, during which a 
sheriff of Missouri was imprisoned in Iowa, and military foi*ce 
was appealed to, both states consented to refer the question of 
boundary and jurisdiction, to the Supreme (^ourt of the United 
States. After a labored investigation, the court decided in favor 
of the old boundary line, as it was called, and the rapids of the 
Des Moines, in the French sense of the term. 

Having brought the narrative down to the close of the Terri- 
torial government, and before proceeding to give the events that 
transpired after the admission of Missouri as a State of the Fed- 
eral Uiiion, by way of summary, and for the better definition of 
the facts presented, it will be well to recapitulate some portion ' 
of the statements which have heretofore been made. The ter- 
ritory embraced in the State of Missoui'i, forms oidy a ])art of 
what has been described as the " Louisiana Pui-chase." Tliat 
transaction, as a whole, dealt witli all that ]>()rti(^n <»f o\ir Na- 
ional possessions, which lies Avest <>f the Mississippi river, with- 



Hl.STUKY OF MISSOURI. 75 

tlio o.NC'option (»f Texas, and the territories since obtained by war 
and cession, and latterly by ])nrcliase, from Mexico. There has 
been no other instance in modern times, of a nation obtaininoj a 
territory so vast, and so valuable, with a title so entirely unques- 
tioned, on terms so excellent. This immense domain, which was 
known in the treaties initiated and consummated by Jefferson as 
Minister, and as President, as " The Colony or Province of Louis- 
iana," was originally taken possession of by France, through Joliet, 
La Salle, Tonty, and the Jesuit Fathers, France divided the conti- 
nent of North America with England, Russia, and Spain, no 
other European monarchy obtaining a foot-hold. Small cohmies 
from other luitions, were swallowed up b}- the larger propi'ietors. 
At the close of the " Old French War," in 17B8, when the Earl of 
Chatham was Minister, Canada had l)een wrested from the French 
as a ])art of the results of tlie prolonged hostility, called in Europe, 
the •'' Seven years War," the Government of France consented to re- 
linquish hersluireof the continent. The allied powers, which had 
reduced tlie nation to such terms, divided the spoil in this way: 
Spain obtained by cession the territory west of the Mississippi, of 
wliieh she made really little use, and Great Briain i-etained posses- 
sion of the country conquered during the war, including Canada 
and tlie regions to the north. Spain remained monarch of her 
share of the ceded territory, iintil long after the destruction of 
the French government, by revolution; and, in the year 1800, 
when Napoleon had become First Consul and actual Dictator, 
he compelled the Court of Madrid, by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, 
to restore the province to France. That cession was made the 
basis of the sale, subsecjuently effected by the treaty of April 30, 
1803, under which, France ceded the territory to the United 
States; the consideration being that the French government 
should receive ,$11,250,000, and that certain claims held against 
France, by citizens of the United States, amounting in all, to 
about $3,750,000, should ])e liquidated by this government. 

President flefferson was authorized, by act of C'ongress, 
approved October 31, 1803, to take possession of the Louisiana 
Purchase, and to provide therefor, a tem))orary government. 
During the same session an act was j)assed, and aj)pj)rovt'd, 
March 2H, 1804, divi<ling the new acipiisition into the Terri- 



76 AN ILLUSTRATED 

tory of Orleans, and the District of Louisiana, the first division 
including the region south of the thirty-third parallel of north 
latitude. The District of Louisiana, as we have seen, was 
temporarily included in the jurisdiction of the Governor and 
Judges of Indiana territory. The rule thus estal)lished, continued 
until the Fourth of July, 1805, when under an act of Congress, 
which had been approved, March 3d, 1805, the " District" became 
" The Territory of Louisiana," governed by a legislature, com- 
posed of three Judges and the Governor, subject to review by 
Congress, until the year 1812, at which date the next change 
occurred. The Territory of Orleans, became a State of the 
Union, on the thirtieth of April, 1812, to be known as " The State 
•of Louisiana;" and, on the first Monday in December, by virtue 
of an act, which was approved on the fourth of June, 1812, the 
territory of Louisiana was re-organized, under the name of the 
■"Territory of Missouri." Subsequently, an act of Congress, 
which took effect on the Fourth of July, 1819, having been 
approved on the second of the preceding March, organized " Ar- 
kansas TeiTitory." which consisted of the present State of Arkan- 
sas, and the country lying to the westward. 



CHAPTEK VTIl. 

ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION. ADMINISTRATION 
OF GOVERNOR ALEXANDER M'NAIR. 

1820—1824. 

The first Missouri legislature naturally concluded, that all the 
trouble and anxiety incident to the prolonged debate on the ad- 
mission of the State to the Union, had come to an end; but, as^ 
will be seen, there was yet to be a dangerous passage of arm* in 
consequence of some of the provisions of the constitution; and 
the actual admission did not take place until the folloM-ing year. 
The first session of the legislature commenced on the 19th of Sep- 
tember, 1820. James Caldwell was called to the chair, in the As- 
sembly, and Silas Brent was chosen President jpro tern of the 
Senate. Canvassing the votes recorded for G-overnor and Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, constituted the first lousiness, the results of which 
have already been stated. The reception of a message from his 
Excellency was next in order. Governor M'Nair congratulated the 
legislature upon the hap])y and auspicious change which had, as he 
supposed, been consummated in the political condition of Missouri, 
and claimed that the constitution, in spite of sditie few imperfec- 
tions, incident of its human origin, did honor to the character and 
intelligence of the infant organization, and afforded good ground 
for the anticipation that the State would, without further difficulty, 
and needless delay, be admitted to the Federal Union. Going on 
to deal "vith the several matters of detail, for which it became 
part of their duty to make provision, he reminded the two 
houses of the legislature, that the time for the election of Presi- 
dent, and Vice-President of the United States, was approaching, 
and that it would be necessary for them to make provision for 
the choice of three electors in the State. The choice was duly 
made, and other incidental duties were properly discharged. 

Thomas II. Benton and David Barton were elected Senators, 
to represent Missouri in Congress; the honor being vigor- 



78 AN ILLUSTKATKl) 

ously contested for by J. B. 0. Lucas, at one time acting Gov- 
ernor of tlie Territory, H. Elliott, J. R. Jones, and N. Cook. 
At this session, the counties of Lillard (now LaFayette,) Ralls, 
Cole, Chariton, Saline, Gasconade, and Calloway. M-ere formed; 
and an act was passed providing for the permanent location ot 
the seat of Government. Tliat measure, which was approved on 
the 16th of November, 1820, named John Thomson from the 
county of Howard ; Robert G. Watson, from the county of New 
Madrid; John B. White, from the county of Pike; James Lo- 
gan, from the county of Wayne; and Jesse B. J>oone, from the 
county of Montgomery, as commissioners, for the purpose oi 
selecting a suitable spot whereon to place the permanent seat 
of government. Consequent upon the death of Jesse B. Boone, 
one of the commissioners aforementioned, a supplementary act 
became necessary to appoint a successor. The required 
measure was passed and approved on the 28th of June, 
1821, under which Daniel M. Boone, of the county of Gasc<ui- 
cade, became a commissioner, in the stead of Jesse B. Boone, 
deceased. The lands selected by the commissioners for the 
purpose named in the acts under which they were a})pointed, 
were the fractional sections six, seven, and eight, the entire sec- 
tions seventeen and eighteen, and so much of the north part of 
sections nineteen and twenty, as will make four sections, all in 
fractional township forty-four north, and range eleven west, of the 
fifth })rincipal Meridian. 

The lands indicated had already been chosen by the commis- 
sioners, and were approved by resolution on the same day on which 
the act appointing Daniel M. Boone became a law. The Govern- 
or was re(|uested to give notice to the surveyor of Illinois, Mis- 
souri, and Arkansas, and also to the Register of the proper land 
office, of said selection having been made. By the provisions of 
*'an Act supplementary to the Act." apv^roved January 11, 1822, 
the same commissioners were further re(pii red to layoti'atown 
on the said selections, to be called "The City of Jefferson,'" and 
all the lands therein included were to be laid off into lots, large 
and small. 

Missouri had not, in fact, become a State. When Congress 
assembled for the next session, the Senators and Representatives 



JIISTHUY OF MISSOURI. 79 

for Missouri weiv in atteiidauce, anticipating but little delay, pre- 
vious to their I'onnal admission. Missouri was, thereupon, sub- 
jected to a severe rej>idse; and an ;iuimated debate, wliicli threat- 
ened to revive all the old acriiiiuny, was ininiediately Initiated. 
The bone of contention was the provision, already mentioned, in 
the constitution, which recpiired tlie lei^islature to pass a law, or 
law.x. to prevent ne.<;-roes and mulattoes from coming into, or 
settling in the State, on any j)retext. The objection was raised 
in C\)ngi"ess that ••free negroes and mulattoes" were citizens in 
some States; and, therefore, that the clause in question was an in- 
fringement u]>on the rights of such as were guaranteed against 
infringement by the constitution of the United States, The 
words of the constitution are: "The citizens of each State shall 
be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the 
several States." The difficulty was increased by remonstrances 
from the legislatures of Vermont and New York, against the 
••Missouri Compromise" of the preceding session, and the re- 
ception of the new State without the restriction of slavery 
There was good ground for iierv argument on either side. The 
right, nay more, the duty of Congress, to consider the consti- 
tution adopted by the State, was beyond (piestion; and there was 
no difficulty in showing that the j)roviso (pioted by the enemies 
of Missouri, must prove fatal to the pinvilegesof c<»lored citizens; 
but, on the other hand, it was contended that Missouri, as a ]»art 
of Louisiana, brought into the T^nion, iminemorial rights, which 
covered the otherwise objectionable clause, and the several acts 
arising, or that might logically arise, therefrom. Missouri was 
once more the war-ci'v (^f faction. ••Restriction" and "anti- 
Kestriction," as applied to slavery, wa> the test. Every inch of 
ground was fought with ])ertinacity, and compromise seemed to 
be imjiossible, in view of the spirit of the people North and 
South. The combatants would not in the slightest rela.x their 
demands for some time, and the tone of the speeches on each side 
became unusually harsh. The resolution introdnccfl in the 
House of Representatives for the admission of the State, was re- 
jected by a considerable majority, the vote being 79 to 93. In 
vain the select committee, to which the House had referred the 
ct)nstitutio'., presented aTi elaborate report recommending ad- 



80 AN ILLUSTRATED 

mission. It was disagreed to by a majority even more decisive, the 
vote being 83 to 36, on the 11th of Febniary, 1821. Snbseqnently, 
after modifications had been introduced by tlie committee, npon 
a reconsideration, the friends of the ineasure having rallied their 
forces for the occasion, the members were nearly equal, as the re- 
jection was onh' accomplished by 83 votes against 80, and a re- 
consideration was carried by 101 to 66. 

Every phase of the question was argued from the beginning,, 
duriiig the session, which commenced so inauspiciously for Mis- 
souri. The rights of the South, which at a later day, were discussed 
on a more cruel battle field, lacked none of the vim of war, in the 
advocacy then observed ; but the terrible soUition was deferred for 
a season. The balance of power was endangered according to the 
views of even the ablest statesmen, by whatever conclusion might 
be arrived. In fact, there was a deliberate intention to change 
the I'clative strength of parties on either side, and in consequence 
a jealous watchfulness scanned every measure of policy which 
favored the admission of new States, whether slave or free. The 
rights (jf Missouri found able defenders on l)oth sides, as the Tle- 
strictionists were able to show that the State was not, and could 
not be a unit on this issue. Beyond all these points of difference 
loomed largely the moot question, whetlier '' Free negroes" could 
be considered as constitutionally entitled to the privileges of citi- 
zenship in all the States. Argument and exhaustive debate of- 
fered no solution to the difficulty; and, finally, for that time, it 
was due to the personal influence of Henry Clay, the great peace- 
nuiker, that a resolution to admit Missouri, passed the House by 
91 to 07. The form of the resolution, and the restrictions em- 
bodied therein, rendered it unlikely that the Senate would agree; 
but such a proposition, in any form, passing the House, afforded 
a basis for subsequent action, 

Mr. Clay, who had declined being a candidate for the Speaker's 
chair, was better able on that account to use his good offices; and, 
on the 22d of February, he succeeded in carrying a resolution for 
a joint committee of the House and Senate, to haruionize the con- 
flicting interests by devising a common ground of agreement, by 
way of another compi-omise. The resolution was carried by 101 
to 55; some who would not vote for the proposition having been 



ilisT<^KV OF Missorui. 81 

induced to absent themselves tVuni the occasion. Four diiys later. 
Clay reported to the House the formula adopted by the joint 
committee, which was su))sequently embodied in the act it- 
self, the substance of the formula being, — ''On condition that the 
legislature of Missouri, by a solemn act, shall declare that the 
twenty-sixth section of the third article of the constitution shall 
never be construed to authorize the passage of any law by which 
any citizen, of either of the States of the Union, shall beexchuh'd 
from the enjoyment of any of the privi-leges to which such citizen 
is entitled under the constitution of the United States; and shall 
transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the 
fourth Monday in November, 1821, an authentic copy of such 
act; that upon the receipt thereof, the President, l)y proclama- 
tion, shall announce the fact; whereu])on, without any further 
proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of that State 
into the Union shall be considered as complete/' 

It now remained for the State of Missouri to carry that proviso 
into effect; and, in furtherance of that design, the Governor con- 
vened a special session of the legislature, in the town of St. 
Charles, on the 4th of June, 1821. The soUmuu public act de- 
manded by Congress was duly passed; l)ut it was preluded and 
followed by explanations, which were meant to guard the consti- 
tutional rights of the State from any consequent derogation. 
The moot point, as to "the citizenship of the free negroes," was 
not actually Y)assed upon, and on the l(»th day of August, 1821, 
the Icirislature of Missouri had delivered to the President of the 
United States, an authentic copy of the act which enabled him to 
issue his ])roclanuition on that day, that the reception of Missouri 
into the Union was complete. The State took rank accordingly, 
as the twenty-fourth in the federation. 

During the same session which, although called for a special ])ur- 
pose, was yet capable of entering u])on other business, being once as- 
sembled, the legislature established a delusive and ruinous banking 
system, which involved the State in financial embarmssments, and 
caused the absolute impoverishment of many citizens. The system 
of loan offices, commenced under the so-called banking system, was 
a well-nigh fatal error. The only other important business trans- 
acted was the formation of the counties of Scott and St. Francois. 



82 AN ILI.ITST!{ATKI> 

Pursuant to a requirement of the State constitution whicli was 
adopted in July, .1820, a session of the General Assembly was 
held on the first Monday in ]S^)veInber, 18-21, on the sixth day of 
the month, in St. Charles. The session was, in all likelihood, brief 
and formal, almost ])erfunctory, as we find but little information 
as to its proceedings. Governor M'Nair referred in his message 
to the act of the previous session, establisliing loan, offices, to af- 
ford relief to persons suffering pecuniary embarrassments. A 
sufficient opportunity had not been affi»rded to prove their effi- 
ciencv,but the Governor intimated his belief that the State would 
realize great i-elief, if by any means the federal government could 
be induced "to receive the land-office money in payment for 
lands." The Banking-Loan office act authorized the Governor to 
receive, on behalf of the State, proposals for a loan of $200,(>00 ; but, 
considering the sensitive nature of the moneyed interest every- 
where, it is almost needless to say that no proposals were reported 
by his Excellency. With much propriety, while referring to that 
matter. Governor M'Nair said : '*We ought not to be flattered with 
the hope of restoring a metallic circulating medium, in a degree 
adeipiate to our exigencies, till we have drawn forth the latent 
riches with which the country is so bountifully blessed," He 
strongly urged the attention of the legislature, to the advantages 
to be derived i\\nn the proper employment of the lead mines and 
salt sjjrings with which tljfe country abounds; and also urged the 
cultivation of tobacco, as a means to increase the resources of the 
State. 

The first Directory published in and of the city of St. Louis, 
beju-s the date of the year in which the State was admitted into the 
Union. The volume was not large, but the information contained 
therein, is of great value to the" historian. The village of that 
time compares in a quaint and curious manner with the city of 
to-day. An elegant cathedral, commenced in 1818, was then being 
erected. The, writer says — "It is of brick, forty feet front, by 
one hundred and thirty-five in depth, and forty feet high. 
When completed, it will have a wing on each side, running its 
whole length, twenty-two and a half feet wide, and twenty-five 
feet high; giving a front of eighty-five feet. It is to have a 
sttH>])le the same height as the depth of the building. The work 




/^-^.-C^ J^. 



tlllEF Jl-f-TlCE OF Ml>f<OlKI. 



JIISTOIJV (H MISSOliKI. 88 

has been carried forward by the executors of Rt. Rev. l>ishoj» 
I)ii l)(>urg. — The town c()ntains ten common schools; a Baptist 
church, brick, forty by sixty; and an Episcopal church of wood. 
— There are forty-six mercantile establishments, three hotels, 
three weekly newsj)apers, fifty-seven grocers, twenty-seven attor- 
neys, and a large variety of mechanical shops and trades." It also 
appears that ''the town contained 154 dwelling houses (,»f brick 
and stone, and 10(3 of wood; in the nortliern j)art of the town; and 
78 of brick and stone, and 223 of wood, in the s(»uth pai't; making 
232 brick and stone, and 41 9 of wood, a total of 651 ." Tiie assessed 
value of taxable property in the corporation, for 1821, was about 
$940,J>2(), which gave about $3,703 tax. The population of the 
town was 5,500; and, with the county, 9,732. 

During the year 1821, the general government erected a grist- 
mill and saw-mill, at Council Bluffs, for the use of the United States 
troops, then stationed in tliat locality. Fifteen thousand busiiels 
of corn were raised in that vicinity: and some residents in Boone 
Lick settlement, sent flat-boats, loaded with produce, down the 
Missouri and Mississippi to New Orleans, to open up a market, 
which afterwards increased to enormous pi-oportions. 

The Presidential election, and the choice of Electors for the 
State, has been mentioned: the Electors chosen were William 
Shannon, John S. Brickey, and VV^illiam Christy. During the 
preceding session of Congress, the senators and representatives of 
the State, having been refused admission, tlie votes for President 
and Vice President could not be counted. 

The account of the struggle that preluded the admission of 
Missouri to the linion, has necessarily been somewhat ])rotracted, 
because, otlierwise, it would not have been possible to present the 
two "Missouri Questicuis." before and after the framing of the 
constitution; and the "Two (/ompromises," both due to the 
executive skill of Mr. Clay. The subjects compromised uj>on, 
seemed, at the time, widely different; although they were, in 
their essence, related; and both have, since that time, been com- 
prehensively settled, as the outcome of one of the gi-andest 
struggles ever seen in civili/ed society. It is important to pre- 
sent the twofold imbroglio, with some attention to detail, else the 
issues and the dates which distinguish the first tVom the sectMid 



84 AN IJJA'STHATED 

Congressional tonrucUiieut iiiiglit be continindetl. AVhen tlie con- 
flict had commenced in 1820, the population of the State, as set 
forth in the census of the United States, was 66,58(i soul:-. 

The legislature of Missouri, at the session of 1822-3, passed 
, an act constituting the inhabitants of St. Louis a corpo- 
rate body, and vesting the corporate power in a mayor 
and nine aldermen. The town of St. Louis then contained 4,800 
inhabitants. On the first Monday in April, 1828, an election was 
held for municipal officers, resulting in the election of William 
Carr Lane for mayor, and Thomas McKnight, James Kennerley, 
Philip llocheblane, Archibald Gamble, AVilliam II. Savage, 
Kobert Nash, James Lopez, Henry Von Phul and James Lack- 
nan, aldermen. Under the energetic administration of the mayor, 
the city was divided into wards; boundaries of streets were estab- 
lished; and other improvements, inaugurated. 

Reference has been made to the organization of the Missouri ' 
Fur Company and other parties, who, in pursuit of their busi- 
ness, made long voyages and excursions in the wilds of Missouri, 
in quest of ])eltries. Among those enterprising individuals was 
AVilliam H. Ashley. He became the head* of the Rocky 
Mountain Fur Company, pushed his enterprises into the fast- 
nesses of the mountains, and discov'ered what is now called 
the Great Southern Pass. He made known to the world those 
distant lands, which had been before unexplored. He met with 
misfortunes that would have appalled and discouraged other men. 
The expedition embarked from St. Louis as early as the season 
would permit; and, within the first three months, he lost more 
than one-fourth of his men by violent deaths, and one-half of his 
pr<)])erty by accident, deceit and war. On the second of July, his 
party was attacked by the A'Ricaree Indians, and a bloody battle 
ensued, resulting in the loss of no less than twelve of his men 
killed, and several wounded. After, this occurrence, he ])roceeded 
to his establishment, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, which he 
at lengtli reached; and, with great promptitude, secured hi& 
boats and other property from the danger of further depreda- 
tions by the Indians, and went in ])ursuit of his plundered 
property, among the Hudson Bay Fur Company traders, and 
their Indian dupes, whom they had enticed into murdering and 



HISTOUV OI' MISSOTKI. 85 

muruuding. It was while 'in |»iirsuit of a s(^uad of traiis- 
mountain Indians, that he was led into the gateway of the (rreat 
So'.ithern l*ass (before referred to i, and the direct road to the 
tVnition of all his ho|)es for wealth, honoi-and rewards. He suh- 
i^eqnently sold out his furs for a large sum, and (jnietly returned 
to St. Louis, where he |»urchabed a beautiful site for a residence, 
uear the ( )ld Reservoir, and expended a portion of his hard-earned 
wealth in building up and beautifving .the city, and his own 
traiKjuil home. 

The Missouri Fur Company, one of tlie strongest and most 
active engaged in trade, had at its head Dr. Pilcher, a most dis- 
tinguished Indian fur trader; Jienjamin ()'Fall<»n was one of 
the princi]ial j)artners, and, at the same time, one of the most 
etticient Hinted States agents for Indian Atfairs. Dr. Pilcher 
had the uiaiuigement of the company's affairs; and. in conduct- 
ing the same, lie engaged two of the most expert and experienced 
men of that day to assist him, named Jones and Immell. These 
two men were sent forward by Pilcher, in comnuind of a party 
Cfirrving large quantities of goods to the company's store-house, 
near the mouth of the Yellowstone river. When lu'ar the end 
of their journey, they were attacked by about four hundred 
Blackfeet Indians, and both the leaders and five others of the 
party were slain, and all the ]»roperty, amounting to $ir),()()0, 
taken. The Pur C(»mpanies survived every disaster, and continued 
to carry on trade and trapping in the Rocky Mountains, foi- some 
years afterwards. This commerce enriched St. Louis, but the 
danger and hazards of the business greatly diminishe<l the hardy 
and enterprising ])o|)ulation of the West. 

The smooth stream of human affairs is sometimes very sud- 
denly disturbed by small and uidooked-for circumstances. Such an 
occurrence transpired in St. Louis, in June, 1823. William Hec- 
tor, a United States surveyor for Illiiu)is, Miss(»uri, and Arkansas, 
was accused, in an article which aj)})eared in the " Missouri Repub- 
lican," with corru])tion in office. Rector being in Washington 
City at the time, on official business, his brother, Thomas (\ Rec- 
tor, immediately called on the editor for the name of the author. 
It was a charge too serious to be overlooked. The editor gave tlie 
name of Joshua Barton. I'nitcd States District .\ttornev. and 



86 AN IlJ.rsTKATKL) 

brother of Hon. Duvid Barton, United States Senator, from Mis- 
souri, as the autlior. According to the code of honor, whose rules 
it was considered imperative, at tliat time, for all gentlemen to 
obey, T. C. Rector challenged Barton, who accepted the challenge, 
and they met on Bloody Island, on the 30tli of June. Barton fell, 
mortally wounded, at the iirst lire, and died, lamented by a large 
number of friends. 

The term of office of Governor M'Nair was now drawing to a 
close, and there was considerable interest and excitement as 
to his successor. Thei-e were two candidates, whose friends were 
active in urging their respective claims to the office: Frederick 
Bates and William IT. Ashley, the latter previously re- 
ferred to as the leader of the Rocky Mountain Fur Com- 
pany. The former had tilled many positions under the territorial 
and State authorities, as well as in the city of St. Louis; had held 
the office of Lieutenant-Grovernor under his predecessor; and was 
familiar with all the duties of the office of Governor. lie was 
also an old resident of St. Louis, and had the confidence of the 
people generally. Ashley, by his daring intrepedity in advancing 
trade in the remotest sections of the western country, had invested 
his character with much of romance, and his friends Avere sanguine 
that he would be successful. The other officers to be elected at 
this time were a Lieutenant-Governor, member of Congress, 
State senators, representatives, sheriffs, and constables. The elec- 
tion took place on the first Monday in August, at which Frederick 
Bates was duly elected; but he served only a small portion of his 
time, having died suddenly on the 1st day of August, following, 
of ])leurisy. 

At this election, Hon. John Scott was .re-elected to Congress, 
for another term, he having represented Missouri from the time 
of its admission into the Union, and served as its delegate while it 
was a territory. As there were then several persons in nomination 
for the Presidency of the United States, it was thought, thus early 
in the canvass, that there would be no election in the electorial col- 
lege, and that the matter would go to the House of Representatives; 
in which case Missouri would be more certain of strength than in 
larger states, whose representatives might be divided. Hence, 
the vote for Congressman was most carefully watched by all the 



msTOIJV OK MISSOIIKI. 87 

four pHrtic!= — Adams, (Mav, ( "rawtonl, and .laekson — cuch (»t"\\ liom 
li(i])e(l !Mr. Scott would favor them. 

While ])olitical ali'airs engrossed the attention of a few ]>oli- 
ticians, the great hody of the ^[issonrians were more |)rotitably 
eiiga^-ed in ])reparing for the I'ising greatness <tf the State. Kvery 
laborer in the rural districts, (and indeed all was rural then.) was 
striving to add liis mite to the general imi)rovenient and jM-odue- 
tiveness of the country: and it is wonderful what a beneti(!ial 
and ha])pv effect the general action in one direction ])rodiuH'd at 
that time. Good wheat was plentiful at fifty cents per bushel; 
corn, twenty cents; ])otatoes, the same price: flour, ><l.r)(i ])er 
cwt.: corn meal, half that price; ])(»rk, ^JnI..")*) per cwt.: beef 
at the same price; cows at from eight to twelve dollars. 
and good woi-kijig oxen at from thirty to forty dollai's ])ei- paii'. 
Strange as it may now aj)pt'ar. people were soon out of debt, and 
required no banks or loan offices, for theii- i-elief or accommoda- 
tion. Xew fences, new fields, and new dwellings were rising in 
all directions, and immigrants entering the State at every avenue. 
The older settlers who had involved themselves in del)t during 
the banking mania, having: recovered theii* rejison. sold out their 
improved estates to new comers, paid their debts, and commenced 
business anew, wiser, if not better men than before. These were 
halcyon days to Missouri. Everything seemed growing anew. 
There were no bank-runners then hurrying about town, distrib- 
uting little bits of ])a])er, marked with ''Your note for $ , due 

on ," rendering the nights <jf-the receiver feverish, or sleep- 
less, and his visits to customers early next day uninvited and un- 
pleasant. 

The nights of spring and autumn were mostly nights of illumi- 
nations, in one direction or another, as the large prairies in botli 
the States of Missouri and Illinois, were then on fire; and tlie 
plowman had not the control of, and could not prevent tlie annual 
burnitigs, as at the present time. Kvery pleasant day of the 
spring and autumn of the year 1S-J4. the heavt'iis were illuminated 
on one side or the other, and sometimes lu'arly all around, from 
the horizon to near the zenith, by these j)rairie fires, kindled by 
accident or design, which having passed control, often blazed 
durinir the whole niirht, with astonishinii; bi-illiancv. 



8i^ AN ILLL'STKATED 

It was verv coininon then, on those brilliant occasions, 
for large gr<»u])s df people tit assemble on the " J>ig Mound," 
"Iron Mountain," and " Pilot Knob," to view the grandeur of 
the scene, than which few could be more fascinating and sublime 
in all the works of nature or art. These, however, have forever 
passed away in the raj)id march of ini])rovement and the ever- 
changing panorama of human affairs; and Ave aiv left with but a 
feeble descri])tion of those common, grand and sublime exhibitions 
of nature, interest and accidents of those early days in Missouri 
and Illinois.' 

On the I()th of November, at the opening of the legislature, 
Governor M'Naii' sent to that body his closing message, in which 
he said that since the last session commissioners to select salt 
springs had been appointed, and the report of the revisors of the 
laws of the State pi-epared and published. He inferred to the bus- 
ness operations with JS'ew Mexico and the military expedition 
of the government for the protection of trade, and to the action 
of (yongress relating to the improvement of the Mississi])pi river. 

(xovernor Bates, on taking ])ossession of the executive de- 
partment, sent a message to the legislature (on the 17th,) saying 
that he was disposed strongly to co-operate with the General As- 
sembly in all measnres calculated to promote the general welfare, 
and advance the prosperity of the State; and further that he must 
ac(|uire the confidence of the General Assembly before he could, 
with decent propriety, or with fair prospects of success, submit 
to them his views of the leading subjects of legislation. 

On the 2}Hh of November, the legislature, in joint convention, 
proceeded to elect a United States senator, to fill the place of 
David Barton, whose term expired March 4. 1825; Mr, Barton 
was re-elected for the full term of six years. 

1 She|>ard"s Rarly History of St. l.ouia and Mi-^.-ouri, p. 74. 






Wf) pamm 



OIIAPTEU IX. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FREDERICK BATES, 
ABRAHAM J. WILLIAMS AND JOHN MILLER. 

1824—1828. 

Tlie election of Governor Frederick Bates lias been referred to 
in tlie precedinijj c'liaj)ter. His message to the General Assembly 
of 1824-5 was fnll of e.xcellent sujjijestions. I)urin<r thi.s session, 
a bill was passed and- forwarded, for the signatnre of Tlis E.xcel- 
lencv, to prohibit dnelling. The opponents of that barbarous 
practice had endeavored to render the offence odious bv prescrib- 
ing corporeal })unishnient, in lieu of line or imprisonment. The 
Governor returned the bill unsigned, stating his objections to 
the measure. He fully concurred in the generally expressed de- 
testation of the custom, but he did not see his way to approve 
the inlliction of "whipping" as the penalty. Regarding the 
practice itself, he said: " I am happy, on this occasion, to record 
my litter detestation and abhorrence of duelling. My duty to 
my neighbors and to myself would compel me, as well in my 
))rivate as in my public capacity, to discountenance and })ut 
down, if possible, so barbarous and so impious a practice." The 
bill thus returned by the Governor was reconsidered, and again 
passed in the Senate by the re(piisite number of two-thirds of 
that body; but it failed to receive a like majority in the House 
of llepresentatives. and it therefore failed to become a law. 

The city of St. Louis had enjoyed the advantage of its char- 
tered rights, under its indefatigable and acamiplished mayor. 
Dr. William Carr i^ane, two years, and had adopted a system of 
street imj)rovements that gave evidence of a determination, 
on the part of the ])eople, to make it a commercial and 
manufacturing city, with all the advantages the Mississi])]>i could 
be made to afford. His attempt, therefore, to retire from tlic 
mayorality in the s])ring of 1825, would not be listened to by the 
]ieo]>le; and he was re-elected each succeeding year by ac- 



90 AN IM.USTKATKD 

clamation, as long as lie could be pei'suaded to hold the office. 
Front sti'eet, or the Levee, as it is now called, then had no ex- 
istence as a street, or landing, except at the east end of a few cross 
streets. The formation of this front into one grand continous 
landing, levee, or wharf, attracted the early attention of the mayor, 
and he was ]>roinpt in placing it before the ])ublic eye for con- 
sideration. The St. Louis public then viewed the project as vis- 
ionary, unnecessary, and impossible; and it required years before 
those interested in its completion could l)e persuaded to acquiesce 
and willingly aid in its execution. Dr. Lane, however, lived to 
see his plan universally approved, and so far carried out as to 
afford berths for more than one hundrtid steamboats at a time, 
to lie discharging and receiving freight, and crowded by com- 
mercial transactions and travelers. This was his chief reward 
for his services as mayor, for his yearly salary was but three hun- 
dred dollars, for peforming all the duties of this responsible office. 
But few benefactors of St. Louis have left a more honorable 
record than the first mayor, and none deserve a more prominent 
niche in its temple of fame, for examples of industry, i)erseverance 
and fidelity. 

On the 28th of April, 1825, news was received of the arrival 
of the Marquis de Lafayette at Carondelet. He remained at i\vdt 
village during the night, aiid early next morning embarked for 
St. Louis, only four miles distant. More than half the popula- 
tion of the city, which was then about five thousand, turned out 
on this occasion. When the boat landed that contained the dis- 
tinguished visitor, he was immediately ushered into a carriage 
prepared for his reception, followed by William ('arr Lane, mayor 
of the city, Stephen Hempstead, an officer of the Revolution, and 
Auguste Chouteau, the chief in command of the pioneer 
band who laid the foundation of the city. The carriage was an 
open barouche, and proceeded uj) Market street to Main, escorted 
by Captain (Tand)le's troop of horse and Captain Hill's company 
of infantry; thence to the mansion of Pierre Ciiouteau, Sen., 
corner of Locust and Main streets, who had kindly opened his 
home for the reception of the General and his friends. Laf- 
ayette was, at this time, sixty-eight years of age, and was ac- 
companied by his son, George Washington Lafayette. The party 



HISTORY OF MISSOFRl. 91 

were guests of the city, and received every possible attention. 
In the evening, a splendid ball was given, at which was the elite of 
the city; and after it, a sumptuous suj^per. Every social requisi- 
tion was called into being that might give evidence of grateful re- 
spect to the distinguished guest. 

An expedition was orgsmized undei- General Atkinson for Yel- 
low Kiver, in the month of May, of this year, consisting of -475 
Government troops, occompanied by Msijor O'Fallon and (xeneral 
Clark. Treaties were concluded with the Kansas and Osagfe In- 
dians, for the cession of all the lands which they held within the 
State, and also for a considerable district of country west of Mis- 
souri and Arkansas. The sum of $8,000 was appropriated by the 
treaties for indemnities. 

In this year, the lirst movement was made to survey a road 
across the plains, in order to facilitate a direct trade with New 
Mexico. In the month t)f June, Major Sibley, who was one of 
the commissioners appointed by the Government, set out from 
St. Louis, accompanied by J. C. Brown, as surveyor, and 
Archibald (xamble, as secretaiy, with seven wagons laden with 
goods, for the purpose of trading with the tribes of Indians on 
the route, and fully to survey the most direct road to Santa Fe. 
This route afterwards became the great highway of the Santa 
Fe trade, and has been in constant use for nearly fifty years, 
without visible change in its location. 

After the death of Governor Bates, before his term of office 
had expired, Abraham J. Williams, president of the Senate, and 
ex-officlo Governor, acted as Governor until the election to fill the 
vacancy, in September. Among the prominent candidates to be 
voted for at this election, were Hufus Easton, David Todd, William 
C. Carr, and John Millei-. After an exciting political campaign, in 
which the antecedents oH all the candidates were thoroughly 
brought before the public, eulogized or misrepresented as the 
friends or opponents favored or contemned them, John Miller was 
elected. He received 2,380 votes, William C. (Jarr 1,470, and 
David Todd 1,113. The population of the Stiite this year was 
^2,000. 

In the spring of 182H. the industrial pursuits of Missouri were 
in a flourishing condition. The people saw themselves relieved 



92 AN ILLUSTUATKD 

from the evils of credit and banking systems; they seemed en- 
couraged in their laudable efforts by the ready sale of all their sur- 
plus products to the constantly increasing numbers of new coiners 
crowding into the State in search of homes, which o])ened up 
a more extended field for their industrial operatit)ns and enter- 
prises. Everything seemed to have a natural growth and stimu- 
lant. Trade, though not brisk, was greatly extended, and steadily 
increasing. All freighting was now done by steamboats. The 
mining for lead, in the vicinity of Dubuque and Galena (Fevre 
river), gave great animation to all commercial operations con- 
nected with the trade on the upper Mississippi, and during the 
year doubled the amount on that stream, which has since in- 
creased to its present magniticent proportions. The fur trade 
on the Missouri was prosecuted with its usual activity, but not 
in the laborious mode of former years. Steamboats had taken 
the ]>lace of barges, engines had assumed the labors of men, and 
steam had annihilated distance and time. Trappers, hunters, and 
'voijageurs no longer paid their yearly visits in barges, to St, Louis; 
— a new age had overtaken and expelled them. 

The seat of government having been removed from St. Charles 
to the city of Jefferson, the fourth session of the General Assembly 
met there on the twentieth of November, 1826. At this 
session, on the 29th of December, Thomas H. Benton was 
re-elected United States Senator, for six years; and was thrice af- 
terwards re-elected to the same office, \yhich he filled thirty con- 
secutive yesirs, fnun the commencement of the State government 
to March 4t]i, 1851. 

Governor Miller, in his annual message, spoke in feeling terms 
of the death of Ex-Presidents Adams and Jefferson, on the fourth 
of July just passed. He referred also to the condition of the rev- 
enue, and said that considerable pro])ei-ty, some 307,000 acres 
of land, had not been assessed, as ascertained from statistics. He 
complained that great injustice had been done to settlers, by the 
act of Gongress in relation to the reservation of mineral lands. He 
spoke of the ])rovince of New Mexico and of the business connected 
therewith, by the State; and rec<jmmended a memorial to Con- 
gress, on the necessity of establishing military posts, to protect 
those engaged in such business from Indian depredations. He also 



HISTORY C»F Missorui. 93 

recommended memorializing Congress on the uniting of the Illi- 
nois river with Lake Michigan, and making provision lV)r the 
better preservation of the public records. At this session of the 
legislature, Felix Scott was elected ]>resident^>/'o teni.^o^ the Sen- 
ate and J. S. Langhan, secretary; Alexander Stuart was chosen 
speaker of the Assembly and S. C. Owen, chief clerk. Forty-six 
laws were enacted, among which was one; enabling aliens to hold 
real estate — one to organize the counties of Jackson and Marion — 
and one regulating the office of secretary of State, Sup[)lementary 
laws connected with judicial circuits, grand jurors, and court offices 
were also passed. A memorial to Congress for the selection of 
25,000 acres of land, donated for seminary purposes, was adopted. 
The legislature adjourned January 3, 1827. At the elections in 
the tall of 1S26, Edward Bates was elected to Congress over John 
Scott. Both of the candidates were favorable to the administra- 
tion. 

The immigration to the State during the year wjis large, and 
gave to it a valuable accession of inhabitants. The debt of the 
State was set down at $149,237.39; and the available funds, at 
$13,946.96. There was an amount of debt due from the several 
loan offices equal to $72,799.33; of which the available value de- 
pended on the decision of a case pending in the Supreme Court 
of the United States, as to the right of the State to recover from 
the borrowers of the loan othce certificates, their par value in 
specie. In the year 1824, the lead mines of Missouri paid no 
rent to the General Govermuent. In the year 1825, the tithes 
received amounted to about seven thousand dollars, and the year 
1826 more than doubled the preceding one. "When lands in 
the State were sold, reservations were made by the government 
of particular portions, supposed to abound in lejid; the quantity 
thus reserved was about 150,000 acres: of this, about 9,000 liad 
been leased, leaving 141,000 unoccupie<l, sufficient to em]>loy a 
large force of hands, and furnish lead sufficient for almost every 
nation upon the earth. The manner of obtaining the oi-e. as 
practised at that time, was extremely simple. The miners, or 
rather, diggers, dug pit holes in the earth of depth varying from 
ten to thirty or forty feet. The ore was fcmnd in detached masses, 
from an ounce to several hundred pounds weight. It is the com- 



94 AN IJ^LFSTKATKD 

mull (Taleiia, frequently mixed with iron pyritet^ and sul])hate of 
bary tes ; when found, free from foreign substance, it yields about 
seventy per cent, on smelting. The ore that e(|uals the last 
figure, was purchased by the smelters at the rate of eight cwt. of 
lead for a ton, being an allowance of thirty per cent. — thus se- 
curing the smelter thirty-five per cent. The smelting was done in 
small furnaces, erected at suitable situations; and it is said, that 
after deducting almost every item of expense, and calculating for 
liberal prices for labor, the smelter had a net profit of twenty dol- 
lars per ton on his labor. Some idea may be formed of the rich- 
ness of these mines, from the fact that in 1828 and 1824, the 
amount of mineral ore obtained at the Red River mines was about 
200,000 ])ouiids; in 1825, 672,"000 pounds; in 1826, 748,000 
pounds; and in 1827, 5,080,000 pounds. The lands contiguous to 
the mines had already increased in value: and there had accrued 
to the ITujted States for leases during the preceding year, thous- 
ands of dollars. 

In the early part of the year, there was a general removal i»f all 
the Indians from the State. The Kansas removed first, and the 
Shawanese and the lowas followed. The proceedings connected 
with their removal appear to have been conducted with much 
moderation and credit to the people. 




^,c^ti-^y(^^ 



.lUDOE U. S. DISTRICT COURT. 




BENJAMIN D. DEAN 



CHAPTER X. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN MILLER. 

1828—1832. 

The quadrenniul election for State oflficers was to be held in 
1828, and the most active and ethcient j)re])arations, were made in 
good season bv both j)arties, to bring forward all their strength. 
There were no railroads or telegraphs in those davs, noi- 
many weekly mails; therefore carriers for the distribn- 
tion of hand-bills and messages were in great demand. The 
conntry was full of patriots who were willing to serve theii- coun- 
try, and the State was over-run with patriotic candidates for every 
office to be tilled. ( )n the -Ith of August, the canvass was termin- 
ated. Hon. John Miller was the only candidate whose friends 
continued their candidates name before the voters for the office of 
Governor, and he was, of course, elected. The office of Lieutenant- 
Governor was closely contested by five candidates — Samuel Perry, 
Pelix Scott, Alexander Stuart, Daniel Dunklin, and Alexander 
Buckner. Dunklin was elected. There were three ])rominent 
candidates for representative in (\»ngress, at the commencement 
4»f the canvass— Edward Bates, William Oarr Jiane, and Spencer 
Pettis. The lirst was on the Whig ticket, and the two latter on 
the Democratic ticket; and so nearly did the frieiuls of the last 
two seem to be balanced, that they submitted the question to Ben- 
ton, to say which should be the candidate, ti> secure the election of 
one of them. Benton gave a ])n»m])t decision in favor of Mr. 
Pettis, which was promulgated by handbills throughout the State, 
and resulted in his election. 

In the month of January of this year, a meeting was held by 
the friends of General Jackson, at Jefferson City, to nominate an 
electoral ticket to be voted for at the Presidential election, to be 
held on the 3d of ^'ovember of the year, when Missouri had but 
three electoral votes. Dr. John Bull, of Howard county, Ben- 
jamin O'Fallon. of St. Louis c<unity. and Ival]ih Dougherty, of 



90 AN ILLU.STKATKD 

Cape (Tirardeaii county, were nominated. Tlie friends of Mr, 
Adams, on the Kth of March following, met at the seat of Gov- 
ernment, and nominated Benjamin II. Reeves, of Howard county, 
Joseph C. Brown, St. Louis county, and John Hall, of Ca])e Gir- 
ardeau county, as electors and at the election in November, sup- 
ported them with the whole strength of the Adams or Whig 
party, of 3,-tOO votes; but without success, as the Democrats or 
Jackson party polled 8,272 votes against them, showing 11,672 
votes cast at that election in the State. 

The annual session of the Legislature was held, commencing 
November 17th. John Thornton, of Clay county was elected 
speaker of the Assembly and James 11. Birch, cliief clerk; and 
Mr. Bollinger, of Cape Girardeau County, president j;r(? tern, of 
the Senate. Governor Miller in his message, gave an account of the 
financial aifairs of the State, and his views on matters of public 
})olicy. Various laws were referred to for consideration and amend- 
ment. He stated that the lands granted by Congress for the support 
of a seminary of learning had been located — being 72 sections. A 
grant had been made to the State, of twelve salt springs, with six 
extra sections of land adjoining. The interruption of trade with 
the province of Mexico by the Indians, he referred to, saying that 
protection had been asked and not granted. 

The propriety of proposing an amendment to the constitution 
of the United States, relating to the election of President and 
Vice-President, in his opinion, demanded the consideration of 
the legislature. That the will of the people should control the 
choice of the person to whom so important a trust is confided as 
that of the Chief Magistracy of the United States, he said was a 
principle supported by the spirit of the constitution, and held 
sacred by a large majority of the citizens of the Union. In conclu- 
sion, he said "it is therefore your prerogative, as guardians of 
the public liberty, to urge on Congress, and the legislatures of our 
sister States, such amendments to the coiistitution of the United 
States, on this subject, as you in your wisdom may deem requisite 
and proper; j)roviding for a uniform mode of electing the Presi- 
dent and Vice-President by the people, and prevent, in any event, 
an election being made by the House of Representatives." 

The census of the several counties in the State for the year 



HISTOUY OF MISSOTTRI. 97 

1828, shdwed the \vh(»lt! population to be 11"2,40!); ofwliich inini- 
ber there were 92,8()1 free whites, 19,124 ^Uives, and -IS-l free ])er- 
6011S of color. 

Til the month of July, 1829, a rencontre took place between a 
part of the Iowa and Sac Indians, and a body of white men, in the 
county of Randolph, near the head waters of the Chariton river. 
The Indians had located themselves at this place as a hunting 
party, and the country was also used by the whites for the graz- 
iuij of their cattle. While a l^arty of the whites were so en<j^aged, 
a company of tlie Indians took possession of the cuttle, and drove 
them off. From twentv-five to fifty of the frontier in- 
habitants embodied and pursued the Indians, who were 
found encamped. The whites demanded the cattle which had 
been stolen. Tlie Indians refused to surrender tliem, at the same 
time threatening that if the whites did not leave the country as 
soon as possible, they would kill every one of them. The whites 
then told them to stack their arms, which they refused to do, — 
and immediately commenced cocking their guns. The whites, 
then thinking that it was useless to reason further with them, 
and seeing that some of the Indians lia<l their guns to their faces, 
discharged one of their pieces upon the Indians. A conilict then 
ensued, in which three of the wliites were killed, and four others 
Wounded — two dangerously, and two slightly. The loss of the 
Lidians was said to have been ten to twelve killed. The action 
continued for a few minutes, when the whites retreated with three 
of their wounded, leaving the fourth behind, who is suj)posed to 
have been killed. Tlie nund)er of the Indians was estimated from 
seventy -five to a hundred and fifty. 

The Governor, on receiving information of this attack, called 
out a thousand militia for the ]>rotection of the frontier, and also 
requested the aid of the United States troops. A body of men 
was dispatched in pursuit of the Indians. Imt returned without 
having seen them. 

The business between Missouri and the Mexican settlements 
was ])rusecuted with much success, during this year. In the 
month of Xovember, a party of twenty citizens of Fayette, 
reached their homes, in good liealth and spirits, having realized 
satisfactory profits from their investments. The aggregate amount 



98 AN ILLUSTRAT?^,!) 

of tlieii- returns was about $240,000. Tliev were escorted by 
a body of Mexicati troops to the boundarv line between their 
govern Mieut and the Unitenl States, wliere Majoi' Riley's conunand 
was stationed; and thus the protection of a niilitarv escort was 
aftbrded thi'ouirh the whctle extent of country, from Santa Fe to 
our tVontier. 

The JJranch Bank of tlie United States was established during 
the year, in St. Louis, with Colonel John O'Fallon as president, 
and Henry S. Coxe, cashier. During the years this institution 
was in existence, it had the entire contidence of the community, 
and was of manifest advantage to the business of the city, as well 
as the State. Its directors were business men and men of honor, 
and, unlike the banks which had previously an existence in St. 
Louis, it closed its career in good credit. 

At the sessioji of the legislature held in November, 1829, 
Alexander Buckner was elected United States Senator on the first 
ballot, in the place of David Barton. Mr. Buckner received 34 
votes, John Millei- 27, and AV. A. Ashley 2 votes. All the 
oj)ponents of the national administration voted for Buckner, 
and five others. The legislature also sanctioned a memorial, de- 
claring it to be the duty of the federal Government to construct 
works of internal improvement, and praying for an appropriation 
for the removal of obstructions in the Mississippi and Missouri 
rivers, and for the continuation for the ( Cumberland road. Laws 
were passed providing for a contingent fund of $3,000; to supple- 
ment an act establishini;; judicial circuits; concerning: crimes and 
punishments; prescribing boundaries of the counties of Bike, 
N^ew Madrid and Saline; to regulate cliancerv proceedings, and to 
extejid the time for the redemption of lands sold for taxes. 

In 1S30, there was considerable excitement in St. Louis, relative 
to the decision of .Fudge J. II. Peck, of the United States District 
Court, regarding some extensive land claims, which some of the 
old French inhabitants contended had been granted to them, 
under the Sj)anish domination. Judge Peck was a jurist who 
could only be convinced by a chain of reasoning, and very 

IS.'IO. ' " Ir) »/ 

I >roperly viewed with prejudice and suspicion, all claims 
which were not suj)ported by pro])er legal proof. The cases in 
(jiiestion were August*^ Chouteau and others against tlie United 



lirs|<)i;v oi' MISsoi'UI. 99 

St<ite.s, and the lieirs of Mack»n- VV^Iierry agaiiit^t tlu' same. 
Tlie Judge, suspecting, from the remoteness of the legal links, 
that the claims were not properly supported, and that there was 
too much room for fraud to creej)iu the chasms, decided adversely 
to the claimants. His decisions, which were published, were 
mo<lels of close legal arguments, though he did not give that 
wide latitude to the evidence whicli the claims of that nature 
seemed to demand. lie re<piired something more than the face 
of the cimcession, and a ])roof of its genuineness. lie went be- 
laud the record, and inquired into the riglits of the Lieutenant- 
Governors, to make tlie grants. The susj)icions witli which 
he regarded these Sj^anish concessions, called forth a public 
legal criticism from the pen of L. K. Lawless, the senior c(»un- 
sel for the claimants, which a])peared anonymously in one of 
the public prints. The publisher of the sheet was arrested for 
contem])t i»f judicial dignity. Lawless immediately avowed 
the authorship, in o])en court, contending that the publication in 
<piestion was only an examination of a judicial decision, without 
any attempt to reflect upon official dignity. However," J udge Peck 
c<»ntended that the ermine had been touched by sticrilegious hands, 
and Lawless was ordered to [)ris()n, and suspended, for a time, from 
practising in court. 

In obedience to that edict, Lawless went to prison, accom- 
panied by a troc>p of his friends, but was released, after a few 
hours' confinement, by a writ of habeas corpus. In retaliation 
for wliat he considered an outrage upon his feelings and a tyran- 
nictd display of authority, he went to Washington and made 
charges against Judge Peck, before the House of Pe]>resentatives. 
After a careful investigation of the case, the impeachment was 
<lismissed.^ 

"The year 1880," says Mr. Shej)ard in his History of 8t. Louis 
and Missouri, "was rendered remarkable for the general eidighten- 
ment of the people of the State, in regard to the cjuality of the 
<lifferent kinds of salt they were in the daily use of, and the ini- 
inense burden that they, and all the ])eoj)le of the Western and 
ISouthern States had long been subject to, witlu)ut understanding 
the disadvantages under whicli they labored, or knowing the 

^ Kdwardu' Creat Wexi, ]>. :J41. 



100 ATi ILLUSTRATED 

■yveiglit of the burden they bore. With the improvemejits of the 
age, this article had become }3lentiful at tlie great seaports, but 
covetous rulers had watched its charius, and had seized it as one 
of the most available objects from which to collect a large reve- 
nue, and imposed a tax on it of over two hundred per centum on 
its cost, and continued it fifteen years in time of peace, until the 
people had despaired of relief, and nearly forgot the burden they 
bore, when they were entirely relieved of it by one of their 
senators." 

The speech of Senator Benton on the salt tax, fonns a j^art of 
the history of Missouri, as it enlightened the people of the State 
in regard to the quality, value, and uses of the different kinds of 
salt in the markets, and added much to that knowledge which has 
elevated the character of Missouri meats in all sections where 
they are exposed for sale. 

At the Congressional election this year — 1830 — Spencer Pettis 
was re-elected by a large majority over David Barton, who 
had lately retired from the United States Senate, and who had 
been brought forward by liis friends as a candidate for mem- 
ber of Congress, Mr. Pettis had a personal controversy with 
Major Biddle. in the public ])rints, during the canvass, wliich led 
to a melancholy termination. A challenge passed from Pet- 
tis to Biddle, which was accepted, and the parties met on 
the sand bar, opposite the city of St. Louis, August 27th. The lat- 
ter gentleman being near-sighted, he, as the challenged party, 
stipulated five feet as the distance at wliich they were to fight. 
On the first fire, both were mortally wounded. Biddle was 
shot, the ball lodging within the abdomen. Pettis Avas shot in 
the side, just below the chest, tlie ball passing entirely through 
the body. Both parties are said to have conducted themselves 
with remarkable coolness; and supposing the wounds to be mortal 
(which })roved to be the Cfise), they exchanged forgiveness 1ii)on 
tlie ground. Major Biddle was a paymaster in the army, and 
brother of Nicholas Biddle, President of the Bank of the United 
States, and Commodore Biddle of thie navy. 

The death of Mr. Pettis left ]\rissouri without a representative 
in the lower House of Congress, and necessitated another election, 
to fill the vacancy in the twentv-first Congress, A special 




yo.^^^.^ Ifi^f^^^yt^-^t^J^ 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. • 101 

election was tlierefore ordered bv tlie Governor for tliat ]>urpo8e, 
juul tlie known ])o])nlarity of General William 11. Ashlov i>ointed 
him ont as the most suitable candidate to represent the State, and 
he was elected, almost without oj)])osition, to that office, for tlu' 
remainder of the twenty-llrst Congress, and re-elected to the twentv- 
second Congress. 

The United States census, taken in 1830, gave the population 
at 140,455 iidiabitants, of which 569 were free colored, and 25,(>i>l 
were slaves. This showed a rapid increase in population, it having 
been more than doubled in the last decade; and other statistics ex- 
hibited an equally flattering condition of everything that tended 
to the rising greatness of the State. 

In the month of May, 1831, a new and handsome steamboat 
belonging to the American Fur Company arrived at St. Louis 
and proceeded to the mouth of the Yellowstone, wiiere 
was situated the highest trading establishment on the 
Missouri. This point is about nineteen hundred miles above St. 
Louis; not more than six hundred miles by water, and a much 
less distance by land from the base of the Rocky Mountains. At 
that date, it is believed no steamboat had ])assed ('ouncil ]>luffs, 
which is situated one-third of the distance between St. Louis and 
the mouth of the Yellowstone. 

In the spring of 1832, the people of the State were much 
alarmed by the niovements of Black Hawk and the Sacs, Foxes 
and Winnebago Indians, who had violated their treaty 
with the United States, by removing east of the Missis- 
sippi; and had invaded with lire and scalping-knife, the unpro- 
tected frontier settlers of Illinois. The horrible atrocities com- 
mitted by them alarmed the whole of the pioneer settlers, and 
they deserted their homes and removed into tlie tbickly settled 
country, where they could be in comparative safety fr<»ni their 
barbarous foes, leaving their liomes and property utiprotected. 
The proximity of these hostilities to the Missouri bonk>r caused 
Governor Miller to adopt measures to avert the calamities of 
an invasion, which then seemed imminent. In the month of 
May, lie ordered Major-General Gentry, of Columbia, to raise 
without delay one thousand mounted volunteers for the defense 
of the frontiers, to be held in readiness tt> start at a monuMit's 



102 , AX ILI.rsTKATKI) 

warning. General Gentry, on the 29th day of May, issued orders 
to Brigadier-Generals Miens and Riggs, to raise the re(|uired 
quotii suitably provided for any emergency. 

Five companies were raised in Boone county, and others in Cal- 
loway, Montgomery, St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Marion, Ralls 
and Monroe. Two companies were mustered into service for 
thirty days, and, under the command of Major Conyer, pi'oceeded 
to the mouth of the Des Moines river, to range from thence to 
the head waters of Salt river and on towards the main Chariton. 
This detachment, accom})anied by General Gentry in person, took 
up the line of March for the northern frontier, arriving at Pal- 
myra, July 10th, and at Fort Pike on the 15th. This fort was 
built by Captain Mace, and was situated ten miles from the mouth 
of the Des Moines, in wliat is now Clark County. Finding that 
no hostile Indians had crossed into Missouri, General (xentry 
ordered work to be discontinued on Fort Madison, situated sixty- 
five miles fixmi Fort Pike, and left for Columbia, where he ar- 
rived July 19th. Major Conyer's detaclnnent was left at the 
lal.ter post. On the 5th of August, the last named officer was re- 
lieved by two other companies. 

In September, the Indian troubles seemed to have subsided. All 
the troops on the northern frontier were mustered out of ser- 
vice. Thus ended the Black Hawk war in Missouri. It did not. 
however, end in Illinois or Wisconsin. The General Govern- 
ment sent out in the spring a large det^ichment of troo})s from 
Jeiferson barracks, under the charge of General Atkinson, to 
chastise the Sacs and Foxes. On the 29th of August, Black 
Hawk was captured by two Winnebagoes, and delivered to the 
United States officers at Prairie du Chien. 

The news that President Jackson had vetoed the re-charter 
of the United States Bank, produced great excitement in St. 
Louis. The people had suffered from the first Missouri Bank, 
the St. Louis Bank, and the Loan Office, but the Branch Bank of 
the United States, since its establishment, had ])«»ssessed the confi- 
dence of the citizens, and had given them a healthful, unfiuctuat- 
ing currency; and much indignation was felt at the act of the 
Chief Magistrate, in ])roducing the dissolution of an institution, 
which they thought had existtnl oidy for the welfare of the Union. 



lllSTOItY OF MISSOUKl. 1 0.S 

On receipt of the news of the veto, a meeting of the citizeni? 
of the cit}' and conntv of St. Louis was called (•Tnly, 1832) to 
<^ive puhlic expression to their disapprobation. Resolutions 
were drafted strongly exju'essive of indignation. l)y a committee 
apj)ointed for that purpo.se. The friends of Creneral .Facks^ui also 
held a meeting to declare their approbation of the veto. In their 
view, tlie death was desirable of an institution, which. frr)m its 
enormous ca])ital, would have such a controlling influence as not 
oidy to crush at pleasure every other moneyed institution, but 
wouhl insinuate its corrupt tendencies in our Congressional halls 
and sway the councils of the Republic. 

This being the last year of the administratioTi of (xovernor .lohn 
Miller, there was an active ])olitical canvass for his successor. 
There M'ere three candidates for (Tovernor: John Bull, Samuel C. 
Davis, and Daniel Dunklin. The returns of the election held 
in August showed that Mr. Dunklin ( Jackson candidate ) 
received 9.121 votes, and Mas elected; J(Jin Bull (Anti-Jack- 
son), 8,035; S. C. Davis, 386; John Smith, 314. Lilburn W. 
Boggs was elected LieutenaTit-Governoi*, over McClelland; the 
former receiving 8,361 votes, and the latter 7,641. .Vt the same 
election AV^illiam H. Ashley received 9,498 votes, for Congress; 
Robert W. Wells, 8,836. Ashley continued in office until 1836. 
During the summer, that dreadful scourge, the Asiatic cholera, 
visited St. Louis, carrying desolation to many a fireside. The 
number of deaths averaged, for several days, more than thirty j)er 
day: and for two weeks, there were about twenty victims to the 
disease daily. It continued its rav^ages for about a month, and 
then disapjjesired. 



CHAPTER XI. 

A.DMINISTRA.TIONS OF GOVERNORS DANIEL DUNKLIN AND 
LILBURN W. BOGGS. 

1832—1836. 

A session of the legislature was held at the seat of govern- 
ment, commencing November 19, 1832. Thomas Reynolds, of 
Howard county, was elected speaker of the House, and Albert G. 
Harrison, of Calloway county, chief clerk; Henry Shurlds was 
chosen secretary of the Senate. On the 22d, Governor Dunklin 
delivered his inaugural message, in which he suggested 
the importance of keeping the militia well organized and 
disciplined for the safety and protection of the frontier. He de- 
voted much space to the subject of the renewal of the charter of 
the United States Bank, by Congress, to which renewal he ex- 
pressed hia decided objections. Governor Miller, on retiring 
froui oiRce, stated, in his message, that Missouri was flourishing 
and })rosperous. lie referred to the increased emigration to the 
State, and to the fact that many citizens had fallen victims to 
the cholera. Thomas H. Benton was re-elected United States 
Senator, receiving forty-six votes, and liis opponent, Abraham J. 
Williams, twelve votes. John Walker was elected State Treas- 
urer, receiving fifty-four votes, and J^. J>. Reed fourteen votes. 
Xinety-six public acts and thirty-seven private ones were enacted 
at this session. Amendments to the State constitution were pro- 
posed, one changing the tenure of judicial offices and making 
the three judges of the Supreme Court elected by the legisla- 
ture for the term of six years — one judge to vacate his office 
every second year; also one })roposing to extend the boundary of the 
State with the consent of (Congress. An act was passed, a})})ortion- 
ing the members of the leijislature amoni; the several counties 

c5 too 

and twenty-two Senatorial districts, sending twenty-four Senators. 
The three per cent, fund, received from the United States, was or- 
dered to be divided rateablv amonir the several counties of the 



IIISTOKY OF MItJyOUKl. 105 

State, to be applied under the direction of the county court to 
nudcing and repairing roads and bridges and constructing canals; 
and the courts were to report annually to the legislature, the 
mode in which it had been expended. " An act was also passed, 
ordering a revision of the statute laws enacted since 1S25. Nine 
counties were organized, and acts were passed defining their boun- 
daries. The (rovernor was authorized to pay off the State debt; 
and a State Penitentiary was ordered to l)e built. 

Resolutions were passed, — one ap])roving the principles and doc- 
trines laid down in the veto on the bill re-charterintr the United 
States Bank; one disapproving of Clay's Land Bill; and one "in- 
structing the senators, and requesting the representatives of the 
State, to use their best exertions to accelerate the extinction of the 
federal title to the public domain in the Western States, by a gen- 
eral pre-emption law; by graduating the price to the quality of 
the land; by granting donations to the poor and actual settler; and 
finally by ceding the land to the States." 

According to a census taken under a law of the State, in 1832, 
the population was — white males, Tr),000; white females, 67, 
373; slaves, 32,184; free persons of color, 681: total, 176,236. 
The whole amount of the revenue of the State, was $62,312.86, of 
which the city and county of St. Louis paid $18,507.90. Gov- 
ernor Dnidvlin resigned his office, September 30, 1836, he having 
been appointed Surveyor-General of the United States; and Lieu- 
tenant-Governor L. W. Boggs filled the balance of the official term. 
.John Bull, of Howard county, was elected a member of Congress, 
at the election in August. 

The Mormons, who had made a settlement in Jackson county, 
became very obnoxiotis to the other settler;^ in that section. In 
the month of July, 1833, a meeting of the citizens to 
the number of four or five hundred was held to take 
measures to rid themselves of these persons. A committee was 
appointed, who submitted an address, which was unanimously 
adoj)t.ed, in which the conduct and views of this sect were ex- 
])osed. It represented that the Mormons numbered some twelve 
hundred souls in that county; and that, at each successive spring 
and autumn, they poured forth in swarms among the ])eople, with 
a gradual falling off in tlie character of the latter, until they had 



106 AX I M.nSTKATKD 

nearly readied the low condition of the black population. The 
address stated, also, that tlie citizens had heeii daily told that 
they were to be cut off' and tlicir lands appropriated to the Mor- 
mons for Inheritances. The ei»niniittee ex})ressed their fears 
that should the population still increase, they M'ould soon have 
all the offices of the c<iunty in their hands; and that the lives 
and property of other citizens would be insecure, under the ad- 
ministration of men who are so ignorant and superstitious as to 
believe that they have been the subjects of miraculous and super- 
natural cures, — that they hold converse with God and lii& 
angels, and possess and exercise the gift of divination and of 
unknown tongues. For these, and other good and sufficient rea- 
sons, the committee reported that no Mormon should, in future, 
move into and settle in the county; that such as were therein 
should give a definite pledge of their intention within a reason- 
able time to remove out of it, and should have time to sell their 
property and close their business without material sacrifice; 
that the editor of the '"Star" should be requested to close his 
office, and discontinue tlie business of printing in the county, 
and, upon failure, prompt and efficient measures should be taken 
to close the same. This address, after being read and considered, 
was unanimously adopted, and a committee appointed to wait on 
the Mormon leaders and see that its requisiti(jns were strictly 
complied with. After a short interval, the meeting again con- 
vened, and the committee reported that they had called on the 
editor of the "Star" and the Mormon bishop, and that both de- 
clined giving any direct answer to the requisitions made on 
them; whereupon it was resolved that the printing office should 
be destroyed, and the type and prf^ss' secured. This resolutiou 
was, with the utmost order and the least possible disturbance, 
forthwith carried into execution. The citizens again convened, 
on the 23d of Jiily, and a committee was appointed to confer 
with the Mormon leaders; when an amicable agreement was en- 
tered into, whereby the latter stipulated to remove, with their 
families, out of the county, on or before the first day of Janu- 
ary, 1834, on condition that the owner should be paid for the 
loss of his printing office, which wa-* agreed to. The meeting 
then adjourned. 




RUSSELL HICKS. 



Hi.^TOKY OF MlStSOUKI. 107 

Tlie Asiatic cholera, which liad visited St. Ix)ui8 in tlie year 
1832, now re-appeared at St. Cluirles. A writer in tlie St. Louin 
"Republicair' of September 1st, 1883. says: "Thus closes upon 
oiir devoted village a sixty-days reign of terror. Destruction 
s]n'ead her evil wings; death followed in the train; and now wl- 
pay the last tribute to the memory of the departed slain. One 
liundred from a thousand have paid 'the last debt of nature.''' 
The valley of the Mississippi was visited at a number of points 
by the fell destroyer. From the 1st to the loth day of Sep- 
tember, there were three hundred and fifty-nine interments at 
New Orleans, most of which were from cholera. Among the 
people of Missouri who died of this disease, were Hon. Alexander 
Buckner, of Caj)e Girardeau county. Ignited States Senator, his 
wife, and some of his slaves. 

From a steamer which arrived at St. Louis from tlie mouth of 
tlie Yellowstone, information was received that a serious famine 
threatened the inhabitants of the immense region of the upper 
Missouri. No butfalo had appeared upon the plains of that country 
during the spring and summer; and the Indians, in the thriftless 
economy which governs them at times, were, in consequence, desti- 
tute of the means of subsistence. The tradei's were compelled to 
depend upon corn and buffalo tongues, obtained during a pre- 
ceding season; and the voyagers had not this fare allowed them. 
None pretended to account for the disappearance of the im- 
mense herds which usually covered these regions; and it was 
ol»served by persons who were in the habit of navigating the 
Missouri, that certain })(>ints were almost entirely deserted by 
them, where vast numbers had always before been seen. 

One of the prominent measures discussed in Congress,- about 
this time, was the removal of all the Indians to permanent 
homes west of the Mississippi river and the white settlements. 
In this mwisure, Missouri was deeply interested; as that part <»f 
the State included in a triangle beyond the old west line and the 
Missouri river was free Indian territory, very fertile and \ery 
desirable, but an eye-sore and nuisance in possession of savages. 
This triangle was desirable for Missouri to possess, and she at- 
tained it in the most honorable and ])eaceful manner, through 
the statesman shi]> and wisdom of tlu' two senators and two repre- 



10« AN ILLUSTRATED 

sentatives in Coii<^res>' from the State, with the aid of tlieir politi- 
cal and personal friends. The territory thus obtained includes 
several large fertile counties of the State, which are unsurpassed 
in })oint of health, location, or beauty, and add much to its 
symmetry and local advantages. 

The General Assembly convened on the 18th of November, 

1834. The House was organized by the election of John Jameson, 

speaker, and James B. Bowlin, clerk; W. B. Napton 
was chosen secretary of the Senate — the Lieutenant- 
Governor presiding over that body. Governor Dunklin, in his 
message, said that the ordinary expenses of the State, for the 
years 1835 and 1836, would amount to $90,000, and the estimated 
amount of taxes to $115,000. He took strong ground on the 
State Bank question; said that the new State Prison was nearly 
completed; referred to the action of the people of Jackson 
county on the expulsion of the Mormons ; to the election of a 
United States Senator, to fill the place of Hon. Alexander Buck- 
ner, deceased; to the United States Bank and the removal of the 
deposits; and to the prosecution of the Cumberland road. 

Lewis F. Linn was, at this session, elected United States 
Senator, receiving seventy-live votes on joint ballot. Laws were 
passed to regulate the interest on money; to ascertain the north- 
ern and southern boundary of the State; to organize certain coun- 
ties; to abolish lotteries; to establish judicial circuits; and to 
defray the expenses of government, appropriating $113,050 for 
that purpose. 

At the election held this year for Members of Congress, William 
IL Ashley (anti-YanBuren) received 12,836 votes; Albert G. Har- 
rison (Van Bnren^-recei'Ved 10,854)A-otes; Birch (anti-Yan 
'***■*■ Buren) 8,823; Strother(Yan Buren) 10,667: Ashley and 
Harrison were elected. The votes for the Constitutional conven- 
tion were 5,445; againsfit, 10,756. 

The immigration into tlie State this year was unprecedented. 
One fact will convey to the reader the increasing commerce of 
the city of St. Louis. On the night of the 11th of November, 

1835, eight steamboats arrived at the wharf. 

Tlie railroad mania had commenced to seize upon some of the 
old States bordering on the Atlantic, and the journals of the 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 109 

whole eonntrv were teeming witli the advantages wliieh a success- 
ful trial of the new system of improvement had indicated, in the 
section of the country where it was cjirried into eifect. The citi- 
zens of St. Louis immediately caught the contagion, and deter- 
mined that their own exertions should no4 be wanting. An In- 
ternal Improvement convention was called, to which the different 
counties in the State interested in the movement were invited. 
On the 20th of May, the convention met, and it was voted that 
the consti-uction of two railroads should be recommended to the 
legislature; one from St. Louis to Fayette, and one to the iron 
and lead mines in the southern part of the State. To support 
and further the enterprfsing objects of the convention, the county 
court appropriated two thousand dollars, to be expended in de- 
fraying the expenses connected with the survey. 

In the month of April, a destructive tire occurred in St. Louis, 
in the heart of the city, in which the unfinished brick cathedral, 
one hundred and thirty-five feet in depth and forty feet in front, 
and many other buildings were destroyed ; also, about fifty horses 
and much other valuable property. 

The citizens of St. Louis were much interested in the prosecu- 
tion of the National road across the States, which was to pass 
through the large western cities. A public meeting was held to 
memorialize Conofress to construct the road through to St. Louis 
and for its extension to Jefferson City and regions further west. 

The quadrennial election for State officers was held in the 
month of August, 1836; and, as was customary with democrats 
in the days of General Jackson's administration, the ^^^^ 
leaders of the party met, on the 8tli day of January, at 
Jefferson City, and nominated candidates for the first offices of the 
State. Lilburn W. Boggs was nominated for Governor, and 
Franklin Cannon for Lieutenant-Governor. At a later period, the 
whig party nominated William H. Ashley for Governor, and 
James Jones for Lieutenant-Governor. At the election, 27,872 
votes were ])olled. Boggs was elected Governor and Cannon 
Lieutenant-Governor. 

The year 1886 was memorable for the revolt of Texas from the 
Mexican Republic, and the war that ensued. About one hundred 
young men, from St. Louis, had proceeded to that country the pre- 



11 U AN ILMfSTKATKI) 

ceding ye{ir, to assist the Texans, v?'lit)-were, many of tliem, tlieir 
friends and relatives. This circumstance enlisted the sympathy of 
Missourians in the Texas cause. The news of the victory of San 
Jacinto was received with demonstrations of joy. Amoiio; those 
who had gone to Tex«s, was Stephen F. Austin, of St. Louis, 
after wliom the city of Austin derived its name. 

The thorough canvass of the State before the election in Au- 
gust of this year, and the public results of that election, had so 
completely developed the strength of each party, that the Presi- 
dential election m Missouri, excited but little interest. The re- 
sult showed George F. Bollinger, John Sappington, William 
Monroe, and Abi-ahain Byrd, democrats, duly elected Presiden- 
tial electors, to cast the vote of the State of Missouri, on the 6th 
day of December, 1886. Accordingly, on that day, they met at 
the seat of government, affreeablv to law, and voted for Martin 
\'an Buren, for President, and Richard M. Johnson for Vice- 
President. The vote of the State stood, for electors of Van 
Buren, 10,1^95; for William Henry Harrison, 7.337. 



CHAPITER XTT. 

ADMrNISTRA.TI()X OF GOVERNOR LILBUHN W. BOGGS. 

1H;S6— 1H40. 

The first session of the ninth (Tenerul Assembly convened on 
the 21st day of November, 183H. The House of Representa- 
tives M'as (.»rganized by the election of John Jameson as speaker, 
and Thomas C. Bnrch as chief clerk. Franklin (Jannon, actinir 
Lieutenant-Crovernor, took his seat as president of the Senate, 
flames L. Minor beiny; elected secretarv. On the followinjjf dav, 
L. W. IJogtcs, acting Governor of the State, sent to the legisla- 
ture his annual message. "Our State," said he, "continues rap- 
idly to advance in population. The tide of emigration which has 
been flowing westward, brings with it an increased and increas- 
ing accession of wealth, intelligence and virtue; and Missouri bid*i 
fair at no distant period to hold an exalted rank among her 
sisters of tlie confederacy." '* The amount of revenue,'- lie con- 
tinued, "paid into the treasury during the two fiscid years ending 
the HOth of Septend»er, 1S36, was $134,189.82, and the expen- 
<litures for the same time were $130,013.56; being an excess of 
expenditures i»ver that of receipts of $1,824.24. In the amount 
of exj>euditures, however, are included $8,333.^^3, fc»r building 
jail and penitentiary, and the further sum of 6,413.80, appro- 
priated by special acts of the last General Assembly; to which 
may be added $25,000, for the pay of the last legislature, a sum 
o\er the ordinary expenses of that body. Deducting these sums 
from the amount of the expenditures, it will leave a balance in 
favor of the receipts of the last two fiscal years of $37,021, 03. 

The State debt on the 1st of October, 1834, was $48,526.11, 
of which $25,621.31, including principal and interest were owing 
to the Seminary fund; the balance of $22,904.80 being due the 
Saline fund. Since whicii time there have been borrowed of the 
seminary fund under the authority of law, $10,0(>0, and likewise 
tlie further sum $23,1 !;*>.< '7. iindrr :in act of the (TtMK'rai .Vssem- 



112 AiSr ILLUSTRATED 

bly. approved ir»th of March, 1835. This made the amount of 
the State debt on the Ist of October, 1836, $87,819.90, including 
interest $7,897.45 on the amount due the seminary fund. De- 
ductinjr from this amount, owing by the State, the sum ot ,933,- 
159.75, the bahince of revenue in tlie treasury on the 1st of 
October, 1836, it will show the amount of the State debt on that 
day to be 854,659.32." 

The Governor recommended, among other things, the erection 
of anew State House;. the establishment of a State Bank; the 
building of railroads; the organization of the several judicial 
circuits; and the extension of the National lioad. 

On the 23d, the. two Houses met to count the votes for Gover- 
nor and Lieutenant-Governor, — when the president j!?r<? temjjore 
of the Senate, and the speaker of the House preceded to count 
the votes given at the general election, on the Urst Monday in 
August, 1836. They found that Lilburn W. Boggs, had received 
14,315 votes, and William H. Ashley, 13,057 votes, for the office 
of Governor; that Franklin Cannon luid received 13,942 votes, 
James Jones, 10,210 votes, for Lieutenant-Governor; whereupon 
it was declared that L. W. Boggs, was duly elected Governor, 
and Franklin Cannon, Lieutenant-Governor, — each for the term of 
four years. The officers elect appeared in the hall of the House 
of Representatives, were duly qualified, and entered upon the dis- 
charge (»f the duties of their respective offices. Governor Boggs 
then delivered a short inaugural address. 

At the same election, William H. Ashley and John Miller, 
were elected members of Congress. 

Two important acts were passed at the session of the legisla- 
ture; one chartering a bank with a capital of five millions of dol- 
lars, one half of the capital to be taken by the State ; the other char- 
tering a railroad to be built from St. Louis to the Iron Mountains, 
seventy miles distant. Xearly at the time of the passage of the 
charter of the bank, a bill passed the House for the expulsion of all 
agencies of foreign banking institutions from the State. The 
(>incinnati Commercial Agency had been established some years 
in St. Louis, and had gained the confidence not only of the citi- 
zens of the St. Louis, but of the general government, which had 
deputized it its fiscal agent. It had assumed the business of the 



iiiil^^ 




lliiiinniii'iildliiaii'lliiliaiiiniiiii in: :ii,ii:;, ;i;j:i,.,;-,.i.'Mlii:ii;i!iii: 



c/u^^ 




StCHETAlIV OF MTATt. 



lUSTOUY OF MISSOURI. 113 

Branoli Baiik of tlie United States; and its capital had lent new 
vigor and extent to business, which had otherwise languished for 
want of pecuniary support. After the creation of the new hank 
tlie general government was bound bja legal })r()visi()n to do its 
business through it, and the Commercial Agency after a 
little murmuring at the interference of the ])rofits it had been 
garnering during the ])ast years, when it had control of the funds 
of tlie (reneral government and the nu)ney nuirket of 8t. Louis, 
agreed to transfer tlie debts of the citizens to the bank of the State 
of Missouri, upon rather stringent terms, which were at first re- 
fusea, but after some moditication, finally accepted, and the bank 
of the State with its large capital, became the chief source of bus- 
iness prosperity. 

Another act of tlie legislature was the making of appropriation 
for commencing the erection of a new State House at Jefferson 
City. The sum appropriated was $75,000. The work was com- 
menced during the year, with the expectation that the cost of the 
construction would require double the amount appi-opriated. 
Among the important bills enacted, was one to prohibit the pub- 
lication and circulation of abolition doctrines; one to re-apportion 
the State into senate and assembly districts; one to charter the 
bank of Missouri; one to survey and mark out the northern 
boundary; one to organize certain new counties; and one to es- 
tablish a school fund and to incorporate certain railroads. 

The year 1837 "was one remarkable in the financial annals of 
Missouri. The few previous years had borne the impress of 
a])parent pros])erity. There was a general confidence 
throughout the Union; and the banks issued their ])a})er 
money with profusion. The fever of speculation commejiced to 
rage througliout the country; property and products increased in 
vahie; and there was, apparently, universal prosperity. It was, 
however, of short duration. One bank, in the east, failed, and that 
was the first cloud in the business horizon. The faihire of that 
one aftected others. Soon a panic spread like a pestilence 
throughout the country. Public confidence became impaired. 
Something like suspicion became attached to the paper purport- 
ing to represent specie, and it commenced to return to the insti- 
tutions whence it emanated. Gold and sih'ier began to l)e drawn 

8 



114 AK Tr.LITSTRATFJ) 

fnjiii tlie vaiiltb. Soon another, and then another of the banks 
closed their doors. The panic hecame general; and the moneyed 
institutions were besieged bv the holders of their bills, demand- 
ing their redemption in specie. The banks failed ra])idly; and 
there would have been a general break down, but that the leading- 
ones, in the city of ^ew York, to save themselves from i-iiin, sus- 
])ende(l specie payment, which was followed by all the others in 
the country. 

On the 26th of September, 1837, Hon. David Barton died, at 
the residence of a friend, near Booneville. He and his associate, 
Thomas H. Benton, were the first United States Senators from 
Missoiii-i. Barton was an eminent lawyer and statesman. He 
])resided over the convention which foi-med the constitution of the 
State. He was twice elected (Tinted States senator, and served in 
the State senate during 1834-5, where he efficiently aided in the 
compilation of the llevised Statutes, which was ordered at that 
time. 

The martial ]n-ide of Missourians was incited and gratified on 
being alone called on for volunteers to drive the Seminoles out 
of the swamps of P^lorida. The first regiment was raised and 
organized by Richard Gentry, over which he was elected c<»ionel; 
John W. Price, lieutenant-colonel; and W. II. Hnghes, major. 
On the 6th of October, 1837, they marched toward the seat of 
war. Embarking on steand)oats, they were transported to Jack- 
son Barracks, near JSew Orleans, and thence on sailing vessels to 
Tampa Bay. On the voyage, they/vere overtaken by a violent 
storm, and several vessels stranded. They landed November 
15th, at the place of destination. On the 1st of December, they 
mai-ched to Okee-cho-bee Lake, whei'e thev eni>:ai):ed the enemv, 
and Colonel Gentry received a fatal wound. The loss in killed 
and wounded was one hundred and twelve, most of whom w^ere 
Missourians. 

The State House, in Jeft'erson City, took fire on the 17th of 
November, 1837, and was consumed, with all the papers in the 
office of the Seo-etary of State. The whole of the furniture of 
the otKce and about one-half of the State libi-ary were burned, 
involving a loss that could not be replaced. The whole of the 
accumulations of seventeen years in that impoi'tant office were 



lll.ST()i:V OF MISSOlTIil. 115 

t]ins suddenly swept awav, leavino; no trace of bonds ov orii^inal 
jic'.ts sii^iit'd by the (Tovernor ot'tlie State daring that time. 

The })olitical elements of Missouri liave seldom recpiired niueii 
exciting force to ]>ut them in motion; and the circumstances that 
existed at the commencement of the year 1838, offered an ex- 
tended tield for the dis])lay of all the political talent that could 
be brought into action in the ensuing canvass. 

The democrats, as usual, met at Jefferson VAty on the 8th of 
January, 1838, and nominated John Miller, and Joliu -Fameson, 
for the XXVIth Congress; who were subsecpiently elected 
over I'everly Allen, and John Wilson nominated for the same 
ofHce by the whigs. The result of the election showed that 
4(>,()18 votes were polled for congressmen, while only 27,372 had 
been cast for Governor in 1836, indicating the rapid growth of 
po]»ulation during the two years past. 

Soon after the election, two new sources of excitement began 
to agitate the people in the nortliwestern part of the State, aiid 
urge them to call on the executive for assistance. The fii'st was 
for protection against the territorial authorities of Iowa, who 
claimed jui'isdiction over a strip of Missouri, about six iniles 
wide, south of the line of the territory, and attempted to use 
force to maintain it. This dispute was soon settled. The second 
was much more serious, and had more martial, tragic, and 
violent incidents connected with it in its ])rogress. 

The Mormons, in large numbers, had arrived in Missouri 
tVom (3hio, and IcK-ated themselves as best they could, in and 
about Daviess county, intending to make it their permanent 
home, without changing their morals or manners from what 
rliey were while residing in the neighboring State of Illinois. 
Their lawlessness soon became unbearable, as they set aside the 
jtrocess of ordinary law, and abused its officers. Justice Black, 
of Daviess county, made an affidavit of their acts on the !)th of 
August, and called for military assistance. (>aptain Hogard 
resjjouded to the call, and went on duty with his C(»mpany as a 
posse comltatiis. He was sur|>rised. and had ten men kilK-d. mikI 
thirty wounded and taken prisoners by the Moimmous, who had 
four hundred men under ;irms. The (Governor tluMi called out 
twentv-five iiundreil niiliti;i, b\ wliicli the Afornions were ai-- 



116 AN ILLUSTRATED 

rested, thirty killed, among them two children, and many other 
acts of great violence done by both parties which can never be 
justified by a Christian people. Peace was restored by force of 
arms, but no harmony, for the inhabitants had shown they would 
not tolerate such unworthy people to remain in their midst. 
The Mormons prepared to leave — not in as limited time as when 
they came into the State, but with as universal consent as when 
they left Illinois.^ 

The first session of the tenth General Assembly commenced 

on the 19th day of November, 1838, and w^as duly organized. 

Lieutenant-Governor Cannon, president of the senate. 

1838. ' 

presiding in that body, with James L. Minor, secretary. 
In the House, Thomas H. Harvey, of Saline county, was unani- 
mously elected speaker, and Micajah V. Harrison, chief clerk. 
On the 20th, Governor Boggs communicated to the legislature 
his annual message. In it, he gave a statement of the financial 
affairs of the State. The amount paid into the treasury during 
the last two fiscal years, ending September 30tli, 1838, was, on 
account of revenue, $147,209.94. The amount expended for the 
same time was $140,384.32 — an excess of receipts over expenses 
of $0,825.12. Under the rate of taxation, it was estimated that 
the amount which would be received into the treasury during 
the next two fiscal years, a})])licable to the payment of the ordi- 
nary expenses of the government, would be $172,000, which, 
added to the amount of revenue in the Treasury on the 1st of 
October, 1838, would make the sum of $211,984.87, from which 
should be deducted the ordinary expense of the government, for 
the same length of time, estimated at $160,000; this would leave 
in the treasury, on the 1st day of October, 1840, the sum of 
$51,984.87. 

The Governor referred to the condition of the State Bank, and 
suggested amendments to its charter; a geological survey of the 
State, was strongly urged; a school system, similar to the one in 
use in the state of New York, was recommended to their fovor- 
able notice. The point, however, of the most moment, was a 
recommendation to petition Congress to grant, at once, to traders, 
the same debentures, on exports of foreign goods, to Chihuahua, 

lShepard'8 Uist. of St. Louis and Miseour', pp. 147, 148. 



HlSTOIiY OK MI8S0UKI. 117 

Mexico, as is allowed to shipping merchants, from New York, to 
the ports of that country. The Governor said: "If this plain 
])rinciple of justice was accorded, Missouri would employ iive 
hundred' wagons, and one thousand men annually in this trade, 
uiade douhly valuable by Chihuahua doing annually a s])ecie 
business of three millions. It is too, al)()ut equally distant fi-om 
Vera Cruz and St, Louis, From the latter city there is a cajutal 
wagon road, the whole route. Chihuahua has fifteen thousand 
inhabitants.'' 

Three hundred and twenty-five acts, mostly of a private and 
local character, were i)assed during this session. Among others, 
one to estal)lish a general system of Internal Improvements; one 
providing for the organization, support, and government of com- 
mon schools; another providing for the institution and support 
of a State University, and the government of colleges and acade- 
mies; one to establish a Second Branch Bank of Missouri, and, 
also, one to lease the State Penitentiary'. 

On the 26th of February, the two houses met in joint conven- 
tion, to elect a United States Senator. Thomas 11. Benton re- 
ceived seventy-five votes; Abiel Leonard, forty-eight votes. Mr. 
Benton was re-elected for the term of six years, from March 4th, 
1838. 

William Clark, the noted pioneer through the western wilds 
to the Pacific, died in the fall of 1838. He was the oldest 
xVmerican resident in St. Louis; he had been Governor of the 
territory of Missouri, from a few months after it was changed 
from Louisiaiui Territory until it l)ecamea State. Subsofiucntly, 
he became Superintendent of Indian Afiairs, for the Western 
Division, which office he held to his death. He was known to 
the wild tribes of Indians from the Mississippi to the Pacific, 
and they regarded him with a confidence and love, which bor- 
dered on idolatrv. They even knew his sio-iuiture; and, durinsr 
the stormy excitement which ])receded their going upon the w:ir 
path, either against the United States or s(»me liostile tribe, they 
would readily yield to his counsels. He died greatly regretted. 

At this time, the \alue of the fur trade to St. Louis, was huge. 
The skins shipped during the year 1838, were worth $-K)(t,000. 
Among the various kinds, the hides of the buftalo formed the 



118 AX II.I.rsTIlATKl) 

most important item, tlie Tinml^er being 50,000, estimate(i at 
$4.00 a piece, or $200,000. The prices at wliicli tlie various furs 
were obtained from the Indians, made it a profitable business to 
those engaged in it. 

At tlie election in August, for members of the legislature, 
twenty democrats and thirteen wliigs were elected to the sen- 
ate, and sixty-eight democrats, and thirty-nine whigs, 
to the assembly: making a democratic majority of 
twenty-six, on joint ballot. Albert G. Harrison, member elect of 
the House of Representatives of the United States, from Mis- 
souri, died at his residence near Fulton, on the 7th of September, 
and Governor Boggs pri>claimed a special election on the 28th 
of October, to till the vacancy existing, John -lameson was 
nominated by the Van Buren conv^ention and elected, there being 
no op])osing candidate. Thomas Reynolds was nominated for 
Governor and M. M. Marmaduke for Lieutenant-(Tovernor, and 
John (\ Edwards for member of Congress. 

During the year 1839,emigration to Missouri had been greater 
than any previous year. The Boone's Lick road, from the Mis- 
sissippi to the western cx)niines of the State, Avas filled with movers; 
and emigrants by thousands were seeking their new homes, both 
north and south of the Missouri. It was estimated that more 
than fifty thousand people emigrated to Missouri during the year. 
On account of low water in the Mississippi in the fall of this year, 
the lead trade from the upper mines was completely suspended 
for a time, as it was impossible to bring it over the rapids at a 
reasonable charge. At Galena, large quantities accumulated in 
the hands of dealers, uj3on which heavy advances had been made, 
which lay unproductive until there was a rise in the river. 

The result of the election of 1840, for State officers, was that 
,„,^ Thomas Reynolds received 29,625 votes for Governor, 

1940. " 

and John B. Clark, 22,212 — a majority of 7,418 in favor 
of Reynolds of the 51,837 votes polled. M. M. IMMrmaduke Mas 
elected Lieutenant-(TOvenior at the same time, and John Miller 
and John C Edwards, members of Congress, with a majority of 
about 7,000 votes each over their whig c()m])etitors. The demo- 
cratic noniiiK'cs were elected, and cast the vote of the State for 
Martin Van Uuren. 




:i'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,iiiiiiii;iii!:liiiiia;iii:ii;iiii;iiiii;iiii^^^ 



DR. T. R. H. SMITH 



CHAPTER XTTl. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS REYNOLDS AND 
M. M. iMARMAUUKE. 

1840—1844. 

The eleventh (Teiieml Arisenibly of tlie State comnienced its 
HTinual session on tlie 10th of November, 1840. Sterling I'rice 
was elected speaker of the House; the votes for officers standing 
fiftv-twofor the Van Buren candidates to thirty-eight for the whig 
candidates. In the Senate, Mr. Watson (Van Buren) was elected 
secretary. 

(xovenior Boggs, in his closing message, said that the State 
(lel)t was not large; that there was a surplus in the treasury; and 
that he was opposed to some of the projected improvemmits. 
Among the latter were the construction of the Iron Mountain 
railroad; the making of slack water in the Meramec; building a 
canal from the Meramec; and slacking the water in Salt river. 
These improvements, while valuable, he tlumght woidd cost too 
much money. The Osage river and (xrand river, lu»wever, were 
exceptions. He also said that since the difficulties and agree- 
ment upon a truce between the Council of Iowa and the 
county court of Clark county, " there had been no disturb- 
ance on the frontier. He urged that Missouri- sliould insist u|)on 
tlie boundary line she liad been contending for, and go before 
Congress with a memorial to that effi^ct. He also recommended 
that the proceeds of the sales of the sixteenth section of land for 
school purposes, be deposited in the State Bank for the benefit 
of the townships interested; and suggested that the State had ob- 
tained a bad reputation by reason of the Mormon difficulty, and 
wished the evidence in the case ])ublished. so as to retrieve her 
reputation. 

The legislature adjourned on the 21st of May, 1841. Among 
the important laws passed was one to re-apjiortion the 
State into senate and assembly districts; one establish- 
injr a branch of the Bank of the State of Missouri; and another 



120 AX IMJTSTKATKD 

for the issue of State bonds to the amount of $253,261. An 
act was passed to ascertain and settle tlie northern boundary 
line; one to survey and mark out the southern boundary line; 
one to organize counties, and define their boundaries; another to 
prevent frauds at elections: another to regulate groceries and 
dram shops; and another to establish a register's office. There 
were several memorials to (congress : one requesting the donation 
of certain swamp lands to the State; one on the subject of the 
northern boundary of Missouri; one requesting the sale of the 
tractions of land adjoining the French and Spanish concessions; 
another asking for a re-imbursement of money paid by the State 
in repelling an incursion of the Osage Indians; and another on 
the (lefense of the Western frontier and asking suitable protec- 
tion; also one on the subject of the raising of tobacco. The 
Assembly passed a bill making it an indictable offense to pass 
or receive a five dollar, or a ten dollar note, after January, 
1842; ])roviding that all contracts, the consideration of which, or 
any part thereof, should be in the prohibited bank notes, should 
be void ; and that after a debt had been once paid in such cur- 
rency, the person to whom the payment was made might sue and 
make the debtor pay it over again. This bill failed in tho Senate. 

At the election, in August, 1842, James B. Bowlin, James H. 
Rt'lfe, Gustavus B. Bower, and John Jameson, were elected mem- 
bers of (yongress. 

In the autumn of 1842, Hon. J. B, C. Lucas died. He had 
been one of the earliest settlers in Missouri, and held the 
ottice of judge of the highest tribunal of the District of 
Louisiana, by appointment from President Jeft'erson, and con- 
tinued in that position until the territory became a State. He 
had als(> been a])])ointe(l a commissioner to settle the land claims 
of upjK'r Louisiana, and held the otfice until 1S12. He was a 
man of iindoiibted probity and honor, and of most untiring indus- 
try and j)ersi'Vt'rance. 

The first session of the twelfth (reneral Assembly of the State 
began on the 21st of November, 1842; M. M. Marmaduke, Lieu- 
t^mant-(Tovernor, being president and H. L. Boone, secretary, of 
the Senate; and Sterling Price, speaker and James S. Watson, 
cliief clerk, of the Assembly. Governor Revnolds, in his message 



IIISTOUY OF MI8SOUKI. 121 

■on the 32(1, devoted a hivge portion to national atlairs. Banks and 
bank notes <iid not lind favor with him. The single district system 
for electing representatives to (congress was denounced, and he 
strenuously urged the legislature to jirotest against what he thought 
was an alarming attempt, on the part of the federal government, to 
control, by its mandate, the legislation of the State. lie was 
opposed to the distribution of the proceeds of the public lands. 
The ])assage by the House of Rej^resentatives of the bill to de- 
clare the boundary between Missouri and Iowa, was, in his 
opinion, objectionable. The bankrupt hiw he di-nounced; the 
])r()])riety of abolishing im])risonment for (lel)t during its exist- 
eucv Iteiiig suggested. The penitentiary for life was rec(»mmended 
as tit punishment for abolitionists who seize every opportun- 
ity to seduce slaves from their masters and aid them in making 
their escape; and the importance of protecting the Western 
frontier froTU the Indians assembled there, was urged both upon 
Oongress and the legislature. The remainder of the message was 
devoted to State aiiairs. Of Missouri's financial condition at that 
date this account was given: There had been paid into the treasury, 
from ordinary sources of revenue for the two last fiscal years, exclu- 
sive of the bahuice on hand,onthe 30th Se})tember, 1840, $260,518.- 
81, and the disbursements for the same period am{»unt«d to $233,- 
93(>.16, leaving a balance in the treasury of $33,588. Oo. This ex- 
cess, was produced in part by the collector of St. Louis C(»unty de- 
positing monthly the amount of revenue collected, instead of re- 
serving the whole amount, as heretofore, until his annual settle- 
ment, on the 1st of December. 

The debt of the State was considered small, compari'd with the 
other S<mthern and Western States, and amounted to $842,201 ; 
from which was to be deducted the amount of six ])er cent., held 
by the Haid< of the State of Missouri against an amount of bank 
Btock, owned by the State, to the amount of $272,203. <i<»; leaving 
the State debt, iiL reality, $509,997.40. 

Lewis Fields Linn was, l»y the legislature, in joint convention, 
on the 23d, re-elected without opposition United States Senator, 
for six years, from March 4th, 1843. He received one hundred and 
nineteen, out of one hundred and twenty-nine votes. Linn was 
born near the present city of Lc^uisville, on the 5th of November, 



122 AN IKUISTKATKI) 

1795. lie was a son of Asael Linn, of the same place, and a o-rand- 
son of AVilliani Linn, of the Revolution. His parents emigrated 
from Pennsylvania at that early period, when there were few whitt* 
people on the banks of the Ohio river. His mother was twice mar- 
ried, ller tirst husband was Israel Dodge, the father of Henry 
Dodge who was subsequently United States Senator from, and 
Governor of, Wisconsin. Linn commenced the study of medicine 
with Dr. Gault, of Lcmisville, and ultimately proceeded to Phila- 
del})hia to complete his medical education; after which he re- 
moved to Ste. GeneAaeve. where he established himself in the 
practise of his profession. In 1833, he was aj^pointed, by Presi- 
dent Jackson, to act as one of the commissioners to settle the old 
French land claims in Missouri. On the death of United States- 
Senator Alexandei- Buckner, he was ap])ointed, by Governor 
Dunklin, to fill his place; which appointment was confirmed by 
the Senate. He was elected, in 1836, to the same office and served 
a full term of six years. He did not long survive his second 
election to the Senate. He died suddenly at his residence, in Ste. 
Genevieve, October 3, 1843, aged 48 yeai-s. The state of Mis- 
souri erected an elegant monument over his remains, by a uiumi- 
mous vote of the legislature, David li. Atchison was appoint- 
ed by the Governor to fill the xacancy occasioned by his death. 

Among the laws passed at the session of the legislature of 
1842-3, was one giving an indirect but effective stay upon all 
executions for twelve months. The majority in its favor 
was large and commanded nearly the full vote of the 
democratic members. Acts were also passed to provide for ])ay- 
ing the interest on State bonds; to establish branches of the 
Bank of the State of Missouri; to suppress the circulation of 
small bank-notes and other depreciated |)a])er; to ap})oint a ci)m- 
missioner, who, with others, should ascei'tain, survey, and mark <Mit 
the northern boundary line of the State; to provide for the call of a 
convention to revise the old, or make a new State constitution; to 
prevent free ])ers<)ns of color from entering the State; to abolish 
imprisonment for debt; to j)rovide foi' the selection and sale ot* 
lands grunted to the State by act of (congress, 1S41; to abolish 
lotteries and ])rohil)it the sale of lottery tickets; and to incorpor- 
ate the citv of St. Louis. 



HlbTUKY OF Ml.S.SUUKl. 123 

During tlie month of Februarv. 1843, the legislature was en- 
gaged as a court of impeachment for the trial of Jt)hii D.Leland, 
Judge of the second judicial circuit, for want of legal qualitications 
for tlie office and for other causes. At the conclusion of the trial, 
a resolution was introduced, requesting the Governor of the State 
to remove him from office. The resolution was rejected by a vote 
of sixteen ayes to sixteen noes. 

The Iron mountain in Washington county received much at- 
tention about this time. A writer in a St. Louis newspaper said : "It 
is about a mile broad at the base, four hundred feet high and three 
miles long, and has the appearance of l)eing composed of masses of 
iron oi'e. It is literally a mountain of ore, so pure that ityields from 
70 to 80 per cent, under the ordinary process for converting it into 
malleal)le iron. At the base, the ore lies in pieces from a pound 
weight upward, which increase in size as you ascend, until they 
assume the appearance of huge rocks, which would remind the be- 
holder of those 'fragments of an earlier world' of which the Titans 
made use. Six miles south-east in Madison county, is another 
mountain called ' Pilot Knob,' composed ot a micaceous oxide of 
iron, lying in huge masses. This ore will yield about 80 per cent, 
of metal." 

In referring to the lead mines of Missouri, it is stated on re- 
liable authority, that the number of jx)unds produced in 1840 was 
5,285,455, from twenty-one smelting furnaces, employing two 
hundred and fifty-two hands, with a capital of $235,806. Of 
this amount, AVashington county produced 1,107,000 pounds; St. 
P'ranyois, 1,155,000 pounds; Madison, 1,263,455 jxiunds. The 
amount of lead produced in the State from 1825 to 1835, when 
the superintendence was transferred to the War Department, was 
5,151,252 pounds. 

Governor Thomas Reynolds committed suicide at Jefferson 
eity, on the 9th of February, 1844, by shooting himself through 
the head with a pistol. Ileliuijored several hours in great 
agony. He had been in ill health for some time previous. 
He gave as a reason for the act, the violence of his political eue- 
niic)^. He was evidently in an unsound st<ate of mind. Governor 
Iveynolds was a native uf Ivrntucky, and emigrated to Illinois, 
where his abilities soon promoted him to the otllce of Judge of 



124 AX ILLUSTRATED 

the Supreme Court. He came to Missouri in 1828, and filled, 
with distino^uished honor, the several offices of Legislator, Judge 
and Governor. 

The democratic State convention, which met in the spring of 
1844, nominated John C. Edwards for Governor and James 
Youns: for Lieutenant-Governor. Ex-Governor Daniel Dunk- 
lin died at his residence in Jefferson county, on the 25th ot J uly, 
in the 55th year of his age. Pie had long been distinguished 
in the politics of the State, and had secured the respect and 
esteem of a great body of its inhabitants. The election in the 
State for members of Congress, had been for many years upon a 
general ticket. This year there were five members to be chosen; 
but, as the legislature refused to recognize the authority of 
Congress in regard to dividing the State into Congressional 
districts, they were to be elected as heretofore. 

There was considerable feeling manifested in reference to the 
election being carried on in this manner^ and, as the whig party 
professed to believ3 that it was not a legal method of electing Con- 
gressmen, they refused to nominate candidates, and suffered the elec- 
tion to go by default. Their opponents were divided and had two 
tickets of their <nvn; one of which was popularly known as "The 
Hards," the other "The Softs;" — names derived from their hard or 
^oft money ideas. One of these parties (the "Hards') was friendly 
to the re-election of Benton to the United States Senate, whose 
term expired the 4th of March, 1845. The "Softs" were opposed 
to his re-election and long dominant influence in the State. The 
"Hards" were in majority in the democratic conv^ention, and made 
all their nominations accordingly. The "Softs" nominated a full 
ticket for Governor, senators and delegates, in opposition. Judge 
Allen, an independent candidate, ran against the regularly nomi- 
nated candidate for Governor, and was supported by the "Softs," 
and generally, by the whigs. The result of the election was, for 
Governor, John C. Edwards, 36,978; Charles II. Allen, 81,857: 
Edwards' majority, 5,021. For Lieutenant-Governor, James 
Young, 36,307; William B. Almond, 29,680: Young's majority, 
6,627. For Members of Congress, John S. Pliel])s. James R. 
Bowlin, Sterling Price, James H. Relfe, and Leonard J. Sims, 
were elected. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 1 i:') 

Tlie question sulmiitted to the vote of the people ut this 
election, whether to call a convention to anieml the constitution 
and to equalize representation among the several coimtii-s wa* 
decided in the affirmative by a large majority. This convention 
was required to meet on the third Monday in Noveml)er, 1845, 
at Jeiferson city, "to form and prepare a new constitution for the 
State." The constitution thus formed was to be submitted to the 
vote of the people at the election in August, 1846; and, if rati- 
fied by them, was to be declared the supreme law of the State, 
by the legislature which was to assemble in November, 1846. 

The question for districting the State for choosing representa- 
tives to Congress, was made a question in electing members of 
the legislature. A very decided majority of the members elected 
were favorable to this change in the law. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

ADMINISTRATION (»F GOVERNOR JOHN C. EDWARDS. 

1844—1848. 

The first session of the thirteentli General Assembly met at 
Jefferson City, on the 18th day of November, 1844. \l. K. 
Acock was elected -president, pro tevipore, of the Senate, in the 
absence of the j)resident, and W. C Jones, secretary. In the 
Assembly, C. F. Jackson was elected speaker and William Gil- 
pin, chief clerk. On the 19th, Governor Marniaduke sent to 
the legislature his annual message. He commenced by stating 
that, in consequence of the death of the late Thomas Tleynolds, 
Governor of the State, the Executive office devolved on him 
undei' the organic laws of the State. He referred to the fact that 
the circulating medium of the State had been greatly improved, 
and that, in his opinion, at no previous date had the the currency 
been in a sounder or better condition. All the depreciated and 
worthless paper of the State had ceased to circulate among the 
])eople, and in its place, could then be seen, a fair proportion of 
silv^er and gold— the only true representatives of value. He re- 
ferred to the action of Congress, in relation to the northern 
boundary line, and that it would be necessary for the legislature 
to give its consent to the settlement of the line in dispute, in the 
manner therein proposed. He referred to the deaths of Ex-Gov- 
ernor Dunklin, and Hon. Lewis F. Linn, and paid a fitting trib- 
nte to their virtues and the ])ublic loss. He referred to there- 
suit of the late election, that it was the will and pleasure of a major- 
ity of the people that a con\ention to amend or alter the old, or 
make a new constitution, should be held in November following, 
lie recommended laying ofi' the State into five equal districts ah 
near as might be, for the ])urpose of electing, in future, the Ileprt'- 
sentatives in Congress. The annexation of the Republic of Texas 
he heartily approved, and believed that an overwhelming majority 
of the people of Missouri desired it. He recommended a mem- 




JOHN F. PHILIPS. 



JllSroitV OF MISSOTKI. 127 

oriul to Couij^reiss, i^^nuitiiiij^ to tlie Stutt' a lar^j^ tract of country 
in the soutli-easteru part of the State, known as the "Grejit 
Swamp'' — to be donated to tlie several counties, upon condition 
they would undertake to drain the hind tlius (h)nated. lie reconi- 
niendecl the i-rection of a State Lunatic Asyhini, and assistance 
for the support of tlie State University. 

The two Mouses met in joint convention the same day, to 
count the votes for (rovernor and Lieutenant-Cxovernor, which 
sh(»wed a nuijority of the votes for John (/. Edwards for Gov- 
ernor; he having received 36,978, and Charles K. Allen, 31,357. 
Janu's Y(mng, for Lieutenant-CTOvernor, received 36,307 votes, and 
William B. Almond, 20,(580. The successful candidate's were, on 
the following (hiv, duly (pialilied, and (lovernor Edwards delivered 
liis inauiifural Messam-. The two Houses met in convention, in the 
afterni»on of the same day, to electa United States Senator to fill the 
vacancy caused by the death of Lewis F. Linn, and one t(» fill the 
})lace of Thonuis 11. Benton whose term of office would expire on 
the 4th of March, lS4r>. David K. Atchison feceived lol votes, 
and Benton seventy-four \<>ti's. Both were declared elected, the 
former for four, and the latter for the term of six years from ^[arch 
4, LS45. The re}»oi-t of the auditor of Public Accounts showed 
the receipts into the Treasury, the two fiscal years ending IJOth 
Septembei-, 1S44, rV;435, 309.82; and the warrants di-awn on the 
Treasury for the same period, $37(i,!>8T.40. The official vote for 
Presidential Electors, in 1844, gave Polk electors 41,369; (May 
electors, 31,251: nuijority for the former, 10,118. The census of 
the State, taken the same year, showed a population of 511,937, 
of which number 70,300,were slaves. The increase of population 
since 1840,was about thirty-three per cent.; at the latter date it 
was 383,782. 

The year 1844 was a menutrable one on acctuiut ol' the gri;at 
rise of the Mississippi river. In .lime, the Missouri and Illinois 
commenced to rise rapidly and overflow their banks, and the 
Mississippi (piickly began to feel the effects of it. By the 18th 
of the month, nearly all the inhabitants of the American bottom 
had fled from their homes, and taken refuge on the high lands, 
where many were inastateof suffering and destitution. Boats plied 
between St. Louis and the bluffs, and thu destitute were supplied 



128 AN ILLUSTRATED 

as far us possible by tbe charity of tlie people of St. Louis. Some 
families were found, five or six miles back from the river, living^ 
in the upper stories of their isolated dwellings, liaving no means 
of escape. The captains of the steamboats were indefatigable 
in their exertions to save life and property. In St. Louis, there 
were more than Hve hundred persons who had been driven from 
their homes by the Hood, and all of tliein dependent upon the 
bounty of the citizens tor their support. It was fortunate that it 
was summer, and that inferior lodgings were no great deprivation. 
The Mississippi did not attain its greatest elevation until the 24th 
of June, when it was seven feet seven inches, above the city Direc- 
trix, at St. Louis. There had been, previous to this time, three 
great floods; one in 1785, one in 1811, and another in 1836. Of 
these, the one in 1785, was the highest; but none of them attained 
the elevation of the flood of 1844. 

The legislature adjourned on the 28th of March, 1845, having 

passed nearly six hundred laws. On the receipt of the news of 

the ])ass!tge of the resolutions of Texas amiexation 

lS4.'i. 

thrcjugh the United States Senate, at Jett'erson City, the 
democratic members of the lejjislature held a meetiuij: of con- 
gratulation. They adopted resolutions expressing cordial appro- 
bation of the result. A resolution was also adopted in relation 
to Mr. Benton, to the effect that for a time, some of the friends 
of annexation might not have approved of his course; "yet, now 
that his wisdom, sagacity, foresight and firmness are manifested, 
in effecting this important result, all do freely and unitedly accord 
to him the highest praise, a» his just desert, and hall the annex- 
ation of Texas as the re-union of political friends." 

Another resolution was passed, complimentary to Senator Atch- 
ison; and a third, declaring that " the gratitude of the American 
people, and of the friends of liberty throughout the world, is 
especially due to the venerable patriot, Andrew Jackson, for the 
distinguised part he has taken in favor of the annexation of 
Texas to the Union." Laws were enacted at this session, provid- 
ing for the surrender and cancellation of certain State bonds, and 
to provide for the ])ayment and redemption of other bonds; for 
the settlement of the (piestion of the northern boundary line; 
and also for the organization of new counties; the incorporation 



HISTOHY OF MFSSOUKI. 129 

of towns and cities; and for the layini^ out of State roads, 
Otlier laws, of a private and local character, were likewise passed. 
There was some trouble in the spring of this year, in the 
northern part of the State, near the Iowa territorial boundary. 
The sheriff of one of the border counties, while attempting to 
execute a writ for a breach of the peace, was assailed by a num- 
ber of persons of Davis county, Iowa. The prisoners, whom 
the slioriff had arrested, were rescued, aTul the sheriff himself 
taken into custody, for exercising illegal authority within the 
territory. The trial came oft' before Judge Morgan, of the dis- 
trict court, and i-esulted in the conviction of the Missouri sheriff. 
The penalty was imprisonment in the penitentiary. The Judge 
sentenced him to ten days' coniinement; but, before the sentence 
could be carried into executi(»n, Grovernor John Cluimbers par- 
doned him. 

The people of the State were much irritated by these proceed- 
ings. Tliey said that tlie people within the disputed territory 
enjoyed the right of voting at their elections, and were represented 
in the legislature; yet, when it did not suit them to acknowledge the 
jurisdiction of the State, they claimed to belong exclusively to 
Iowa territory. By a law i)assed by the last legislature, the Gov- 
ernor of Missouri was authorized to take measures to brinjr the 
(juestion before the United States Supi-eme Court; and the newspa- 
])er press urged that " no time should be lost, in i)lacing the subject 
in such position that a decision might be obtained at the next 
term of that court;" as tlie dispute was a source of great annoy- 
ance to all living along the line. 

At the electir»n in August, sixty-six members were chosen by 
the peo])le to a convention, to re-model the constitution of the 
State. The convention convened at the State ca])itol, on the 17th 
of J^ovember, 1845, and organized by the elecrtion of Robert W. 
Wells, as president; Claiborne ¥. Jackson, vice-president; and 
K. Walker, secretary. It was composed of some of the most able 
and (listin<;uislied men of the State. The wh<»le orjj^anic law was 
examined and changed in nuuiy res])ects. The constitu- 
tion was ado]>ted, by a vote <»f forty-nine to thirteen of 
the members, and submitted to the vote of the people for their ap- 
proval. The convention adjourned, sine die, January 14th, 1840. 

9 



130 AN rLLUSTRATKD 

On the reception of the news at 8t. Louis of war actually exist- 
ing between the United States and Mexico, the city and the people 
of the State irenerallv. were thrown into the wildest excitement. 
Volunteers Hocked to the standard of the United States, and 
the "St. Ivonis Leiiion." under the command of (3olonel Easton, 
heiran imniediately to ])repare for the regions west of the Kio 
(Irande. S(une of the volunteers not being ])ro])er1y e(pii]>- 
ped for the campaign, efforts were made by Judge Mullanphy to 
obtain funds from the State l>ank of Missouri, which for some 
reason was unsuccessful. The citizens of St. Louis voluntarily 
subscribed near six thousand dollars for this purpose, hi a few 
days the " Legion " departed for the seat of war, after receiving 
a public ovation, which demonstrated the deep interest of all the 
citizens in their welfare. 

About the middle of Ma}-, 184G, Governor Edwards called for 
volunteers to join the army of the west — an expedition to Santa 
Fe. A cor])s of mounted volunteers, eai'ly in June, began to ar- 
rive at F(»rt Leavenworth, the ap])ointed rendezvous. The first 
regiment was fully organized on the 18th of the month, and 
Alexander AV. Doni])han was chosen colonel; C. F. Ruif, 
lieutenant-colonel; and William (Tilj)in, nuijor. A battalion ot 
light artillery from St. Louis; batallions of infantry from Platte 
and Cole counties; the " Laclede Rangers.'" from St. Louis: in all 
1,658 men, with sixteen pieces of ordnance, were under the com- 
mand of General Ste})hen W. Kearny. The command reached 
Santa Fe on tlie I8th of August, and took part in the successful 
descent upon (chihuahua, under Golonel Doniphan, — General 
Kearnv liavini; left for the Pacific coasr. In the summer of 
1846, Sterling Price, member of (/ongress from Missouri, re- 
siirned, and was designated by President Polk to command 
anotlier regiment of volunteers from Missc»uri, to reinforce 
the '' Army of the West." This force consisted of a full 
mounted regiment, one mctunted extra battalion, and one bat- 
talion of Mormon infantry. The complement was soon raised 
from the counties of lioone, Benton, Carroll, Chariton, Linn, 
Livingston, Monroe, li^indolph, Ste. Genevieve, and St. Louis. 
Price was elected colonel and D. D. Mitchell, lieutenant-colonel. 
Price proceeded with his command over the same route ]>ursned 



IIISTOIIY OF MISSOITRI. 131 

hv Kcrtniy and Doniplian, and on tlie 28th of Se]iteinl)er, ar- 
rived at Santa Vv. In Angust, Governor Edwards made another 
recpiisition for one thousand men to consist of infantry, to be 
ready to march ch)se in tlie rear of Colonel Price's command. 
The number was raised in a short time, and Majoi- Douglierty 
was chosen cohmel; but. before receiving n^arcliing orders, tlio 
President countermanded the order under svhicli tlie force was 
mustered. A battle M'as tought at Brazito, near EI Paso, be- 
tween a detachment of 450 IVrissouri volunteers ujider Doniphan, 
and a body of Mexican cavab-y and artillery, numbering 1,100. 
The ^Mexicans were defeated with a loss of 03 killed and 150 
wounded. They also lost one howitzer, the only pieceof artillery 
in the engagement. The Americans had six womided. On the 
:^8th of February, 1847, Doniphan with his volunteers, numbering 
9:24 men and six ])ieces of artillery, met and fought in the pass of 
the Sacramento. 4.000 Mexicans under General Heredia, who were 
jxtsted Avitli ten ])ieces of artillery. The Mexicans were defeated 
with the loss of 300 killed and 40 prisoners, and all their artillery 
and baggage taken. The American loss was one killed and eight 
W(»unded. In these engagements, the Miss(»uri troo])s did nobly; 
acting creditably to themselves and to their State. 

The new constitution was brought before the people for i-atiti- 
■catioii or rejection in August, 1840. It was freely discussed by 
the press previous t(» the electi(»n, but failed by about 9,000 votes 
of being adopted; the whole number of votes cast was about 
♦iO.O(»(). Atthe same election, J. I>. Bowlin,fIohn Jameson, James 
S. Green. John S. Phelps and Willard P. Hall were elected Gon- 
gressmen. 

Tlie fourteenth General Assembly convened at the State capital, 
on the KJtli of November, 1846. Lieutenant-Goveriu)r James 
Young took his seat as president of the Senate, and E. P. Pawing 
was elected secretary. In the Assembly, Claiborne F. Jackson 
was elected s])eakei- and B. F. Massey, chief clerk. Governor 
Edwards, in his messaire to the leu^islature, said that the north- 
ern boundary case still remained unsettled, and that further 
legislation seemed to be re(piired on the subject; that the sale of 
the 500,000 acres of public land, granted to the State by Congress 
for internal improvements, ought to be ajiplied to the improve- 



132 AN ILLUSTRATED 

ment of tlie large navigable streams of the State; that the revenue 
for the last two years amounted to $330, 753.^; tliat the ordin- 
ary expenses of the State government fctr the same ]>eriod — 
including the expense of holding the State convention, which 
was about $15,000 — amounted to $247,274.78; showing an ordi- 
nary revenue above ordinary expenses of $83,478.82; and that 
the militia law was defective, and a new law onglit to be enacted. 
lie then referred to the rejection of the new constitution, by a 
vote of the people; and vindicated the Missouri troops from 
aspersions cast on their services during the Mexican war. He 
closed by recommending the common school system of the State; 
the establishment of manufactories; the improvement of the roads 
and navigable streams; a geological survey of the State; and other 
improvements. 

During the session, the legislature adopted resolutions request- 
ins: the Governor to furnish its members with certain items of 
executive expenditure. His Excellency transmitted a document 
in reply, which was pronounced by the newspapers, remarkably 
" tart and bitter." The following is a portion of it: " In the next 
place, with due respect to the honorable nujver, the answer is, tliat 
the expenses of the executive were various; his breakfast, his 
dinner, or his tea, when he had time and ap])etite to eat it; an 
apple or a sponge-cake, a piece of cheese or a cracker, a glass of 
brandy or sonu? old rye, when, from hard travel, much fatigue, or 
great want of sleep, he was too unwell to take more substantial 
food, or else from rapid traveling, had no time to stop and get it; 
the blacking of his boots, or the brushing of the dust out of his 
coat, or hiring a servant to hasten his dinner, instead of forcing 
him to eat through a series of courses; hack hire and omnibus 
fare, porterage and drayage, stage fare, railroad fare, steamboat 
fare on the lakes, gulfs, rivers and bays; all these, and various 
other items, multi])lied many times over, making, perhaps, thou- 
sands in the trip of six thousand miles, make u|) the items of ex- 
pense to the executive; a long list, hard to get and hard to give." 
It is j>resumed that this report was satisfactory to the mover and 
legislature. ' 

Among the important laws passed at this session was one to pro- 
vide for paying expenses of subsisting and forwarding troops for the 




-^ ..-/< 



a^<-^i^. 



HISTUKY OF MlStJOUUI. 183 

Mexican war; one concerning tlie northern boundary line of the 
State; one to provide tor the instruction of the deaf, dumb and 
blind; and ojie to establish an Asylum for the insane. An act 
was also passed to regulate the interest of nu)ney; one to reg- 
ulate, govern and disci])liue the militia; and one respecting 
slaves, free negroes and mulattos. A large nuinber of private 
and local laws were likewise passed. There were, also, memorials 
sent to Congress: one on the subject of organizing a territory west 
of Missouri; one for the construction of a railroad from Ilaunil)al 
to St. Joseph, and asking a grant of lands for tliat ])urpose; 
also one for the improvement of the Osage river; one for tbe re- 
covery of fugitive slaves, and enforcing the laws on that 
subject; and one for a grant of lands to the State, the pro- 
ceeds of which to be devoted to reclaiming the great swamps in 
southern Missouri. The legislature continued in session until 
the 16th of February, 1847, when it adjourned. 



CHAPTER XV. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR AUSTIN A. KING. 

1848—1852. 

At the election of State officers ami members of Coiij^ress in 
August, 1848, Austin A. King, democratic candidate, received 
48,921 votes for (xovernor and his opponent James S. Ilollins, 
33,968 votes. For Lientenant-Cxovernor, Thomas L Price received 
48,170 votes.; Ilendrick, 32,936. Tlie Congressmen elected were 
James B. Bowliii, William V. X. 1%, James S. Green, Willard 
P. Hall and John 8. Phelps. 

The tifteenth (leneral Assembly convened on the 25tli of De- 
ceml'pi-. In the Ilonse, Alexander -M. Robinson, of Platte 
county, was elected speaker and Penjamin F. Massey, 
clerk; Lieutenant-Governor Thomas L. Price, presided 
in the senate: James II. Britton, of Troy, was chosen secretary. 
Governoi- Edwards sent in his valedictory message on the 26th, 
and Govei'nor King, his successor, after being duly qualilied, de- 
livered his inaugural on the following day. Edwards announced 
that the State had ceased to be a borrower, and had commenced 
the payment of its debts: said also that the revenue of the last 
two fiscal years was $416,643; that there had been e\]>ended dur- 
ing the same tiiTie $389,000, leaving a surplus of $27,000. He 
further stated that the settlement of the boundary between Mis- 
souri and Iowa was iu a fair way of adjustment; and that no 
provision had yet been made for a State Lunatic Asylum. The in- 
crease of the executive salary was recommended; and the Gov- 
ernor plainly stated that, even with this increase, it was a des- 
picable office for any man to be condemned to hold. He declaimed 
that one of his predecessors resigned before his term was out: 
another did the same, — leaving the office with his reputation in- 
jured by detraction; the next commitred suicide; and he, himself, 
had been forced to walk the streets of the capital armed, to ])rotect 
himself from assassins. He recommended ^ouie j)roper dispo- 



HISTORY OF MiSSOUKl. 1H5 

sition of the Sacramento trophies, mikI the o»ii>n-m*rion of a Stato 
sirsenal. The subject of internal inijuvAt'iiiciits was favorably 
nonced; a division of labor as a means of increasin«; the wealth 
oi' the State was sut^gested; and the fouudiuij of a inaiuial labor 
school for tlie education of teachers was recommended. The at- 
tention of tlie let^islature was called t«^ the subject of a railroad 
from the Mississippi to the I^icitic. Severe censure was expr(!ssed 
toward the parent bank of the State, foi- its refusal to endorse the 
Siaie bonds. He opposed the law, vesting the right of property 
in tlie wife disrinct from her husband, and was decidedly in favor 
)f their interests being united, and strongly advised the exeni])- 
tion of homesteads of families from execution. 

(xovernor King, in his inaugural, advocated tlu' strict acc<junt- 
ability of otHce-holders to tlie people; the organization of public 
schools; a geological survey of the State; useful internal improve- 
ments; and the draining of the southern swamps, at the expense 
of the General government, to whom the lands ])roposed to be 
im])rove(l, belonged, lie ho[)ed that, in entertaining iiu]»i-ove- 
ment ])rojects, they would stear clear of the evils entailed ou 
other States by extravagance. The CTOveriior closed by giving his 
views, at considerable length, on the slavery question. 

The Senate adopted resolutions declaring that legislaticui by 
Congress to aflect slavery in any j)art of tlu; United States, violated 
the spirit of the constitution; that any legislation to exclude 
slavery from the concpiered territories would be a like violation; 
that the right to prohibit slavery in any territory belonged only to 
the people of such territory; that, in any conflict involving the 
princi]>les above declared. Missouri would be on the side of the 
slave-holding States; and that their Senators are instructed to act 
in conformity to these resolutions. They were concurre«l in by the 
Assembl}^ signed by the Governor, and copies sent to the Govern- 
ors of difterent States, and the members of Congress from Missouri. 
One of the principal laws passed at this session was an act to reform 
the pleadings and ])ractice in courts of justice, — a veiy complete law 
on that subject. Memorials to Congress were passed on the subject 
of a railroad tc^ the Pacitic coast; — for a governmental geological 
survey of the State; — for a grant of lands for the construcrinn of 
tlie Hannibal and St. Joseph, and Missouri and Mississi])pi rail- 



l:\6 AX IM.ITSTUATKD 

roads; — for reclamation of the swamp lands in south-east Mis- 
souri ; — and for a ])ension for the soldiers of the war of 1812. 

The northern boundary question, whicli iiad for a number of 
years been pronunent in the history of the State, was settled by 
a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in favor of 
Iowa. The St. Louis "Republican," referring afterward to it, 
said: " This decisi(m is final, — it being the result of an agreed 
case between the parties, and settles the question of boundary. 
The county of Schuyler, aiid perhaps other territory, over which 
Missouri has always claimed and exercised jurisdiction, is, by 
this decision, determined to belong to Iowa, and will hereafter 
foi-m a part of that State. This result is unexpected, and may be 
productive of some inconvenience. The population of the 
county, in 1848, was about three thousand five hundred, most of 
wliom, we imagine, wdl dislike being thrown into a free state, 
though it hai)i)ens, fortunately, that they own only a few slaves. 
The total number, at the last census, was only twenty -four." 

The election for President and Vice-President of the United 
States took place- in November. The Taylor electors received 
32,671 votes; the Cass electors, 40,077: majority for Cass, 7,406. 
The members of C(mgress elected this year were John F. 
Dar})y, Gilchrist Porter, John G. Miller, Willard P. Hall, and 
John S. Phelps. The city of St. Louis was visited with a de- 
structive fire, in the month of May, 1849. It broke out on the 
steamer White Cloud. In a short time, twenty-three 
steamboats were consumed, some with very valuable car- 
goes on board. Many buildings were blown up to stop the pro- 
griiss of the fire; and several valuable lives lost. About four 
hundred buildings were destroyed, a number of them large whole- 
sale establishments. The steamers, with their cargoes, and the 
])roduce on tlie landing, were valued at $51S,0(»(»; the buildings, 
at $(i(>2,00(); merchandise, $654,950: which, added tt) furniture, 
provisions, clothing, and other articles, made tlu' whole loss about 
$2,750,000; alxrnt two-thirds of it being covered by insurance. 
Tlu^ cholera, during the summer, was very fatjd. 

The sixteenth General Assembly convene* 1 on the 30th of De- 
cember, 1S50; Thomas L. Price, Lieutenant-(iovi'rnor, ))residing in 
the Senate, llichard U. liees being elected secretary. Nathaniel 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 137 

W. "Watkins was electeil speaker <»f the Assembly; George W. 
Huston, clerk. The recei))ts into the treasury for the 
two years ending September 30th, 1850, were $787,088.71 ; 
the balance in the treasury, October 1st, 1848, was $405,404.90: 
making a total of $1,192,493.61. The expenditures during the 
same period were $532,585.82; leaving a balance of $()59,907.79, 
of which sum, $569,036.19 belonged to the revenue fund. The 
State debt, exclusive of the surplus revenue deposited with the 
State, was $922. 2«!, Avhich was the exact amount of the State bonds 
outstanding; $34,000 of the bonds were redeemed and cancelled 
during the year. The legislature adi\>urned, Marcii 3d, 1851. 

Governor King, in his message, recommended a re-organization 
of the Bank of the State of Missouri, and to disconnect the State 
from it; also, that an act be passed authorizing the State to sell 
the stock held in her own right, and to withdraw from the baidi 
as stock, the university and ct»mm(ni school funds. He suggested 
a revision of the assessment and collection laws, and the passage 
of a homestead exem]>tion law. The boundary line between 
Missouri and Iowa, he stated, had been settled by the Su])reme 
Court of the United States; and that commissioners had been ap- 
pointed to establish and define the same according to its decision, 
and that notes and maps had been tiled in the otKce of the Secre- 
tary of State. lie referred tt) the act of Congress to drain the 
swam|» lands of the new States, and recommended a transfer of 
these lands to the counties in which they lie; and that a plan for 
tiieir reclamation be revised, and conducted under a Board of in- 
ternal improvement, in each county where such lands are located, 
lie recommended some changes m the common school law; the 
election of a State su])erintendent of Public Instruction, to have 
the chai-ge of that department; and the election, also, of county 
su])erintendents of scliotils. The railroad interests of the State 
were commended to the legislature. A liberal policy, he thought, 
ought to be adopted towtird railroad companies. He closed by 
giving his views at length on the subject of slavery. He was 
opposed to agitation of the subject in any way by the General 
government, and insisted that the rights of the slave owner, 
within the States, were secured by a ])lain, constitutioTud pro- 
vision, with which it ha<l no right t(» interfere. 



188 AN IMJ^<TKATKD 

Tlu' leirislature met in ioiiit convention on the lUtli of January. 
1851, to elect a United States Senator; failing in which on that 
(lay, the convention met from time to time until tlie 2:^(1, when, 
on the fortieth Italiot, Ilenrv S. Geyer i-eceived eighty votes; 
Thomas IT. Benton, lifty-tive votes; B. B. F. Stringfellow, eight- 
een votes; and four votes scattering. Mr. Geyer was declared 
elected for six yeai-s, from March 4th, 1851. 

Of the im})ortant hiws enacted, one was an act providing for 
the education of the blind; anotlier to cancel State l)onds and to 
settle with the J>ank of the State of Missouri. There was also 
one passed to establish an asylum for the deaf and (himb; one to 
provide for the organization and government of the State Lunatic 
Asyhim; and one to provide for the reclamation and sale of over- 
flowed and swamp lands, and donating the same to the counties 
in which they lie. Memorials to Congress w(*i'e ])assed, — one for a 
homestead law, and aiu>ther for a grant of lands to the North Mis- 
souri railroad and to the Lexington and Daviess county railroad. 

During the year, progress had been made on the St. Louis and 
Pacilic railroad. Forty-five miles had been ])ut under contract 
and about one thousand hands em[)loyed upon it. The State had 
promised to aid the company with $2,000,000 whenever the lat- 
ter should raise a similar amount by private subscription. 

The election of State officers, nuunbers of Oongress and Presi- 
dent aii<] Vice-President of the Fnited States took [)lace this 
year, 1852; there was more than ordinary interest mani- 
tested. The res\dt showed that Stei'ling I^rice, of Char- 
iton, received for Governor, 40,245 votes; his o])ponent, Winston, 
32,784: Price's majority, 18,401. Wilson Brown of Ga])e Girar- 
deau, received for Lieutenant-Governor, 40,251) votes, a majoi-ity 
of 18,717 over King, his opponent. The members of Congress 
elected were Thomas IL I>enton, Alfred W. Lamb, John (t. Mil- 
ler, Mordecai Oliver. John S. Phel])s, Janu's J. Lindley and Sam- 
uel Carruthers. The democratic Presidential candidates, E. D. 
Bevett, Alexander Kayser, II. F. Gray, W. I). McCracken, V. F. 
Jackson, d. 1). Stevenson. (\ F. Holly, J. ^L Gate wood and Tlol)ert 
E. Acock were elected by a nuijority of 8.809. They subsecpiently 
cast the vote of the State for Franklin Pierce foi- Pri'sident, and 
Willliaiti P. King for Vice-President. 




FOSTER P. WRIGHT 



HISTORY OF MISSOIKI. 139 

Tlie called .session ot' the seventeenth Generiil Assembly con- 
vened on the 30th day of Angust, 1S52, agreeably to a proclama- 
tion of Governor King. The contest for speaker of the House, 
ut this session, was very exciting; after forty-eiglit ineffectual 
I)allots had been taken, Reuben Shelby, of Perry county, was 
elected by a coalition of the free soil democrats and free soil wliigs. 
Governor King, in his message, said that the act of Congress 
granting a portion of the public lands to aid in the construction 
of railroads, among other things j)i-ovides that a copy of the lo- 
cation made under the direction of the legislature should be for- 
warded to the proper local land offices and to the general land 
otHce at Washington (yity, within ninety days after the com- 
pletion of the same: and it further provided that the lands granted 
as aforesaid to the State should be sul)jected to the disposal of 
the legislature, for the purposes specified in the act. lie 
fiu'ther stated that, in his (tpinion, these lands were not the prop- 
erty of the res})ective railroad companies, but were vested in the 
State of Missouri to be suly'ected to the disposal of the legisla- 
ture. He discussed the policy of investing the proceeds of these 
lands as stock in the respective roads. 

The session of the legislature adjourned on the 25th of Decem- 
ber, after passing bills to expedite the construction of the North 
Missouri railroad, and to accept the grant of lands from Con- 
gress to aid in the construction ot the Hannibal and St. fFoseph 
and other railroads in the State. A few private and local bills 
were also passed. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR STERLING PRICE. 

1852—1850. 

Tlie reffular session of tlie seveiiteentli General Assembly was 
held at the State capital, comniencini^ on the 27th day of De- 
cember, 1852. Thomas L. Price, Lieutenant-Governor, took tlie 
chair as president of the Senate, and AV. D. McCracken was 
elected secretary. In the Honse, Keuben Shelby was elected 
speaker and George W. Houston, chief clerk. On the 31st, 
Governor King sent his annual message to the General Assembly. 
"The growing j^rospects,'' he said, ''of the State afford ground for 
congratulation. Our march is onward and upward to that high 
destiny M'hich we believe awaits our nol)le State in the future." 
He gave some statistics showing the evidences of the agricultural 
capabilities of Missouri. Of improved lands, there were 2,924,- 
991 acres; of unimproved, 6,767,937. The cash valuation of 
farms was given as $63,057,482; of farm implements and ma- 
chinery, $3,965,945; of live stock, $19,756,851. The aggregate 
amount of taxable property as assessed for 1852, amounted to 
$112,465,653.75. The receipts into the treasury from October 1st, 
1850, to October 1st, 1852, were $952,709,10. The bonds of the 
State outstanding, October lst,l852, and which constituted the State 
debt, amounted to $857,000. He recommended a reduction of the 
rate of taxation, and the revision of the law for the assessing and 
collecting the revenue, and an increase of salary of the judges of 
the Supreme Court. He also favored the passage of a homestead 
exemption law; — a law for the completion of the State capitol; — 
one providing for a geological survey: — and one U])on the sul>ject 
of internal iiuprovements. 

When the i-egular session convened, the political cauldron Mas 
at boiling heat. Sterling Price, a bitter opponent to the ]3ent(»n 
democrats, was inaugurated as Governor early in January, 1853. 
In the Senate, llobert M. Stewart was the leader of the idtra 



HltiTOltY OF MISSOURI. 141 

democrats; Thomas Allen, now president of the Iron Mountain 

road, marshaled the whii; forces; Thomas L. Price and 

iftr't 
Charles Jones, of Franklin, together directed the action of 

the Benton democrats. In the House, the whig leaders were 

Samuel Woodson, of Independence ; Tompkins, of Cooper; Xew- 

land, of Rdls; and Shelby, of Perrv. The })ro-slavery leaders 

were C. F. Jackson and J. II. Britton. The Benton men in the 

House acted under the united counsels of Frank P. Blair, 

B. Gratz Brown, Ilichard A. Barrett, Bart Able, Colonel Si nuns, 

Judge Arnold Krekel, John D. Stephenson and George Smith. 

The bone of contention was the celebrated "Jackson resolutions 
of '49." These resolutions that completely disrupted the demo- 
cratic })arty in Missouri, were adopted by both Houses of the fif- 
teenth General Assembly, and approved by the Governor on the 
10th of March, 1849, Their purport was to the effect that in no 
part of the federal constitution is to be found any delegation of 
power to Congress to legislate on the subject of slavery; that 
any organization " of the territorial governments, excluding the 
citizens of any part of the Union from removing to such territor- 
ies with their slave property would be an exercise of power by 
Congress, inconsistent with the s[)irit of the federal compact, in- 
sulting to the sovereignty and dignity of the slave states, and cal- 
culated to alienate the north and south, and ultimately lead to 
disunion; that the right to prohibit slavery in any territory be- 
longs exclusively to the people thereof; that in the event of the pas- 
sage of any act by Congress, conflicting with the above principles, 
Missouri will be found in hearty co-operation with the slav^e- 
holding states, in all measures necessary for mutual protection 
against the encroachments of northern fanaticism. 

There was a bitter tight over these resolutions. Benton de- 
nounced the last as countenancing the doctrine of secession and 
nulliflcation, and maintained that if it was carried out it would 
be, practically, treason. He refused to obey the instructions and 
made a direct appeal to the people of the Stjite. The current t>f 
public sentiment under the control of pro-slavery leaders run 
strongest in favor of the institution of slavery, crushing out <dl 
op])osition. 

Laws were passe<l at this session to comj)lete the work on the 



142 AN rr.iJTSTKATKi) 

State capitol ; — to refariiish the (to venior's house; — to enlarge the 
8tate LuuaticAsylum;- -t<» erect uii A.syluiufor the Blind; — and to 
provide for tlie organization, support and government of tlie com- 
mon schools of the State. The General Assembly comjjleted \U 
labors and adjourned on the 24th of February. 

During. the year 1853 there were two railroads under construc- 
tion. The St. Louis and Pacific road, whicii liad thirty-eight iniles 
Completed from St. Louis, westwardly, was expected to finish its 
truck to the western line of the State (about 3fiO miles) dnring 
the year. The Hannibal and St. Joseph road to connect the 
Missi>sippi and Missouri rivers at the points namedin the charter, 
with a lengtli of between 280 and 800 miles, was not e.\i)ected to 
be completed for three or fiuir years. 

The first session of the eighteenth (General Asseml)ly convened 
on the 25th of December, 1854. lion. Wilson Brown, Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, was president of the Senate; W. D. Mc- 
(^racken was elected secretary; William Newhind became 
speaker, and Samuel A. Lowe, chief clerk, of the Assembly. 
On the 27th, Governor Price sent in his annual message, froiri 
which it a])])eai'ed that the amount of revenue received in the 
treasury in 1853, was $378,792.60; in 1854, $429,872.34: the total 
sum for the two years, ending October 1st, 1854, was $808,G65.0(>. 
The amount expended in 1853, was $380,531.42; in 1854, $247.- 
952.32: total, $628,483.74. The sjiecial appropriations were $37,- 
(►00 for support of the lunatic asylum, and 30,000 for its enlarge- 
ment; $25,000 for State penitentiary; $36,400 for deaf and dumb 
asyhnn; 20,000 for blind asylum; $20,000 for geological survey; 
and s2s,500 for reclamation of swamp lands. The Governor 
stated that the charter of the Bank of Missouri would expire in 
1857, and that some action would be necessary in the premises. 
Tie reported })rogress made on the geological survey under Prof. G. 
V. Swallow, and asked for an increased appropriation. The State 
University was in a prosperous condition; and tlie deaf and dumb, 
and blind institutions were judiciously and humanely conducted. 
The question as to the powers of Congress over the territories in 
refei-ence to slavery, was largely dwelt upon. 

On the 4th of January, 1855, the two Houses met in joint con- 
vention for the purpose of electing a Ignited States Senator, and 



lll^STuKi OF MirtSUUlil. 14, ■> 

atljounied from time ti> time, not heiii^ able to make a clioiee. 
On the 21st of Febnian. after forty-one nnsuccessful hal. 
lotiugs, a resolntion \\a> introduci-d and adopted, post- 
jR)niii<i- further action until the second Monday of November, 
l>s5r). On the 5th of March, the legislature adjourned to meet 
on the lirst ^Eonday of the ensuing Xovember. upon wliich day 
both Houses a»j^ain assend)led. In consecjuence of the death of 
Lieutenant-(rovernor, Wilson IJrown,' the chair of the Senate 
was taken by Owen Rawlins, Senator. Walter !>. Morris was 
subsequently elected President j?ro tern. 

Governor Price in his messaii^e s^ave an account of the con- 
dition and ])ros])ects of the several railroads, the construction of 
which had been undertaken by incorporated companies, aided by 
the credit of the State, with certain recommendations connected 
w ith their management. Among the inq^oi-tant laws passed at 
this session was one to appropriate for the support and enlargement 
of the State Lunatic Asylum andfoi- its govei-nment, $.")(i,000; and 
one to aid in the consti'uction of the Pacific and othei' I'aili'oads. 
A law, also, for the incorporation of towns and cities was passed, 
and a large nundjer of a private and local charactei-. A memo- 
rial was sent to Congress for a grant of land to aid in complet- 
ing the geological survey, and one asking a like grant to the 
Western Missouri Company, and to the Mississippi Valley rail- 
i-oad north. A joint resolution, also, to provide for the revision 
of the statutes of the State was passed. At tliis session, nc> action 
was taken in regai-d to the election of a United States Senator. 
Hoth Houses adjourned on the 18th December, i855, 

^ Hon. Wilson Brown was a native of Maryland, removed to Missouri, 182^'. and repre- 
sented Scott county in the legislature in 183tj. He was auditor of the State from 18-19 to 
1853, when he was ole< ted Lieutenant-Governor. He died at his residence at Cape Girar- 
deau, on the 2Tth of August. 1855, aged 57 years. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS TRUSTEN POLK, HANCOCK 
JACKSON AND ROBERT M. STEWART. 

1856—1860. 

The first .session of the nineteenth General Assembly com- 
menced on the 29th of December, 1856. The Senate was called 
to order by J. D. Stevenson, president pro tempore, fol- 
lowed by the election of W. D. McCracken, secretary. 
The Assembly was organized by the election of R. C. Harrison, 
speaker and James H, Britton, chief clerk. The message of 
Governor Price showed that the amount of i-evenue received in 
1855 and 1856 was $1,007,118.5;^; while the amount expended 
during the same period was $871,818.72: leaving a balance in 
hand October 1st, 1S56, of $271,899.94. This last sum included, 
however, $200,000 set apart by the act of December 18th, 1855, 
for the payment of a like amount of State bonds, which became 
due on the first day of July, 1856, and the availal)le balance was, 
therefore, $71,899.91:. He further stated that, under the various 
acts of the General Assembly loaning the credit of the State to 
certain railroad companies, State bonds had been issued and de- 
livered to those companies to the amount, on the 1st of October, 
1850, of $9,688,000. In addition, the State had authorized the 
issue of bonds to certain companies, on compliance with the con- 
ditions imposed in the several acts of the General Assembly, to 
the amount of $9,617,000. These bonds had not yet been i.ssued. 
He reiterated the opinions expressed in his last message, on the 
subject of a line of telegraph and daily mail across the continent 
to ('alifornia, and his views in their favor had been fortified by 
further observation and reflection; and congratulated the legisla- 
ture "on the auspicious result of the Presidential contest by 
which the States have just been convulsed, and that a majority 
of the ]»('ople have proved faithful to the compromises of the 
constitution, and driven back the flood of fanaticism, which 
threaten«;d to overwhelm the nation." 




GEORGE W. DUNN. 



HISTORY OF MISSOITHI. * 145 

On tlie 3d of Jannarv, 1857, the two Houses met in joint con- 
vention, for the purpose of countinoj the votes for Gov- 
ernor and Lieutenant-Governor. The president of tlie 
Senate announced that he, in conjunction witli the speaker (»f the 
House of Representatives, liad examined the returns of the votes 
cast for Governor at the August election, and found the total num- 
ber for Trusten Polk was 46,91)3; for Robert C. Ewin^, 40,589; 
for Thomas H. Benton. 27,618. Whereupon Trusten Polk was 
declared elected GoverTior for the four years next ensuing. Gov- 
ernor Polk, after taking the oath of otilce, delivered his inaugural 
address. The joint convention re-assenible<l the following day, but 
was not unanimous in determining the right of the person to fill the 
office of Lieutenant-Governor, owing to some differences on the 
reliabilitv of the returns received from certain counties in the 
State. On the 8th of January, the president of the Senate an- 
nounced to the convention, which was then assembled, that under 
the examination and count, in the rule adopted by tlie joint ses- 
sion, it appeared that the votes cast at the last election for Lieuten- 
ant-Governor were, for Hancock Jackson. 41,623; for William 
Newland. 41.237; for John W. Kelly. 17,766; and for Charles 
Sims, 1.508. He, at the same time, submitted a statement to the 
effect that he had examined the returns of the votes cast, as ap- 
peared l>y the abstracts of tlie same, furnished by the Secretary of 
State, and found that the returns — which, in his opinion, were 
legal and \alid — showed William Newland to be duly elected 
Lieutenant-Governor. The Speaker then arose and made a state- 
ment that he found by a careful examination of the votes cast, 
that Hancock Jackson as first announced by the president of the 
Senate had received a plurality of all the votes cast. A motion 
was then made that he be declared elected Lieutenant-Governor, 
and a committee appcunted to notify him of his election: carried; 
ayes 84, noes 37. Mr. Jackson then a])peared, the oath of office 
was administered to him, <1nd he took his seat as ])resident of the 
Senate. 

On the 12th of January, 1857, the two Houses met again in joint 
convention for the purpose of electing two United States Senators. 
James S. Green, of Lewis county, received eighty-nine votes; 
Thomas H. Benton, thirty-three; L. M. Kennett, thirty-two votes: 

10 



146 ' AX IMJTSTKATKI) 

eight were scattering-. Mi'. Clreeii was declared elected Senator, 
to lill the vacancy in tlie representation of the State. On the 13th, 
the convention proceeded to vote for a Senator for a full term; 
when Trusten Polk received one liundred and one votes; Tliomas. 
II. Kenton, twenty-three; and II. R. (xamble, tliirtv-four votes: 
three were scattering. Mr. Polk was declared duly elected Sen- 
ator for six years from March 4, 1857. The Legislature adjourned 
on the 4th of March, to the third Mf»nday in October following. 

On the 19th of October, the adjourned session commenced. J. 
C. (Jhilds, was elected speaker of the House, and 11 F. Massey, sec- 
retary, (xovernor P()lk resigned the office of (xovernor, and was 
succeeded by Lieutenant-dovernor, Hancock flackson, who, at the 
opening of the session, sent in his message. In reference to the 
deterioration of the State credit, and the check given to ^he railroad 
system b}' the monetary crisis then existing throughout the country, 
he recommended that the legislature take decisive measures to se- 
cure, beyond all question, the honor and credit of the State. He 
desired such amendments to the railway system, as would enable 
the companies to secure the work done, and ultimately complete 
the roads. He recommended, also, the placing of guai'ds upon the 
banking system, such as would confine it within legislative limits 
and tend to expel de]»i-eciated paper trom the State. In order to 
accomplish this, he advised that lU) more State bonds be issued, 
and that a tax l)e levied to cover the whole amount of interest on 
them; he thought the State should have representations in the 
different companies, in proportion to the amount of bonds issued 
to their roads; that bonds of the State should in future be dis- 
posed of by an agent, appointed by the (Tovernor, and the pro- 
ceeds be given to the officers of the companies; that the Board of 
Public Works l)e empowered to examine into the details of the 
management of each road. He also recommended that one of 
the banks of St. Louis be made a clearing-house; that wlienever a 
bank fails to redeem its circulation at the clearing-house, the bank 
commissioner should close it in accordance with an existing law. 
The Governor contended that legislation in regard to bank sus- 
pension could <»nly result in producing greater difficulties than 
those it intended to alleviate; and that whenever a priv^ate banker 
or broker suspends, his assets should be placed in the hands of 



1I18TOUY Ol" M18SOUKI. 147 

trustees for ecjual distrihutioii uiiKtiii; creditors. The amount of 
State bonds due railway eoiiipanies, on the llJth of (October, was 
nine million of dollars. The legislature concluded tlieir labors 
on the 23d of November, 1857. 

An act was ])assed for the reliet of the liank of the State of 
Missouri and other banks. (This act suspended the law chartei-- 
iiiii^ banks so far as they imposed penalties and forfeitures, until 
Xoveml)er. 1858.) One authorized the circulation of suspended 
bank pa])er; another empowered the Bank of St. Louis to go into 
operation on a capital of $75,000; a third one incorporated 
the Xorthern Eank of Missouri. An act was passed to regulate 
the Missouri militia; one to incorporate railway companies in the 
State; and one to provide for levying, assessing and collecting 
the i-evenue. A large number of laws relati\'e to the different 
counties of the State were also enacted. 

The lirst session of the twentieth General Assembly was held 
at the seat of Government, an<l began on the 27th day (»f Decem- 
ber, 1858. John T. Coffev was elected speaker of the 
House and AVilliam S. Mosely, chief clerk. The 
Lieutenant-Governor presided in the Senate; Warwick Hough 
was elected secretary. Governor Stewart, in liis message, stated 
the amount received into the treasury for two years ending Oc- 
tobci" 1st, 1858, to be $1,801,000; the expenditures for the same 
time amounted to $1,032,000. Referring to railroads, he said 
tliat the amount loaned by the State to the various companies 
WHS s4.!»5U.OO0; bonds issued. $9,05f).OOO; amount due, $5,894,- 
(M»(i. The Hannibal and St. Joseph road had exhausted the aid 
granted, but asked no further assistance from the State. The 
com])letion of the Pacilic road to Kansas City demanded addi- 
tional aid which the Governor ho])ed would not be withheld. The 
Xorth Missouri and Iron Mountain roads had declared their ina- 
bility to pay the interest on the State bonds due January 1st, 
1850. This failure involved the sale of the roads at aucti<)n; but. 
in consideration of the coni])letion of the North Missouri road to 
tiie intersection with the Hannibal and St. Josej)h road, which 
placed it (»n a ])aying basis, and owing to the limited business of 
the Iron Mountain i-oad, in consefiuenceof the general de])ression 
of business and inability of the i'oiiij)aiiy to (leri\e any benetit 



148 AN ILLUSTllATKD 

from the balance due from the State under the restriction act of 
the hist legishiture, until ^larch, the Governor advised that, in- 
stead of selling the defaulting roads, measures be taken to assure 
the State of tlie faithful a])plication of the receipts of tlie com- 
panies to their legitimate purposes, and that they be allowed to 
go on until a fair opportunity should be offered to test their ability. 
The geological survey was progressing rapidly, disclosing ex- 
haustless quantities of iron. lead, copper and coal. 

Some additional legislation was suggested, in ordei- to har- 
monize the different interests growing out of the banking law. 
As evidence of the advancement of the cause of education, the 
Governor said the number of public school-houses had increased 
in three years from 1.546 to 3,383; the amount raised for l)uild- 
ing them, from $30,000 to $130,000. The establishment of an 
agricultural college was stn^ngly recommended. The Governor 
congratulated the legislature and the people of the State upon 
the result of the recent " dangerous and treasonable efforts 
to engender discord and disssatistaction to our domestic institu- 
tions." In speaking of the unity of the States, he said he had re- 
ceived '' resolutions from the legislatures of Maine. Massachu- 
setts and New Hampshire, in reference to slavery, but as their 
spii'it does not accord with the liberality which characterizes the 
bond of union, which makes the several States one people, and 
disregards the riglits recognized in the federal compact." he 
had not thought proper to acknowledge their receipt, and should 
not furnish them to the Assembly unless specially asked for. 
He also stated that if the States would per])etuate the original 
govcnunent, and secure to its citizens the good it was intended 
to confer, they should not intermeddle with their respective rights 
the pi'otectioTi of which were considerations for entering into the 
union. 

On the 5th of January. 1859, the (rovernor sent to the Gen- 
eral Assend)lv a messaije. in which he said that some 
time in May previous, the Executive department had re- 
ceived information that an armed aiul lawless force, numbering 
several hundred men was quartered in Kansas Territory, near the 
Missouri line, threatening to invade the State; and had made 
incursions into the counties of ("ass and P>ates. committing acts 



HISTDliY OF MISSOURI. 149 

of ])ersoiial violence, and pluiiderinii^ and robbing tlie citizens. 
The peo])le of tliose counties becani(;, he said, greatly alarmed, 
and many of them along the line abjindoned their homes. Even 
some of the towns had been visited by the bandits, and it was 
stated, had been threatened with destruction. lie further said 
that an a])peal had been made to the executive for the means of 
protection, and Adjutant-General Parsons dis])atched to the front, 
to learn the actual state of facts. lie was instructed, if he deemed 
it necessary, to organize military companies in the counties most 
convenient to the scene of difficulties. General Parsons, under 
these instructions organized several companies, and furnished them 
with anus. These measures, served for a time, to prevent the in- 
vasions; but the settlers were deterred from returning to their 
homes. Governor Stewart further said, that he wrote to Governor 
Denver, of Kansas, that it might be necessary to station an armed 
force along the border, for the ])urpose of protection, and asked 
his earnest co-operation with the Missouri authorities to preserve 
the peace. For a time, the difiiculties seemed to subside, and no 
further efforts were made on the part of the authorities of 
Missouri. Later, a smaller party made an incursion into the State, 
committing murder and robbery, drawing off ten negroes l)elong- 
ing to citizens of Vernon county. After that occurrence, advices 
were received that a regular organized band of thieves, robbers 
and mi dniii^ht assassins had conijrejiated in Kansas, on the western 
border of Bates county, and made incursions into the State, taken 
the lives of citizens, committed to the flames their houses, and 
robbed them of their property. The Governor submitted these 
facts to the General Assembly, and bespoke for them immediate 
attention. On the l-tth of January, he sent another message, 
urging immediate action on the subject. On the 24th of February, 
an act was approved for the protection of persons and property 
on the western border of the State, ajipropriating $80,000 to sup- 
press nnd bring to justice the banditti, who infest that portion of 
the State, and the Governor was empowered to use discretionary 
])()wer in all matters connected therewith. 

Of the laws passed at this session was an act for the protection 
of persons and ])roperty on the western border of the State; an 
act respecting institutions, atid other corj)orations doing a bank- 



150 AN ILF.T^^TUATED 

iiig business; and act to incorporate the Northern, the Western, 
the Union, and the Exchange Banks; and one to provide for fur- 
thei- prosecution of the geological survey. Special laws were 
passed concerning railroads. 

The legislature adjourned on the 14tli of March. 1859. trv 
meet again on the last Monday of JS^ovember, of the same year. 

The legislature met. pursuant to adjournment, on the 28th of 
November, 1859. (Tovcrnor Stewart sent his message to both 
Houses on the same dav. lie declared, " it is evident that a larj^e 
majority of the people are in favor of the com]>letion of the 
railroads; that within a reasonable margin of the limitation of 
the State debt, it is manifestly thcAvish of the people that State 
aid shall be given in such manner as will be most certain to se- 
cure the desired end. and best calculated to protect the interests 
of the State; that the completiori of the great trunk roads 
will tix the position of Missimri as the central empire State 
of the Union; and that the failure to complete them will in- 
evitably put hei- in the ])osition which the enemies of the system 
had supposed their completion would do — a condition of oppres- 
sive taxation, cri})pled energies, and retarded prosperity.'' The 
Governor gave his views at length on railroad enterprises, and 
favored a liberal policy, on the ])art of the State toward them. 
The session adjourned on the lOth of January, 18(30, previous 
to which a proclamation from the Governor was presented to the 
House, calling the General Asseml)ly to meet on Monday, Feb- 
ruary 27. 1860. 

The third and special session of the General Assembly convened 
agreeably to the Governor's prochunation. The Tlouse was or- 
i8f!o i^t'inized ])v the election of Christian Kribben, speaker^ 
and W. S. Moseley, chief clerk. In the Senate, Hancock 
Jackson, Lieutenant-Govenioi-. took the chair, as president. War- 
wick Hough was elected, secretary. Governor Stewart stated, in 
his message, that the object of the calling of this session was the 
necessity of niai<ing ])rom])t ])ro\isi()n for li(jni(lating the debts of 
the penitentiary, and for making, the aj)pi'i)priation necessary for 
th(> im])rovemeiit of the capitol grounds; and for making pro- 
vision for the coinpletiou by the compaiiit's to which State 
aid has been pi-evioiisly granted, of the several i-ailroads in 



HIbTOKV OK MLSSOURI. 151 

wlitoc tiiiiuu'ial success the intercuts ot' the State were <lt't'plv 
involved. 

The election for State otlieers took j»laee in Ani^ii^^t, 1800. For 
Governor, Claiborne F. .Jackson, of the county of Saline, received 
74.44»> votes; Sample Orr, of Greene county, 64,583 votes; Han- 
cock Jackson, of liiindolph county. 11,41.") \otes; and James B. 
Gardenhire, of Cole county, (],135 \<»tes. For Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. Thomas C. Reynolds, of the county of St. Louis, received 
7.'>,."')4!> votes; Thonuis J. C. Fagg, of the county of Pike, 5J>,9fi2 
votes; Monroe M. Parsons, of the county of Cole, 10,700 \;otes; 
and James Lindsay, 8,196 votes. Frank P. Blair, .fames S. Rol- 
lins, John B.Clark. (^expelledV, K. H. Norton. .John W. Reid, 
(expelled); John S. Phelps, and .Fohn W. Noell, were elected 
members of Congress. 



CHAPTER XVTTT. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON, 
HAMILTON R. GAMBLE AND WILLARD P. HALL. 

1860—1864. 

The first session of the twenty-first General Assembly com- 
menced on 31st day of December, 1860. John McAfee was 
elected speaker of the House, and Thomas H. Murray, chief 
clerk. Warwick Hough was elected secretary of the Senate. 
Governor Stewart in his valedictory message referred to the state 
of feeling existing among the people, on the exciting events then 
agitating the country. In 1861, Missouri was the only slave- 
holding border State west of the Mississippi river. It had been 
so dee])Iy and closely involved Iti the troubles in Kansas, that the 
entire subject of the conflict between the North and the South had, 
in fact, been developed within its limits. The public sentiment 
of tlie citizens was doubtless accurately expressed by Governor 
Stewart; "Our people," said he, '"would feel more sympathy with 
the movement, had it not originated among those who, like our- 
selves, have suffered severe losses and constant annoyances from 
the interference and depredations of outsiders. Missouri will 
hold to the Union, so long as it is worth the eflPort to preserve it. 
She cannot be frightened by the past unfriendly legislation of the 
North, or dragooned into secession by the restricted legislation 
of the extreme South.'' 

On the 4th of January, 1861, Governor Stewart's successor, C. 
F. .lackson, was inau<jn rated. In his messa<je he insisted that 
Missouri must stand by the other slave-holding states, 
whatever course they might pursue. The State was in 
fav(tr of remaining in the Union, so long as there was a ho])e of 
maintaining the guarantees of the constitution. He was opposed 
to co-ercion in any event, but recommended the calling of the 
State convention to ascertain the will of the ]»eople. The ques- 



SiiiiKiiHi^^ 




i:Miiliii!liiiiiilii:ii!!ii!iiMliiBii!lillllii:ilillliCa!ilRii!:l 



LEMUEL DUNN. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 158 

tioii of liolding a State eoiiveiitioii was brought before tlie. legis- 
lature, and the bill passed the Senate on the 16th of January 
in favor of it, by a vote of yeas, thirty-one; noes, two. The 
clause, submitting the acts of the proposed convention to the 
vote of the peoj^le was in these words: "No act, ordinance or 
resolution shall he valid to chaiige or dissolve the political rela- 
tions of this State to the government of the United States, until a 
majority of the qualified voters of the State shall ratify the same." 
The convention was required to assemble at the State Capital, 
on the 2Sth day of February following. The object, as stated 
in the proclamation, was, " to consider the relations between the 
government of the United States, the people and governments of 
the different states, and the government and the people of the 
State of ]Vrissouri, and to ado])t such measures for vindicating 
the sovereignty of the State, and the protection of its institutions 
as shall appear t() them to be demanded." 

At the time when the election of delegates was held, the pub- 
lic sentiment of the State had uiujuestionably settled in favor of 
a continuance of Missouri within the Union, and in hostility to 
secession, exce])t to resist co-ercion. Mr. Seward and Mr. Cam- 
eron, had made conciliatory s})eeches in tlie United States Senate; 
a loud voice was heard all over the centi-al states, calling for the 
immediate adoption of measures for the salvation of the Union, 
and the adjustment of all questions of difference between the con- 
tendinjr sections. Crittenden and Douglass declared that an ad- 
justment would take place; and the general belief out of Con- 
gress was, that, in less than ninety days, all the difficulties would 
be honorably settled, uidess the e.xtreme republicans should defeat 
all concessions; or, unless the State of South Carolina should de- 
termine to bring al)out a war by nudcing an attack upon the forts 
ov forces of the United States. The result of the election of del- 
egates to the State convention was the choice of a large majority 
of Union men, by a large majority (jf the j)opular vote. 

The convention iriet at Jefferson City on the 2Sth of Februai-y, 
and was organized by the choice (tf a temporary chairman, and a 
committee on credentials. A |)erjnanent organization was then 
effected and the convention adjourned to the next day, at which 
time a rule was adoj)te<l rf(|uiiMiig the officers and member.^ to 



154 AX llJJJSTHATKr* 

take an oath to support tlie constitution of the United States, and 
of the State of Missouri. A long and warm discussion ensued 
on a motion to reconsider tlie vote on tlie adoption of tlie rule to 
take the oaths, after which the convention adjourned, to meet in 
St. Louis. On the -ith of March, the convention re-assembled at 
that ])lace; and. by a vote of sixty-three ayes to fifty-thi-ee noes, 
consented to hear Mr. Crleim. a commissi(mer from the State of 
Georgia. Glenn, upon being introduced to the convention. ])ro- 
ceeded to read the articles of secession ado])ted by (Georgia, and 
made a speech, stating the causes which induced his State to dis- 
sever its connection with the federal goverinnent. He strongly 
urijed Missouri to join Georgiain the forinatir)n of aSouthern Con- 
federacy. His remarks were not favoral)ly received by the mem- 
bers, and were greeted with hissing, and other demonstrations, by 
the lobby. 

The next day resolutions were adopted, pi-oviding tor the ap- 
pointment of a committee to wait upon the commissioner from 
Georgia, and inform him that Missouri dissented from the 
position taken by that State, and very kindly, but emphatically, 
declined to share the honors of secession with her. On the 6th,. 
various resolutions were referred declining co-operation with 
Georgia in the secession movement. One. offered by Pl\-Governor 
Stewart, declared that no overt act by the government, justitying- 
secession, or revolution, had been committed. One. by Judge 
Orr, said that ''Ours is the best government in the world, and 
we intend to preserve it."' On the succeeding day, a great num- 
ber of resolutions were introduced, and referred. Among the 
most im])ortant of them, was one })roviding for a committee to 
confer with the border states as to the best metms of kee])ing the 
western states in the Union; another, deciai'ing tliat secession 
was a dangerous political heresy; that the constitution had never 
failed to confer the blessings intended by its founders; that the 
Southern states had no excuse for seceding, and asking the Nor- 
thern states to re])eal all acts making the rendition of fugitive 
slaves dithcult or impossible; another, that believing there was no 
excuse for co-ercion, Missouri would furnish neither men nor 
money for that purpose, and that a National convention be called, 
making the Crittenden compromise resolutions the basis of action: 



HISIOUY UF MISSOURI. 155 

anotlier, that tlie (TCiieral gitvenmuMit be requested to yield up the 
custom-houses, and other offices in the seceded states, to the peo- 
ple, and witlidraw all the federal officers, and forces occupying 
them. 

The report of the committee on federal relations was made on 
the 9th of March by the chairman, (Tovernor Gamble. After an 
ex])lanation of all the circumstances surrounding- the position, 
and affecting the interests of Missouri, it concluded with a series 
uf resolutions, declaring that there was no cause compelling the 
State to dissolve its connection with the federal [Jnion; that the 
people of tne State earnestly desired a fair and amicable adjust- 
ment of difficulties, and the Union perpetuated; that the Crit- 
tenden resolutions afforded a basis of adjustment which would 
forever remove the cause of the difficulties from the arena of 
politics. It closed by giving an opinion that a national con- 
vention, to amend the constitution, would produce the peace and 
quiet of the country; de])recating the employment of military 
force by the federal government to co-erce the seceding states, or 
the employment of force by the seceding states to assail the gov- 
ernment of the United States; and earnestly recommended the 
federal government, as well as the seceded states, to stay the arm 
of military ])()wer, and on no pretense whatever bring upon the 
nation the horrors of civil war. 

The minority report was presented the next day. This report 
opposed the "af;'"ional convention recommended by the majority 
report, and pr-^,vOsed a convention of the border slave states in- 
stead, to be he.vl at Nashville, to decide upon such amendments 
to the constitution as might be satisfactory to them. It recom- 
mended the Crittenden ])ropositions, and advised the appoint- 
ment of commissioners to Delaware. Maryland, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky. Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas, to secure the 
the co-operation of those states to the movement. 

A resolution was introduced, stating that information of a se- 
cret conspiracy to force Missouri out of the Union, had been 
given in the public prints; and that a committee be appointed to 
investigate the subject, and, if possible, ascertain the names of 
the conspirators. The resolution passed i)v a vote of lifty-two 
to thirty. The last act of the convention, ])revious to adjourn- 



156 AN ILLUSTRATED 

ment, was to elect seven delegates to the proposed border states 
convention. 

On the 27th of March, in the State legislature, a joint reso- 
lution passed the House, to the efiect that it was inexpedient for 
the General Assembly to take any steps for a national convention, 
to propose any amendments to the constitution, as recommended 
by the State convention. The Governor declared his policy 
to be in favoi- of peace, saying that he convened the legisla- 
ture only for the purpose of more perfectly organizing the 
militia, and putting the State in a proper attitude of defense. 
He urged the president of the State convention not to call that 
body together for the passage of a secession ordinance; he was 
in favor of retaining the present status of the State, leaving it to 
time, and circumstances as they might arise, to determine the 
best course for Missouri to pursue. He thought the President, in 
calling out troops to subdue the seceded states, threatened civil 
war, and he pronounced the act unconstitutional and tending 
toward the establishment of consolidated despotism. He further 
recommended ample preparations against aggression by all as- 
sailants; and appealed to the legislature to do nothing impru- 
dently or precipitately, but endeavor to unite all for the ])reserva- 
tion of the honor of the State, the security of property and the 
performance of the high duties imposed by their obligations to 
the country and their God. 

The news of the surrender of Camp Jackson was received at 
Jefferson City on the evening of the 10th of Mfy, between five 
and six o'clock, and produced a great panic in the legislature, then 
in session. The despatch was read and the military bill which 
was ]>ending in the House, passed within fifteen minutes after- 
wards. It was sent to the Senate, and likewise passed that body; 
aTid, receiving the Governor's signature, became a law. P>y the 
])rovisioiis of the law, a military fund was created for the purpose 
of arming and equipping the militia. To this, was to be approp- 
riated all the money then in the treasury, or afterwards to be re- 
ceived on the assessments for ISOO-Ol, as well as the proceeds of 
the special tax of one mill on the hundred dollars levied to secure 
the com])letion of certain railroads, or from otiier sources, except 
a surtieiency to carry on the State government, and suppoi't its 



HI8TOKY OF MISSOURI. 157 

penal aiul benevolent institutions. The Governor was authorized 
to receive a loan of $500,000 i'nnn the banks at any rate of inter- 
est, not exceeding ten per cent. Fifteen cents on the hundred dol- 
lars of the assessed valuation of taxable property in all tlie counties 
were ordei-ed to be collected during the years 1801. 1862 and 18(53, 
in addition to the tax levied by law. The Governor Avas autliorizcd 
to ])urchase arms and munitions of war. and to issue $1,000,000 in 
bonds, payable respectively in February, 1802, 1808 and 18<)4. in 
sums of not less than five hundred dollars, to be received in pay- 
ment of taxes. The military were placed under the counnand of the 
Governor, and every able-bodied man in the State was made sub- 
ject to do military duty. The telegraph was then taken possession 
of, and everything reiuained in uncertainty, but the excitement 
began to abate. The two Houses met at half past seven, and con- 
tinued in session until half past nine. Shortly after twelve o'clock, 
the whole town was aroused by the ringing of bells and the shouts 
of men, calling the members of the legislature. The members 
hurried to the Capitol, and immediately went into secret session, 
which contimied until half past three o'clock. 

The cause of this unusual commotion, was a dispatch which was 
received late at niglit, stating that 2.000 troops would leave St_ 
Louis at eleven o'clock for Jetlerson (^ity. Before the two Houses 
adjourned, however, news was received that the Osage bridge had 
been burned, and it was pretty well settled that if the troops were 
on the way, they could hardly get through, before ample prepara- 
tions could l)e nuide to receive them. In consequence of this 
dis})atch, 12,000 kegs of powder were at once loaded into wagons 
and sent off into the country, and the State treasure was also re- 
moved to some place for safe keeping. 

The next day, matters became more quiet, and the true state of 
affairs was made known. The city of St. Louis, at this time, M'as 
the scene of great excitement. A camp of instruction had been 
formed under General Frost, in the western suburbs of the city, 
in pursuance of orders from the Governor of the State. lie had 
directed the other military districts, also, to go into encampments 
with a view of ac([uiring a greater proficiency in military drill. 
This arrangement was not satisfactory to General Nathaniel 
Lyon, who, at this time, licid possessioii of the Arsenal, lie ]>iit 



158 \N n.r.lTSTKA TED 

his troops in inotion to the iiuiiiber, as Wiis represented, of four 
or iive thousand, and proceeded through the city, to the camp of 
General Frost, and surrounded it, planting Latteries on all the 
lieiglits overlooking tlie camp. By this time an immense crowd 
of people liad assembled in the vicinity. Numbers of men 
seized rifles, sliot-guns, or whatever weapons they could procure, 
and rushed t(; the assistance of the State troops, l)ut were, of 
course, obstructed in their design. Having made his arrange- 
ments, (xeneral Lyon addressed a letter to General Frost, stating 
that his command w^as regarded as evidently hostile to the gov- 
ernment of the United States; that it was made up of those se- 
cessionists who liad openly avowed their hostility to the General 
government, and had been plotting the seizure of its property 
and the overthrow of its autliority; that he (General Frost) was 
openly in communication with the so-called Southern Confeder- 
acy, which was then at war with the United States, and that he 
was receiving, at his camp, from the said confederacy, under its 
flag, large supplies of materials of wsir, most of which was known 
to be the property of the United States. For these and other 
reasons, whicli he gave, he demanded an immediate surrender (►f 
his command. In reply to this demand. General Frost not being 
in a condition to make resistance to a force so numerically su- 
pei'ior, surrendered. Immediately after the surrender, the city was 
in a most exciting condition; a riot took place, and a scene was 
presented, seldoih witnessed. The total number of killed and 
wounded was twenty-flve. Among the arms taken at Camp Jack- 
son were three thirty-two i)ounders, a large cpiantity of balls and 
bomits, several pieces of artillery, twelve hundred rifles, six brass 
six-inch mortars, and a large quantity of other munitions of war. 
The number of prisoners taken to the Arsenal was six hundred 
and thirty- nine privates, and fifty oflicers. 

[Jnder the influence of the dispatches received at the State 
(lapitol, bills were introduced and passed both Houses, after one 
o'clock on Sunday morning, giving the Governor more ])erfect 
control over St. Louis; also the most ample power for supju-es- 
sing riots and insurrectionary movements throughout the State. 
On the 15tli of May, tlie legislature adjourned until September. 
On the same day, (xeneral Harney, who had arrived at St. 



L HISTORY OK IMISSOriM. 159 

Louis and resiinied cliHi'i>^e of his militarv (IrpartiiK'Ht, issued a 
])roclaiiiati<)n to the })eople of tlie State, lie descrihed the mil- 
itary bill ot" the k'gislature as a secession ordinance, and stated 
the purposes of the federal government in regard to Missouri; — 
stating that, whatever might be the termination of the unfortu- 
nate condition of things in respect to tlie so-called cotton states, 
Missouri must share the destiny of the Union; and that the 
wliole ])o\ver <»f the government, if necessarv, would be exerted 
to maintain Missouri in her present position. 

(^n the 20th of May, a plan was agreed npon between Generals 
Ilarney and Price, for the maintenance of peace, and the avoid- 
ance of conflicts between the federal and State governments. 
This plan, however, proved unsuccessful; and, on the 11th of 
June, General Lyon, (yolonel Fratd-c P. Blair, and Major H. A. 
Conant, on the part of the government; and Governor Jackson, 
Genend Price, and Thomas N. Snead, on the part of the State, 
had a four hours' interview at St. Louis, which resulted in no 
pacific measures being adopted. Governor Jackson demanded tiiat 
no United States forces should be quartered, or marclied through 
the State. After the interview, the Governor returned to Jefferson 
City; and, on the 12th issued his ]>roclamation, calling into active 
service fifty thousand of the State militia for tlu' ]>urpose of re- 
p(>lling invasion, and for the ]>rotection of the lives, liberty and 
])roperty of tlie citizens. He also gave his views on the events 
that had recentl}' taken })lace; — that a series of unprovoked and 
unparalleled outrages had been inflicted upon the peace and dig- 
nity of the commonwealth, and u])oii the rights and liberties of 
the people by wicked and unprinci])led men, ])rofessing to act 
under the authority of the United States government; that sol- 
emn enactments of the legislature had been nullified; that the 
volunteer soldiers had been taken prisoners and unoffending and 
defenseless men, women and children had been ruthlessly shot 
<lown and inurdered, and other unbeanible indignities heaped 
u])on the State and the people. He closed by saying that while 
it was the duty of the citizens to obey all the constitutional 
requirements of the federal government, it was e(pially his duty 
to advise them that their first allegiance was due to their own 
State, and that they were under no obligation to obey the unconsti- 



160 AN II.I.( S'lHATED 

tutional edicts of the military despotism wliicli liad enthroned itself 
at Washington. "Rise tlien," said he, ''and drive out the invaders 
who have dared to desecrate the soil which your labors have made 
fruitful, and which is consecrated by your homes." 

The proclamation issued by General Lyon, on the ITth of 
June, five days after that of Governor Jackson, was designed not 
only to counteract the impression produced by the latter, but also 
to state the reason for the measures about to be comnVenced. He 
stated that the Governor and legislature sympathized with the 
secession movements, and adopted every means to effect a separa- 
tion of the State from the federal government, and that con- 
stant comjilaints had Ijeen made to him, and next to Washing- 
ton, accompanied with appeals for relief by peaceful citizens 
from the exasperating hardships imposed by the military bill. 
This relief, General Lyon conceived it to be the duty of a just 
government to give. Its policy is found, he said, in the order of 
the Adjutant-General of the United States to General Harney 
under date of May 27, 1861. 

The movement of troops immediately commenced. On the 
13tli. the steamer latan. left St. Louis, with the second battalion 
of the tirst regiment of Missouri volunteers, one section of Tot- 
ten's light artillery, and two companies of regulars; and the 
steamer. J. C. Swan, with the first battalion of the first regiment 
under(^olonel Frank P. J>hiir. and other sectionsof Totten's battery 
and a detachme'nt of pioneers, and General Lyon and staff, num- 
bering fifteen hundred men, for Jefferson City. Horses, wagons, 
and all necessary camp equipages, ammunition and provisions for 
a long march, accompanied the expedition. On the 15th, they 
arrived at the (capital. Five comjmnies of volunteers, under 
Lieutcnaiit-Oolonel Andrews, and a company of regular artillery 
under ()aj)tain Totten. all under General Lyon, disembarked and 
occupied the city. Governor Jackson and the officers of the State- 
government and many citizens had left on the 13th. 

On the next day, General Lyon marched for Booneville. Previ- 
ously, however, he placed Colonel Henry Boernstein, of the second 
Missouri volunteers, in command; and, on the next day, the 17th 
of June, he issued a proclamation, declaring that he acted in the 
absence of the regular State authorities who had fled, to prevent 



IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 161 

anarcliy aiid lawlessness, ^[eanwliile (xovernor Jackson, on leaving 
Jefferson City, snnmioned the State tR)ops toliis sn])portat Boone- 
ville which is situated on the south bank of the Missouri river, 
t'orty-eiglit miles north-west of Jefferson City. Several compa- 
nies from the adjacent counties joined him under Colonel Mar- 
mad uke. 

Leaving Jefferson City on the 16th, General Lyon proceeded on 
the steamers, ''A. McDowell," "Lxtan"' and ''(Mty of Louisiana," 
up the river, stopping for the night about one mile below Provi- 
dence. Early in the morning, he started with his force, reaching 
liochefort before six o'clock, when he learned that a snudl force of 
the State troops was a few luiles below Booneville preparing to 
make a vigorous defense. Proceeding on, they discovered about 
six miles from the latter place on the bluffs, a battery, and also 
scouts moving. A landing was made about seven o'clock two 
miles farther down, on the south bank of the river, the troops 
soon beginning to move on the river road to Booneville. P^ol- 
lowing it about a mile and a half to the spot where it begins 
to ascend the bluffs, several shots announced the driving in of the 
enemy's pickets. On the summits of the bluffs, the enemy was 
]>osted. The federal force advanced and opened the engagement 
by throwing a few nine-pounder shells, while the infantry tiled 
to the I'ight and left and commenced a lire of musketry. The 
enemy stood their ground manfully for a time, then began to 
retire, and finally withdrew in order. The federal force was two 
thousand, only a small portion of which was engaged, and its loss 
was two killed and nine wounded. The number of the State 
ti-oops was small. They admitted ten as killed and several as hav- 
ing been taken prisoners. Some shoes, guns, blankets and other 
articles were taken by the federal troops. This was the first hos- 
tile collision in the State between those representing the authority 
of the United States forces and those of the State, General Iaou 
thereupon deemed it necessary to issue a proelanuition, in which 
he referred to the necessity which luid arisen for action of the 
federal government, against those who were actively sympathiz- 
ing with the secessionists. lie said, his intention was to use the 
the force under his command for no other ])urjiose than the main- 
tenance of the authority of the Genei'al ii'ovci-nment, and the 
n 



162 AN ILLUSTRATED 

protection of the riglits and property of all law-abiding citizens. 
On the 18th of June, Governor Jackson was at Syracuse abont 
twenty-live miles south of Booneville with about live hundred 
men. Property was taken from Union citizens by force, also the 
rolling stock of the railroad, when further retired to Warsaw, de- 
stroying the Lamoine bridge, a costly structure, six miles west 
of Syracuse. On the same day a skirmish took ])lace near the town 
of Cole between a force of Union ll(jme Guards and State troops 
from Warsaw, in whicli the formei- were put to liight. 

Military aftairs now progressed so rapidly, that the force con- 
centrated in the State reached 10,000 men: — '2,500 stationed at 
Herman, and Jeft'erson City; 3,200 at Holla, the terminus of the 
south-west branch of the Pacific railroad; 1,000 on the Xorth 
Missouri railroad; and 1,000 at Bird's Point, opposite Cairo. 
Tn addition to these, there was a force of 2,500 remaining at St. 
I^ouis, which could have been increased to 10,000 in a few 
hours by accessions from the neighboring camps in Illinois. 
Tliese troops held the entire portion of the State north of the 
river, the south-east qiuirter lying between the Mississippi and 
a line drawn southward from Jefferson city to the Arkansas 
border; thus giving to the federal government the important 
points of St. Louis, Hannibal, St. Joseph and Bird's Point, as a 
base of operations, with the rivers and railroads as a means ot 
transportation. 

On the 21:tli, the State treasurer, the auditor, and land register, 
who had retired with the Governor, returned to Jeft'erson city, 
and took the oath of allegiance, and entered upon their duties. 
The Home Guard of the Capital were furnished with arms, 
and drilled under the direction of Colonel Boerstein, and in- 
trenchments for the defense of the place against attacks were 
erected. Several expeditions were sent by General Lyon to 
various j)arts of the State, where collections of secessionists were 
re])orted, but the latter succeeded in getting aAvay before the ar- 
i-i\;d of the federal troops. In the latter part of June, General 
J. ('. Fremont was ordered to take command of the Department of 
the West. Since General Harney had been ordered to another 
post, Lyon, who had been promoted from captain to a brigadier- 
geiR'i'alshi]), had l»een in command. On tlie ath of July, a sh;n'|i 



iiist(»i;y of MissoriM. 1(58 

f>ii^au,einpnt took pliice between some of General Lyon's troops, 
imder Colonel Siei»-el, assisted by Colonel Salomon, and a body 
of State troops nndei" General Rains and C<^lonel Parsons, 
iit Cartlia<^'e, in Jasper county, in soutli-western ]V[issonri. This 
movement of General Lyon's, up the Missouri and through the 
central part of the State, had the effect to restrain the seces- 
sionists, and i)rev"ent them from orj>;anizinii,- a formidable force. 
On the 8d of July, Lyon, with his forces, left IJoonesville for 
the south-western counties of the State, intendiu"; to proceed as 
far as S})rin«i^iield. General Sweeney was, in the meanwhile, at 
Springfield, with a small Union force. On the 4tli of July, he 
issued a proclamation, requiring all troops and armed men in 
that section of the State, and which are arrayed against the gov- 
ernment of the United States, to immediately disperse, and re- 
turn to their homes. On the ()th, Lyon reached Springfield. Ilis 
command was inci'eased by the addition of the force of General 
Sturgis, being then ten miles north of the town. On the 20th, oi-- 
ders were given U) General Sweeney, with twelve hundred men, to 
break uj) a confederate camp located at Forsyth, about fifty miles 
*;outh of S])ringfield. They reached their destination at two 
o'clock, 1'. M., on Monday, just in time to see the enemy rapidly 
retreating. Blankets, rifles, provisions, and a. large quantity of 
lead, were captured. 

On the 1st of August, Lyon ordered his entire command, with 
the exception of a small guard, to rendezvous at Crane's Creek, 
ten miles so\ith of Springfield. The march commenced tiiat 
afternoon, and the canq) was reached about ten o'clock that night. 
The next morning the march was resumed, and about five o'clock 
that afternoon a body of the enemy were overtaken, when a brisk 
interchange of shots between the skirmishers took place. Upon 
this, a body of the enemy's infantry, about five hundred in num- 
ber, approached, apparently with the design of cutting off an 
advanced body of the federal infantry. .Vfter several volleys 
were interchanged, a charge was made by a body of regulars. 
The enemy's ranks were broken and they retreated. The })lace 
of this skirmish was Dug Springs. The maivli was continui'd 
as far as Curran, twenty-six miles from Springfield. For pru- 
dential reasons, liVon determined to return to that town. The 



164 AX iLusTitA ri:i) 

State troops, under Geneml Sterliii<^ Price, were collected in the 
soiitii-westem counties, and encountered Lyon at Wilson's Creek, 
where, on the 10th of August, a battle was fought, in which the 
latter lost his life. The locality of the battle was near Spring- 
Held.. The federal loss was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 2i)8 
prisoners; the confederate loss, 421 killed, and 1,300 wounded. 
This was the severest engagement of the year. 

In the northern counties the same division of sentiment 
was rapidl}' arousing a hostile spirit. Squads of troops were 
stationed at important places, while State troops gathered 
to oppose them. The destruction of property and bloody 
skirmishes soon followed. At Monroe station, thirty miles 
west of Hannibal, an attack , was made by confederate troops 
on the 11th of July, on the railroad station-house, which was 
burned, together with eighteen freight cars. A portion of the 
railroad track was torn up on each side of the town. On the same 
night the bridge of the Hannibal and St. Josej^h railroad was 
burned. On the 16tli a skirmish took place at Millville, about 
thirty miles above St. Charles, on the JS'orth Missouri railroad. 
About eight hundred Union troops had reached this point when 
the track was torn up, and they were tired ii]>on by a secession 
force; a small nuniber were killed and wounded on each side. 

A little further smith in Fulton, Callaway county, about 
twenty-three miles north-east of Jefferson City, a skirmish 
took place on the 17th, between Colonel McNeil with about 600 
men, and General Harris with a considerable force. The latter 
was routed with a loss of several prisoners. On the 19th General 
John Pope who had been assigned to the command in northern 
Missouri, issued a proclamation at St. Charles. His command 
in north Misvsouri was seven thousand strong, and so posted that 
Jefferson City, Booneville, Lexington, and all the principal 
points in that section of the State were within easy striking 
distances. 

Such is a brief notice of the actual skirmishes and battles 
which took place in the State during the month of July, 1861, 
including the events at Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek in the 
month of August. They afford an indication of the excitement, 
the uncertainty, and the division of sentiment, which existed at 



I / 




ELIAS V. WILSON. 



Hlt>TOi:V OK MlStiOUUI. 165 

that time. It is believed that a majority (»t' the pe(t{)k' of the 
State were Union men, and tliat the decided action of the State 
convention seenred tiieir a<lhesion to the sn|>])oi"t of the federal 
ofovei'iniient. 

On the ()th of Jnlj, a majority of the committee of the con- 
vention of the State, char«i^ed with the duty of conveiiin^- >aid 
convention prior to the third ]\[onday of December, issnccl a 
Qi\]\ for a meeting on the 22d day of July, at ffetferson (Mty. At 
that time the State convention re-assembled. New (juestions 
were ]>resented for its coiisideration, of which there were no 
precedents. The Governor legally chosen had left the capital, 
after initiating against the national gov-ernment a military 
demonstration that had resulted in disaster to himself and his 
adherents. The Lieutenant-dovernor, who of right should have 
succeeded the Governor, was an exile from the State, and was 
believed to be engaged in schemes which incapacitated him for a 
proper discharge of tlie executive functions in a loyal common- 
wealth. Nor was the president ^rr> temjwre of the Senate pres- 
ent to take the place of the Lieutenant-Governor, the speakei- ot 
the House to take the place of president jrro tern. Tlius the 
executive department was without a head, and the important 
functions of Governor remained undischarged. 

In the State convention, the first business was to declare the 
seat of General Price, as president of the convention, vacant. 
A committee of seven was appointed, to whom were referred 
several resolutions relative; to the state of affairs. On the 2.')th 
the committee presented their report. It alluded at length to 
the unparalled condition of affairs, the reckless coui-si' of the 
recent government, and flight of the Governor and otlici- St:ite 
ofticers from the CapitaL It declared the offices of Governor, 
Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, vacant, and |)ro- 
vided that their vacancies should be filled by the convention, the 
officers so appointed to hold their positions until August, lS(»-2, 
at which time it recommended a special election by the people. 
The report was adoptt'd. On the 30th of July, the convention 
declared vacant the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 
and Secretary of State, by a vote of fifty-six t(» twenty- 
live. The seats of the members of the (iiMieral Assembly 



166 AN im.(tstkat?:d 

were also declured vacant l)y a vote of lifty-two to twentv- 
eiglit. On tlie next day, Hamilton R. Gamble was elected 
Provisional Governor; Willard P. Hall, Lieutenant-Governor; 
Mordecai Oliver, Secretary of State. These officers wei-e at 
once inauirnrated. The first Monday in November was 
fixed as the day foi- the election, In' the peo])le, of State 
officers, and after the transaction of some nnim])ortant business, 
and the presentation of an address to the people of the State, 
the convention adjourned until the tliird Monday in December, 
unless sooner called togetlier by the new government, should 
the |)ublic safety demand it. 

About the time tliis address was made, Lieutenant-Governor 
Reynolds issued a proclamation at Xew Madrid, addressed to the 
j)eo]>le of Missouri. He said: " I return to the State to accom- 
pany in my official capacity one of the armies which the warrior 
statesman, whose genius now presides over the affairs of one half 
of the Union, has prepared to advance against the common foe," 
and that as far as he was concerned no authority of the United 
States would be ])ermitted; and that of Missouri, as a sovereign 
and independent State, would be exercised with a view to her 
speedy union with her Southern Sisters. He further stated that 
the forces of the confederate States under the comnuind of Gen- 
eral Pillow had entered Missouri imder the invitation of Governor 
Jackson "to aid in expelling the enemies from the State"; and, 
as acting governor of Missouri, in the temporary absence of Gov- 
ernor Jackson, he authorized General Pillow to make and enforce 
all needful police regulations as he deemed necessary; ex- 
tending like authority to Brigadier-Genei"al Jefferson Thompson, 
from whose military experience brilliant services were confidently 
expected. ( )n the succeeding day, August Lst, Genei'al Tliom])son 
issued a proclamation to the people, calling for troops, saying: 
•* We have forty thousand Belgian muskets coming— we will 
strike your foes like a Southern thunderbolt, and soon our cam]>- 
fires will illuminate the ^^eramec and Missouri." 

On the ',k\ of August, l8(il, two days after his inauguration. 
Governor (xamhle issued a ])roclamati(»n to the peo])le, in which 
he stated tliat a most unfoi'tunatc and unnatural condition of 
feelin<i^ existed anion^- citizens, amountiuii: to actual hostility and 



iiisroKY OF MissoriM. 167 

leading, often, to scenes of violence and bloodslied, in niaiiy ])arts 
(»f the State; and it was believed that many citizens in arms had 
res])()nded to the Governoi- in .June, from a sense of obligation to 
obey the State anthority. lie exj)ressed it to be tlie sj^ecial object 
(if liis proclamation to notify all citizens who were emb(»died under 
the act of the last session of the legislative Assembly, populai-ly 
called the "military law." that the law had been abrogated, the 
troops disbanded, and the commissions under the act an- 
nulled. All soldiers and officers were enjoined to cease action in 
a military ca})acity; and the officers and troops belonging to the 
confederate States were notified at once tt) de})art from the State. 
Those citizens in arms, who, voluntarily, should return to their 
allegiance, and become ])eaceful and loyal, the general govern- 
ment, he said, promised to protect. 

Two days after. Governor Jackson, who had hastily returned 
from Richmond, issued a provisional declaration of inde])endeiice 
of the State, and her separation from the Union. He gave his 
reasons at length, justitying a separation of the State from the 
federal Union, and closed by saying that '' the acts of President 
Lincoln having been indorsed by Congress and the people of the 
Xorthern States, the war thus commenced by him had been made 
the act of the government and nation over which he ruled; there- 
fore, by the acts of the people and government of the United 
States, the political connection hei'etofore existing between said 
States and the people and government of Missouri, is. and ought 
to l)e, totally dissolved; and that the State of Missouri, as a sov- 
ereign, free and independent repid)lic, has full })ower to levy war, 
conclude peace, contract alliance, establish commerce, and ti> do 
all other acts which inde])endent States may of right do." 

On the 2(!th of July, General Fremont arrived at St. Louis to 
take command of the western department, in place of General 
Harney removed to another field. Military pre])arations were 
immediately commenced with great rigor. The accumulation and 
organization of Union troops at St. Louis, and othei- ])oints, added 
to the strength of Fremont, Avhilethe stringent I'egidations ado])t- 
ed by Geueral Pope, <»n the 18th of August. kt'])t the navigation 
of tJie Missouri river o])en for ti'affic. 

In the border counties, bodies of men were oigaiiizin^- to co- 



168 AN lI.I.rsTItATKD 

operate with McCullocli, in a coiiteiuplated advance. A lack of 
provisions was tliechiefembarrassnientto the confederate forces at 
this time. J'iilow was eonteuipUiting a movement, and also 
Thompson, who was near Benton, in Scott county, while the 
former was at New Madrid. Amid these exciting circum- 
stances, Fremont issued a proclamation and a special mil- 
itary order. He said, that circumstances, in his judgment, 
rendered it necessary that the commanding general of the de- 
partment should assume the administrative power of the State. 
Its disordered condition, the helplessness of the civil autho)-- 
itv, the total insecurity of life, and the devastation of pro})ertv, 
by bands of murderers and marauders, who infested neai'ly every 
county of the State, demand the severest measures to re])ress 
the daily increasing crimes and outrages, which were driving 
off the inhabitants and ruining the State; and that in order 
to su|)press disorder, to maintain as fai* as then practicable, the 
public peace, he declared martial law throughout the State of 
Missouri. He further said that all persons who should be taken 
with arins in their hands within the lines (therein described) 
should be tried by a court-martial, and if found guilty would be 
shot. The property, real and personal, of all persons in the State, 
who should take up arms against the United States, or who should 
be directly proven to have taken active part M'ith their enemies 
in the field, was declared to be confiscated to the public use, and 
their slaves, if any they had, declared free men. 

President Lincoln, in a letter to Fremont, dated September 
11th, objected to so much of the proclamation as related to the 
confiscation of property and the liberation of slaves; and that 
portion of it was so nnxlified as to conform to the law of Con- 
gress, approved August 6th, 1801, on the confiscation of property 
used for insurrectionary purposes. The month of September was 
spent by the fedei'al commander in making ]»reparation for future 
movements. His ])lan appeared to have been to advance into the 
south-western part of the State, with such force as would compel 
the confodei'ate commander to evacuate Missouri. A large army 
from the north-west was therefore gathered at St. Louis, and at 
the same time a line of fortification was commenced around it. 

The capture of Lexington, and Colonel Arulligan's troops by 



HiSTOUY or MISSOURI. 169 

Oeneral Price, on the 21st of September, was an important aliair 
to the confederates; and cansed Fremont, on tlie 2Tth of that 
month, to hasten from St. Louis to Jefferson City. On the 3d of 
October, the confederates abandoned Lexington; and, as the Union 
force concentrated at Jeli'erson City, Price retired to Spring- 
field, and still further south. llis force was estimated at 
not less than twenty thousand men. The advance of Fremont 
in the south-west was made in live divisions undei" Generals 
Hunter, Pope, Siegel, Arboth and McKinstry. On the 
14th of October, he arrived at Warsaw, on the Osage riv- 
er, sixty-live miles south-west of fletferson City, where he pre- 
])are(l to cross by means of a bi-idge. On the opposite baidv was 
a considerable ctmfederate cavalry force at the time of his arrival, 
which was dispersed by canister shot. The bridge was tinished 
about the 21st, and on the 26th, the troops reached Polivnr. (Jn 
the 27th, Fremont arrived at S})ringlield, when the national Hag 
was displayed. 

On the 25th, Major diaries Zagonyi, commander of Fremont's 
body-guard, with one hundred and sixty mounted troops of that 
guard, made a brilliant attack upon the confederate forces sta- 
tioned near the city, over 2,000 in number, who, having been in- 
formed of his coming, were drawn up in order of battle to receive 
him. He charged with his little band up a steep hill, in the face 
of a most murderous lire, and after a short action, drove them 
into, through, and out of the town, with a loss of fifty killed, 
wounded and missing. The confederate loss was sixty killed and 
a lai'ge number wounded. 

A number of skirmishes took place between the union troops 
and the confederates, during the month of October. (Jn the 1st 
of November, an agreement was entered into between Fremont 
and Price, that a joint j»roclaination should be signed by them 
respectively, which should provide for certain objects therein 
specified. This proclamation was signed by both officers, and 
published. 

After the removal of Fn^mont, t])e command devolved on iren- 
eral Hunter, who, on the 7th of November, addresseil a letter to 
Price, in which he recapitulated the agreement, and said: "As 
General cominandiiii; the forces of the United States in this de- 



170 A>r ILLUSTRATKl) 

])artnient, 1 can in no manner recognize the agreement aforesaid, 
or any of its provisions, wlicther inij)lie(l or direct, and I can 
neither issue, nor allow to be issued, the 'joint ])rochimation,' 
purporting to have been signed by you, and Major-General Fre- 
mont on the 1st day of November." 

Fremont received the order for his removal from the command 
on the '2d of JS'ovember. He had arrived at Springfield oidy a 
few days previous at the head of an army, and was then in })ui"- 
suit of the confederate forces. Altiiough not altogether unex- 
pected, it occasioned much excitement in his command; and 
many officers were disposed to resign. Fremont, liowever, issued 
a patriotic farewell address, in-ging tlie army to cordiall}' sup- 
]K)rt his successor, and expressing regret to leave on the eve of a 
battle they were sure to win. lie returned to St. Louis and found 
a large assemblage gathered to greet him. Tlie citizens presented 
him an address and resolutions, expressive of their high con- 
Udence in his ability in the discharge of his duties, to which lie 
suitably replied. 

On the 11th of October, the State convention i-e-assembled at 
St. Louis. The Governor in his message to that body, asked for 
a simple and more efficient military law, and recommended 
means to ]>rovide for carrying on the State government, and to 
meet the ])resent emergencies. An ordinance was adopted, to 
postpone the State election until the first Monda}'' in November, 
1862, and pi'oviding for the continuance of the Governor, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, and Secretary of State in office, until their 
successors should be dulj' ap])ointed. Another ordinance X\-as 
passed, providing for the abolition of certain offices, and for the 
reducing of salaries; it also contained a section providing tliat 
all persons taking the oath prescribed by the oi-dinance, within 
thirty days after its passage, should be exempt from arrest or 
])unishment for taking up arms against the provisional govern- 
ment of the State, or giving aid or comfort to its enemies; and 
the Governor was directed to request the President, in the name 
of the ])eo]»le of the State of ^lissonri. by ])ro('laui;ition, to ex- 
em])t all persons taking the said oath from all penalties incurred 
by taking uj) arms against the Fnited States, or giving aid and 
comfort to the enemy. The ol)jects JK'foi-t' the convention having 




JOHN R. WOODSIDE. 



HKST(UiV OK MISSUUKI. 171 

bee!i acc'oiiipli.-lKHl l)v pi-oviding' sufficient funds, aud authoriziu<; 
till' State officers to continue until tlieir successors were ap- 
]i()intrd, the convention adjoui'ned. 

In the last two weeks of December, the federal army captured 
2,500 prisoners, including seventy commissioned officers, 1,200 
liorses and mules, 1,100 stand of arms, two tons of ])owder, 100 
wagons, and an immense amount of commissary stores and camp 
e(piipage. Several skirmishes took* place during these operations. 
On the 22d of November, the town of Warsaw was burned by in- 
cendaries to prevent its further occu])ation by union tro(jps. At 
Salem a skirmish took place, December 3d. Several were killed 
on both sides. At Shawanoe Mound, on the 18th, Pope captured 
150 confederate i)risoners, with wajjons, tents, and baffirajje. At 
Milford, on the 18th, a body of the enemy were surrounded, 1,300 
prisoners taken, including three cplonels, and seventeen captains; 
1,0(»0 stand of arms, 1,000 liorses, sixty -five wagons, and a large 
quantity of tents, baggage and su])])lies were captured. 

The close of military operations in the State at the approach of 
winter, left Ilalleck free to use a large part of his ai-my in west- 
ern Kentucky. The struggle in the State during the year was 
vigorous and active, especially on the ])art of Price, under the 
contracted resources at his command. It was thought at Rich- 
mond that, if he had been zealous and efficiently seconded, he 
wt>uld have soon driven the federal force from Missouri, and 
thus have secured to the confederacy one of the most important 
western States; such an acquisition would have involved the des- 
tinies of Kansas, the Indian Nation, Arizona, and New Mexico. 
The possession of this vast territory west and south, was the 
occasion for the contest made by the confedei'ate States in Mis- 
souri. 

( )n the night of the 20tli of December, some men who had re- 
turned from Price's army, destroyed about one hundred miles oi' 
the Missouri railroad, or rendered it useless. Cominencing eight 
miles s(jutli of Hudson, they burned the bridges, wood-piles, 
water-taid<s, ties, and tore up the I'ails foi- miles, and destroyed 
the telegra])h. 

A meeting of the legislature, composed of southern sym])athiz- 
ers, was held at Neosho, NeM'ton county, about 2(»0 miles south- 



172 AN ILLUSTKATED 

westof Jeliersun City. There were twenty-three ineinbers in the 
upper, and seventy-seven in the lower House. An act piissed 
unanimously, on the second of November, to ratify an ari'ange- 
nient between certain commissioners of the State and the confed- 
erate government, by which Missouri w'as to become a member of 
the confederacy. This agreement provided that the State of Mis- 
souri should be admitted into said confederacy, on an e(|ual foot- 
ing with the other states comp'osing the same, on the fuliillment 
of certain conditions, among which was one that the State turn 
over to said confederate states all public proj^erty, naval stores, 
and munitions of war, of which she might then be in possession. 
This arrangement was made at Richmond, on the 81st day of 
October, and signed by E. C. Cabell and Thomas L. Snead, on 
the part of the State of Missouri, and R. M. T. Hunter, secretary 
of the confederate states. The same bodj' elected as senators to 
the ci)nfederate Congress, Ji^hn B. Clark, and R. L. Y. Peyton; 
and Thomas A. Harris, Casper W. Bell, A, H. Conad, Thomas 
Freeman, George Vest, Dr. Hyer and William M. Cooke repre- 
sentatives in Congress at Richmond. 

During the year 1861, Missouri was sadly devasted, and its 
inhabitants suffered untold hardships. There were not less than 
sixty battles and skirmishes between the federal forces and the 
confederate troops, or those S3^mpathizing with the southern 
cause, during the year. Many of its citizens favored the South, 
from honest convictions that they were doing their dury to the 
State, in opposing the measures of the federal government, and 
were, undcnibtedly, conscientious in their convictions. This lirst 
year of the war was a severe one to the people generally; as all de- 
partments of industry were seriously affected by its operations. 

The commencement of IS6'2 found Missouri in a more quiet 
condition than fur juany months previous, although hostilities, 
conduett'd on a larger and more svstematic scale, had been 
aiitici])ated. Tlie army of Sterling Price remained around 
Springffeld in the southern part of the State, and was represented 
to be largely made up of Missouri militia, whose stability could 
not be dei)eiided on in the t^vent (»f a retreat. Along the s.(_>utli- 
ern and westi-rn frontiers, the operations of guerillas caused occa- 
sional disturbance, but the central and northern parts of the State. 



HISTOIIY (»K MISSOTTRI. 173 

togetlier witli the coimtit's l)()r(leriui,^ on the Mi-ssissijjpi, remuiiu'd 
tolerably (juiet. 

At St. Louis, early in the year, in consequence of complaints of 
disprojxtrtionate assessments having been made under the opera- 
tions (»f '• ( )rder Ko. 24," levying assessments <m wealthy Southern 
sympathizers for tlie sup]>ort of union refugees, General Ilalleck 
ap])ointed a new board of assessors to revise the former list, and 
niidce such modifications as circumstances demanded. Several 
citizens assest l)aving failed to pay their assessments, tlieir prop- 
ei-ty was ordered to be seized under execution. One of the 
number, Samuel Engler, a prominent merchant, with a view of 
testing tlie legality of the transaction, caused a writ of replevin 
to be ser\-ed on the Provost-Marslial to recover the property 
taken from him; whereupon he and his attorney were arrested 
and lodged in the military prison. 

( )n the 9th of January, the Provost-Marshal General issued an 
order requiring all publishers of newspapers in Missouri, those of 
St. Louis excepted, to furnish him with a copy of each issue for 
insjiection, under the penalty of having their pajjers suppressed; 
and some excitement was caused on the same day in the St. 
Louis Chamber of Commerce, by the refusal of the southern 
members who were in a nuijority, and M'ho had just elected 
officers of their own vicAvs, to admit a number of union apj^li- 
plicants for membership. The consequence was the witlidrawal 
of the union members, and the establishment of a union Cham- 
ber of (/ommerce. 

The indication of latent sympathy with the southern confeder- 
acy, which was afforded by this occurx'ence, determined Halleck 
to adopt more stringent measures to secure adherence to the gox- 
ernment; and, on the 20th, he issued an order requiring all the 
officers of the St. Louis Mercantile Library Association to take the 
oath of allegiance prescribed by Article VL of the State ordinance 
of October 16th, 1861; and those who neglected or refused to 
file a copy of the oath so subscribed, in the office of the Provost- 
Marshal General, within ten days, were to be deemed as having 
resigned. If such persons persisted in the exercise of the func- 
tions of such office, they were to be arrested for contempt, and 
punished according to tlie laws of war. Those found bearing the 



174 AX ILLUSTHATKD 

eiieniy's flag on their carriages or veliicles, or otherwise <h'splay- 
ing the same, M'ere also to be arrested and imprisoned, and such 
carriages seized and confiscated. 

This measnre was followed hv the promulgation of an ordei-. 
d-Ated February 3d, requiring the president and faculty of the 
University of Missouri to take the oath of allegiance, under the 
penalty of having their offices vacated. " This institution having 
been endowed by the government of the United States, its funds 
shoidd not l)e used to instruct traitors." The oi-der exacted a 
similar oath from the presidents and managers of all railroads in 
the State, and directed the commissary and subsistence depart- 
ments to deal with none but those who had taken the oath, or 
who were approved loyal. 

The arrest and trial of the jK^rsons ap]^rehended in northern 
Missouri for destroying l)ridges, and other property of the Hanni- 
bal and St. Joseph railroad, took place before a military cnmniis- 
sion in Palmyra; and, in the latter part of January, eight [)er- 
sons were found guilty, and sentenced to l)e shot, (xeneral Hal- 
Icck approved the sentence, and ordered it to be carried into 
etfeet in the succeeding montli. 

In the last week of January, the national foives iindci- (leneral 
Curtis, commenced their march southward, and on the l:^)th of 
l'\'bi-uarv the advance guard entered Sjiringtield, Price retiring 
across the boundary into Arkansas at their approach. This 
movement for the time, freed the State of the presence of armed 
opj)()nents of the General government; and the St. Lonis papers 
of Fel)ruary 22, announced with no little satisfaction, that '"the 
last vestige of military insurrection had been swept away." In 
view of this fact, Ilalleck issued an order abating the stringent 
military regulations in force in the State, and mitigating the sen- 
tence of death against the bridge burners, to close confinement in 
tlie military prison. 

Lieutenant-Crovenior Hall, in the absence of (irovernor (lanible, 
appointed Robert Wilson (^jiresident of the State convention) and 
.lolin B. Henderson, (a Douglas democrat) United States Sena- 
toi-s, in tlie place of Waldo P. Johnson, and Trusten Polk, whose 
seats had been declared vacant by a resolution of the Senate of 
the 10th of .lanuarv. 



iiisi'ouv OF -Misburui. 175 

The clepartuiv of Ilalleck for Corinth, in April, left Geneial 
Sc'hotield in eoniinand (»f the <^reater part of the State; and on 
-Inne 1st, lie assumed command, of the entire department of Mis- 
souri, lixiiii;- his headcpiarters at St. Louis. 

The State convention met pursuant to adjournment, at .he 
cai>ital on the '.U\ of .rune, (rovernor Gamble in his official com- 
munication, reviewed the historv of affairs during the interval 
aucceeding the adjournment of the convention, showing that the 
finances of the State were still in an unsettled condition, only 
forty-one counties out of the one hundred and twelve having re- 
turned, tax-books for the year 1861. Of the J^^()4U,220 due from 
these, not more than $258,8S6 had been paid in. The indebted- 
ness of the counties not heard from was very large; l)ut officers 
were linding it more easy to make collections, and in every way 
the condition of affairs was (piite as favorable as when the present 
authorities received control of the government. In most })arts 
of the State, courts of justice were open, and laws ])ro})erly ad- 
ministered, but elsewhere distui'bance and crime were perpetrated 
under the name of guerrilla warfare, lie doubted the expediency 
of electing members of ( -ongress seventeen months before taking 
their seats; and, in view of the fact that a large body of the 
voters of the Srate were absent as volunteers, he sujfw'ested the re- 
peal of the ordinance passed in the previous Xovend)er, which 
provided for an election of executive officers, and for the ratifica- 
tion of the })rovisional government in August. 

On the -ith of June, the committee on elections reported l)ills, 
continuing the present officers of the State until I8r>4, repealing 
the ordinance submitting the action of the conventit»n to the 
people, and defining the (pialification of voters in the State. 
The last named bill prohibited all confederates from holding office 
or voting, except on condition of taking the oath to support the 
constitution of the United States, and Missouri; and re(|uired 
judges of all elections to administer a similar oath to all voters. 
On the 7th, Judge Breckenridge, of St. Louis, introduced 
a bill for gnidual emancipation, framed in accordance with the 
President's message to Congress, which he supported in an able 
manner, as the only measure at all likely to quiet the agitation 
rapidly growing in the State. At the conclusion of his remarks. 



176 AW n.lJJCTRATKD 

Mr. Hall, of Randolph county, moved to lay the bill upon the 
table, which was carried by yeas, Hfty-two; nays, nineteen. He 
then moved to reconsider the motion to lay upon the table, and 
to lav that motion upon the table. This was agreed to, and thus- 
the emancipation scheme was thwarted, almost at its inception. 

During the 9th and 10th days, the convention was chiefly 
occupied in discussing the bill detining the qualitications of 
voters, which had been reported back without the di^francllising 
clause. An amendment offered by Judge Breckenridge, " to dis- 
franchise all persons engaged in rebellion, subsequent to Decem- 
ber 17, 1801, was, after a protracted debate, carried by a yote of 
thirty-live ayes, to thirty one noes, and the bill was iinally passed 
by forty-two yeas, to twenty-seven nays. The chief objection 
urged against the amendment was, that it would discourage emi- 
gration from the Southern states. 

On the 11th, the bill to continue the present provisional gov- 
ernment, and postpone the election of State officers until 1804, 
elicited much discussion, and was iinally lost by yeas, thirty-one, 
nays thirty-ilve, but the next day the vote was reconsidered by 
yeas foi-ty-three, nays lifteen, and the \n\\ v/as passed: yeas forty- 
iive, nays twenty-one. A resolution expressing the confidence of 
the convention in the integrity and patriotism of (Tovernor Gam- 
ble, and other State officers, was also unanimously passed. An 
ordinance was then adopted, lixing the time for all subsequent 
general elections, on the Tuesday next after the iirst Monday 
in November, and the convention adjom-ne(j,uto the -Ith of July, 
1808, unless sooner called together by the O^^^rnor. 

On the lOth of June, in pursuance of a^iC&il issued some time 
previous, a mass convention of emancipa1:ionists, consisting of 
one hundred and ninety-five delegates from twenty-tive counties, 
assembled at Jefferson City, to organize the party for the fall 
elections. A considerable number, if not a majority of the mem- 
bers, were slave-holders. Among the resolutions })assed was one 
declaring that they were in favor of initiating foi-thwith a sys- 
tem of emancipation for the State of Missouri, gradual in its 
character, and the operation of which should be so adjusted as 
not to work injury to the peculiar interests of any loyal citizens, 
whose vested property rights were involved, and not to dis- 





ytXxtXj^ 



HISTORY OF MIS.SOURI. 177 

tiirh. bv any violent disrnption, the social relations in the 
commonwealth. One was also passed to the effect, that it should 
be the duty of the next General Assembly to take measures for 
securing from the national government the aid ])]edi>ed l)y reso 
lution of Congress to those states, undertaking the establishment 
of a system of gradual ematicipation, and that the same should 
be sodi'^posod, as to insure compensation for such as might be ad- 
jndged entitled to compensation, for any losses sustained in the 
inauguration and consummation of such a policy. 

Scarcely had the two conventions dissolved, when the State was 
threatened by a new and formidable outbreak of guerrillas, who 
were emboldened by the absence of the greater part of the national 
forces, to repeat, on a more extensive scale, their operations of the 
previous year. The greater part of them consisted of the dis 
banded troops of General Price. By the middle of July, the 
whole northern and western parts of the State were disturbed by 
rumors of guerrilla raids and. outrages. In the north-east quar- 
ter, Porter and Quantrell began, as early as the last week in 
June, to gather followers about them; and early inJuly, the 
formei' was defeated, and his band dispersed, at Cherry Grove, 
in Schuyler county, on the Iowa line. 

The increasing alarm in the State, heightened by the apprehen- 
sion that the sudden rising of the guerrillas was to be followed by 
another invasion from the South, rendered neceesarv viwrous 
measures of defense; and, on the 22d of July, Governor Gamble 
issued an order authorizing Brigadier-General J. ^f. Schoiield, of 
the State militia, to organize the entire militia of the State into 
companies, regiments, and brigades, and to order into active ser- 
vice, such portions of the force thus orgaTiized as he might judge 
necessary for the putting down of nil marauders, and defending 
peaceful citizens of the State. This order was followed, on the 
same day, by one from General Schofield for the immediate? or- 
ganization of all the militia of Missouri, for the pur])ose of exter- 
minating the guerrillas infecting the State. 

On the 28tli of July, Colonels Porter and Cobb were defeated 
in Callaway county, on the Missouri river; but within three days 
the former captured Newark, in Knox county, with two companies 
of national troops. AlK)ut the same time a new partisan leader, 

12 



178 AX ILI.USTKATKD 

C^olonel Poindexter, began to be active in the central counties on 
the Missouri, and durJTig the first week in August his movements, 
together with tliose of" Colonel Quantrell in the west, com 
j)elh'(l the national comniMnders to take additional measures of 
j)recaution. On the <)th <»f' August, Colonel Porter was disas- 
trously defeated by Colonel McNeil, at Kirksville, in Adair 
county and for several weeks was eom])elled to keep aloof from 
ative operations; as a consequence the war shifted to central and 
western Missouri, wdiere Colonels Coffee and McBride wei'e re- 
ported to have come to the assistance of Quantrell. 

After a series of desultory skirmishes, an attack was made, on 
the IStli, by the combined bands of those leaders who had been 
joined a short time previous by Colonel Hughes and other officers 
of the confederate army, upon Independence, resulting in a severe 
defeat of the State troops; and two days later, a body of 800 of 
the latter were drawn into an ambuscade at Lone Jack, Jackson 
county, by Quantrell and ( !offee, losing two pieces of cannon and 
a numbei- of prisoners. Heavy i-einforcements under General 
Blunt, of Kansas, coming up, however, the guerrillas beat a hasty 
retreat southward to the Arkansas line. 

No sooner was the south-west cleared of guerillas, than their 
operations commenced in the north with renewed activity. Poin- 
dexter, after sevei-al defeats, was captured early in Septembei-, 
but so daring were the I'aidsof Porter and his followers, in Lewis, 
Maries, and other north-eastern counties, tliat a Palmyra news- 
paper declared the whole of that part of the State, ''to be in 
possession of the rebels, w'ith the exception (tf the posts imme- 
diately garrisoned by State, or United States troops." It esti- 
mated the number of confederates at 5,000, divided into numer- 
ous small bands, and commanded by reckless and enterprising 
leaders. On the 12th, Palmyra occupied by a small Union gar- 
rison, was ])lundered by Porter's force; but subsecpiently, to the 
15th, the efforts of McNeil, Guitar, and other Union commanders, 
began to discourage the guerillas, wdiose strength was gradually 
frittered away. On the 19th of September the states of ]\Iis- 
souri, Kansas, and Arkansas, wei'e formed into a military 
district under the command of General Curtis, and soon 
after, General Schofield assumed command of the so-called 



HI8T0KY OF MlSSOlJKl. 179 

"'Arinvof tilt' Frontier," in south-west Missouri. Movivio; with 
great r}i])i(lity, mid in considerable force, he broke up a Ibr- 
tnidable eani]) in Newtonia, and by the lOth of October, had 
driven the enemy completely over the Arkansas border. In the 
latter part of the same month, Colonels l^azear and Dewry, de- 
feated the confederate bands in south-eastern Missouri, in several 
iiugageiiu'nts, ca])turiui; many prisoners, and driviii<r them finally 
into Arkansas. Quantrell had re-appeared in the west in the mid- 
dle of September, but was almost uniformally beaten in his en- 
counters with the State tro(j])s, and by the end of October, the 
war both there and in the north was practically ended. 

Early in October, the political parties began to prepare for the 
November election. The issue of emancipation or anti-emanci- 
pation was at once distinctly set before the people of the State. 
Those in favor of emancipation, however, were divided in senti- 
ment on several important points, the radical portion, under the 
lead of J>. Gratz Brown, being m favor of immediate emanci])a 
tion, while the more conservative of tlie party, represented by 
Francis P. Blair, urged a gradual removal of slavery from the 
State. Many of the latter were slaveholders, and residents of large 
slave-holding districts, and although pledged unconditionally to 
the maintenance of the LFnion, were necessarily averse to the too 
sudden dissolution of the relations of master and slaves. Through- 
out the State generally, the twH> divisions of the party united in 
the support of the same candidate; but in St. Louis a somewhat 
bitter contest was waged between them. 

The election took j)lace on Tuesday, November 4th, and re- 
sulted in the choice of F. P. Blair, first district; II. T. J31ow, 
second district; J. W. Noell, third district; S. H. Boyd, fourth 
district; J. W. McCJlurg, fifth district; A. A. King, sixth dis- 
trict; Benjamin Loan, seventh district; Willard A. Hall, eighth 
district; and J. S. Rollins, ninth district; as members of (Con- 
gress. Of these, Blair, Blow, Noell, Boyd, McClurg and I^oan, 
were avowed emancipationists; Kink and Hall, democrats; and 
Rollins a Union man. In St. Louis, the c(»ntest between Bhiir 
and Knox, the radical emancipation candidate, was very close, the 
official retm-n showing a vote of 4,743 for Blair, to 4,590 for 
Knox; and 2,o:><> for Bogy, democrat. The emancipationists 



180 AN ILLUSTRATED 

were equally successful in securing a majority in both branches 
of the legislature; that in the lower House being large. 

On the 29th of December, 1862, the new legislature (the twen- 
ty-second General Assembly) met at Jefferson City, and the 
House of Representatives was organized by the election of L. C. 
Marvin, of Henry county, the emancipation candidate, for speaker, 
by a vote of sixty-seven to forty-two. W. C. Gault, of St. Louis 
county, was elected chief clerk. I. Y. Pratt was chosen secre- 
tary of the Senate. On the succeeding day. Governor Gamble 
submitted his annual message. After congratulating the legis- 
lature and State upon the fact that a union General iVssembly 
had at length been convened, he reviewed the condition of the 
State since the sei^aration movement, and showed that the num- 
ber of volunteers from Missouri, al"ter allcnving for the casualities 
of war, and mustering out irregularly enlisted troops, was 27,500. 
which, with 10,500 State militia, gave a total force of 38,000 men 
in the service for the war. The enrolled militia, numbering 52,- 
000, would give the State the gi-and total of 90,000, the latter 
force furnishing a largo body of men, armed and e(iuip})ed for 
any emei-geucy. The indebtedness of the State was stated to be 
$27,370,090; of which $22,150,000 was in aid of railroads; Platte 
county, $700,000; revenue bonds, $431,000; State defense war- 
rants, $725,000; anvars of interest due, $1,812,090, and a mis- 
cellaneous debt of ^002,000. 

On the subject of emancipation, he said that he had long 
been convinced that the material interests of the State would l)e 
advanced by substituting free for slave labor, and recommended 
a plan by which the children of slaves born after the passage of 
this act should be free, but remain under the control of their 
owners until they had arrived at a certain age, the owners to be 
compensated foi- the deminished value of slave mothers, after be- 
ing thus rendered incapable of bearing slave children. 

On the 5th of January, 1863, the two House's met in joint e(»n- 
vention to elect a'United States Senator for the unexpired term of 
Trusten Polk, until March 4th, 1863; and one for 
the term expiring March 4th, 1867, it being the unex- 
pired term of Waldo P. Johnson; and one for the term of six 
years from and after March 4th, 1867. Jolm P>. Tlonderson 



HISTOUY OF MltiSOUUl. 131 

•was elected for tlie unexpired term of Trusteii Polk, to Miircli 
4tli, 1803, receiving one hundred and four votes, and Ilobert AVil- 
son forty-seven votes. The convention took a vote to iill the un- 
€X])ired term of W. P. Johnson, but there being no choice, the 
convention adjourned from time to time to fill such unexpired 
term, until the 11th of February, when the 30th ballot was taken; 
iind there being no choice, thd convention adjourned until the 
lirst Thursday in November ensuing. The (i-eneral Assembly 
adjourned on the 22d of March, to meet on the second Tuesday in 
November, 1863. A law was enacted, at this sesson, to exem])t a 
homestead from sale; one accepting a grant of hinds from Con- 
gress for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts; and 
one appropriating money to the benevolent institutions of the 
State. A number of acts of a private and local character, relat- 
ing chiefly to the incorporation of towns and cities, educational 
institutions, and other organizations, were also passed. 

Tiie most exciting subject that agitated the minds of the peo- 
ple of Missouri in the year 18G3, was that of emanci[)ation. 
The State convention, that originally convened for the purpose 
of passing an ordinance of secession, was controlled by union 
men, the friends of secession having mostly retired. In 1862, 
it passed an ordinance continuing the State officers, which it 
had previously elected, in office until the election in 1864. 
The subject of compensated emancipation was discussed in that 
body without any decided action. A legislature was elected in 
November of the same year, and assembled in December. Al- 
though this body did not pass a joint resolution, at this session, 
or an act, making it the duty of the Governor to call the State 
convention together, yet he judged that their proceedings suffic- 
iently indicated a wish that the convention should be convened. 
He accordingly called the convention to assemble on the 15th of 
July, 1863. 

The legislature, which met on the 29th of December, 18(52, ad- 
journed on the 23d of March, 1873. Afiairs remained quiet un- 
til the election in the city of St. Louis. This was carried by the 
unconditional union men, or radicals, by a largo majority. This 
indicated a change in the sentiment of the people, on the subject 
of emancipation. It led to ap]>rehensions on the part of the con- 



182 AN ILLUSTRATED 

servatives, lest the change should extend to the interior of the 
State, and thus give the radicals a controlling voice, and lead to 
speedy emancipation. To prevent this result, Governor Gamble 
issued a call for the adjourned convention to re-assemhle in June. 

About the lirst of May, General Curtis, in command of the de- 
partment of the Missouri, was removed, and General Scho- 
field appointed to his place. Th« reason of this change, as given 
in a letter to Schotield by President Lincoln, was that he 
had the conviction that the union men of Missouri, constituting, 
when united, a large majority of the people, had entered into a 
pestilent factional quarrel among themselves. General Curtis, 
perhaps, not of choice, being the head of one faction, and Gov- 
ernor Gamble, the other; and, as he could not remove Governor 
Gamble, he had to remove Genei'al Curtis. 

Soon after this change, delegations were sent on to Washing- 
ton from each party to confer with the President. They were in- 
formed that his Excellency was satislied that immediate emanci- 
pation would be detrimental to the interests of the State, and that 
as far as he was at present advised, the radicals in Missouri had 
no right to consider themselves the exponents of his views on the 
subject of emancipation in that State. 

On the 15th of June, the State convention re-assembled. Gov- 
ernor Gamble sent in a message expressing his views on the sub- 
ject of emancipation. He also asserted, that the enrolled militia 
were adequate to preserve peace within the State. Several plans 
of emancipation were immediately proposed, looking to the eman- 
cipation of all slaves within a few nn>nths; perpetually prohibit- 
ing slavery in the State; and proposing a system of apprentice- 
shi]) for the slaves so emancipated, for such period as might be 
sufficient to avoid any inconvenience to the interests connected 
with slave labor, and to prepare the emancipated blacks for com- 
plete freedom. On the 2;^)d, a majority of the committee reported 
an ordinance of emancipation. Section second })rovided that 
slavery or involuntary servitude, except in the punishment of 
crime, should cense to exist in Missouri, on and after the 4th of 
July, 1870, and all slaves within the State on that day were de- 
clared to be free. A minority report was also submitted, declar- 
ing slavery to be abolished on the first of -Inly ensuing. Gover- 




WILLIAM F. SWITZLER. 



HISTORY OF MLSSOrUI. Ig3 

nor (ramble in his message to the convention, tendered his resiir. 
nation as Governor. A resohitioii was now offered i)r<.vi(h"n<r for 
an election of the State otticers by the ])eoj)le. To this a sid)sti- 
tute was offered, requesting Governor Gamble to withdraw his 
resignation, and continue to discharge the duties of the office. 
The substitute was accepted and then adopted. The ordinance of 
emancipation was subse(pientlj passed in the form in which it 
was reported by the State convention, which was originallv called 
for the ])urpose of passing an ordinance of secession from the 
Union. The convention adjourned on the 1st day of July. 

After the adjournment of the convention, a meeting was held 
at St. Louis, by those opposed to the scheme of emancipation 
adopted by the convention, as well as to the exemption of slave- 
property from taxation and to the i)ostponement of the State 
election. Resolutions were ado])ted declaring these views, and 
looking to the jiext legislature to call a new convention. An 
active canvass for the sui)port of the same was now made by 
the unconditioiud union men, or radical emancipationists, as they 
were called, which i-esulted in the assembling of a C(mvention 
rei)resenting their views. This body met at ,fefferson City, and 
consisted of delegates from four-fifths of the counties of the 
State. Resolutions were adopted sustaining the government in 
a vigorous prosecution of the war,— denouncing the militarv 
policy pursued in the State, and the delegation by the general 
government of the military power to a provisional State organi- 
zation,— endorsing the President's enuineipation i)roclamrtion, 
and asking its prompt execution, and demanding the legislature 
to call a new State convention, to take into consideration the 
grievances under which the State labore.l. Resolutions wei-e also 
passed requesting Governor Gand)le and Lieutenant-( Governor 
Hall, to resign, and the President to remove General Schofield ; also 
denouncing Quantrell's raid on Lawrence, and sym|)athixing 
with the survivors of the massacre; reipiesting the radical 
meinbers of the legislature to vote for B. Gratz Brown, and 
Benjamin Loan, for United States Senators. There were in 
the State two bodies of soldiers, known as the ^[^ssouri militia. 
These were designated by the terms "^fissouri State Mili- 
tia" and •• Enrolled Missouri Militia."' The first were vol- 



184 AN ILLTJSTUATED 

unteer troops, enlisted in the service of the United States, 
and snp])()rted by the federal government, and their distinc- 
tive feature was that they were intended, exclusively for the 
protection of the State, and the Governor could, at his dis- 
cretion, remove all otiicers. Ten regiments of this force were 
kept in service under the commanding general of the depart- 
ment. The "Enrolled Missouri Militia" was an entirely dif- 
ferent force, organized by order of the Governor, controlled by 
him, and at no time subject to the orders of the United States. 
This force was enrolled in the summer of 1862, and kept up at 
the expense of the State, v/lien in active service. 

In the latter part of December, Governor Gamble issued an 
order to the effect that the enrolled militia were under the ex- 
clusive command of their own officers, except when they were by 
express orders placed under the command of United States of- 
ficers; and, therefore, if any officer should engage in making as- 
sessments in pursuance of orders from United States command- 
ers, they would immediately suspend all action under said orders. 
In consequence of this, the provost-marshal general, of Missouri, 
and his assistants, were denied the aid of the- enrolled militia, in 
enforcing their orders. 

General Schofield took command of the de])artment, on 
the 24th of May, and on the 29th of that month, Governor 
Gamble issued an order that the command of the enrolled 
militia, then in active service within the State, including the 
provisional regiments, was conferred u])on Major-General J. M. 
Schotield. This appointment had its effect, and the provost- 
marshal general received no aid from the local militia; neither 
could the unconditional Union men use this force to assist 
them in suppressing everything which looked like sympathy 
with treason. 

Tiie committee ap])ointed by the last named convention 
proceeded to Washington, and on the 30th of Sejjtember, made 
an address to the President, recommending the cessation of all 
support from the treasury of the United States to the enrolled 
Missouri militia; the occupation of Missouri by United States 
troops; the a])]K)intment of a department commander in Mis- 
soui'i wh(> would not make himself a party to (Tovernor (lamble's 



lIISTUliV OF MISSOURI. 185 

pro-slavery policy. The President, after hearing the address, re- 
plied that he tailed tu see that the condition of Missonri, 
and the wrongs and sufferings of the Union men, were to be 
attributed to weakness, wickedness, or immorality, but rather to 
civil war, — that he a})i)roved Schofield's action in preventino- a 
counter raid ijito Missouri by the citizens of Kansas, as the only 
way to avoid indiscriminate massacre; that the charges against 
that otticer, that he had purposely withheld protection from the 
loyal i)eople, and purposely facilitated the objects of the dis- 
loyal were altogether l)eyond belief; and he declined to remove 
him. 

The election held for Supreme Court judges resulted in the 
election of Judge Bates. The vote was 47,229 for Bates; 46,548 
for Clover. 

For the purposeof promoting immigration from Europe, an agent 
was sent out with the promise of a small salary from some of the 
railroad companies; another was sent to Germany, by a manufac- 
turer in St. Louis, to procure laborers necessary for the carryintr 
on of his business. The State institutions, this year, were re- 
ported in a m(jre favorable condition. 

The second and adjourned session of the General Assembly, 
convened on the 10th day of November, 1863, lion. Willard P. 
Hall, president of the Senate, in the chair, and the officers of 
both Houses being the same as at the first session. Governor 
Gamble sent in his annual message in which he said that as to 
the relations of the State to the federal government, there was 
then, within the State, no jnilitary organization hostile to the 
government, and that every indication was that the former 
teeling of hostility had settled down into a (piiet accpiiescence in 
the supremacy of the government; that this condition of aitairs 
was fully exemplified by the fact that a body of rebels under the 
command of (i-eneral Shelby, invaded the State from Arkansas, 
and penetrated as far as the Missouri river, was met by the 
State troops alone, (^State militia and enrolled militia) routed in 
battle, and driven out of the State without obtaining any acces- 
sion to their number; while along their route, there was exhibited 
great activity among the people, in an endeavor tointerce})t them. 
Me further gave accounts of the orders issued by him for the for- 



186 AN ILLUSTRATED 

mation of provisional rei^iments of militia, and the appointment of 
ix Major- General to command the volunteer troops. State militia^ 
and the pi'ovisional regimeiits. that there mii^hthe unity of com- 
mand, lie recommended the employment of immigration agents 
inEurope, for filling u]t the vacuum made inthepopidation l»y the 
war, and by emancipation, and said that all the interests of the 
State, agricultural and manufactui'ing, would be promoted by an- 
agency recognized and supported by the State authority. He also 
said, in closing, that he had no recommendations to make, in addi- 
tion to those made in his message to the legislature at their regu- 
lar session, except that circumstances recpiired that the strictest 
economy slunild be preserved in the management of State affairs. 

The legislature met in joint convention on the 12th of Nov^em- 
ber, for the purp(jse of electing a United States Senatoi- for the 
term expiring March 4, 18(17, but failed to elect. On the succeed- 
ing day, the convention proceded to a thirty-second ballot, and B. 
Gratz Brown received seventy-four votes and James ( ). Br(»adhead 
sixty-foui" votes, and two scattering. Brown was declared elected 
for the term expiring March 4, 1867. The convention then pro- 
ceede<l to vote for a United States Senator for the tei'ui expiring- 
on the 4th of March, 1869. John B. Henderson received eighty- 
four votes, John S. Phelps forty-two, and twelve. scattering- 
Henderson was declared duly elected. The General Assembly ad- 
journed to February 1(>, 1864. 

A law was passed at this session, enabling the banks and tne- 
branch banks of the vState to wind up their business and organize 
as mitional banks; one authorizing the issue of State 
bonds to the amount of $150,000; one to provide means 
to pay certain bonds; one for repairing the (/apitol building, and 
enclosing the same; and one to orfj^anize a State boai'd of aj^ricul- 
ture. One was also passed to regulate the transj)ortation of" 
freight and passengers on the several railroads of the State; and 
another for the assessment and collection of the revenue of the 
State; an act was likewise })assed authorizing the call of a conven- 
tion to consider such amendments to the constitution of the State 
as might be by it deemed necessary for the emancipation of slaves; 
and one to preserve in juirity the elective franchise, and for the 
pronu>tion of the public good. The convention was to meet at St. 



UllSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 187 

Louis on the 6th of January, 1865, and the election of delegates 
to he held in November. At the same time the people were to 
vote on the proposition whether they desired a convention or not. 
Of this legislature it may be said, that the unconditional union 
men had a majority in the House, but not in the Senate. 



CHAPTER XTX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOK THOMAS C. FLETCHER. 

1864—1868. 

Tlie animal election was held on the 8th of November, 1864. 
The vote for President Lincoln was 71,676; for McClellan, 31,626. 
The union candidate for Governor, Thomas C. Fletcher, was 
elected by a majority of 41,125 votes over Thomas L. Price. 
The total vote for a State convention was 89,215, of which there 
was a majority in favor of a convention of 37,793. Of tlie mem- 
bers chosen to the convention, three-fourths belonged to 
the union party. The entire union or radical ticket 
for State officers was elected; also a large radical majority of the 
members of the Senate, and three-fourths of the Assembly. Eight 
•out of nine radical candidates were elected to Congi-ess. The 
same ticket was also elected in eighty of the one hundred and 
fourteen counties in the State. This was the first election for 
State officers which had been held in Missouri since the begin- 
ning of the war. The acting Governor, H. li. Gamble, had been 
chosen by the convention, and, also, the Lieutenant-Governoi-, 
W. P. Hall, who succeeded on the decease of the former. 

The session of the twenty-third General Assembly, convened 
on the 26th of December. Governor Hall, in his message to the 
legislature said, that on the first day of July, 1864, the State of 
Missouri had furnished by volunteer enlistments, ten thousand 
more soldiers for the fedei-al army than her quota. Since that 
time eleven new regi ments had been recruited and organized. The 
whole number of men furnished prior to February, 1864, was 
59,676; number furnished since that date, 18,508. Veterans 
mustered to April 28, 1864, 1,409; enrolled militia reduced to 
three years standing by report of Adjatant-General, 2,174; total 
number furnished to 8(>th November, 1864, 81,767. In addition. 




JOSEPH FLOOD 



HISTORY OF AUSSOUKl. 18^ 

there had been in tlie Held since July 31, ISGi, more than fiO,000 
militia, in payment of which more than four millions of dollars 
had been expended. On the 1st day of January, ISCA, there 
was due the militia, $989,579.05, to provide for which the Gov- 
ernor recommended an issue of bonds. The revenue of the State 
in 1803 and 1864, exceeded that of the year 18H1 and 1862. 

During the years 1861 and 1862, the disturbances in all por- 
tions of the State, utterly suspended and prosti-ated the schools 
in nearly the whole domain of the commonwealth. In 1863 many 
school-house doors were thrown open, and children gathered 
in the schools in all parts of the State. In 1864, nearly 
all the counties north of the IVEissouri river had their com- 
mon schools in full operation, and in many counties, south 
of tlie river, schools were opened. The change about to 
take place in the condition of the slaves, had already turned 
attention to theii* education, and to the relations which 
they should hold to the constitution of the State. It was 
estimated that nearly one-third of the population of 1860 had l^een 
lost to the State in consequence of the war. Even at that period 
the population was hardly suthcient to develop the resources and 
gather the harvests. Immigration was greatly needed. 

On the 2d of January, 1865, the two Houses met in joint con- 
vention to examine the returns of the election of Gov- 
ernor, and Lieutenant-Governor. Thomas C. Fletcher 
was declared duly elected Governor for the four years ensuing. 
George Smith, of Caldwell county, for Lieutenant-Governor. Both 
the Governor and Lieutenant-Go\^enior then took the oath of office. 
In his message, the Governor recommended a revision of the or- 
ganization of the State University, and its transformation into 
two or more departments, bearing directly n])on the agricultural 
and mineral wealth of the State; he also recommended a law pro- 
viding for a State Su])erintendent of Public Instruction; one for 
a revision of the militia law; and one providing for an immigra- 
tion bureau. He also made suggestions on the railroad enterprises 
of the State. He referred to the physical advantages of the 
State, its excellent agricultural lands, iron, cobalt, and zinc mines, 
its coal fields and timber lands, and the magnificent and swift re- 
wards that wait on industry, offering une.xampled encourage- 



190 AX ILLUSTRATKn 

ment to immigration. The military policy in Arkansas and Mis- 
souri, it was expected, would prevent the return of the confederate 
armies to the soil of either State. 

The State constitutional convention assembled in St. Louis on 
the 6th of January It was composed of sixty-six members, and 
was organized by the election of Ai-nold Krekel, of St. Charles, 
president. The first important action of the convention was the 
subject of the abolition of slavery in the State. On the 11th, a 
committee reported the following ordinance of emancipation: 
"Be it ordained, by the people of the State of Missouri, in con- 
vetnion assembled, That hereafter in this State there shall be 
neithei' slaver}'^ nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment 
of crime, M'hereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and 
all persons held to service or labor as slaves, are hereby declared 
free." The ordinance liaving passed to a second reading, Mr. Drake 
proposed an amendment in these words: "That no person can, 
on account of color, be disqualified as a witness, to be disabled to 
contract, or be prevented from acquiring, holding (U* transmitting 
property, or be liable to any other punishment for any oifense, 
than that imposed on others for like causes, or be restricted in 
the exercise of religions worship, or be hindered in receiving an 
education, or be subject in law to any restraints or disqualifica- 
tions in regard to any personal rights than such as are held u])Oii 
others, under like circumstances." After considerable discussion 
the amendment was rejected. Upon the settlement of several 
points of order, the vote was taken on the adoption of the ordi- 
nance, resulting — ayes, fifty-one; noes, four; absent, two. The 
announcement of the vote was received with loud apjilause, with 
waving of iiandkerchiefs and swinging of hats. A resolution was 
oftered and adojjted tiiat a copy of this ordinance, duly signed and 
attested, be sent by special messenger to the Governor of the State 
at Jefferson City, and that he be requested to issue his }>rocla- 
niation, stating that by an irrevocable act of the convention, 
"■' slavery is abolished in the State of Missouri now and forever." 
The resolution was adopted and the convention adjourned. The 
whole number of slaves in Missouri, according to the census of 
1800, was 114,031. 

On tilt' followini>-(la\-. a measasre was received hv the convention 



KltiTUlii' OF MlSSOUKl. 191 

from the (jruvenn>r and legislature ot" Illinois, ex])ressing their 
congratulations on the ])Hssage of the ordinanee. Afterwards, a 
motion was made in tlie convention to pay the loyal owners for 
their slaves. It was laid upon the bible — ayes, forty-four; noes, 
four. .V motion to submit the ordinanceof the convention to the 
people, after some discussion, was laid on the tal>le — ayes, forty- 
four; noes four. 

(xovernor Fletcher, on the receipt of the information of the 
act of the convention, issued a proclamation, stating the action 
of the convention, and declaring "that henceforth, and forever, 
no person within the jurisdiction of the State shall be subject to 
any abridgment t)f liberty, exce])t such as the law shall prescribe 
for the common good, or know any master but God." The oc- 
casion w;is celebrated at St. Louis by the sus])ension of business 
durinij the dav, and the decoration of the houses with flairs, and 
at niixht bv an illumination. 

On the l.'ith of February, the convention adopted a resolution, 
declaring that in their election the people intended " not only 
that slavery should be abolished, and disloyalty disfranchised, 
but that the constitution should be carefully revised and 
amended, to ada]>t it to the growth of the State." With this 
view the convention proceeded to make an entirely new consti- 
tution. The previous constitution had been in opei-ation nearly 
forty-live years, during wliich great im]>rovenients had been 
jnade in the local institutions of various States. The efforts of 
the convention were, therefore, directed to introduce or exteiid 
these beneficial changes to the institutions of Missouri; the 
system of free schools, under which gratuitous instruction 
was afforded to all between the ages of five and twenty 
years; the creation of corporations, which were authorized 
on general principles, and other changes similar to those gener- 
ally adopted in the northern States. It was made a section of 
the constitution, that the legislature should have "no powei' to 
make com|)ensation for emancipated slaves." Another section 
|>rohibited any religious st)ciety fntm o^^^ling, if in the country, 
more than five acres of land, and if in a town, oi* city, more than 
one acre; also rendering void all legacies, and devises, to any 
minister or religious teacher, as such, and to any religious so- 



192 AN ILLUSTRATED 

ciety; another section established an "oath of loyalty," and de- 
clared that no person wlio did not take the oath coidd vote, or hold 
any State, county, or ninnicipal (jffice, or act as a teacher in any 
school, or preach, or solemnize marriage, or practice law; and af- 
ter the first day of January, 187(5, every person who was not a 
qualified voter prior to that time, sliould, in addition to the other 
qualifications r<i(|uired, be able to read and write, in order to be- 
come a (pialified voter; nnless his inability to read and write 
should be the result of a physical weakness. 

The total vote on the new constitution on the 6th of June 
was 85,578, of which 43,670 were in favor, and 41,808 against it. 
The twenty-third General Assembly adjoui-ned February 20th, 
18()5. On the 7th of Marcli, Governor Fhitcher issued a procla- 
mation, stating that no organized force of the enemies of the 
federal government existed in the State, and calling upon the 
civil officers to resume their duties in all parts of the State, un- 
der the laws tliereof, and to arrest, and bind over all offenders, 
ajjainst the criminal laws of the United States, as thev were 
authorized to do; and on the 17th of March, Major-General 
Pope, then in command of the military department, issued his 
orders to aid in carrying out the proclamation of the governor. 

U})on the adoption of measures to enforce the ordinance of the 
convention, and the provisions of the constitution, there were= 
some exciting scenes. The first arose under the ordinance, va- 
cating the public offices. The judges of the higher courts declined 
to vacate. The Circuit Court of St. Louis county decided that 
there Mas no legal validity in the ordinance. JS^ew judges, — 
I)a\i(l AVagner, and Walter E. Lovelace, — were aj)pointed by 
Governor Fletcher to the bench of the Su])reme Court, in ])laee 
of Judges I>ay and Dryden. The latter gentlemen declined to 
vacate their places, and Governor Fletcher issued an order to 
General 1). C. ('oleman, to ex])el the aforesaid judges, and they 
were taken from their seats by the ])olice, by whom they were 
escorted as ])risoners to the office of Recorder AVolft'. The clerk 
of the court, A. W. Mead, declining to yield his office, with 
b(K)l<s and papers, was also summarily ejected. 

The oath required of jjrofessional men also created much ex- 
citement. The Miss«)uri Baptists, at their thirteenth annual 



histoi:y of aiissouui. 19,H 

meetiiiii:, lield on the lOtli :uul 20tli of Auij^nst, agreed to decline 
taking the oath required of ministers and teachers. Fifty mem- 
bers were present. Thej claimed that the oath was in contlict 
with the Constitution of the United States, and interfered with 
the freedom of the worshiping of God. The Catholic arch- 
bishop informed his clergy that they could not take the oath 
without a sacrifice of ecclesiastical liberty. A number of 
prosecutions were commenced against non-juring clergymen, who 
were, in the meanwhile, confined in the cells of prisons. The 
members of the legal profession, also, were required to take 
the oath, and Judge Primm, at the opening of the Septem- 
ber term of the Criminal court in St. Lo'iis, infoi'med the 
attorneys present, that, no person would be permitted to practice 
as attorney or counsellor-at-law in the court, without having taken 
and filed the oath of loyalty prescribed by tiie constitution. 
Exception was taken to this ruling by Robert McDonald. Three 
of the grand jurors objected to being sworn. The court insisted 
on the enforcement of the rule, and those of the grand jury who 
had complied with its requirements were charged by the court to 
enforce the law by presenting all oft'enders against its provisions, 
no matter what their estate or condition. The operations of the 
law were very une(pial. In some cases grand juries adjourned 
witlumt finding indictments against a minister, teacher, corpora- 
tion officer, trustee, deacon or elder. In other cases, individuals 
made complaint before justices of the peace against teachers, male 
and female, who had not taken the oath. Many of the clergy 
were cast into prison. 

Major-General Pope, who was in command of the department, 
adopted the policy of with drawing the military force, as fast as 
the people gave evidence of their willingness to return to the pro- 
tection of the courts, and to enforce, and obey the laws. In 
August, the number of military posts had been reduced to less 
than a dozen, which were ke])t up chiefly for the protection of 
government pro])erty. Martial law was no where apj)lied to any 
but strictly military oflfenses. 

The total receipts into the State treasury for the fiscal year 
ending Sempteml)er 30, 1865, were $2,4(;;3,1)0!).03, and the total 
expenditures $1,854,661.77. The total bonded debt of the State 



li)4 AN ILLL'STUATKD 

exclusive of bonds loaned the sevei'al railroads, was $002,000. 
The total amount of bonds of the State loaned to railroads, in- 
cluding the bonds guaranteed by the State, was $23,701,000. 
The amount of defense warrants and union military bonds issued 
for the payment of the enrolled Missouri militia, for services 
rendered prior to the lOtli of February, 1865, including the loan 
by the banks to Governor Gamble to purchase arms, together 
with interest on said bonds and loan, was $7,046,575. Of the 
gross amount, the sum of $3,016,657 had been paid or canceled. 

The Pacific railroad i'rom St. Louis to the Kansas State line, 
was comj)leted this year, (1865). The South-west Branch and 
Iron Mountain road became, by the operation of law, the property 
of the State; and the Governor, in his message to the legislature, 
recommended its sale on such terms as would insure its com- 
pletion. Among the recommendations of the Governor which he 
strongly urged upon the legislature, was the creation of a Depart- 
ment of Agriculture in connection with the State University, 
which measure was recpiired by the new constitution. The grant 
of land to the State for an Agricultural College, amounted to 
330,000 acres of land. Tie urged compulsory education, and that 
the power granted by the constitution, compelling parents to 
send their children to school, be enforced. The State held 
in trust for the common School Fund, 8678,967.06, which was 
invested in the stock of the State Bank of Missouri. The consti- 
tution required that it should be sold and otherwise invested. 

The legislature for 1865-6 met on the 1st of November, and 
sat until the 20th of December, when a recess w-as taken to the 
8th of January, 1866, after which the session was continued until 
the lOtli of March. Many important measures came up for con- 
sideration ; among others, questions growing out of the federal rela- 
tions to the State, and the policy of Pi'esident Johnson. The veto 
of the Freedmen's Bureau by the latter, called forth the warmest 
animadversions from the members of both Houses who were op- 
posed to it; and, on the22d of February, resolutions were 
adopted in the House by a vote of seventy-seven to twen- 
ty-five, and in the Senate twenty-one to live, "that in the thirty 
senators who voted to sustain the Freednu'u's Bureau bill, vetoed 
by the President, and in the union majority of the House of 



iii8Tui:y of Missouri. 195 

Kt'ju-esiMitjitives, who sn])|K»rte(l the saiiie and kitidred iiicasiuvs, 
-\ve rt'coi^nize tlic true and worthy representatives of the principles 
M'hich saved tlie country in tlie hite rebellion, and we tender to 
such representatives the hearty su])port and sympathy of ourselves 
and our constituents.'" Charges liaving been made by those who 
were liostile to the new State constitution adopted by the people, 
that grave frauds ]iad been perpetrated at the ballot-boxes, a reso- 
lution was offered in the Senate providing for the ap])ointment of 
a committee to inquire into, and report upon the facts. This was 
lost by a tie vote — the president of the Senate voting in the nega- 
tive. A resohition was introduced into the House to abrogate 
the test oatli, as to teachers, preachers and lawyers. This 
was disposed of, by the llouse refusing by a vote ^f sixty-one 
to thirty to consider it. This test oath was the most im]M)rtant 
topic of political contention during the year. An attempt was 
made in the Senate to amend the constitution by the insertion of 
a proviso that, any perscm liaving served out a regular enlistment 
in the service of the United States should be relieved from taking 
the test-oath. This was defeated by a vote of fourteen to twelve. 

The return of a great number of turbulent spirits at the close of 
the war, gave rise to those disturbances which had chai-acte!-ized 
to some extent all the border states during the previous year. 
The civil oificers being unable to break up the lawless bands that 
infested the country, (TovernorFletchei" called out thirty-foui-com- 
})anies of militia to aid tlie civil arm. Before the militia wen- 
put into the field, however, the ])eople of Jackson county took the 
matter in hand and restored order. In Lafayette county, thive 
companies and a platoon of militia, under command of Colonel 
Bacon Montgomery, were sent against the marauders; and, 
in the effort to arrest one of the most notorious of them, he 
resisted by firing on the militia, and was shot at and killed. 

On the 1st of March, the Governor sent a C(jmmunication to 
the legislature, on the subject of these disturbances, and an act 
was shortly after passed appropriating $20,000 to aid in the exe- 
cution of the civil law of the State, and authorizing the Governor 
to incur an}' additional expense that might be necessary to ferret 
out and bring to justice, murderers, thieves, guerrillas, and other 
disturbers of the public traiupiillity. 



190 AN ILLUSTKATKD 

On the 7th of November, 1865, tlie State election was held 
under the new constitution. Tlie vote of Francis P. Blair, Jr., 
was rejected by the judges of election, on the ground that 
he had refused to take the test oath. Mr. Blair brought 
an action in the State Supreme Court to recover damages 
against the judges for refusing to receive his vote. A majority 
of the court judges sustained the constitutionality of the oath, 
- — one dissentins:. Previous to this decision, the test oath was 
before the United States Suj^reme . Court for adjudication, 
having been taken uj) from the Supreme Court of the State 
on appeal. The United States Court decided the test oath to be 
unconstitutional, and ordered the judgment of the State Court 
to be reversed. 

At Cape Girardeau, in the month of June, some excitement 
was caused by the arrest of sevei-al sisters of charity attached as 
teachers to the convent of a catholic Academy at that place, be- 
cause they had not taken the f)ath ; and Father O'Regan, a Poman 
catholic priest of the same county, was fined for solemnizing a 
marriage without having taken the oath. Governor Fletcher, on 
learning the decision of the court, remitted the fine. At Palmyra, 
fonrteen ministers who had not taken the oath, were indicted for 
preaching. The cases were laid over until the February term of 
1867, and were abandoned in consequence of the decision of the 
United States Supreme Court. A similar disposition was made 
of other cases then pending in circuit courts. At the fall election 
a vigorous effort was made to carry the State for President 
Johnson, but without success. 

Early in the month of December, a movement was set on foot, 
which had for its ultimate objects universal amnesty, and uni- 
versal enfranchisement, together with important reforms in the 
revenue system and civil service of the country. This mt>vement 
which had for its leader B. Gratz Br()\\n, was begun at a private 
meeting in St. Louis, but its influence was soon felt throughout 
the State. Brown was looked u])on as the chaiu})ion of the dis- 
enfranchised class in their endeavor to regain the rights of citi- 
zenslii]i. lie found in Carl Sehurz a powerful ally, who rendered 
ofKcient aid to the lil)eral movement. 

The twenty-fourth General Assembly of the State met on the 




WILLIAM CHRISMAN, 



uistoi:y of Missouri. 197 

second d;iv of January, 1807, and continned in session until 
the IStlntf ]\Iarcli followini,^ wlien it adjoui-ncd until the 
lirst Tuesday in January, 18(58. On tin- 4tl of January. ''"''■ 
Governor Fletcher sent to the le<nslatnre his annual inessai>-e. 
ATnt)ng other thin<rs, he called attention to the fourteenth consti- 
tutional amendment, which (Congress ])i-oposed to the le<>-islatures 
of the several states to act upon, and ex])ressed the hoi)e that the 
General Assenihly would at once ratify it. He also recommended 
an amendment to the State constitution, sti-iking out the ninth 
section of the second article. This section, he said, liad not pre- 
vented disloyal persons from ])ursuing the avocations of lawvers 
and school-teachers, and that ''bishops, priests, and mim'sters 
teach and pray without taking the prescribed oatli." The example 
offered by their disregard, especially by so intelligent and influen- 
tial a class of citizens, he said, hegat a general <lisposition to ex- 
ercise individual discretion in obeying or enforcing laws — a 
disposition which leads to anarchy and impunity in crime, lie 
made a strong appeal in favor of education, and recommended 
that the income from an itivestment of the proceeds of the sale of 
the State tobacco warehouse, being $132,000, be set apart for the 
establish uient of a normal department of the State University. 
Among the duties which devolved on the legislature at this ses- 
sion was the election of a United States Senator. Choice was 
made, on the loth of January, 1807, of Charles D. Drake, the 
nominee of the radical republican members. Resolutions were 
passed in both houses, urging on Congress the repeal of the act 
appropriating money to pay for the slaves enlisted in the United 
States service. A proposition was also made to submit to a vote 
of the people an amendment to the constitution, striking out the 
word " white," but failed to pass. In the Senate a bill was intro- 
duced to amend tlie constitution so as to abolish the test oatli, so 
far as it applied to ministers of the gosi)el, teachers and lawyers. 
The question as to the constitutionality of the test oath, had been 
adjudicated upon by the United States Supreme Court and pro- 
nounced unconstitutional, as such an oath partook of the nature 
of WW ex j>()st factoVwv. The Senate assembled as a high court 
of impeachment, on the 15th of May, for the trial of Walter King, 
judge of the fifth judicial circuit, for allege(l misdemeanors in 



198 AN ILLUSTRATED 

the discharge of his official duties. He was convicted, by a vote 
of twenty-three to eight, and sentence passed, removing liim from 
office. 

Tlie matter of providing for the payment of interest on the State 
debt, receivo(] attention at this session. No interest had been 
paid 1)y the State since January, 1861, and an act was passed set- 
ting aside $750,000 from the treasury for that ])urpose, and ])ro- 
viding for a tax of one mill on the dollar on the taxable property 
of the State for tlie same object. They made furtlier appropria- 
tions from the sum due the federal government for money ex- 
pended for war purp.)ses, to be likewise ]>laced in the hands of 
the commissionei' of the State Interest Fund: an act was approved 
March 12th, ap})r(jpriating $ 1,500,000, for a permanent school- 
fund, and $500,000 for the redemption of union military bonds 
and other purposes. The receipts of the State from all sources, 
for the year ending September 30th, 1867, were $11,010,814.80, 
and the expenditures $10,333,432,74. The school-fund of the 
State amounted to $1,685,071, yielding an annual income of $103,- 
000, to which was to be added one-fourth of the whole revenue of 
the State government. In addition to these liberal provisions, the 
several counties of the State bad received a grant of one section 
of land in each township, to be devoted to the benefit of public 
schools. The returns made showed an increase in the number of 
schools within the year 1867. The whole number of teachers 
employed at that time was 6,262 — 3,558 more than were reported 
for 1866; and 1,500 new school-houses had been built in the 
course of twelve months. 

On the 21st of February, the legislature of Illinois incorporated 
the. Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Com])any. Simultaneously with 
this action in Illinois, an organization was formed at St. Louis, 
which named the same persons for directors, who had been 
appointed by the act of incorporation of the Illinois C()m})any. 
Some disagreement as to the phm of their joint operations ob- 
tained, but the ditferences were finally adjusted. 

There was no State election during this year, and the ])olitical 
parties liad been comparatively quiescent. There was a meeting 
of democrats, however, at St. Louis on the 22d of February, to 
re-organize their party in the State. A long series of resolutions 



iUSTOUY OK MISSOURI. ] 99 

were adopted defining their ])().siti()ii <»u (lue.stionsot'pnblic ])()lic.v. 
All election was held in November in tlietliird congressional dis- 
trict, to supply the vacancy occasioned l)v tlie de;itli of Thomas 
E. Noell. James R. Mc(/onnick, the democratic candidate, re- 
ceived a majority of 100 votes over the republican candidate, 
James H. (niase. 

The twenty-fourth General Assembly held their second session, 
C(jmmeiicing on Tuesday, Jamiary 7, 1868, as per adjournment, 
(iovei'uor Fletcher, in his messajje referrino- to the a-i'owth and 
prosiieritv of the State, said that "the increase of educa- 
tioiial facilities was one of the surest proofs of the State's 
progress. Four thousand eight hundred and foi-ty schools were 
then filled with over 200,000 children; the university newly en- 
dowed, was being crowded with students, and was taking rank 
with the first colleges in the nation; 240 miles of railroad had 
been built without increasing the State's indebtedness; 200 miles 
were in process of construction, and 820 miles more had been 
jirojected. The debt of the State had been reduced about eleven 
million of dollars; the population had increased to at least one 
million five hundred thousand, and taxable property had been 
augmented in value, by importations and by additions consequent 
on our general prosperity to $454,863,805. The credit of the 
State had not only been restored, but raised to a standard higher 
than it had ever reached since the inception of the internal im- 
provement debt." 

One of the important acts passed at this session was a regis- 
tration law, which coTitained some ])rovision intended to guard 
the privileges of voting, even more rigidly than had been hitherto 
done in the State. The law made it the duty of the Governor, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Super- 
intendent of Registration in each senatorial district, every vear in 
which a general election should take place. It was a stringent 
law, and its provisions were regarded with great dissatisfaction 
by the conservative ]ieople of the State, and as the test oath had 
been pronounced unconstitutional l)y the Supreme Court of the 
United States, it was argued by some that no citizen wo\dd be 
guilty of legal perjury who should take the oath; and then, if tlie 
name of such person was placed on the list of '* rejected v(»ters," 



2<)0 AN ILLUSTRATED 

it was said the burden of proof would fall on the registrar, to 
sliow that he had been guilty of any disloyal act. The registrars, 
however, took a different view of the law, and absolutely refused 
in many cases, to receive the names of persons wlio avowed them- 
selves ready to subscribe the required oath. This led to much 
bitter feeling, and in some cases to disturbances of the peace. It 
was claimed that tlie number of persons who applied for registra- 
tion, answered all the questions of tlie registrars, and took the 
oath of loyalty, and yet were disfranchised, was not less than 
twenty thousand, while the whole number disfranchised in the 
State was placed at thirty thousand. 

The political campaign was opened in Missouri by a conven- 
tion of the democratic party, in St. Louis county, which issued 
an address to the people of the State, arraigning the republican 
party for the policy on which the administration of the State, and 
of the country generally, had been conducted since the close of the 
civil war. A republican convention was held at St. Louis on the 
22d of February, to name delegates to the national convention at 
Chicago, and announced the position held by the party on national 
questions. A similar convention of the democracy was called by 
the State Central Coinmittee, to meet on the 28th of May, and 
appoint delegates to the New York convention, but no platform 
was adopted at this meeting, and a proposition to recommend the 
nomination of George H. JPendleton for the Presidency, failed to 
pass. 

The regular State convention of the republicans was held at 
Jefferson City on the 16th of July. The nominees for State 
officers were: J. W. McClurg of Camden, for Governor; E. O. 
Stanard of St. Louis, for Lieutenanf-Governor; Francis Rodman 
of St. Joseph, for Secretary of State; William Q. Dallmeyer of 
Gasconade, for Treasurer; Daniel M. Draper of Montgomery, 
for Auditor. 

The democratic State convention assembled at St. Louis on the 
5th of August, and nominated John S. Phelps for Governor; 
Norman J. Coleman for Lieutenant-Governor; Bernard Poepping 
for Secretary of State; J. A. Hockaday for Attorney-General; 
Cliarles C. Rossier for Auditor; and Robert HundtliaTien for 
Treasurer. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 201 

At the election in November, Joseph W. McChirg received a 
majority of 19,327, votes for Governor, — the whole vote being 
144,887. The vote for Presidential Electors was 145,459, a major- 
ity in favor of the election of Grant, of 25,883. On the question 
of striking out the word ''white" from the provisions of the con- 
stitution relating to the right of suffrage, the whole number of 
votes cast was 129,289 — 55,236 in favor of the change, and 74,053 
against it. Nine members were elected to Congress — six repub- 
licans and three democi'ats. 

During the year 1868, the North Missouri railroad was com- 
pleted. It embraced 347 miles of road, and with its various 
branches, connected St. Louis with the great agricultural region 
of the North and Northwest. Work on the bridge across the 
Missouri river at St. Charles, had made rapid progress. The 
railroad enterprises which had been prosecuted with vigor, 
had done much to develop the resources of the State. The pub- 
lic institutions were all under efficient management. The State 
prison contained, at the last report, 735 convicts, and the accom- 
modations afforded were inadequate, and ^ new structure was in 
progress. The State lunatic asylum was overcrowded. The deaf 
and dumb institution was reported full, and required enlargement. 
The public schools of the State were in a promising condition. 
The permanent school fund amounted to $1,689,760, from the 
income of which $92,793 were distributed to the counties during 
the year to aid in the support of schools. The State had no sys- 
tem of normal schools, though the subject had been agitated. For 
two years a series of " teachers' institutes " had been organized in 
nearly all the counties, and much useful work in the training of 
teachers for their peculiar duties had been done. The State Univers- 
ity had been put in prosperous operation, with a full corps of in- 
structors. A normal department was added. A military depart- 
ment had been organized, where civil engineering and military 
tactics might be taught under the direction of an army officer 
assigned to that duty under a law of the United States. The en- 
dowment of the University amounted to $123,707.50, yielding 
an income that year of $10,677.50. which was iucreased by 
direct appropriation to $22,065.50. 

On the 27th of May. in LaFayette Park, the first monument 



202 AN ILLUSTRATED 

to the memor}^ of" a public man, ever erected in the State of 
Missouri, was formally dedicated. A fine statue of Thomas IT. 
Benton was unveiled, in the [)resence of a vast concourse of peo- 
ple. The day was observed as a public holiday in St. Louis, 
and an address was delivered by General Frank P. Blair, on the 
life and services of the ilhistrious senator. The statue was 
raised at the instance of the State government, and at the public 
expense. 

The increase of population in Missouri during the four 
years just passed, had been rapid. On the 1st of January, 1865, 
the State had less than a million inhabitants, and at the 
close of 1868, the best estimates ]')laced the number above one 
and a-lialf millions. This result was due in a great measure to 
the labor of the State Board of Immigration, organized under an 
act of the legislature of 1865. It had l)een the business of this 
Board to make known abroad the resources of the State, and in- 
duce emigrants from Eui'0])e to make this their home. Th& 
undeveloped resources of Missouri, which called only for labor- 
ers, were very great; coal was found in thirty-six counties; iron 
in thirty-five; lead in thirty-six; copper in twenty-two; zinc in 
five; nickel and kaolin in two; and emery, alabaster, and tin 
in seven, while the best of lands for farming ])urposes were ly- 
ing fallow, for want of cultivation. The laboring population 
amounted to about 400,000, of whom 272,000 were employed in 
agricultural pursuits, leaving 118,000 for all other occupations. 
Of these, less than 60,000 were engaged in mining and manu- 
facturing, although great natural facilities for the development of 
these important interests existed. 

The taxable property of the commonwealth, on the 31st of De- 
cember, 1868, was reported at $474,000,000; on this property a 
tax of one-fourth of one per cent, was levied for the payment of 
the public debt. The claims of the State against the federal 
government, for re-imbursenient for military expenses, incurred 
during the war, had all been settled, and the treasury had re- 
ceived therefrom $6,472,289.35. 




WESLEY HALLIBURTON, 



CHAPTER XX. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH W. McCLURG 

1868—1870. 

The twenty-lirth General Assembly convened on the 6th of 
January, 1869. The Senate was composed of twenty-five repub- 
h'cans and nine democrats; the House ninety-two republicans 
and thirty-five democrats, — a republican majority of sixteen in 
the Senate and fifty-seven in the House. The le<>;islature met on 
the 12th, to examine the returns <tf the election for Gov- 

1869. 

ernor and Lieutenant-Governor. J.W. McClurg and E. O. 
Stanard, it was found, had received a majority of all the votes cast 
for the respective offices. Upon being declared duly elected, 
the oath of office w^as administered. The Governor, in his 
inaucrural message, strong-lv recommended that an amendment 
to the State constitution " be proposed and submitted to the 
people for ratification or rejection at the next fall election," 
although the ratification of the proposed fifteenth amendment to 
the constitution wonld dispense with the necessity of a popular 
vote in the State on the subject. He stated that there were one 
hundred thousand negroes in the State who were excluded from 
re])resentation at the ballot-box. He insisted the more npon the 
action of the General Assembly in this matter, because of the ex- 
tension of the elective franchise to the negroes. There was no pro- 
vision in the State constitution, ''and without one, in the absence 
of federal legislation, the State leo-islature cannot admit them." 
lie suggested that "the amendment might be proposed in such 
form as to empower the legislature to admit them after the first 
day of January, 1871." He also called the attention of the legis- 
lature, to the propriety and expediency of removing the political 
disabilities under which those citizens were then laboring, who 
took part on the side of secession during the war, referring to the 
action of Congress on the subject, restoring "wayward states to 
their proper places, to suppoi't and strengthen the federal fabric. 



204 AlV ILLUSTRATED 

SO that it may be desirable, with those who have a right to decide, 
that it shall not much longer be considered in our State as con- 
sistent with its safety, to receive back, as supports, individuals 
whose ability to uphold was but too well proved by their ability 
to pull down." Another amendment, to the State constitution, 
that he strongly recommended was the "striking out what is 
commonly known as the double liability clause, whereby, as the 
constitution now is, the stockholders in private corporations 
shall be individually liable for the stock, and a further sum 
equal to it." Such a clause he regarded as being unjust, and 
injurious to the interests of the State. 

On the 19th of January, tlie House proceeded to vote for the 
election of a United States Senator. Carl Scliurz received 89 
votes, and John S. Phelps 35. The Senate took a vote on the 
same day for the same purjjose, Mr. Schurz receiving 25 votes and 
John S. Phelps 9 votes. On the succeeding day, the two houses 
met in joint convention, and the action of each body was read by the 
secretai'y of the Senate and the chief clerk of the Assembly, when 
it was declared by the president of the convention that Schurz was 
duly elected United States Senator for the term of six years from 
March 4th, 1869. The General Assembly adjourned on the 4tli 
of March, to meet the first Wednesday in January, 1870. 

Among some of the important acts passed that session was one 
to create an Insurance Department, and for the incorporation and 
regulation of Life Assurance Companies; one to authorize the 
consolidation of Railroad Companies with connecting railroads in 
other states; one to provide for the reclamation and improvement 
of Swamp and Overflowed Lands; and one to prevent the intro- 
duction into the State, of Texan, Mexican and Indian cattle during 
certain seasons of the year. One was also passed for the suppres- 
sion of prizefighting in the State, and providing that participators, 
seconds, umpires and spectators should be guilty of high misde- 
meanor, and punished by two years imprisonment at hard labor, 
or a fine of $1,000, or both fine and imprisonment. This bill 
was subsequently modified, by making the term of imprison- 
ment from six to twelve months, or a fine from $500 to $1,000, or 
both. The bill so reported passed the House on the Stli of Feb- 
ruary, with an unanimous vote. 



HISTOUY OF MLSSOUlil. 005 

The assessed valuation of taxable property in the State in ISiV,), 
was ^508,278,860. The assessments on this amount were one- 
fourth of one per centum under a constitutional provision for the 
payment of the interest, and to form a sinking fund for the prin- 
cipal of the State debt, and one-fourth of one per centum for reve- 
nue; one fourth of which was for a "Public School-Fund," and 
one and three quarters per centum of the remainder for a ''Sem- 
inary Fund." The entire debt of the ^tate at the close of the 
year was $18,593,000; without including $3,000,000 of bonds of 
the FIannil)al and St. Joseph railroad. The State Treasurer reported 
that the receipts during the last fiscal year were in the aggregate 
$2,837,002.51, and the cash disbursements for the same period 
were $2,702,021.92. 

On the 27tli of October, the foundation of the eastern pier of 
the Illinois and St. Louis bridge was laid, at which time twelve 
blocks^ weighing three and a half tons ^ch, were, by appropriate 
machinery, placed in their permanent position at the bottom of 
the river. At the close of the year, 1,035 miles of railroad 
were in course of construction, and a number of new lines had 
been projected. The charitable and penal institutions of the 
State were reported in a good condition. A new cell building 
had been added to the State prison. The receipts from the labor 
of convicts, hired by contractors, were $33,489.27 in 1868, and 
$34,716.19 in 1869.' 

The adjourned session, of the twentv-iifth General Assembly, 
met at the State capitol on the 5th of January, 1870. Governor 
McClurg, in his message, recommended the ratification 
of the 15th constitutional amendment. He was opposed 
to calling a State convention to revise and amend the constitution, 
and suggested that all needed amendments could be submitted 
and acted upon under the present constitution, without the expense 
attending anew conv^ention. The State debt, he stated, which was 
at one time thirty-seven millions of dollars, had been reduced 
more tlian one-half ; that at the beginning of 1869, the entire 
debt of the State was $18,654,000; that the assessed valuation of 
taxable property for 1868, was $470,773,119, and for 1869, $508,- 
278,860; showing an increase of near eight per centum. Hegave 
a favorable account of the management of the benevolent insti- 



206 AN ILLUSTRATED 

tutions, closing with remarks on the importance of the manu- 
facturing industries of the State — what had ah'eady been accom- 
plished, and the future prospects of the State, if wisely directed. 
Of the laws passed, one appropriated money to the State Im- 
migration Board; one for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and other 
State institutions; and one for the improvement of Black river. 
There was also one concerning the location and disposition of the 
congressional land grant, to endow and maintain schools of agricul- 
ture and the mechanic arts; one to establish a mining, metallur- 
gical and geological bureau for the State, and to authorize a geo- 
logical survey; one to establish a State normal school for colored 
teachers ; one for the re-organization and support of public schools ; 
and one for the reclamation of the over-flowed lands in south-east 
Missouri. There were also a number of acts passed amending 
the statute laws of the State, and incorporating towns, cities, and 
various institutions. Tlte General Assembly adjourned on the 
•25th of March. 

In the legislature of 1870-71, it was determined to submit to the 
people at the next election, six separate amendments'to the consti- 
tution ; three of which related to the exercise of the right of voting 
and holding ofiice; another to abolish the district courts, and vest 
all judicial power in the Supreme and circuit courts, and such 
other tribunals as might be established by law; and another to 
amend the eighth article so as to read: " Dues from private cor- 
porations shall be secured by such means as may be prescribed 
by law, but in no case shall any stockholder be individually liable 
to any amount above the amount of stock loaned by him or her."' 

The republican party of the State was rapidly becoming divided 
into two widely separate wings, knoM-n as the liberal and radical. 
The democrats had little or no voice in any of the public proceed- 
ings of the State, and the few members of the legislature who 
represented that J^arty, had met in caucus on the ISth of March, 
and adopted a resolution that it was ''inexpedient to call a demo- 
cratic State convention, or to nominate candidates for State officers 
for the ensuing November election." MeauM-hile, the indications 
of disunion in the ranks of the republican party were growing 
more and more evident, and in several of the senatorial districts 
separate conventions were held, and rival candidates put in the 



lil<Sl\M:V Ul' M18t>UUlM. 207 

Held. Tlie general Statf coiiventiuii, which met on the ias^t day of 
August, was composed of delegates representing all sections of the 
party, but there was but little hope that they would act harmoni- 
ously. On the third day of the convention, Schurz, as chairman 
■of the committee on resolutions, made a report signed by him 
and others of the committee, introducing a series of resolutiims 
very liberal in their character. The minority of the committee 
(three persons), made a report concurring in tlie majority report, 
except the third resolution; and they reported a substitute favor- 
ing the re-enfranchising of those who participated in the rebel- 
lion, as soon as it could be done with safety to the State. The 
minority report and resolutions were adopted by a vote of 34!> to 
342. On the announcement of this vote, great excitement and con- 
fusion prevailed, and notice was given " to the friends of the ma- 
jority report, as reported by the committee, that they will with- 
draw from this convention to the senate chamber," whereupon 
250 delegates left the convention, headed by Schurz. The ticket 
nominated by the convention was: for Governor, Joseph W. Mc- 
Clurg; Lieutenant-Governor, A. J. Harlan; Secretary of State, 
J. H. Stover; Treasurer, Chauncey I. Filley; Auditor, G. A. 
Moser; Attorney-General, H. B. Johnson; Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, G. P. Beard; Judge of Supreme Court, David 
Wagner. The withdrawing delegates put in nomination for 
G(A-ernor, B, Gratz Brown ; Lieutenant-Governor, J. J. Gravelly; 
Secretary of State, E. F. Weigel; Treasurer, S. F. Ha^iies; At- 
torney-General, A. T. Baker; Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, Ira Divoll; Judge of the Supreme Court, David Wsigner. 

As soon as the two platforms, and the candidates who repre- 
sented them, were placed before the people, a most vigorous State 
cam])aign was inaugurated. The ticket headed by J. AV. McClurg 
had the indorsement of the national representatives. 

At the election, which occurred on the 8th of November, not- 
withstanding all the opposition that was rallied against them, the 
liberal (Brown) party was trium.phant. The official returns 
showed a total vote for Governor of 166,625; for Brown, 104.771 ; 
for McClurg, 62,854: Brown's majority, 41.917. The other can- 
didates of the same party were cliosen by large majorities. The 
congressmen chosen were, F'rastus Wells, G. A. Finkelnburg, J. 



208 AN ILLUSTRATED 

R. McCormick, JI. E. Haven, S. A. Biirdett, Abram Comengo, J. 
C. Parker, J. G. Blair, Andrew King — four democrats, two lib- 
eral rej)ublicans, and three radicals. The election effected a com- 
plete change in the State legislature, which body was controlled 
by the liberals. The amendments proposed to the constitution 
by the last legislature were adopted by large majorities. The 
whole vote on thesuffrageamendment was 131,984, of which IIT,- 
518, or a majority of 101,052 were in favor of its ratification; 129,- 
522 were cast on the amendment relating to qualification for 
oflice, of which 112,795 were for its adoption, and 16,727 against 
it: or a majority of 106,068 in its favor. 

The federal census showed that in 1870, Missouri had advanced 
from the eighth to the fourth position among the states of the 
union since 1860. The whole number of inhabitants in 1870 was 
1,719,978. St. Louis had rfsen to the rank of the fourth city in 
the country in point of population. It numbered this year 312,- 
963; an increase of 100,545 in ten years, or since 1860. 







''iiJHii 



SAMUEL L. SAWYER. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR B. GRATZ BROWN. 

1870—1872. 

The twenty-sixth General Assembly convened on the 4th of 
January, 1871, and remained in session until March 20tli, at which 
date an adjtnirnment was taken until pecember 6th. Important 
business remained untouched, or unfinished. The busy months 
had seen one hundred and twenty-one acts consummated, 
but nearly all of local character, and without interest to 
the general reader. Governor McClurg, in his valedictory mes- 
sage on the sixth, spoke of the condition of the State, reviewing 
its several interests, and found reason for congratulation in the 
peaceful and prosperous condition of .affairs. Taxable property 
had increased, according to assessments, $-19,406,527, within two 
years, reaching a total of $557,685,387; making an average in- 
crement of nine and one-half per cent, per animm. The Gover- 
nor denied the expediency of calling a convention to form a new 
constitution, and went on to say: "JXo larger freedom than now 
enjoyed can be, desirable, unless we are willing to adopt the 
dangerous position that tlie general good justifies no aljridgment 
of personal liberty". He thought that the public miifd required 
rest; as an important political campaign had but recently ended, 
and nothing could be gained by summoning the convention at 
that time. He referred to the condition of the State penitenti- 
ary; the asylums; public schools; the university agricultural col- 
lege; and mining bureau; and recommended the election of anew 
mansion for the governor, and re-apportioning the State into con- 
gressional districts. 

Governor Brown differed in many matters of policy from his 
predecessor. He recommended, in his message, the immediate 
consideration of the jjroposal for a constitutional convention; 
the abolition of the grand jury system, and procedure against 
criminals by informations; and the better regulation of I'ailroad 

14 



210 AX ILLUSTItATED 

companies. He further indicated that the new articles adopted 
establishing equal citizenship, and abrogating test oaths, made 
necessary a large amendment of the registration laws, conforming 
them to constitutional requirements. 

The two houses assembled in joint convention on the 16th 
daj of January, to elect a United States Senator for the unex- 
pired term, left vacant by the resignation of the Chai'les D. 
Drake. The whole immber of votes cast on that occasion, in the 
Assembly, aggregated 133. Frank P. Blair received 86; John 
1). Henderson, 43; and J. F. Benjamin, 4. The votes cast by 
the Senate were: for Henderson, 17; and for Blair, 13. The 
last named gentleman was declared duly elected to the office of 
senat( »r. 

The measure of the session, which occupied the largest share 
of attention was the new registration act. Material changes in 
the constitution regarding the right of suffrage, made the new 
enactment necessary, and it was passed after much discussion. 
The (question of providing for a convention to frame a new con- 
stitution was agitated, and a resolution introduced which pro- 
posed to submit the questions as to the advisability of a conven- 
tion, to a vote of the people, at the regular election in 1872. This 
passed the House by a large majority, but in the Senate a sub- 
stitute was (offered, providing for a commission to be appointed by 
the Governor to revise the constitution. This amendment was 
lost by one vote, and the whole subject remained to be dealt 
with by the adjourned session. Among other important bills 
which failed to become laws, were the general revenue bill, and 
an act providingfor the a})pointment of three railroad commission- 
ers. Tne financial condition of the State, in the language of the 
Governor, was " not without its embarrassments." The bonded 
debt amounted to $17,866,000, necessitating a tax of one-fourth 
of one jjer cent, on the assessed valuation of property whicli was 
set aside by law, to meet the interest and maturing principal oi 
that obligation. The estimated number of mik's of railroad com- 
pleted and in operation on the 1st of January, 1872, was 2,750* j 
and the capital invested in railroads, rolling stock and appurten- 
ances, $117,548,317. Laws were enacted during this session, 
authorizing the sale of military arms and equipments belonging to 



s il 



lllSTOIiV UF iVll«60L'Ki. 211 

tlie Statr: for the crt'ctiini of" an executive iuaiisit)ii; for eiilMri)^- 
iug the institution tor the blind; to provide for a bureau of geol- 
ogy and mines to eoin])lete tlie geological survey; and to regu- 
late and provide for the inspection of tobacco. 

The adjourned session of the legislature convened on the (Jth of 
December, and continued until the 1st day of April, 1872. The 
Governor submitted a message, in which he recommended the 
establishment of a Board of Railroad Commissioners, and sugges- 
ted a number of im})ortant reforms in the administration t>f jus- 
tice. Fie favored an increase of the number of judges of the 
Supreme Court, the abolition of the courts of common pleas, and 
a.n increase of circuit courts to supply their j)lace. lie also rec- 
ommended measures to i-educe the costs in criminal suits, a gen- 
eral re-organization of county courts, and also suggested that the 
grand jury system needed reform. A new revenue law was passed 
at this session, which exempted from taxation $300 of personal 
property, including household fui'uiture or other effects, and pro- 
vided '• that all property ])ersonal, by the laws of this State, situ- 
ate in any county, other than in which the owner resides, shall be 
assessed in the couTitv where such owner resides.'' 

A bill dividing tlie State into congressional districts in accord- 
ance with the new apportionment, not having passed before the 
adjournment, an extra session was called by the (Tovernor to as- 
semble on the IDth of June. Re-districting the State was neces- 
sary, to provide for presidential electoi-s. The new apportionment 
of Congress increased the number of these electors by four. Sev- 
eral important enactments were passed during this session, of 
which the more prominent were: one to furnish and fit up the 
Governor's mansion; one to divide the State into judicial dis- 
tricts; one to prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in the 
rates to be charged by different railroads ; and one for the assessment 
and collection of taxes, and a revision of the law on that subject. 
There was also one to establish a Board of Guardians for the su- 
pervision of public, charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions; 
and one to establish an additional asylum for the insane. The 
legislature was in session for only a tew days in June, and the 
bill re-districting the State was the only important measure acted 
upon. 



212 A-iSr ILLUSTRATED 

There being no general election this jear, no important politi- 
cal movements were made bj either party until near its close, 
when active preparations were commenced foi* the national cam- 
paign of 1872. The division of the republican part}^ which ap- 
peared in 1870, had continued, and an attempt made in October, 
to effect a consolidation, utterly failed. Subsequently, an address 
was issued, dwelling at length on the achievements and purposes 
of the " liberal movement," and calling a mass-meeting, to be 
held at the State Capital, on the 24th of January, 1872. The 
central committee of the democratic party issued an address on 
the 9th of January, 1872, in which they recounted the results of 
what M^as known as the " fusion policy " of the democrats 

1873, ^ '' 

in the State canvass of 1870, and recommended the adop- 
tion of a similar policy in the presidential canvass of 1872, which 
mainly consisted in making no nomination, but supporting the 
candidates of the disaffected republicans, as against the regular 
nominee of the main body. 

By an act of the preceding legislature, two amendments of 
the constitution were to be submitted to a vote of the people at 
the election in November, 1871, both of which were ratified at 
that time. One of these provided for the investment of the 
school-fund, and the other increased the number of judges of the 
Supreme Court, by two. The legislature provided for the con- 
struction of a new asylum for the insane, and to that end appro- 
priated $200,000 for the purchase of a site, and for the erection of 
necessary buildings. The site chosen was near the city of St. 
Joseph, and every provision was made for the immediate estab- 
lishment of the purposed institution. 

During this year there was an infraction of the public peace in 
Cass county, known as " the Gunn City tragedy," which originated 
in a feeling of exasperation among the people against officials who 
were chai-ged with corruptly issuing bonds, and contracting ob- 
ligations to certain railroads to an amount inflicting heavy bur- 
dens upon the tax-payers. It culminated in the stoppage of a 
train, in which certain of the parties were traveling, and they 
were fired upon by an armed and masked body of men, killing a 
Mr. Dutro, circuit attorney Hines, and Judge Stevenson, the two 
latter of whom were charged with complicity in the bond trans- 



iiist(h:y ok aiissuuki. 213 

action. For some cUij^tJ, great excitement prevailed over the 
neighboring townships, and extended into adjoining counties. 
Popiihir feeling had been much exasperated against the men thus 
murdered, and was largely enlisted in suj^pressing evidence 
against the main actors in this deed of summary vengeance. 
Governor ]>rown ordered (/aptain Phelan's company, of Kansas 
City, to the vicinage, and dispatched the Adjutant-General to the 
scene of the crime, to report upon the facts. A commission was 
also organi/ced, consisting of Colonel Phelps and Colonel Cockrell, 
who were authorized to visit the county for the purpose of uniting 
all those who were willing to sustain the executive in enforcing 
the laws. No further disturbances occurred, protection was offered 
to enable those who had fled to return, and civil order was re- 
established. Rewards were oftered, to the full extent authorized by 
law, for the apprehension of the persons implicated, and other 
steps were taken to discover and elicit evidence necessary for 
successful prosecution. 

The political campaign of this year in Missouri was unnsually 
interesting. The '* liberal republican " movement which subse- 
quently spread over the whole Union, had its inception in a con- 
vention held in the State capitol on the 24th of January. The 
assembly was one of the largest ever held in the State, and reso- 
lutions were adopted expressing strong opinions on many subjects 
inclusive of " amnesty for all." The document invited all repub- 
licans who favored the reforms set forth, to meet in a national 
mass-convention, to assemble at Cincinnati, on the first Wednesday 
of May of that year, to take such action as might be thought 
necessary. Delegates of the regular republican ])arty met at 
Jefferson City on the 22d of February,, to appoint delegates to the 
national convention, to be held at Philadelphia, the following 
June. 

The democratic convention to appoint delegates to the nat- 
ional convention of the party, at Baltimore, in July, was held on 
the 12th of June. They adopted a series of resolutions, the last of 
which was to the effect, "that the delegates appointed to the 
convention, to be held in Baltimore in July, are instructed to vote 
as an unit, against the nomination of any candidate for President, 
and Vice-President, at the approaching election."" 



214 AN ILI.TTSTllATKD 

On the 21st of August, the democrats and liberal republicans 
met in separate conventions at the State capitol. They were in 
session two days, and a joint committee of conference was ap- 
pointed, and their actions approved by both conventions. This 
gave to the democrats one of the two presidential electors at large, 
six of the thirteen district electors, and the Governor, Treasurer, 
Auditor, Attorney-General, and the four Judges of the Supreme 
Court; the liberal republicans carrying off the rest of the electoral 
ticket — the Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, and Ilegistrar 
of Lands. Each convention made the nominations allotted by the 
committee of conference, and then the whole ticket was ratified in 
a joint meeting. Sihis Woodson, of 'Buchanan county, was the 
nominee for Governor, and Charles P. Johnson, of St. Louis 
county, for Lieutenant-Governor. The republican convention, 
held at St. Louis on the 4th and 5th of September, nominated 
John B. Henderson foi- Governor, and J. H. Stover for Lieuten- 
ant-Governor. 

The State election occurred on the same day with the Presi- 
dential election, JMovember 5tli. The total vote cast for electors 
was 273,058 ; of these, 151,433 were in favor of the election of 
Greeley and Brown, and 119,19''(^ for Grant and Wilson. The 
total vote cast for Governor was 277,985, of which Silas Woodson 
received 156,715, and J. B. Henderson 121,271; Woodson's ma- 
jority 35,443. The remainder of the ticket nominated by demo- 
crats and liberal republicans was elected. .In the thirteen con- 
gressional districts, nine were democrats and four republicans. 
The legislature consisted of nineteen democrats and liberals, and 
fifteen republicans in the Senate, and eighty-two democrats and 
liberals, and forty-nine republicans in the House. The demo- 
cratic and liberal majority, on joint ballot, was thirty-seven. 




«ir'!i»r'*i'vv;ti;ii;iiiiiiiiHimi 



I!liiit:^::^illiililllli8 



SAMUEL H. OWENS. 



CHAPTER XXIT. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SILAS WOODSON. 

1872—1874. 

Tlie iirst session of the tweiitj-seventli General Assembly com- 
menced on the 1st day of Jaimary, 1873. Governor Brown, on 
retiring from office, sent to the legislature his last annual mes- 
sage, furnishing such information relative to the several depart- 
ments, as was required by the constitution of the State. A re- 
vision of tiie constitution was strongly urged, particularly in 
reference to the organizations of towns and cities; to registration ; 
to the grand jury system; and to the prohibition of special legis- 
lation. Recommendati(ms were made for amending the revenue 
law, and the criminal code; and it was represented that changes 
were necessary in connection with proceedings in civil courts. 
The State institutions were reported as l)eing prudently and ju- 
diciously managed, and the State University was in a flourishing 
condition, with nearly 400 students. The customary formalities 
connected with canvassing the votes for Governor and Lieutenant- 
Governor, liavino; been fulfilled, the officers elect were 

' ° ' ... 1S73. 

duly sworn, and assumed their several responsibilities. 
Governor Woodson was inaugurated on the 8th. His message, 
which followed immediately, set forth: that, in November, 1872, 
the peo])le of Missouri, for the first time during the past decade, 
had elected the men of their choice as officers of government. 
He referred to the complaints which had been made against the 
men who had moulded and shaped the policies of the recent past 
in Missouri and to their proscriptive partisanshij) in the enact- 
ment and enforcement of unequal laws; and said that unless a 
different policy was adopted, the same results would follow 
present legislation, as liad been seen following the acts of their 
])redecessors. He strongly a]>pealed to the legislature to sink 
the partisan in the patriot, and to legislate for the common 
good. He pledged himself, that "while he was Governor, tht^ in- 



216 AN ILLUSTRATED 

terest, honor, and prosperity of tlie State, should alone control 
his official acts." He discussed the proposal for a constitutional 
convention at considerable length, and wliile admitting that the 
constitution contained objectionable features, he opposed a con- 
vention as a remedy for the evil, and recommended, instead, a 
committee, or board of constitutional revisors, consisting of five 
or seven of the most distinguished citizens of the State, to be 
chosen by both Houses, or appointed by the Governor, who should 
take the whole matter into consideration, prepare amendments to 
the constitution, such as were demanded by the people, or might 
be found necessary to perfect their organic laws. The Governor 
devoted considerable space to the penitentiary question, and 
recommended the creation of a board of managers, who should have 
entire control of the State prison, and be responsible to the State 
for the management of its afi'airs. He thought that the board 
should control all the prisons and jails in the State, as well as 
asylums for the insane, and all benevolent institutions which were 
supported by the State. His message concluded by calling at- 
tention to the subject of excessive costs in criminal cases, to edu- 
cation, to extra sessions, and to other local matters. 

The two Houses, on the 14th of January, proceeded to vote for 
a United States Senator, to fill the place of Frank P. Blair, whose 
term of office expired on the 4th of March, next ensuing. Each 
House voted sej)arately, Lewis V. Bogy receiving in the aggre- 
gate 111 votes, and John B. Henderson 43, On the 15th, the 
two Houses met in joint convention, where the closing formal- 
ities were observed, and Mr. Bogy was declared elected for six 
years, from March 4th, 1874. The contest had occasioned a high 
degree of excitement, and immediately after the election, it was 
publicly stated that money had been improperly used to secure 
the election of the successful candidate. These charges were met 
in the General Assembly by the appointment of a committee of 
five, " with power to send for persons and papers, and to report at 
as early a day as possible, if there had been money used to ad- 
vance the interests of any of the senatorial aspirants." No name 
was mentioned in the resolution. The committes entered upon 
the investigation, without delay, and about the middle of Febru- 
ary, two reports were submitted, one by a majority, signed by 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 2l7 

four members, and a minority report signed by one member. 
The former set fortli tliat there was no evidence, either directly 
or indirectly, criminating tlie Senator-elect, L. V. Bogy, and 
fully exonerated him. The second clause of the report asserted: 
that an effort had been made by G. P. Dorris, of St. Louis, to bribe 
two members of the Genei'al Assembly to vote for him in the 
democratic caucus for United States Senator; and that the same 
party had placed money in the hands of otlier persons (who were 
not members), to advance his interests in the election. The 
minority report affirmed that a considerable sum of money was 
used, or offered to be used, to advance the interest of some candi- 
date, and that the testimony showed that the same was used to 
advance the interests of the candidates. Bogy and Dorris. In 
consequence of the statements contained in the minority report, 
Mr. Bogy publicly requested that the investigation should be 
re-opened, and that additional testimou}" be taken. That 
recpiest was assented to, and the committee thereon having made 
a second report, re-affirming their first finding, were discharged. 
The re]iort exculpating Bogy was adopted by the House, by a 
vote of sixty-one to twenty-two; the resolution going on to say, 
that " the said investigation fully exonerates Mr. Bogy from all 
suspicion of having used any corrupt means to secure his election, 
and that our confidence in his puiityand honesty is unimpaired." 
During the session, which at its inception was so largely occu- 
pied in purging itself from the stigma of corruption, one hun- 
dred and forty-four acts were passed and signed, but most of them 
were merely local, or otherwise unimportant. The more promi- 
nent enactments were: — one to provide for the publication of the 
geological report; one to establish evidence of title to real 
estate; one to provide for the assessment of railroad property, 
and the collection of taxes thereon; one to establish the south- 
east Missouri JSonnal School; one to lease the State Penitentiary 
for the ])eriod of ten years; and one to more fully provide for the 
organization of counties into municipal townships. A large mnn- 
ber of laws were passed amendingthe statutes, and the enactments 
of ])revious years. The legislature adjourned, March 25, 1873. 

An important convention assembled at St. Louis, on the 
13th of i\[av, to consider the demands of the West and South for 



218 AN TLT,USTRATKD 

cheap transpui'tation. The attendance was large, and the dele- 
gates remained in session two days. Governor Woodson, who 
took much interest in tlie subject, gave interesting statistics as to 
the mineral resources of the State of Missouri, comprising within 
its territory 14,000 square miles of surface, nndeilaid by 20 feet 
of coal in veins, thick enough to mine, or a total of 30 feet, includ- 
ing all thicknesses; and about 175 square miles of territory under- 
laid with solid iron ore. The great national improvements which 
were considered by the con\'ention, were set forth in a series of 
resolutions by the Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis, to be sub- 
mitted to Congress, and signed by fourteen hundred merchants 
and ship])ers identified with the ocean and iidand marine of the 
country. Another convention, composed of farmers, was held at Jef- 
ferson City, on the 1st of October, 1873, to consult in relation to 
the interests of the agricultural classes; and another convention 
of the various granges of north-west Missouri, Kansas, and south- 
ern Nebraska, was held at St. Jose])h, December 23d. 

The adjourned, or sj^ecial session of tbe twenty-seventh 
General Assembly met on the 7th da}' of January, 1874, — mainly 
for the purpose of enacting a new revenue law, and to provide for 
refunding the State bonds that were soon to come due. On the 
day after the organization of the two Houses, Governor AVoodson 
sent in his annual message, in which he said in substance that 
the expenditures in the administration of the State 
'''*'*■ government were double what they should be, and that 
it could be administered just as well — or even better — at one-half 
the cost then incurred. He recommended the reduction of one- 
half the number of circuit judges, and suggested that the ofiiceof 
county superintendent of schools should be abolished, and the 
duties performed by the township school boards. He referred to 
the outrages that had taken place during the preceding year, and 
to the necessity of sheriffs and local officers faithfully discharging 
their duties. He recommended that the regulation of transpor- 
tation by raili'oad should be effected by act of Congress, and 
pointed out that under the ])Ower delegated by the constitution to 
regulate commerce between the states, Congress could, most un- 
questionably, establish a uiufoniu ju-t and fair rate of ti-aiispor- 
tation by railroads throughout the Ignited States. This, he said. 



HISTOKY OK MISSOURI. 219 

ri(» State legislature coukl do, ami hence he suggested the propriety 
of instructing and requesting senators and the representatives in 
Congress to vote for and urge the passage of a law foi- the accoin- 
plishinent of that end. He also referi-ed to the ini])ortance of 
having a territorial government established over the Indian 
Territorv, by act of Congress, stating that, as then oi-ganized, 
that territory had become the home of outlaws from the settled 
regions over the whole country; that thefts, murders, and every 
crime known in the long catalogue, were being constantly per- 
petrated within its boundaries, with almost perfect impunity; 
and, therefore, enunciating his belief that the interests and safety 
of the people of Missouri, the claims of humanity, and a past re- 
gard for the Indians themselves, demanded such a measure as 
that suggested. He urged upon the legislature the propriety of 
instructing the senators, and requesting the representatives in 
Congress, to suppoi-t a bill for that purpose. The improvement 
of western rivers, the State militia, savings banks, the revenue 
law. State University and normal and common schools, the 
State asylum, penitentiary, and reform schools, were all promi- 
nentlv discussed in the anjiual message. The letjislature ad- 
journed on the 30th of March, 1874. The more important laws 
passed at the session were: one to authorize a vote of the people 
to be taken, to decide whether a convention should be held for 
the purpose of revising and amending the constitution of the 
State; one to audit and adjust the war debt of the State; 
one to j-egulate the practice of medicine; one to provide 
for a board of regents of normal acliools and define their powers; 
one to re-organize and provide for the support of public schools, 
and amend the laws relating thereto; another to establish an in- 
dustrial home of the orphans, and indigent children of the State; 
and one in relation to "the social-evil," hospital and house of 
industry in the city of St. Louis, and the arrest of bawds and 
prostitutes in that city. 

The Governor sent a special message to the legislature, on the 
23d of March, in relation to a state of lawlessness in certain dis- 
tricts in the State, which the authorities were unable to suppress. 
He said: "■ Your present session is rapidly drawing to a close, and 
I am soi'rv to say, that up to the present time, you have not 



220 AW ILLUSTRATED 

deemed it expedient, or necessary, to make any provision enabling 
the executive to enforce the criminal law, and have the outlaws 
and murderers who are bringing disgrace upon the State, arrested 
and brought to trial, and punished." He further stated that cer- 
tain " bands of outlaws have been for years, and are still among 
us, robbing and murdering with impunity and defying the local 
officers residing in the vicinity where the crimes are committed; 
that these desperadoes one day enter and rob a bank, and in cold 
blood shoot down the cashier; next, they visit an agricultural fair, 
and almost in the midst of thousands, rob the safe containing the 
treasures of the association, shoot a young woman, and make good 
their exit." The Governor asked that power should be placed in 
his hands, to bring these criminals to justice. An act immedi- 
ately passed the Senate providing for a secret-service force, for 
the arrest of outlaws, but it was defeated in the House, and no 
further action was taken by the legislature. 

The opposition to the democratic party in the political canvass 
of the year, was consolidated under the name of the " People's 
Party." The democratic State convention was held at Jefferson 
City, on the 26th and 27th of August. On the first ballot for a 
candidate for Governor, General F. M. Cockrell received the 
largest number of votes. On the fourth ballot Charles H. Hardin 
was nominated. The other nominations were Norman J. Colman 
for Lieutenant-Governor, Michael K. McGrath for Secretary of 
State, Thomas Holliday for Auditor, J. W. Mercer for Treasurer, 
J. A. Hockaday for Attorney-General, George Deigel, Registrar 
of Lands, R. D. Shannon, Superintendent of Schools, Warwick 
Hough, Judge of the Supreme Court, and William B. Naptou, 
Judge of the Supreme Court for the short term. 

The Reform, or People's party, which was made up chiefly of 
republicans, held its convention at Jefferson City, on the 3d and 
4tii of September. After a platform had been put forth, embody- 
ing the principles and purposes of the party, the convention pro- 
ceeded to the nomination of State officers. William Gentry of 
Pettis county, was nominated by acclamation for the office of Gov- 
ernor, S. W. Headlee of Greene county, for Lieutenant-Governor, 
W. R. Leflet of Marion county, for Secretary of State, E. C. Hale 
of Clinton county, for Auditor, J. H. Fisse of St. Louis, for Treas- 




l!il;!liiiilliiiiiillllillil!iill!!lliill;iiliiillliiii!;Hiililili 



JOHN A. HOCKADAY, 



ATTORNKY-OENEKAL. 



IliSTOKY OB' MISSOUKI. 221 

urer, D. S. Twichell of Jackson county, for Attorney-General, C. 
T. Queensbury of Audrian county, for Registrar of Lands, John 
Monteith of Iron county, Superintendent of Schools, Samuel Ens- 
worth, for Judge of the Supreme Court, and Peter E. Bland for 
Judge of the Supreme Court, short term. 

The election took place on tlie third of November, and resulted 
in the success of the democratic ticket. The total vote for Gov- 
ernor, was 261,670, of which C. II. Hardin received 149,566, and 
Gentry, 112,104; Hardin's majority, 37,462. The majorities for 
the other candidate on the ticket, varied from 37,676 to 47,247. 
At the same election, thirteen members of Congress were chosen, 
all of whom were democrats. The legislature of 1875 consisted 
of twenty-eight democrats and six republicans in the Senate, 
and ninety-one democrats and forty republicans in the House; 
democratic majority in Senate, twenty-two; in the House, fifty- 
one. The question of calling a convention to revise the constitu- 
tion of the State, was also submitted to a vote of the people at 
this election, and received a majority of 283 out of a vote of 
222,315. In accordance with this decision, the Governor ordered 
an election for delegates to the proposed convention to take place 
on the 26th of January, 1875. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR CHARLES H. HARDIN. 

1874—1876. 

The twenty -eighth General Assembly convened for the regular 
isession, on the 6th of January, 1875, and the House was called to 
order by the chief clerk of the preceding Assembly, J. T. Pi-att. 
The office of temporary speaker devolved upon J. B. Rocke, of 
Carter countv, and J. T. Clark was made temporary clerk. The 
election of permanent officers was proceeded with on the 

IS 73. ^ ^ 

following day, when B. G. Boone became speaker, and 
V. M. Hobbs, chief clerk. The Senate was organized under the 
presidency of Lieutenant-Governor C. P. Johnson. W. M. 
Prottsman was chosen secretary. The valedictory message of 
Governor Woodson to the legislature, set forth, that six hundred 
and one bonds of the State, each for the sum of $1,000, bearing in- 
terest at the rate of six per centum per annum, had matured in 
1873, and that eight hundred and eleven bonds, each for a like 
amount, bearing interest at the same rate, had matured in 1874. 
The aggregate indebtedness accruing upon the maturity of the 
bonds, and the interest attaching thereto, amounting to $1,412,000, 
had been paid during his administration. The "Fund Commis- 
sioners," whose duty it was to make provision for the liquidation 
of those claims, under an act providing for the issue of Funding 
bonds, approved on the 30tli of March, 1874, found it necessary 
to issue four hundred bonds for the sum of one thousand dollars 
each; consequently, the amount of $400,000 had to be deducted 
from the aggregate of $1,412,000, already named, so that the 
actual reduction of the indebtedness of the State, amounted to 
$1,012,000. Consequent upon that diminution, there was a de- 
creased drain upon the State, in the item of interest alone, to the 
extent of $00,720 per annum. The bonds that would nuiture in 
the two years of his successor's administration, amounted to 
$5,325,000, besides which, a l)alance of $701,000 would mature in 



irisTcjiiY OF Missonui. 2*28 

the year 1877, and his prevision of thoi>e several liabilities su»^- 
ofested the issue and sale of a sufticient number and amount of 
now bonds, to cover any deficiency which might remain, after any 
possil)le overplus on revenue account had been ap])lied to the ex- 
tinction of such demands. The Semiiuiry and University funds, 
invested in government bonds, he also recommended should be 
iiK'hided in that ()]ieration. The message further dealt with the 
war del)t of the State. Commissioners appointed to examine and 
adjust claims under that head, found 11,961 claimants, and an 
aggregate of claims amounting to $4,S44,362.29, and, after due in- 
quiry, had allowed §;>.200,939.f)9. CTOvernor Woodson considered 
tiiat the government of the United States should pay the sum 
thus arrived at, as justly due to the citizens of Missouri. The 
Centennial Exposition at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, was not 
omitted trom the valedictory message, and he expressed a hope 
that the i^te would be properly represented on that occasion. 
The line of policy pursued by President (Irant toward the State of 
Louisiana, was denounced in sti-ong terms, as being at war witli 
the great fundamental principles of free government, in direct 
antagonism of the federal constitution, and intended for the over- 
throw of State sovereignty. Pie deprecated the concentration of 
all power in the hands of a usurping general government, and 
expressed a strong desire tliat the legislature should not fail to 
ex])ress, by proper action, the indignation pervading Missouri, 
against such procedure. He spoke in the highest terms of the 
educational institutions of Missouri, generally: the public schools, 
normal schools, and State University, had never been in a more 
prosperous condition, and the benevolent institutions were sim- 
ilarly well placed; a circumstance over which friends of humanity 
could not fail to rejoice. They were managed effectively, and 
conducted economically, so that they offered the noblest monu- 
ments of liberality and magnanimity, to which a people could 
aspire. 

The two Houses met in joint convention, on the 12th day of 
January, and the usual formalities as to canvassing the votes re- 
corded for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, having been ful- 
filled, the Governor elect, Charles IL ILirdin, was duly sworn to 
administer the duties of his high office, in the presence of the 



224 AN ILLUSTRATED 

legislature, by Judge Wagner, of the Supreme Court. The in- 
augural message followed immediately upon the completion of 
that ceremony. The baneful effects of special legislation were 
insisted upon with wisdom and acumen, and a hope was expressed 
that legislators M'ould limit such action within the narrowest 
bounds compatible Math the general welfare. Popular disfavor 
for the expenses attendant upon legislative action, he said, mainly 
arose from the fact, that the people did not see and feel any prac- 
tical value arising from such operations, either in special enact- 
ments, or in connection with the massive code of general laws. 
Defects in tlie laws of the State undoubtedly might be specified, 
but the ])eople looked M'ith dissatisfaction upon a continually in- 
creasing bulk of such measures, as being a waste of money and 
time. Further, he stated that the people were wearied of pro- 
longed sessions, and he trusted that the legislature then assem- 
bled, would initiate a jjractical and much needed reform, breaking 
through precetlents, " more honored in the breach, than in the 
obsen'ance," by holding a short regular session, and rapidly dis- 
patching all necessary business. On this subject he was emphatic, 
and his reference concluded with the words, •' If you should 
disappoint these expectations, the people will be dissatisfied. 
Prompt, efiicient, and economical action will commend us to their 
confidence and support." Having recommended that the State 
should be redistricted to provide more effectively for senatorial 
representation, and calling attention to the necessity for legisla- 
tion on the subject of railroads, he concluded by referring to the 
startling events of the 4th of January, at New Orleans. He said: 
"Standing as I do, on the threshhold of this high office, and be- 
lieving, that the declaration will meet with a hearty response from 
my peo])le, I do now, in the name of the State, protest against the 
employment of military force, except in exact accordance with the 
constitution of the United States, as construed and understood in 
our national history; and further declare, that the obtrusion of 
such forces in the legislative halls of Louisiana, was a fearful in- 
fraction of that constitution, and in some respects, the grav^est 
and most alarming shock that our republican institutions have 
ever received, involving in this one act of militaiy authority, the 
destruction of the riMits of the State and of the citizen: and 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 225 

therefore, I commend to your calm and dispassionate judgment, 
the further consideration of this subject." 

Tlie general laws passed during the first session of the legisla- 
ture were numerous, but only a few were of large public interest, 
among wliich maybe specified: one providing for the a])propri- 
ation of $221,250, to pay interest on the State debt. State Univer- 
sity, Northwestern Lunatic Asylum, State Bank Stock, and Scliool- 
Fund Bonds; one to establish a Board of Centennial Managers, and 
prescribing their duties; one to provide for enlarging the State 
Penitentiary; and others to provide for reguhiting the charges of 
Railroad Companies, and the appointment of Kailroad Commis- 
sioners. In addition to these measures of legislation, joint and con- 
current resolutions were adopted, condemnatory of the outrages 
then recent in the State of Louisiana. The session closed on tlie 
29th of March, 1875, but in consequence of the unfinished condi- 
tion of many bills of public importance, an extra session was 
called immediately by the Governor. Business having been at 
length completed, the legislature adjourned sine die, on the first 
day of April. One hundred and sixty-six acts and concurrent reso- 
lutions were passed, but the major portion of the work of the two 
sessons, was not of a character requiring detailed mention. The 
State bonds falling due in 1875, and the two succeeding years, to 
which the retiring Governor invited attention, commanded leg- 
islation; and a funding bill passed through both Houses, — in 
the Assembly, by 83 to 10, and in the Senate, by 23 to 4, author- 
izing the issue of five million new 5-20 bonds, to be made paya- 
ble in gold or currency. The items already mentioned in treat- 
ing of the work of the first session, need not be recapitulated, but 
some few particulars concerning the State Penitentiary, will be 
given. That institution was in the hands of lessees, and public 
feeling strongly opposed the policy of continuing that system. 
A bill was introduced in the interest of the lessees, having for its 
object the extention of their powers, so that they might employ 
convicts outside the prison, at their discretion, in any part of the 
State, provided that such locales of prison labor should not be 
within ten miles of any city containing 25,000 inhabitants, or any 
larger number. Certain conditions were prescribed under which 
the powers conferred on the Penitentiary Lessees should be exer- 

15 



226 AN TT.LTTSTHATED 

cised, Hiid the bill passed both Houses, but the Governor refused 
assent, and an attempt to carry the bill over his veto, failed. The 
Penitentiary debate occupied nearly all the extra session. A bill 
appropriating $300,000 to build a new Penitentiary near St. Louis, 
Was introduced, and another to ,§rect a hospital- and workshops, in 
connection with the old institution. Provision for the proposed 
hospital and workshops was refused after niuch debate, and the 
new Penitentiary near St. Louis was still nnsettled w'lien the reg- 
ular session ended. New propositions were submitted to the leg- 
islature during the extra session, one of which involved an appro- 
priation of $90,000 to enlarge ihe female prison, and construct a 
hospital and such other buildings as the inspectors might deem 
necessary. Finally, a commission, consisting of the Governor and 
the Inspectors of the Penitentiary, including the Attorney-Gen- 
eral, the State Treasurer, and State Auditor, was authorized to 
consider, examine, and report upon the claims of the lessees for 
works and improvements for which they sought compensation, 
and on'the 12tli of Aj^ril, a repprt^was:made by that body, allow- 
ing to the original lessees^ and the sub-lessees, the St. Louis Man- 
ufacturing Company, the sum of $42,906.50. Another act 
prohibited a,ll^perspns from carrying deadly weapons into any 
church :.()r;pjace where people should assemble for religious 
worsllip',^or";'intp any school ' room, or place where people 
iisseinbled;fpr. educational, literary or social purposes, or to any 
election precinct on any. day of election, or into any court 
room, during the sitting\(>f the court; or into any other public 
assemblage bf.;persong -for other than military drill, or meetings 
called under- the militia law of the State. A bill to abolish the 
Geological Bureau, and to^transfer its collections and possessions 
to the-School of,Mines,.at Rolla, was vetoed by the Governor, but 
became a law over his veto. There was an attempt, to pass a bill 
for tlie purpose of repealing an act of the preceding session which 
renewed the bonds of the Tlamiibal and St. Joseph railroad, but the 
effort proved abortive. The Railroad Commissioners, appointed 
under the new law, were Mortimer Mcllhany, John AV^alker, and 
John S. Marinaduke. The commission assembled on the 8th of 
June, made the classification required from them, and designated 
the maximum charges tmder the several heads of travel and freight. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 



227 



The State convention appointed to revise the constitution, as- 
sembled at the seat of government, on the 5th day of May, and 
organized hy choosing Waldo P. Johnson to preside over their 
deliberations. A new constitution was prepared, and upon sub- 
mission to the vote of the people, on the 30rli of October, 1875, 
that measure was accepted by a vote of 00,600, against 14,3()2. 
The labors of the convention were widely recognized as a great 
boon to the community. 

The advantages likelv to accrue to Missouri and to nninv other 
states, from the enterprise known as the Soutiieru Pacific Rail- 
road, caused the assembly of a body of 869 delegates, in St. Louis, 
in the latter part of November, from thirty -one states and territo- 
ries. Municipalities' and commercial boards interested in pro- 
moting the common object, were represented in the convention, 
which embraced many of the Middle states of the Union, as well 
as the Southern. Judge Stanley Matthews, of Cincinnati, was 
elected president of that mlluential hody, and J. M. llbwells, of 
Arkansas, secretary. Resolutions were adopted with much en- 
thusiasm, urging the government to aid the design of building 
the Texas Pacific railroad, on or near the thirty-second parallel 
of latitude. 

Eai-ly in the year, a conspiracy which had long been in success- 
ful operation, defrauding the government of a large projtortion 
of the revenue on whisky, was discovered in St. Louis. Thirty- 
t\V(» distilleries and lectif'ving houses were seized by officers, on 
the 10th day of ]\Liy, on behalf of the Treasury De{)artment of 
the United States. Subsecpient devel()])ements were I'apid, show- 
ing that systenuitic frauds, not only in St. Louis, and at other 
points in the State of jMissouri, but all over the Union, had been 
facilitated by officers of the government, from the lowest to the 
highest, until it became questionable at what altitude the ring 
ceased to operate. Numerous ])roseeutions followed the incrimi- 
nating discoveries and disclosures, including those of John A. 
Joyce, Special Agent of the Revenue Service, and John McDon- 
ald, Sn})ervisor of Internal Revenue, who were convicted and sen- 
tenced to the Penitentiary. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI. 

Tlie State of Missouri lies near the middle of the United 
States, in the great central valley of Xorth America, between 
36*^ and 41° of west longitude; having Iowa on the north; Il- 
linois, Kentucky, and Tennessee on tlie east; Arkansas on the 
south ; and the Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska on the 
west; including an area of 67,380 squares miles, or 43,123,200 
acres. The face of the country pi'esents a great variety of moun- 
tains, valleys, rolling prairies, alkudal and upland timber, springs, 
lakes and streams. One of the main features of the southern 
part of the State, is the Ozark highlands, which form a broad 
table-land in the south-w^est, and break into rounded knobs in 
the south-east. From these highlands the water descends in all 
directions — to the Currant and White rivers on the south; to 
the ]Sreosho on the west; to the Osage, Gasconade, and Meramec 
on the north; and to the Mississippi on the east. The mouth of 
the Ohio is 272 feet above the gulf of Mexico; the St. Louis Di- 
rectrix, 272; Granby, 1030; Marshfield, 1,462; and the top of 
Pilot Knob, 1490 feet above the ocean. Between the Osage and 
Missouri is another high, broad ridge. It commences in Cole 
county, widening and rising westward to the counties of Cass and 
Jackson. This rollino- hio-hland is drained into the Osao-e on the 
south, and into the Missouri on the north. On the north of the 
Missouri river, the country rises toward Iowa, and from the Missis- 
sippi toward the west; forming a dividing ridge along the line of 
the St. Louis, Kansas City and I^orthern raib'oad, and its northern 
branch. This area is intersected by the valleys of the j^rincipal 
rivers, varying in depth from one hundred to four hundred feet, and 
in width from one to forty miles. The valleys of the smaller 
streams, and other inequalities of surface, give the face of the coun- 
try an agreeable undulating surface, well drained and heathful. 



UlSTUUY OF MISSOURI. 220 

The Mississippi wasiies the entire eastern boundary of tlie 
State, tor a distanee of fixe hundred and sixty miles. The Mis- 
souri forms its western boundary for two liuiub-ed and fifty miles, 
as far south as Kansas ('ity; thence, in a course south of east, it 
trayerses the entire State — four huiub-ed and thirty miles— to its 
junction ■with the Mississi})])i, twenty miles aboye St. Louis. 
These rivers are the two <i^reat natural thoroui^hfares of commerce 
in the Mississipju valley. The Missouri has several tributaries 
which have been more or less utilized as navii>;able waters. Of 
these the Osage, (irasconade. Platte, ('hariton, Wliite, and St. 
P^rancois are the most im])ortant. There are a vast nund)er of 
smaller streams in the State. A g-lance at the map will sliow 
bow admirably they intersect and water every ])art of it. 

No country is better supplied with bold springs of pure water.. 
Away from tlie " bottoms " there is scarcely a section of land 
that lias not one or more perennial springs. Many of these are 
large, eyeu beyond the conceptions of those who have not seen the 
streams which flow from them, and drive the mills and machin- 
ery placed upon theii- waters. Brine springs are abundant in the 
central part of the State. In Cooper, Saline, Howard, aiul ad- 
joining counties these springs are numerous, and discharge large 
quantities of excellent brine. Sulphur spring* ai-e also numer- 
ous, and more generally diffused throughout the State. The 
Chouteau springs in Cooper, the Monageau s])rings in St. Clair, the 
Elk springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham springs in St. Louis 
county, have acquired considerable reputation. There are many 
springs in the State which contain some of the salts of iron. 
Sexeral of them are somewhat celebrated as medicinal waters; 
sweet springs, on the Blackwater, and Norwood spring, at the 
University in Columbia, are nu)st noted. Petroleum springs are 
observed in several of the western counties. These discharge 
small quantities of several varieties of rock oil. 

When the country emerged from the waters which last cov- 
ered it, the marls of the bluff formation occupied nearly all the 
northern and westei-n parts of the State, and a rank vegetation of 
grasses and other plants sprang up, forming one vast prairie. 
Young trees grew with the other vegetation; but the fires which 
overran the country, killed them out in the dryer and richer por- 



230 ^^ ILLUSTRATED 

tioiis. They grew apace whei'e the fires were too weak, by reason 
of water or a scarcity of vegetation, to destroy them. As the 
forests increased in size, they acquired power to withstand and 
check the flames; and thus the}'^ liave gra(hially encroached upon 
the prairie, until more tlian one-half of the State is covered by 
magnificent forests. Kearly all that portion north-west of a line, 
drawn from Hannibal to the south-west corner of the State. 
is prairie; that on the south-east of it, is timber. Large areas of 
the latter, skirt the streams and cover portions of the uplands on 
the prairie side, and long arms of the prairie, extend along the 
divides, into the timbered side, while small patches of it checker 
the whole timbered region, even to the swamps of the south-east. 
The bottom prairies are level, and often sublime in their extent; 
while the upland prairies are rolling and grand in their seemiiig 
endless succession of undulations. 

Missouri possesses an abundance of the very best lumber. The 
varieties useful in the varions arts are Avell distributed. Pine, 
walnut, cherr}^ ash, maple, birch, hickory, oak, linden, cotton- 
wood, poplar, sweet black and yellow gum, cedar, cypress, syca- 
more, locust, cofl'ee-tree, elm, pecan, chestnut, tulip-tree (the 
"white and yellow poplar" of Kentucky and Southern Missouri), 
beech, willow, hackberry, mull)erry, tupelo, catalpa, iron-wood, 
horn-beam, and box-elder, are found in great abundance in 
the State, and many of them in all their known varieties. 
There are six species of hickory, three of locust, eighteen of oak» 
and varieties of other trees in like proportion. All these kindi> 
grow very large in the deep, rich soils, and warm climate; and 
no figures, no descriptions can give an idea of the grandeur and 
beauty of the forests of Missouri. They must be seen, examined 
and re-examined, visited and re-visited, before they can be fully 
appreciated. One must behold "the mighty monarchs of the 
forest" — must see the grape-vines hanging like huge cables from 
their lofty branches, and mingling their purjde clusters with the 
highest foliage, the large orange fiowers of the trumpet creeper, 
and the crimson foliage of the American ivy warming and beauti- 
lying their sombre shades; — lie must see these glories before lie 
can fully realize their beauty and grandeui-. Here, too, the utili- 
tarian can find woods suitable for ail the ])urp()ses to which they 




GEORGE C. SWALLOW, M.D. LL.D. 



HlbTui:Y OF MlSbOUlii. !>81 

are applied. Oak, hickory. iua]>le, asli, mrilberrv, locust, liiidoii, 
poplar, elm, walnut, and pine tor carriages, wagons, and a"-ricul- 
tural ini])lements; pine, linden. ])oplar, cotton-wood, walnut, cy- 
press, cedar, birch, hickoi-y, and oak for cabinet work; cedar, 
locust, oak, hickory, iiiulbeiry, and ])ini; for fences; and Osage; or- 
ange, thorns, buckthorns, and cedars for hedges. 

Ihit few portions of the temperate zone ])resent a more desira- 
ble climate, or one better fitted t(^ meet all the demaiuls of ad- 
vanced civilization than Missouri. It has, generally speaking, 
a most agreeable and salubrious atmosphere. The summers are 
long, temperate, and dry; the winters, short, and mild. Scarcely 
any climate so well combines the reepiisites for health and abun- 
dant harvests. Thcsfe-itictics of tlie State show^ the south-western 
highlands to be its most sialubnous portion. Missouri, however, 
has two defects of climate incident to her location on the border 
of the gi-eat prairies, betvv-een the Mississippi and the Pacific. 
The north-west winds sweeping down from the Tlocky mountains, 
sometimes bring a temperature so low as to be injurious to more 
tender fruits and farm-crops. Tt Eometinies haj^pens that the lat- 
ter ])ai't of summer and the early autumn are so destitute of rain 
that the drought becomes a seiious iujury to the gi-owing ci'ops. 
These defects of climate sternly admonish the sparing of the trees 
already growing, and the planting of others to increase the rains 
and temper the extremes of heat and cold. 

Tlie geology of Missouri presents f^great variety of rocks and use- 
ful minerals. Its mines of lead and copjxM-, of cobalt and nickel, 
and of zinc, are yielding up their shining ores. Its ii*on mountains 
stand upon their molten basis; its vast coal-beds sleep beneath the 
broad prairies. The drill and pick summon them forth to warm 
and enlighten the people, and make the commonwealth rich. 

Tlie geological ages represented by the rocks of ISfissouri are 
seven in number. Those of the Azoic age arc the oldest sede- 
mentary rocks upon the face of the earth. They contain the only 
history we have of our planet during the earliest cycles of its 
preparation for man. During the first part of the Azoic age, a 
boundless ocean covered the earth; but, toward its close, the old- 
est portions of this continent rose above the waters, forming the nu- 
cleus of the future America. Pilot Knob, Shepherd mountain, and 



282 ^"-^ TLT>ITSTnATKD 

some of the neighboring highhinds, then became islands, it is be- 
lieved, in the primeval ocean. So far as known, no living thing, 
planet or animal, had as yet appeared npon the globe. The wa- 
ters were a dreary waste; the land, a desert. Pilot Knob, Iron 
mountain. Granite mountain, and the porphyries, granites and 
trap rocks of the adjacent country, belong to the Huroniau divis- 
ion of the Azoic age. 

The Silurian age represents a vast period in the history of the 
globe, in which occurred some of the most interesting events of 
geological history. During this age, the extensive beds of sand- 
stones, magnesian-limestones, and horn-stones of the south-east- 
ern half of Missouri, were deposited. In these were buried the 
remains of the numerous sea-weeds, corals, crinoids, mollusks, 
and articulates, which had appeared upon the earth and popu- 
lated its seas. The most remarkable animals of this age, were 
the large trilobites and huge cepalopods, twenty feet in length. 
IS^ear the close, the first vertebrates ap])eared in shape of large 
fishes, incased in a heavy coat of mail. Sea-weeds grew in the 
shallow water, and ferns upon the moist land. At the close of 
the Silurian age, there was a change of level, which raised nearly 
one-half of the State of Missouri above the waters, forming one 
of the large islands which then appeared along the central jjor- 
tions of North America, forming the first barrier between the 
waters of the Pacific and the Atlantic, and indicating the shape 
and position of the future continent. The lead, copper, zinc, and 
nickel mines of the State are nearly all in the Silurian rocks, as 
are the Ozark, Cape Girardeau, and Glencoe Marbles. 

The rocks of the Devonian age also contain the records of a 
vast period of the earth's history. The sandstones, limestones, 
and shales, so abundant in some localities, were sparingly depos- 
ited in Missouri. Fishes, then the largest and most perfect 
of the animals, became ver}^ abundant; polyps formed coral 
reefs in the shallow seas; calamites, lepidodendrons and conifers 
covered the continents with their primal forests. Reptiles and 
insects made their first appearance on the earth toward the close 
of this aire. The Devonian rocks in Missouri are found in an 
irregular belt, extending from Marion county, in the north-east, 
to McDonald, in the south-west. The small urea covered by these 



lUSTUlJY OF -UISSOUUI. 238 

formations, show no great changes in the level of this part of the 
rising continent at the close of this age. 

No age manifests a more obvious design to fit the earth for 
man, and to promote his highest civilization, than the Carbon- 
iferous. The coal and iron laid up in its rocky store houses have 
in an incalculable degree advanced the intelligence, the wealth, 
and power of the n»tions. Zoophytes, crinoids, moUusks and 
fishes continued in great abundance in the warm seas. Ferns, 
lycopodiums, equisetums and conifers grew in vast proportions, 
and covered the moist earth with dense and stately forests. Itep- 
tilians and insects multiplied, rendering the land, as well as the 
waters, a scene of busy life. The Carboniferous age was prodigal 
in its gifts to the territory now included in Missouri, giving it 
26,000 square miles of invaluable coal beds. At the close of this 
age, the entire State was elevated above the oceans, save a small 
portion below the present Cape Girardeau, which was still occu- 
l^ied by the Gulf of Mexico. The waters of the Pacific had 
retired west and north as far as Manhattan and Omaha. All of 
the north-western part of the State, is underlaid by the rocks of 
this age. 

But few changes were made in Missouri during the Reptilian 
age, M'hen so many wonderful events ti-anspired on the retiring 
shores of the Pacific. Gnly a very small area of these rocks are 
found in Missouri, but on the west, they extend from the Gulf 
of Mexico to the Arctic regions. The whole race of Trilobites 
had disappeared. The Brachipods, Cephalopods and Cestraciont 
sharks had greatly declined; while the Reptilians had culminated 
in the flying Pterodactyl and the huge Plesiosaurus and Igna- 
nodons. Rizopods were abundant, and insects were multiplied. 
Mammals and birds, and our common forest trees and palms, first 
made their a])pearance on our globe. Near the close of this age 
the chalk beds of Europe were deposited, and at the end of it the 
area of North America was nearly doubled. 
j,,The beautiful varigated sandstones, clays, shales, and iron ores 
in the blufis skirting the swamps of Southern Missouri, from 
Commerce to Chalk Blufis, in Arkansas, belong to the Tertiary 
age. During this age, the Gulf of Mexico extended up to Cape 
Girardeau; and the highlands of Scott county were islands there- 



234 AlV IM>irSTKATED 

in. Its waters were filled with huge sharks, and the adjacent re- 
gions were populated with great turtles, crocodiles and zeuglodons; 
hyenas, wolves, horses, camels, deer, rhinoceroses, mastadons, ele- 
phants, and monkeys, were denizens of the country. All of these 
animals are now extinct, hut their numerous bones preserved in 
the Tertiary rocks, give ample proof that they inhabited North 
America in this age. During this, so often called the Mainnia- 
lian age, many species of the larger mammals came u])on the 
earth, lived their allotted time and disap])eared, leaving no record 
of their existence, save their remains laid u[) in the store-house of 
the rocks. 

The Quarternary, or Age of Man, contains the latest and most 
valuable of all the formations. These rocks have been formed 
since man came upon the earth, and are peculiarly adopted to fit 
it for his abode. Of these rocks, the soil, and the surface sands, 
marls, peats, clays, and gravels, are the most important. While 
the soil covers the continents, sustains the vegetable kingdom, and 
holds the wealth of the nations, the claya, marls, and sands of the 
Quarternary, furnish the inorganic materials of the soil itself. 
During this age many remarkable events transpired on this part 
of the continent. The large rivers had cut their channels in the 
consolidated rocks of the previous ages, to depths varying from 
100 to 500 feet, and in width, from one to ten miles. Their waters- 
poured o\ev the rock strata, and wore for themselves these great 
highways to the sea. But a change came over the northern part 
of the continents. Some might}' power of ice, oi- M'ater, or both, 
swept down from tlie north, grinding the softer rocks to atoms, 
rounding the harder into pebbles, moving huge boulders hundreds- 
of miles, and dropping them, in strange places. Another change, 
and a fresh water lake covered a large part of the upper Missis- 
sippi and lower Missouri valleys. The Missouri and Mississippi 
flowed into this lake, and the land and water were ])opulated with 
many of the animals now living. The beaver built his dams as 
now, the squiri*el ate the same mast, and the deer cropped the same 
herbage. But the mastod(m and the elephant in diminished herds, 
still held their places as lords of the soil. There came a change 
of level, and this lake was gradually drained, and the waters sub- 
sided to the channels of the rivers. But the currents of the great 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 2.'^5 

rivers were shiuirish^ and the waters spread fruiii bhitf' to hliitt". 
and deposited the strata uf bottom prairies. Another ciiange of 
level, and the currents became rapid as now, and the rivers cut 
narrow channels, leaving the wide level bottoms to the dominion 
of the vegetable kingdom. It was during tliis age, the continents 
were Unished, the oceans fixed in their beds, the seasons estab- 
lished their cycles, and the zones of temperature fixed the bound- 
aries of animal and vegetable life. When all was done, — came 
man, and many of the animals and plants which now populate 
and beautity the earth; and the Geological Record gave place to 
history. 

The soil of a country is the great source of national prosperity 
and individual wealth and happiness. No department of agri- 
cultural science is more defective than the classification and no- 
menclature of soils. Xo system has been adopted by which the 
many varieties of soils can be so arranged and described that all 
can be readily identified. This state of the case is due, doubt- 
less, to two principal causes: first, the varieties of soils pass into 
each othei" by such an infinite number of gradations that it is 
well-nigh impossible to point out any definite lines of separation ; 
second, farmers have been so averse to scientific names, which 
are definite, that writers on the subject have used the indefinite 
terms generally employed — often too, in a sense entirely differ- 
ent from their common signification among farmers, thus creat- 
ing a confusion of names. In the popular nomenclature are 
found some very general names, which are very definite when 
considered in some of their relations, as "timbered lands," and 
"prairie lands.'' These names distinctly mark the soils in the 
timber and those on the prairie, but do not indicate the quality 
of the soils any further than they are produced by those relations. 
To the same class of names belong "bottomlands," and "up- 
lands," sometimes called " bluff lands." These terms, like the 
others, point out an important natural division of soils, though 
they have no reference to the fertility. 

Prairie lands are well defined by nature, and distinct from tim- 
bered lands in respect to the vegetation they naturally produce. 
The latter produce trees and slirubs, and some grasses, and other 
herbaceous plants; and the former produce grasses and other 



236 AN ILLUSTRATED 

hubaceous plants only. But each division contains soils of all 
grades of productiveness, from the very best to the poorest. 
These prairie lands occupy nearly one-half of the entire area of 
Missouri, or about thirty thousands square miles. The grasses 
are as diversified, and as distinctly mark the varieties of soil on 
the prairies, as do the trees in the timber. The resin-weed, crow- 
foots, and wild sorghum, indicate as good soils on the prairies as 
do the elm, hickory, and walnut in the timber. But as the trees 
are more conspicuous and better known, the varieties of soils are 
best known by the timber they produce. These lands are still 
further divided so as to indicate the quality of the soil with a 
marked degree of certainty by their natural productions, their 
chemical composition, and by their physical structure. The de- 
termination of the qualities of soils by the natural productions, 
is best understood by Missouri farmers, as all are well awai'e that 
the soil that produces hackberry and elm, is much better than the 
soil that produces black-jack and black hickory; that the former 
will yield abundant crops, while the latter will produce none but 
a very inferior growth of the cereals. In this division are tliose 
soils marked by the growth of particular trees and shrubs from 
which they derive their names. 

Hackbeny lands have the best upland soils in the State. The 
growth is hackberry, elm, wild cheri-y, honey locust, coffee tree, 
pig-nut hickory, chesnut, and burr-oak, black and white walnut, 
mulberry, and linden. The crow-foot of the prairie region, have 
soils very similar in quality to hackberry lands, and these two 
soils generally join each other where the timber and prairie lands 
meet. These soils abound in the western counties from Atchison 
to Cass, and eastward to Saline and Howard. They also cover 
small areas in other parts of the State. There is an area of at 
least (),5(>0,00(> acres of these soils, which are unsurpassed for 
pi'oductive energy, and durability. It has sufficient sand for the 
water to drain off rapidly in wet weather, and enough of clay, 
lime, magnesia, and humus to retain the moisture in the dry. It 
rests on a bed of fine silicious marls, which will render it perpet- 
ually fertile under deep tillage. Their productive powers are 
everywhere manifest in the gigantic forest trees, luxurant native 
grasses, and the rich crops they produce. Herds of buft'alo, elk, 



HISTORY OK MISSOITRI. 287 

and deer, were formerly entirely concealed from the hunter by the 
tall prairie grasses of these soils. Hemp, tobacco, corn, and the 
cereals grow upon it in great luxuriance; and no soil is better 
adapted to fruits of all kinds. The principal growth u]>on elm 
lands, is elm, hackberry, honey locust, black walnut, cherry, blue 
ash, black oak, red bud, and papaw. 

Resin-weed lands, on the prairies, hav^e about the same qualities 
as the elm lands in the forests. These soils are but little inferior 
to the hackberry lands, above described. The sand in them is* 
finer, and the clay more,abundant, rendering the soil less porous 
and more adhesive. This soil abounds, interspersed with hack- 
berry and hickory lands, in the region above named; in the east, 
in Marion, Monroe, Boone, Cooper, St. Louis, Greene, and othei- 
counties, it covers large areas. These soils occupy an area of about 
3,000,000 acres. Its heavy forests and luxuriant prairie grasses, 
and its chemical properties, clearly indicate its great fertility, and 
the marls upon which it is based fully assure its durability. 
Hemp, tobacco, corn, wheat, and other staple crops grow luxu- 
riantly, ana all kinds of fruits adapted to the climate do well. 

Hickoi-y lands hold the next grade to the elm lands, and are 
known by a growth of white and shell-bark hickory, black and 
laurel oaks, sugar maple, persimmon, dogwood, haws, red bud, 
and crab-apple. In the south-east, the tulip tree, beach and black 
gum, grow on soils of about the same quality. This soil is more 
clayey, not so dee]), and has a sub-soil more impervious, and the 
underlying marls have less sand and lime, and more clay. There 
are large areas of prairie soils, of about the same quality as the 
I hickory lands. Some of them are called '' mulatto soils." These 
soils cover about 6,000,000 acres in the State. Farmers deem this 
j a very valuable soil for the staple crops of the country, for the 
[ fruit of the latitude, and especially for blue grass pastures, and 
1 meadows of timothy and clov^er. This soil abounds in the cen- 
-I tral and eastern counties, north of the Missouri. 
|l White oak lands occupy high portions, whence the rains of 
l\ centuries have washed the finer and lighter materials of the soil 
I to so great a degree that the subsoil is even better than the sur- 
face. There is no better land for wheat and fruits. Few soils 
[>i(»duce a better quality of grapes and tobacco. It occupies many 



238 AN ILI.nsTUATKI) 

of the ridges in tlie region north of the Missouri, and east of the 
Cliariton, and those south of the former river and north of the 
Osage; 1,500,000 acres is a fair estimate of the area of white oak 
lands. Post oak kinds occupy ridges generally on the soutli side 
(»f the Osage, and produce post and black oak, hickory, sassafras, 
dogwood and sumnch. The growth is about the same as the 
white oak ridges, substituting the post for white oak. This soil 
is based upon a light coloredmarl, with less lime and sand than 
is tbund in the marls ujiderhnng tlie white-oak ridges; but it 
produces good crops of the staples of the countiw, and has for 
several years yielded the best tobacco of the West. Fruits, of 
nearly all vai'ieties cultivated in our latitude, excel on this soil. 
The area covered by ])Ost-oak lands is very large; probably 3,000",- 
000 acres. 

Black-jack lands have few trees, save black-jack and black hick- 
oi-y ; sometimes a few grapes and some sumach. They occupy the 
liigh flint ridge;^ which are usually underlaid with liornstone and 
sandstone, and some strata of magnesian limestone. The sub-soil 
is usually a lifeless sandy clay, and tlie soil is fidl of fragments of 
flint or pebbles. This is the pooi'est soil in the State, and is of 
little use save for pastures and fruits. It may be made profltable 
for orchards and vineyai'ds. These lands occupy a large portion of 
the flint and sandstone ridges on the south of the Osage, perhaps 
^.(MKi.OdO acres. Pine lands have a growth of pine, post, white 
and black oak, black liickory, dogW(jod, and sassafras. They have 
an inferior, sandy soil, and occupy the ])lateaus, hills, and ridges 
of soutliern Missouri, which are underlaid by the sandstones of the 
magnesian limestone sei'ies. The area of this soil is not less than 
2,000,000 acres. The soil is sandy and thin, and would be greatly 
beneiited by clay and humus; but plaster and clover are the most 
available means of improvement, 

. The soir of the Magnesian Limestone lands is derived from 
the Magnesian limestones of the Silurian series, so generally de- 
veloped in south-east Missouri. They produce black and white 
walnut, black gum, white and whahoo elms, sugar maple, rock 
chestnut and laurel oaks, blue ash, buckeye, hazel, sumach, and 
dogwood. Thest' lands occupy the slopes, hill sides and narrow 
valleys of the southern and south-eastern part of the State, and 




JOHN W. HARRIS. 



JIISTOKY OF iMissonti. 289 

the nurtheni 8lo])es of tlie Missouri, east of Providence. This soil 
is light, warm and dark, ricli in lime, humus, and magnesia. It 
covers an area of 10,000,000 acres, which is often s<^ hroken as to 
be unfitted for the ordinary farm culture. This area, extending 
from the Missouri river to Arkansas, and from Marshfield to 
Cape (iirardeau, is a table-land varying in elevation from 300 to 
1,500 feet. It is cut by deep winding valleys in the south and 
north, and broken into knobs and ridjjes towards the east. Lai'ire, 
bold s])rings of pure, cool waters, gush from every hill-side, and 
fill the valleys with limpid streams. JVIagniticient forests abound, 
and wild grapes every where mingle their purple clusters M'ith 
the foliage of the elm and the oak, the mulberry and the buckeye. 
The climate of this region is delightful. The winters are short 
and mild, the summers long and temperate. The skies vie with 
those of Italy, and its fountains and streams, valleys and moun- 
tains, e<puil their favored prototypes in classic Greece. No soil 
can surpass this for grapes, and the mild winters and long sum- 
mers, favored by the warjn dry winds of the south-west, are most 
favorable for maturing their I'ich juices. 

The bottom lands are scarcely less important and valuable. 
They are by nature divided into '' bottom prairie " and " bottom 
timber." The former has a light, rich, deep, dark, and productive 
soil, clothed with luxuriant native grasses, among which a species 
of sorghum is cons])icuous. Before these savannas were pastured, 
the grasses grew to a height varying from five to ten feet. The 
soils of the bottom prairie are rich in all the elements of fertility. 
They are deej^ and light, and but slightly affected by excessive 
wet or di'ought. Hemp, tobacco, and all the staple crops gi-ow 
on them with great luxuriance. The bottom prairie covers a 
large portion of the Missouri bottoms above Glasgow, aiul some 
considerable areas in St. Charles, Marion, and the south-eastern 
counties on the Mississippi. Some of these prairies on the Mis- 
souri are twenty and thirty miles long, and from two to ten miles 
wide; such are the broad AVyaconda and the Huppan Cuty. The 
area of these lands is constantly decreasing by the action of the 
river, and the encroachments of the forests ; but there still remains 
about 1,000,000 acres of these rich and beautiful, natural mead- 
ows. 



240 AN ILLUSTRATED 

The bottom timber has several natural divisions, well rec- 
ognized by the peojile of the country, and designated as " high 
bottom," " low bottom," " wet bottom " or " swamp," and " cy- 
press." High bottoms have a deep, porous, and ricli sandy soil, 
which produces a gigantic growth of elm, sugar maple, white 
ash, cherry, locust, linden, sweet gum, buckeye, burr, Spanish and 
scai'let oaks, thick shell-bark hickory, hackberry, pecan, black 
walnut, plum, and mulberry. Grape vines, trumpet and Virginia 
creepers, poison oak, wistarea, and staff tree, climb the highest 
trees and mingle their scarlet and purple llowers and fruits with 
their highest foliage. The fertility of this soil is well attested by 
its chemical properties, and the large trees grown upon it. This 
soil covers all the high and dry bottoms above the usual liigh 
waters — about 3,000,000 acres. It produces the largest crops of 
wheat, corn, hemp and tobacco. 

Low bottoms have soils similar to the last. They are but little 
used for cultivation, save when protected from overflows by levees. 
Sycamore, cotton-wood, white maple, box-elder, red birch, buckeye, 
hackberry, willow river and frost grapes, and poison ivy, are the 
most common productions. There are large areas of these lands in 
south-east Missouri ; — in the State, 2,000,000 acres. Swamp, or 
wet bottom, is a term usually applied to a variety of bottom lands 
so located as to be satui'ated with, or nearly covei-ed by water. 
This excess of water renders them useless for ordinary culture. 
They sustain a heavy growth of pin, swamp and red oaks; holly, 
spice bush, black ash, red birch, box-elder, button-bush, sycamore, 
cotton-wood, whahoo elm, sweet gum, white and red maple, frost 
and river grapes. The name cypress is given to low bottoms, which 
are covered with standing water for a large part of the year. The 
decomposition of vegetable matter in these waters adds a new 
deposit of vegetable mold auTiually to their rich soil, which sus- 
tains a very heavy growth of cypress, tupelo, sour gum, water 
locust, and pin-oak. The area of swamp and cypress lands will 
reach 1,000,000 acres. Such are the soils of Missouri, as they 
are recognized by the people of the State, from their natural 
productions. They give promise of harvests of the staples grown 
in the northern temperate zone, ample for the support of a num- 
erous and prosperous people. 



HlsrolIY (IK MISSOITRI. 241 

Tlie rnatjnesian liiuestoiie soils hikI i)iiK' lauclc, covci- tin- lar"v 
mining regions of the State, furnishing ample agricultnral re- 
sources for the support of a dense mining and manufacturing 
population. Nearly one half of the State is occupied l)v broad, 
rich ])rairies, which produce abundant crops of native grasses, 
which rival the cultivated species in luxuriance and nourishing- 
properties. The young prairie grasses arc scarcely inferior to the 
fanu)us blue grass for pasturage, and, when cut before the seed is 
ripe, are equal to timothy and clover for hay. These grasses are 
not confined to the open prairie, but grow luxuriantly on the 
ridges and hill-sides of the upland forests, in all southern Mis- 
souri. Cane-brakes are abundant in the rich bottoms of the south- 
ern counties, especially those of the south-east. The cane is ever- 
green, and furnishes uiost excellent pastures during the entire year. 
In the winter its dense foliage aflbrds the very best shelter, as well 
as food, for the stock in these favorite grazing regions. The fruits 
of the numerous species of oak, hickory, walnut, pecan, beech and 
luizel, usually furnish a large supply of food most gi'ateful to 
swine, turkeys, and other mast-eating animals. This, with the 
abundance of pure water, renders Missouri, ])articularly the 
soutliern part, a most favored grazing region. The temperate 
summers, and the short, dry, and mild winters, enable horses, 
mules, neat cattle, sheep, goats, and swine, to live and thrive upon 
the native pastures with little or no extra food, and smp.ll care 
from the herdsman. 

The forty thousand acres of lands in Missouri, which may be 
cultivated in cereals or fruits, present all desirable varieties of 
soil, adapted to all staples of the temperate zone. The staples 
most cultivated are coi-n, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buck-wheat, 
heinp, tobacco, cotton, castor bean, potatoes, peanuts, blue 
grass, timothy, clover, Hungarian grass, and red-top. The 
most of these staples do well and yield abundant harvests. The 
fruits most raised are apples, peaches, cherries, pears, plums, 
apricots, grapes, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, goose- 
berries, and currants. All <»f these fruits do well when properly 
managed. Of domestic aninuils, those most raised are neat cat- 
tle, (of all the most approved breeds,) horses, mules, swine, sheep 
and goats. 



242 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Mineral coal has been one of the potential elements in the pro- 
gress of the last century. It has been the motive power in com- 
merce and manufactures. Missouri has an abundance of this 
most useful mineral to su]iplj all the prospective demands of 
future generations. The State has nearly all the best bitmniii- 
ous varieties. Prior to the i!:e()logical survey very little was 
known of the extent of the Missouri coal-beds. But the first 
year of that survey traced the south-eastern boundary of the 
coal field from the mouth of the Des Moines, through Clark, 
Lewis, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Boone, Coo])er, Pettis, Henry, St. 
Clair, Bates, Yernon, and Barton, into the Indian Territory, and 
proved that every county on the north-west of this line is under- 
laid with coal, measures giving to the State an area of some 26,- 
000 square miles of coal strata, which if but one foot in thick- 
ness, would yield 2H,0()0,()00,000 tons of workable coal ; besides, it 
is well known that a large part of this area contains from three to 
thirty feet of workable coal. The economical value of this coal 
is so great as to baffle the imagination, when attempting to trace 
its influences in domestic life, in navigation and manufactures. 
Its cheering rays of light and heat, shed abroad the light of civ- 
ilization, and its motive power propels the ships, the trains, and 
the machinery of the nations. Coal crystalized becomes diamond 
and reflects light; but ignited it surpasses the diamond, and l)e- 
conies light itself, heat and power. 

Among minerals, iron stands pre-eminent in its influence upon 
the power and prosperity of a nation. Nations who possess it in 
large cpiantities, and by whom it is extensively manufactured, 
seem to partake of its hardy nature and sterling qualities. Mis- 
soui-i ])ossesses an inexhaustible supply of the very best ores of 
this mental. The speculai* oxide of iron is one of the most abund- 
ant and valuable ores in the State. Iron mountain is the lars^est 
mass. It is two hundred feet high, and covers an areaof five hun- 
dred acres, and is made up almost entirely of this ore in its j)ur- 
est form. The quantity above the surface of the valley is esti- 
mated at 200,000,000 tons. Fine beds of this ore are also found at 
the Buford ore-bed, at the big Bogy mountain, at Pussell niouji- 
tain, at the James Iron Works, and other localities in Phelps 
county; and in sections two, three, ten, and eleven of townships. 



lUSTHUY OF MlSSOUKi. 243 

thirtv-five, range four west, in Dent connty, on the sontli-west 
Pacific railroad; also, in section thirty-one, township thirty- 
seven, range twelve west, in Pnlaski county. Silicious specular 
oxide of iron exists in vast quantities in Pilot Knob, M'herc it has 
been worked for many years. The specular and nuignetic oxides 
fill large veins in the porphyry of Shepherd niouiitain. It is a 
very pure ore, and large quanties have been mined and smelted. 
All these ores are well adapted to the manufacture of pig metal, 
and the most of them are suitable for making blooms by the Cat- 
alan process, and steel })y the Bessemer and other modes. Hem- 
atite of good quality is very common in lai-ge deposits in the 
magnesian limestone series. It is also abundant, but generally of 
an inferior quality, in the ferruginous sandstone and tertiary 
rocks. Large quantities of this ore have been discovered in 
Cooper, St. Clair, Greene, Henry, Franklin, Benton, Dallas, 
Camden, Stone, Madison, Iron, Washington, Perry, St. Francois, 
Eeynolds, Stoddard, Scott, and Dent counties. The beds discov- 
ered in Scott and Stoddard counties are very extensive and of 
good quality. The beds in the tertiary rocks of Scott county 
are of poor quality. 

The lead mines of Missouri are numerous and productive, and 
many of them give evidence of a long-continued yield of their 
rich treasures. There are more than five hundred mines already 
opened, which promise profitable results. These are found in 
four different regions of the State, which cover an area of about 
7,000 square miles. It is fair to suppose that only a small part 
of the veins, in this large area, have been discovered. The Mis- 
souri lead region is certainly one of the richest and most extensive 
in the countrj'. Several varieties of copper ore exist in the Mis- 
souri mines. The mines of Shannon, Madison, and Franklin 
counties have been known for a long time. Some of those in 
Shannon and Franklin were once worked with bright prospects ot 
success, and some in Madison have yielded good results. Deposits 
of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, 
Maries, Greene, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds, 
and Wright counties. The zinc ores have long been km)wn to 
exist in considerable quantities in the mines of the State, and 
several extensive veins of zinc were long since known. It 



244 AN ILLUSTKATKD 

was so little valued that many thousand tons of ores were thrown 
out with the rubbish, in mining for other metals. But the erec- 
tion of zinc furnaces have given these ores a marked value, and 
developed an important industry in zinc mining. Cobalt exists 
in considerable quantities, at mine La IVIotte. It has been found 
in one other locality. Nickel is also worked at mine La Motte, in 
considerable quantities. Manganese, as a peroxide, has been 
found in several localities in Ste. Genevieve, and other counties. 
Silver occurs in small quantities, in nearly all the lead mines in 
the State, in combination with the ores of that metal. Gold, 
though often reported in large quantities in sundry localities, has 
never been worked to any considerable extent, in any part of the 
State. All that has been discovered was in the drift which came 
from the north-west. Ores said to have large quantities of tin 
have attracted much attention, and much money and labor have 
been spent in eflbrts to mine and reduce them, but the results 
have not proved remmierative. Platinum has been reported in 
small quantities in the dykes of Madison county. 

Marble, of various colors and qualities, has been found and 
worked to some considerable extent, in several localities. Much 
of it has been used as a building stone, and some, as the Ozark, 
and Glencoe, and Cape Girardeau, for ornamental work. The rich 
Ozark marble may be seen in the stairways and mantels of the 
Capitol, at Washington. These marbles form the walls and orna- 
ments of many of the best buildings in St. Louis. What has 
been called the i-ed and gray granites of Missouri, exist in large 
quantities in Madison and the neighboring counties. Some of 
these are most durable and beautiful building stones; but many, 
especially some of the coarse red varieties, disintegrate too readily 
for use in permanent structures. Those wdiose crystalline parts 
are too slightly cemented to be durable, cannot be safely used, 
as the frt)sts decompose some of them very rapidly. The grJiy 
variety (Diorite) is much more desirable than the red, foi- paving 
stones. 

Hydraulic limestones are abundant in many localities. Some 
of these valuable deposits have been tested, and proved of good 
quality. Beds of this useful rock have been found in Boone, 
Cooper, Marion, Halls, Moniteau, Saline, Pike, and St. Louis coun- 




JOHN H. TAYLOR. 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 245 

ties. Clayj? suitable for the ]>otter's wlieel are abundant in many 
localities. Kaolin has been discovered in a lew places in the 
south-eastern part of the State. Fire clav is abundant in St. Louis, 
Boone, Cooper, Saline, Howard, and many of the noi'th- 
western counties. Mineral paints abound in the coal strata, and 
in many of the iron beds of the State. Several of these beds have 
proved valuable as "fire proof' protections to wood work. Ttoad 
matei'ials, in the form of gravel and pebbles, are very abundant in 
the drift of the northern counties, and in the beds of nearly all 
the streams of the State. Limestones suitable for quick-lime ex- 
ist in all the counties, save those in the extreme south-east. 
Limestones and sandstones of excellent quality, for fences, and 
buildings, and bridges, cro]) out in the bluffs of all the streams. 
Timber, as already shown, abounds in great quantities, and iii 
many varieties suitable for l)uildings, machinery, carriages, cars, 
wagons, and the various kinds of cabinet-work. All parts of the 
State are intersected by streams, very many of which, es])ecially 
those in the southern counties, furnish good watei'-})ower to drive 
mills and factories. But the best water-powers in the world are 
produced by our large springs. Some of these discharge 11,000- 
000 cubic feet per diem, forming streams whose waters never 
freeze, nor Aary in quantity by wet or dry seasons. 

The various natural productions of Missouri, show how vast ' 
are its resources for the farmer, the miner, the manufacturer, and 
the merchant. It would be difficult to over-estimate these. If 
Missouri will work up her iron and coal, she nuiy become rich 
and powerful. Her niainifacturing and commercial resources 
point to a greatness surjDassing the liopes of the most sanguine. 
The internal improvements of the State, testify to the intelligence 
and enterprise of its peo})le, aiid every where are to be seen evi- 
dences of its industry and progress. 



CHAPTER XXY. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



It is not by investigating the progress of a people in material 
things alone, that the faithful historian hnds afield for his record- 
ing pen; and should he confine liimself to these, without giving 
attention to the still more important matter of the l-eligious 
growth and development of the State, he would signally fail of 
accomplishing his allotted task. When the noble rivers of this 
great State first became thoroughfares for the exploration of its 
trackless wilds, the man of God was with the dauntless little 
company who sought a path to the broad fields before unknown 
to the white man. There, then, were no hpuses of worship. 
" The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned 

To hew the shaft, and lay the architrave, 

And spread the roof above them, — ere he framed 

The lofty vault, to gather and roll back 

The sound of antliems; in the darkling wood, 

Amidst the cool and silence, he knelt down, 

And oflFered to the Mightiest solemn thanks 

And supplications." 

As the little settlements began to dot the forest and prairie, 
the itinerant missionary was wont to seek out the settlers in 
their new homes, and teach them in spiritual things. Those 
days of danger and trial were often made glad, no doubt, by the 
voice of prayer, or the hymn of praise. For the fifty years and 
more preceding the advent of the nineteenth century, the Cath- 
olic faith was chiefly known, and its influence felt among the 
settlers. But as the tide of immigration poured in, other 
religious elements developed, and cliurches began to spring up 
everywhere in the wilderness. 

The earliest Protestant church organization, of which there is 
any record, was perfected near Jackson, Cape Girardeau county, 
in 18()G, through the instrumentality of Rev. David Green. A 
"meeting-house" was built of logs, — the first building erected 



Ult>i'Ui:V OF A118SOUUI. 



247 



by Anti-Catholics, fur worship, west ot" the Mississijtpi river; 
mid for years tlie only structure, from tlie great river to the 
Pacific ocean, dedicated to the service of the living God. This 
church was Baptist in faith and order, and was known as the 
Bethel Baptist church. It was not large, but formed an active 
and consecrated band, full of faith and good works. Finally it 
was merged in what to-day is its representative, the Baptist 
church in Jackson. 




FIRST MEETING-UOUSE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

The old house, this first temple in the " western wilderness," 
has been torn down. The hand of time and the ruder hand of 
man have fully accomplished the work of demolition. But that 
spiritual temple, then and there commenced, will never feel the 
weight of years, nor yield to the wasting force of time. In less 
th:;n seven decades, flie one cliurch has increased to fourteen hun- 
dred, and the little band that then stood alone in this vast 
region, has become nearly ninety thousand. Instead of a single, 
log house in the wilderness, the denomination now has many 



248 AX ILLUSTRATED 

costly and elegant churcli edilices, and a noble band of able and 
consecrated ministers. 

Before the territory of Lonisiana was ceded to the United 
States, members of the Baptist chnrch had settled in various 
localities. Those who had fonnd homes in the south-eastern por- 
tion of the State were cheered by the visit of Rev. Thomas John- 
son, from Georgia, who preached among them, and baptized one, 
about the year 1799. They were without any permanent organ- 
ization until July, 1806. At this time the Rev. Green, who had 
visited the scattered settlers a year before, became a permanent 
resident of Cape Girardeau county, and soon collected togetlier a 
sufficient number of persons of like faith with himself to consti- 
tute a J^aptist church; when organized they adopted the name 
of Bethel, for this w'as to them indeed a "house of God." 

Rev. David Green was a native of Virginia, but had already 
preached not only in his native State, but also in Tiortli and South 
Carolina, and Kentucky. But pressed forward by a zeal akin to 
that of the apostles of old, he extended his labors west of the great 
river, and became the pioiieer Baptist ])reacher of Missouri. He 
was permitted to labor on this held only a little over three years. 
In December, 1809, he died. His i-emains were interred in a 
private burial ground, and its exact spot is now unknown. This 
last fact has deprived the l>aptists of the present generation, of 
the privilege of erecting to his memory a suitable monument 
upon the place of his sepulture. 

About the time Bethel church was located, other families of the 
same faith journeyed west of the "Father of Waters," and made for 
themselves homes in St. Louis county. The most prominent 
among these was Rev. T. R. Musick, who for man}'^ years labored 
in "word and doctrine" with distinguished success. Under 
these labors a church was soon organized, and called Fee-Fee, 
afte the stream of that name that flowed near by, where the 
church was constituted. This church is still (1876) an active, 
earnest, working body. Rev. Dr. J. II. Luther is now its 
pastor. He is a man of prominence among his people, and 
justly distinguished both as a scholar and a divine. In 1816, 
the first association of Missouri Baptists was formed. It con- 
sisted of seven churches: was organized in the meeting-house of 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 249 

the l^ethel chuivli. aiul was known as the Bethel Association. 
These seven churches were located in the south-eastern j^ortion 
of Missouri. 

At that time the country was thinly settled, and neii^hhor- 
hoods were distant one from another. It was not at all un- 
common for a minister to travel, sometimes on foot, from fifty 
to a hundred miles to meet his appointments for preaching. 
These journeyings were made at long intervals, for most of the 
preachers supported themselves and their families by the culti- 
vation of the soil. Upon these long journeys they were, at 
times, accompanied by laymen, who would remain with the 
pastor for days, aiding him by singing, and prayer, and exhorta- 
tion, in the work of evangelization. Frequently, when upon 
these long journeys, they had to spend the nights in the wilder- 
ness at great distances from human habitation; but full of faith, 
and urged forward by deep-seated convictions, they were not 
deterred by the dangers of the way. If the rivers were too 
deep to be forded, they fearlessly swam them. No danger 
turned these men from the path of duty. They forced their 
way through the unbroken wilderness; and thus were opened 
up the great highways, which to-day are the thoroughfares upon 
which is borne not only the message of the gosj^el, but also the 
commerce of the Empire States of the American Republic, 

In the year 1817, the Rev, John M. Peck, and Rev, James E. 
Welch, young men of good education, and possessed of such strength 
of body and unyielding determination as fitted them for the 
work of pioneers, left their homes in the east, and moved to what 
was then known as the " far west," These men were in the em- 
ploy of the Baptist Missionary Society of the east; and though 
their salaries were small, it enabled them, for a few years at least, 
to give themselves wholly to the ministry. Mr. Peck gave 
himself largely to the work of gathering facts concerning the 
climate, and the productions of the soil. He was the author 
of the earliest "Gazetteer" of the west, and no man of his day 
contributed more towards inducing men of good and sterling 
qualities to make this their home. He was deeply interested 
in the educational questions of th.e day, and did all in his 
power to ;et up that system of schools in the new states, which 



"260 AN ILLUSTRATED 

is HOW the pride and boast of the people. Dr. Peck established 
his home at Kock Spring, Illinois, and there began the work of 
laying tlie foundation for a college. The institution, here begun, 
\vas, after a few years, transferred to upper Alton, Illinois, and 
consolidated with another school which had been started at that 
place; and thus was originated Shurtleff College, an institution 
which, by its career of usefulness, has proved the Avisdoni of its 
founders. Elder Welch gave himself exclusively to the work of 
traveling preacher. He founded many chui'ches, and was very- 
useful in organizing Sunday schools. lie lived to a great age, 
and enjoyed the pleasure of seeing the denomination over whose 
earl_y efforts he watched with so much care, and to the growth of 
which he contributed freely the best years of his life, become a 
grand body of earnest, cultivated, and devoted workers in all 
things that contribute to the elevation of the human fauiily. 
Very soon after these two men located in Saint Louis, Rev. T. P, 
Greene, who had been brought up in Kentucky, became a resi- 
dent of Jackson, Cape Girardeau county. He was a man of no 
mean culture, and of great energy. He was by nature adapted to 
the work of a pioneer. For many years he aided in jjublishing 
a secular newspaper, taught school during the winter months, and 
on Sundays always j)reaclied the gospel of the Redeemer. Under 
his labors, churches sprang up in the new settlements almost as fast 
as the people came to form them, and while engaged in plant- 
ing new churches, no man who ever labored in tlie State, did 
more to develope the liberality and utilize the gifts of those who, 
through his ministry, were brought into the churches. He died 
young, but left a name that those who have followed him, and 
have "entered into his labors," will not willingly let perish. 

In the year 1817, a second association of churches was formed. 
This was at first called the Missouri Association, but the name 
was afterwards changed, and it is now the St. Louis Association. 

In the yeai- 1833, a number of the members of Baptist churches 
foresaw the necessity of some general organization that would 
enable the churches throughout the State to act in concert in their 
missionary efforts. In this effort, the names of Elders Thomas 
Fristoe, Ebenezer Rodgers, and Fielding Wilhoite were justly 
prominent. The names of these men, who went without reward 




JOHN B. WORNALL. 



lIlSTOltY OF MlbtiUUKl. 251 

through the new portions of the State, were household words 
among tlie hardy frontiersmen. A meeting was first held at the 
home of John Jackson, in Howard county, near where the town 
of Fayette now stands, and it was agreed to call a convention, at 
an early day, to foi-ni some kind of a central organization. Ac- 
cordingly, in August, 1834, a general meeting was held in Provi- 
dence church, Callaway county; and there was begun the organ- 
ization which is now known as the "General Association of Mis- 
souri Baptists." 

At this meeting. Rev. J. Vardeman was chosen president, and 
Rev. R, S. Thonuis, clerk. All the forms and rules necessary to 
give to such a body permanency, were adopted ; and after the 
greatest caution, and the most careful and thorough inrpiiry into 
the demands of the times, an association was formed. The objects 
were to bring about, by frequent intercourse, a more perfect 
unanimity of feeling among the church members, and to devise 
ways and supply the means for advancing their views among the 
peo])le. Owing to the great distance that they must travel, many 
of the churches, at first, stood aloof from this body; and because 
of this difficulty, the churches in the south part of the State 
organized an independent society, which was called the Baptist 
Convention of Southern Missouri, for the same purpose that called 
the General Association into existence; but the two bodies grad- 
ually coalesced into one, and now there is but the one State 
organization. To this one body, by the general consent of the 
churches, is committed the State mission work, together with 
denominational education, foreign missions, and the extended 
circulation of religious literature. 

With the Baptists, no part of tlieir creed is guarded with more 
watchfulness than the doctrine of the independence of the 
churches; and these general organizations assume no authority 
over the churches in any of their local affairs. The General As- 
sociation is merely a voluntary society, formed of ministers and 
laymen, who propose to labor for the welfare of men. The officers 
of this body are a moderator (or president), and a secretary. At 
each annual meeting, an executive Board, composed of re])resen- 
tativemen from various parts of the State, is appointed, to whom 
is committed the management of the mission work. 



252 A?^ ILLUSTIIATKI) 

Next to the work of State missions, the educational enterprises 
receive most attention. Though there are a number of schools 
and colleges in the State under tlie control of Baptists, the "gen- 
eral body recognizes as the oljject of her benefactions, and the 
child of her watchfulness, William Jewell college. This insti- 
tution was chartered in 1849; and bv the act of the legislature, 
bestowing npon her trustees and faculty the usual rights and 
privileges of colleges, there is established an inseparable and or- 
ganic connection between it and the General Association of Mis- 
souri Baptists. This is the only institution in the State M'here 
the Baptists give to their young ministers any theological train- 
ing. Stephen's college located in Columbia, Missouri, has been 
adojjted by the Baptists of Missouri as their State school for the 
education of young ladies. It is in a healthful part of the State» 
has good buildings and handsome grounds, and all its surround- 
ings are favorable to its prosj^erity. Besides the two colleges 
named which have some organic connections with the General 
Association, the Baptists of Missouri have under their control. 
La Grange college, La Grange, Missouri, Rev. J. F. Cook, LL. I)., 
president; Baptist Female college, Lexington, A. F. Fleet, A. M.» 
president; Mount Pleasant college, lluntsville, Rev. M. J. 
Breaker, A, M., president; Hardin college, Mexico, A. W. Ter- 
rill, A. M., president; Louisiana college, Louisiana, Rev. John 
T. Williams, A. M., president; together with several other schools 
and colleges not enrolled. Next to these instrumentalities the 
"Central Baptist " is the most potent in the work of evangel- 
ization in the State. This periodical, an eight-page weekly, M^as 
started by Re\'. J. H. Luther, D. D., who was for many years 
its editor. For a time he was aided in the work by Rev. Norman 
Fox, and afterward by Rev. Dr. Yeaman, who is now the editor- 
in-chief, and the priiicipal proprietor. It is the organ of com- 
munication, by which the churches learn of the work and its 
wants. By it the Baptist brotherhood learn of each other, and 
the success that attends the labors of any M'ho are in the field.. 
Though the Baptists have had an organized existence in the 
State for only about seventy years, yet they have made most rapid 
progress. In all those elements that give to a religious organiza- 
tion moral force, they are systematic, and efficient. In point 



lllt^Tui:Y UF MlbSOUUl. 253 

of talent and culture, the ministry and inemhership rank fairly 
with any other people. There are in Missouri, as shown in the 
annual for the year 1875, sixty-one associations, one thousand 
four hundred churches, eight hundred and twenty-four ministers, 
and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and lifty church members. 

Congregational CiiuRcn, — In 1814, Rev. Samuel J. Mills of 
Torringford, Connecticut, and Rev. Daniel Smith, of Bennington, 
Yermont, both Congregational ministers, were sent out into the 
far west as missionaries, by the Massachusetts C^ongregational 
Home Missionary Society. On the sabbath of November 6th, 
1814, they preached the first regular Protestant sermons in St. 
Louis; a service had now and then been held in the court-house 
previously, by an itinerating methodist. St. Louis, then, was a 
French town of only two thousand people, three-fourths of these 
being Catholics. Stephen Hempstead, a Congregationalist, from 
New London, Connecticut, was a resident in St. Louis, having 
settled there some time before. He made way for the coming of 
these Protestants ministers, and gave them welcome. He says: 
*' These brethren. Mills and Smith, were gratefully received by 
the inhabitants of all ranks. They had crowded houses whenever 
they preached." In 1816, Rev. Salmon Giddings, Congrega- 
tional minister from Llartland, Connecticut, was sent to St. Louis, 
by the Connecticut Congregational Missionary Society. He came 
like the others, twelve hundred miles on horseback through the 
wilderness, preaching along the way, and reached St. Louis, April 
6th. lie at once set up service, and commenced systematic mis- 
HJonary work. 

November loth, 1817, Mr. Giddings organized the first Pro- 
testant church in the city, consisting of ten members. Stephen 
Hempstead, whose son Edward became the first member of 
Congress from Missouri, and Thomas Osborne, the only two 
irude members out of the ten, were cliosen elders. A majority of 
these were Congregational ists, although the church was consti- 
tuted Presbyterian. Mr. (iriddings organized seventeen churches 
in the vicinity of St. Louis — part in Missouri and part in Illi- 
nois. He was the successful pastor of the church, and the bishop 
in Christian work in all this region for twelve years, until he died, 
in 1828. During all this time, until his death, he held a com- 



254 AN ILLUSTRATED 

mission from the Connecticut Missionary Society, and was work- 
ing under their direction, and paid, until the church became .self- 
supporting, by them. Tiie same is true of over fifty other mis- 
sionaries sent at that time, and soon after, to this neigborhood. 
But the churches founded, although made up very largely of Con- 
gregationalists \v'ho had immigrated to the west, were Presbyte- 
rian in their order. 

These Congregational missionaries, sent out from Connecticut, 
organized the first Presbyterian church in Natchez, of wliicli 
Rev. Daniel Smith, of Vermont, became the pastor, and also the 
first Presbyterian church of New Orleans, of which Hev. Elias 
Cornelius, of Massachusetts, was the pastor. The Congi'egational- 
ists who came in great numbers to the west, continued for many 
years to pour their nund^ers into Presbyterian and other churches, 
with the unsectarian and Christian view that it would be alike 
helpful to the Kingdom of Christ and the gk>ry of God. 

Although the American Congregational Home Missionary 
Society continued its missionaries in Missouri, there was no Con- 
gregational church founded until about 1S50 or 1852; so, although 
Congregationalism had no organized existence in Missouri up to 
within comparatively a recent date, it was early on the ground 
working for the Master, with a self denying spirit, which makes 
it the common benefactor of all the churches of Christ. In 1847, 
Rev. Truman M. Post, D. D., of Vermont, and Professor in Illi- 
nois College, at Jacksonville, was called to the pastorate of the 
third Presbyterian Church, in St. Louis, then located on Sixth 
street, between Franklin and Washington streets. Dr. Post pre- 
ferring to remain in his own church order, declined to become the 
pastor. The church beiiig made up almost entirely of Congi-cg;:- 
tionalists, they invited him through a petition signed by a number 
of the leading members, to preach a sermon on the character of the 
Congregational Church polity, and the expediency of organizing a 
church, in St. Louis, of that order. In obedience to the reipiest, 
Dr. Post preached an exhaustive discourse on January lltli, 1852. 
On the 14th of March following, a church was organized under 
the name of the " First Trinitarian Congregational Church of St. 
Louis." It was formed in no spirit of party or schism, but Ivom 
convictions of privilege and duty. The name assumed, was a true 




PILGRAM CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, ST. LOUIS. 



HlSTOiiY OF MISSOUUI. 255 

description of its Faith, Order, and History; in Faith, Trinitarian; 
in Order, Congregational; in History, the first* of sncli faitli and 
order in the State. Dr. Post became the pastor of this church. 
It soon became prosperous and influential. It has had great in- 
fluence in the City of St. Louis, and throughout the State. 

The next Congregational church in the State was organized at 
Hannibal, in 1859, Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, Jr., son of President 
Stui'tevant of Illinois College, pastor. The next was a Welsh 
church in New Canibi'ia, in 18(i4. After the close of the war, 
and during the year 1865, fifteen Congregational churclies were 
formed in Missouri. 

Pilgrim Church, St. Louis, was organized December 5th, 1S()6. 
This Society, of which Kev. C. L. Goodell, D. D., is pastor, has 
become one of the largest and strongest in the State. In the 
space of ten years,. it has grown from a band of forty-two, to a 
membership of four hundred ajid seventy-five. It is regarded as 
the leading one among the sisterhood of churches in and around 
St. Louis. Tlie church building is one of the finest in the west, 
having cost $134,000. It has a spire two hundred and thirty feet 
in height. In the tower is a Howard clock with a chime of ten 
bells. The clock is amtmg the largest in the country. Connected 
with the chime is a carillon which plays four tunes, — ^''Old Hun- 
dred," in the morning, '' America " at noon, " Home, Sweet 
Home," in the evening, and a " Pastoral " at night. This caril- 
lon is the first ever used in the United States. The clock strikes 
the famous St. Mary's Cambridge quarters. Pilgrim Church is 
alive spiritiitdly, and enters heartily into all evangelical and re- 
vival work. Its usefulness has kept pace with its prosperity. 

Rev. E. B. Turner -was chosen Superintendent of Home Mis- 
sions in the State, and has held tlie office for eleven years. The 
General Conference of churches of Missouri was organized in 
1865, which name was changed in 1868 to General Association. 
In 1866, sixteen churches were formed. These, and the fifteen 
organized in 1865, were nearly all in northern Missouri, along 

^ The attempt to form a Consregational church h;ul been made at Arcadia, (Iron Moiin- 
taiu.) by a Connecticut Colony, under a Mr. Russell, about l&jO. Dr. Post thinks a chiircli 
was regularly formed, but smothered by the pressure of other organizations, and an iiuoni 
ing alien population, umid which it was isolated, without sympathy or support from consre- 
gationalists at the east 



256 AN ILLUSTRATED 

the line of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. During 
1866, Hannibal, Kidder, and St. Louis District Associations, 
were formed. In 1867, eleven churches were organized. In 
1868, five, and the Kansas City Association formed. In 1869, 
eleven; in 1870, seven, and the churches of south-west Mis- 
ssouri organized the Springfield District Association. In 1871, 
four churches were organized; in 1872, five; in 1873, sevesi; 
in 1874, three; in 1875, one. Four of these churches were 
of colored people, four of Welsh, and one of German. The 
denomination now numbers 70 churches in Missouri; 41 min- 
isters; 3,863 church members; and 3,259 scholars in the Sun- 
day-schools: benevolence of the churches, $17,480, and parish 
expenses, $48,429.43. There are two Congregational colleges in 
the State: Thaver college, at Kidder, under the charge of Rev. 
Oliver Brown; Drury college, at Springfield, under the presi- 
dency of Rev. JS[. J. Morrison, D. D. There is also an academy 
in Clark City, Clark county, under the care of Rev. J. Bennett, 
that belongs to this denomination. A monthly newspaper, the 
"Christian News," edited by Rev. Robert West, was started 
January 1st, 1876, in St. Louis, and has rapidly increased in cir- 
culation and influence. It is the Congregational organ of the 
south-west. 

Chkistian Church. — The first preachers of the Christian 
church, in Missouri, were Elders Thomas McBride and Samuel 
Rogers. The advent of these preachers, and the admission of 
Missouri into the Union, as a State, were about contemporaneous 
events. They traveled from " settlement " to " settlement," 
carrying each a sleeping blanket, provisions, and the indispensable 
cofiee-pot, the distance from one settlement to anotlier frequently 
necessitating their camping out. Elder McBride long since died. 
Elder Rogers is still aliv^e, and resides with his son, J. I. Rogers, 
•in Danville, Kentucky, and is but little short of ninety years of 
age. During the decade preceding the year 1835, a large number 
of pioneer preachers came into the State, from Kentucky. Among 
these were the names of Joel II. Iladen, T. M. Allen, M. P. Wills, 
F. R. Palmer, Absalom Rice, James Love, Jacob and Joseph 
Coons, Jacob Creath, Eastham Ballinger, Allen Wright, M. Sid- 
enor, Henry Thomas, Luke Young, and Dr. Ferris. All of these 



lli!l!yilll{illi;illl!l[i;i»;;i:[mi;iilll!!lliil,»|ii:i!!l';uii;;i!i:iiii!>i;i[|ii:;:i;!':in!i:;!:"!:i;Li\:^^ 



It:; // 



it; \J 




llia'Biiii!Sii'!IJi'!aiiiiii!liill!llil!IMiilili!iiii!iiliill:-^^^ 



WILLIAM W. MOSBY, MD. 



JiisToitY OF Missoirur. 257 

were taitliful men and true, and did illnstrions work in tlieir day • 
all of thorn traveled, more or less, as Evangelists, preachii.cr in' 
different parts of the State, and holding "protracted meetin^^rs." 
The greatest among them, however, M'as Elder T. M. Allen. 
He traveled more, held more successful meetings, baptized more 
persons, and organized more churches than any of his co-laborers. 
Of these pioneer preachers only three are living; Elders Oreath, 
Rice, and Thomas. 

In 1820, a church was organized at Fulton, Callaway couuty, 
Missouri, consisting of seven members, six of them being 
females. Some years before this, the Antioch church, in Calla° 
way county; Bear Creek, in Boone county; Richland and Mount 
Pleasant churches, in Howard county, were in existence. About 
the same time, churches were constituted in the counties of Pike, 
Monroe, and Marion. On the south side of the Missouri, the old- 
est churches were in Lafayette, P^-anklin, Pettis and Greene. 
These churches were genei-ally organized between 1825 and 1830. 
The first church (now the Seventeenth and Olive street church) in 
St. Louis, was organized by Elder R V>. Fife, in his own parlor, 
in October or November, 1836, with about twelve members. They 
met for worship in school-houses. Their first resident preacher 
or "pastor," was Dr. W. IL Ilopson. In June, 1843, the church' 
met in Lyceum Hall, on the cornei- of Pine and Third streets. 
There are jiow three other congregations in the city, daughters of 
the mother church. Mend)ership in the four churches number 
about one thousand. From the earliest existence of the churches 
in the State, in sufficient numl)crs to justify it, they have annually 
gathered, by delegates, in State meeting, or convention. The 
first State Sunday school convention of the Christian church in 
Missouri, met in JMexico, May 23d, this Centennial year. 

Besides a number of i)0])ular private educational institutions, 
the Christian church has three State ones: Christian Univer- 
sity, located at Canton, Missouri, chartered in 1853. Dr. James 
Shannon was its first president. Dr. W. H. Hopson is the present 
president. The University has had, throughout its career, an 
average of pupils in annual attendance of one hundred and fiftv. 
For the first time, it has been this year (1870) distributed into 
colleges. There are tbiir: the College of Arts, Literature and 



258 AN rLLTISTHATKD 

Science; the Female college; the Bible college, for students 
.or the ministry; and the Commercial college. Christian college, 
for young ladies, located at Columbia, is the oldest. Elder J. K. 
Rogei's has been its president for about twenty years. The Fe- 
male Orphan school, at Camden Point, in Platte county, is but 
a few years old, but is quite a success. There is only one relig- 
ious paper published in the State, in the interests of the church. 
It is called "The Christian;" published weekly, in St. Louis, and 
is edited by J. H. Garrison and J. H. Smart. It is ably con- 
ducted, and well patronized. 

The Christian church numbers from sixty to seventy thousand 
members in the State. They have about live hundred organized 
churches, three hundred of which are north of the Missouri 
river. In St. Louis county, there are fifteen organized congrega- 
tions, and about fifteen hundred members. The chief member- 
ship in the State is in the counties bordering on the Missouri 
river, and in that portion of the State which lies on and between 
the Missoui'i and upper Mississippi rivers. They are the least 
numerous in south-east Missouri. The oldest church in the State 
is at Dover, Lafayette county. It holds annual meetings in Aug- 
ust, of each year. The one for the present year is its sixteenth. 
In numbers, wealth, general culture, social position and influ- 
ence and in piety, the membership of the Christian church will 
compare favorably with that of other religious organizations. 

Cumberland Presbyterian Church. — The first Presbytery of 
this denomination of Christians that was organized west of the 
Mississippi river, included in its bounds all the territory of Mis- 
souri, also western Illinois and the whole of Arkansas. This 
Presbytery was organized in Pike county, Missouri, in the Spring 
of 1820, with only four ministers; they being all who then lived, 
of this denomination, in the entire territory above mentioned. 
Two of these ministers lived in Missouri, one in Arkansas, and 
the other in western Illinois. From this small beginning, there 
are now in the State of Missouri, twelve Presbyteries, three Sy- 
nods, about two hundred and seventy-five meft in the minsterial 
connection, and between 18,000 and 20,000 members. The 
church property is valued at over $250,000. About 10,000 per- 
sons attend their Sunday schools. The Board of Missions is lo- 



HISTOIJY OF MISSOUHl. 259 

cated at St. Louis. Two monthly papers, representing tli is oi-dcr, 
are j)ul)lislied at St. Louis, — the *' Missionary liecord," and '• Our 
Faith." They have a number of High schools in the State, and 
an eftbrt is being made by the three Synods, jointly, to secure an 
endowment fund for the establishment of a college, to be eligibly 
located. 

Methodist Episcopal Church. — Methodism, as a distinctive 
form of Christian organization, was introduced into Missouri by 
men from the south. The treaty by which the territory was 
ceded to the United States was signed 20th of December, 1803, 
and formal possession was taken by the representatives of the 
United States government, in March, ISOL If, jirevious to that 
pei-iod, there was any preaching by Methodists, the fact is now 
unknown. There is no i-eliable record of any preaching by Protes- 
tants ill tlie territory, previous to abont 1803, except by one John 
Clark, a Georgian by birth, wlio lived on the American bottom, in 
Illinois, below where the city of Alton now stands. As the tlien 
existing government was exclusively Catholic, no one was allowed 
to teach, preach, or hold religious services without the consent of 
both State and Church officially given. Mr.Clark's place of ])reach- 
ing was in a neighborhood in St. Louis county, then and now called 
Cold Water, and his plan of ])rocedure was to cross the Missis- 
sippi river in a skiff, late in the evening, hold his meetings at 
night, and recross before day-light the next morning. This he 
did to avoid the vigilance of the officers of the government. But 
with all the difficulties and dangers that attended him, he per- 
sisted, and laid the foundations of the Protestant and Methodistic 
faith so deep, that the changes of more than seventy years have 
not been sufficient to remove them; and the good results of his 
labors are still to be seen in the same neighborhood. Previous 
to his operations in Missouri, Mr. Clark had been at diffei-ent 
times connected with both the Methodist and Baptist churches; 
and of the couffreijations which he mxthered, some inclined to the 
Methodist, and some to the Baptist. So the neighboi-hood has 
continued to this day, made uj* ))artly of Methodists, ])artly of 
Ba])tists, all the time owning, and peaceably worshipping in the 
same house. 

On the 15th day of September, 180«>. a coMfei-enct' of Methodist 



2 HO AN ILLTTSTKATl<:r) 

preachers was commenced at Ebeiiezer meeting house, in Greene 
county, Tennessee, eight or ten- miles eastwardlj from the town 
of Greeneville. At this conference, Rev. Francis Asburj, the 
only general superintendent of the Methodist church then in the 
United States, presided. Tiie territorial limits of that conference, 
then called the " Western Conference," embraced all the country 
from iS^ew river, in Virginia, to the Janturest settlements in 
what are now Mississippi, xVlabama, and Louisiana, southward; 
and westward, to Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, and the entire val- 
ley of the Mississippi, from the Alleghany mountains to tlie re- 
motest settlements of the south and west. At the conference 
under notice, the minutes say eleven preachers Avere placed on 
trial. Bishop Asbury's journal says fourteen. The entire num- 
ber of traveling preachers in the (;onnection at that time, was 
live hundi'ed and sixteen, of whom iifty-six were in the Western 
conference. And, at the close of the session of the conference for 
1806, these fifty-six preachers were stationed, some in south-west 
Virginia, others in Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, 
Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana: that is, they 
were sent to settlements afterwards embraced in these states. 
Among those received on trial that year, was one John Travis, 
who, at the close of the conference was appointed to Missouri 
circuit, (not Missouri conference, nor Missouri district,) in 
Cumberland district, Western conference. "Cumberland Dis- 
trict" as then bounded, included all of western and middle Ten- 
nessee, all the southern part of Kentucky, a large portion of In- 
diana, and all the settled portions of Illinois, Missouri, and Ar- 
kansas. The cities of Nashville and St. Louis were in the same 
presiding Elder's district, without either railroad or steamboat 
communication between them. Ilev. William, afterward Bishop 
McKendree, was appointed to travel this district as presiding 
Elder, visit all parts of the work, direct and assist all the preach- 
ers, and exercise ev'ery where a general oversight. 

When 3'oung Travis was appointed to the Missouri circuit, the 
understanding was that he was to visit the settlements in Mis- 
souri, whicli then extended from what is now Pike county, on the 
north, to Pemiscot comity, on the south, and to a distance of from 
twenty to thirty miles west of the river. Among these people 



iiis'j\)i:v OF MissoUKi. 261 

he was to do what lie coukl for the spreadiiii"; and up-hiiildin<»- ot" 
the gospel. Between the ])laee at which he received his ap- 
pointment, and the work to whicli he was assigned, there was 
a distance of from fiv'e to seven hundred miles, according to the 
route by which he may have traveled, and a large part of that 
distance was almost entirely without settlement. If he crossed 
the Ohio, he most likely did so either at Louisville, or Shawnee- 
towii, or at old lA)rt Massac, as these were then the principal, if 
not the only regular crossing-places on the river. Then, after 
leaving the Ohio, there were no settlements on his i-oute until 
he reached those of the American bottom, on the Mississip[)i 
river. So that along the whole of that part of his route, his oidy 
couipaiiion was his horse. His quartermaster's and his commis- 
sary's departments were both in his saddle-bags; his bed was 
mother earth, his covering, the starry heavens, and his protector 
was his God, If he took a more southern route, and passed 
through middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky, crossing the' 
Mississippi at or near New Madrid, the case was no better — worse, 
indeed, as at that time a large portion of that country was thickly 
infested by hostile Indians. However this may have been, he 
reached the field of his labors, and addressed himself to his work. 
At that time, there were in the territory more than sixteen 
thousand inhabitants, very few of whom were Protestants, and 
of Methodists there were none. Travis secured quite a number 
of places for preaching, but at what particular points is not now 
known. He also organized a number of small churches, or con- 
gregations, in Methodist parlance, at that time called classes. At 
the close of his conference year, he reported an aggregate of one 
hundred and six members, and two circuits, one called Missouri, 
the other, Meramec, This report was made to a session of the 
Western conference, held at Chillicothe, Ohio, commencing Sej)- 
teinber 14th, 1807, At that conference, and for service until the 
C(niference of 1808, the celebrated Jesse Walker was a])p(»int('d to 
Missouri, and Edmund Wilcox, to the Meramec circuits. These 
men continued their labors, and at the end of the year re- 
ported three circuits, Avith an aggregate of two hundred mem- 
bers. The additional circuit rej)orted was called Oohl Water, 
and the appointments of preachers to serve from 180S tt) 1809 



262 AN ILLTISTRATP]D 

were: for Missouri circuit, Abram Amos; for Meraiuec, Josei)li 
Oglesby ; for Cold Water, Joliii Crane. At the conference of 1809, 
when these men made theirreports, they had formed an additional 
circuit, called Cape Girardean, with a total membership of live 
hundred and eighty-five. At the conference of IS 10, the aggregate 
membershijj as reported was five hundred and twenty-eight, oi-a 
decrease, in the aggregate, of fifty- seven members. The next year 
there was a still farther decrease, the total being only five hun- 
dred and twelve. 

At the general or qnadrennial conference held in May, 1812, 
the territory of. what had been called the A¥estern conference 
was divided; one part called the Ohio conference, the other, the 
Tennessee conference. Missouri fell into theTennessee conference, 
and so remined during the four years next succeeding. Then, 
again at the next quadrenuial conference, in ISIO, there was an- 
other division, and the Missouri Annual conference was formed, 
bounded by the Ohio conference on the north, by the Ohio 
and Mississippi rivers on the east, and by the Arkansas river 
on the south. As the western boundaries were not specified, 
the supposition is, that the conference in that direction was 
bounded by the fai-thest settlement, wherever that chanced 
to be. The Ohio conference embraced only a part of Indiana, 
and the remainder, together with all the settled jiortions of Il- 
linois, all of Missouri, and all of Arkansas north of the Arkan- 
sas river, were included in the Missouri conference. In 1810, 
there were four traveling preachei-s engaged in Missouri, and a 
membership of five hundred and twenty-eight. In 1820, tliei*e 
were fifteen traveling preachers, and 2,079 members, occupying a 
territory four or five times greater than that occupied ten years 
before. 

During the next decade, 1820-30, the increase was rather dis- 
proportionate to the increase in the entire population. The total 
mnnber of members, including those in Arkansas, was 5,205. 
These were scattered over the entire State, as almost every part 
of it had been visited by the preachers; chnrehes had been organ-, 
ized in almost every county, and the demand for ministerial 
service gnnxtly exceeded, the supply. , In Missouri ])roper, there 
were only nine more ])reachers stationed, in 1830, than had been 




EDWIN J. LANGDON, 



niSTOllY OF M1S80U11I. '2iV.\ 

stationed in 1820. Between 1830 and 1840, or at the (^uadivnnial 
conference of 1836, the territory of tlie Missouri conference was 
agaiii divided, and the Missouri conference ])ro])er inchided the 
State of Missouri. The taking off part of the former tei-ritory, 
and organizing the Arkansas conference in 183(>, took from the 
membership of tlie Missouri conference, as it was before divided, 
3.183 members, leaving 7,778. At the end of the decade, or 
at the conference of 1840, there were 72 traveling preachei-s, 177 
local preachers, with a total membership of 13,992. So in this 
decade, the nnmber of preachers had increased from 26 to 72, and 
the membership from 5,205 (including Arkansas) to 13,992, all 
in Missouri. The next decade, 1840 to 1850, witnessed the divi- 
sion of the church in Missoui'i, by the organization of the Meth- 
dist Episcopal church south. Very few, however, at first adhered 
to the M. E. church. The total meml)ershi]> of the M. E. chni'ch 
south, in Missouri, in 1850, was reported at 25,272, with 133 trav- 
eling preachers, and 183 local preachers. The M. E. church had 
gradually increased her membership to 5,560, including those 
in parts of Arkansas; or to 3,273 in the State of Missouri, with 
43 traveling, and 8(5 local preachers. 

From 1850 to 1860, the prosperity of the church was greater 
by far, than it had ever been before, the work being enlarged in 
every direction. Institutions of learning were established in 
different parts of the State, and were in a flourishing condition; 
hundreds and thousands of young persons were in schools, under 
the general oversight of the cluirch, while all other church enter- 
prises were regarded as being in a most healthful and pros])erous 
condition. The statistics for 1860 showed that, connected M'ith the 
M. PI church south, there were 653 preacliers, traveling and 
local, with 48,757 church members; and connected with the M. 
E. church, 195 preachers, and 7,764 members: a total of 848 
preachers, with 56,521 members. 

During the time of the war, church buildings were destroyed, 
or, in the supposed necessities of the war, appropriated to other 
})urposes; ministers and members Avere scattered, and a large pro- 
])ortion of the churches were entirely disorganized. At the close 
of the war, the work of re-organization was commenced and vig- 
orously carried 0!i; and from the close of 1.S65 to the close of 



2()4 AN illustkatp:d 

1875, the success in re-organizing churches and building new 
houses of worship, was highly gratifying. At the close of 1875, 
the M. E. church reported 274 church-houses, with an estimated 
value of $6»>6,775; 388 Sabbath schools, with 19,961 scholars, and 
34,156 church members; to which number should be added about 
3,000 Germans, who are members of the Methodist church in 
Missouri, not included in the above estimate, making the entire 
membership 37,156. The M. E. church south, reported for the 
same year, 49,588 members, 443 churches, 430 Sabbath-schools 
and 18,638 scholars. The "Central Christian Advocate," a weekly 
journal of church news, is the organ of the Methodist Episcopal 
church. The prescTit editor is Benjamin St. James Fry, D. D. ; 
W. E. Barnes, assistant. The schools and colleges under the 
patronage of the church are Lewis college, Glasgow, Johnson col- 
lege, Macon Citj'-, and Carleton Institute, in South-east Missouri. 
The "Christian Advocate," a large and widely circulated paper, 
under the editorial charge of Dr. D. R. McAnally, is the medium 
of the Methodist Episcopal church south. 

Presbyterian Church. — The first trace we have of Presbyte- 
rian preaching in Missouri, is in 1814, by Rev. S. J. Mills, and 
Rev. Daniel Smith. Their stay was short. In March, 1816, Rev. 
Gideon Blackburn came to St. Lonis and preached several times, 
awakening considerable interest. During the same year, Rev. 
Salmon Giddings, who had read the report of Mr. Mills, was in- 
fluenced to come to Missouri as a missionary. The memories of 
the name of this man will never die. He reached St. Louis in 
April, 1816, having made a journey of 1,200 miles in winter, on 
horseback. The firs.t Presbyterian church was organized August 
2d, 1816, at Bellevue settlement, about eighty miles from St. 
Louis, and was called Concord. It had thirty members. The 
next was at Bonhomme, October 6tli, 1816, and the next at Buf- 
falo, in Pike county, in May, 1817. Mr. Giddings seeing the 
necessity of concentrating efforts on St. Louis, organized the 
First Presbyterian church on the 23d of November, 1817, which 
was the first Protestant church in the city. The first Presbytery 
was organized in 1817, by the Synod of Tennessee, with four min- 
isters, Salmon Giddings, Timothy Flint, Thomas Donnell, and 
John Matthews; — and four churches:— Concord. Bonhomme, 



uisTouY OF Mibjjouia. 265 

Buffalo, and St. Louis. The first Presln'terian house of worshij), 
(which was the first Protestant,) was coniinenced in IS 10, and 
completed in 1826, at a cost of $8,000. 

In 1820, a mission was formed among the Osage Indians, near 
the line of Bates and Vernon counties. They then numbered 
about 8,000 people. In 1822, a church of twenty-two members 
was formed. Of this band of missionaries, one is still living. 
Rev. W. C. Requa. In 1831, the Presbytery was divided into 
three; Missouri, St. Louis, and St. Charles. These were erected 
with a Synod the next year, comprising eighteen ministers, and 
twenty-three ch urches. 

Very soon after the death of Mr. Giddings, in 1828, Rev. ^Y. S. 
Potts was called to the pastorate of the First church in St. Louis. 
This grew rapidly under his ministry. The second chui'ch was 
formed in 1838, shortly after the coming of Rev. Asa Bullard, and 
for a time had the services of Rev. A. T. Norton ; afterwards, of 
Dr. Potts, who had been in charge of Marion College since his re- 
tirement from the pastorate of the First church, in 1836. He 
remained with this church until his death, in 1852. 

The division which rent the Presbyterian church throughout 
the United States, in 1838, was not full}' consummated here, until 
1840 or 1841. Considerable bitterness was exhibited for many 
jears, but gradually, as the work went forward, better feelings 
prevailed, until 1860, when the number of ministers upon the 
rolls of both old and new school Synods, was 109, and the num- 
ber of churches, 146. 

In 1866, the old school Synod was divided on questions grow- 
ing out of the war — a part forming what was known for many 
years, as the old School, or Independent Synod of Missouri, who 
are now organically connected with what is known as the Gen- 
eral Assembly south. The part which received the recognition 
of the Northern Assend)ly, (so-called) continued their work side 
by side with the body known as new school Presbyterians, until 
the two bodies became one, in 1870. Since this time, this Synod 
has steadily grown, until it now numbers over 10,000 members, in 
210 churches, with 137 ministers, according to the report to the 
(leneral Assembly in 1875. In this report, tlie Synod is credited 
with having contributed over $15,000 to the different benevolent 



266 AX ILI.TTSTRATED 

agencies of tlie church; $76,689 for the supjiort of its ministers, 
and for congregational purpoi^es; and nearly $-1:6,000 towards mis- 
cellaneous objects. This Synod is now composed of six Presby- 
teries — Osage, Ozark, Palmyra, Platte, and St. Louis. It has 
under its care but one institution of learning at the present time; 
Lindenwood Female College, at St. Charles, Missouri, of which 
Rev. J. H. ISTixon, D. D., is president. The ''St. Louis Evangel- 
ist," now in the second year of its existence, is the organ of the 
Synod. 

Tliat part of the original Synod which refused allegiance to the 
General Assembly prosecuted its work with uninterrupted suc- 
cess as an independent body, until 1874, when it became a con- 
stituent part of the Presbyterian church in the United States, 
popularly designated the Southern Presbyterian Church. The 
Synod now numbers about eighty ministers, one hundred and 
forty churches, and 9,000 communicants. It has flourishing and 
influential congregations in the j)i"iiicipal cities and towns of the 
State, as well as in the rural neighborhoods. Schools, male and 
female, of a high order, and enjoying great prosperity', are under 
its auspices in Lexington, Booneville, Independence and Fulton. 
At Fulton, is AVestminster College, the Synodical institution for 
young men, numbering 100 students and six professors. This- 
institution has long been known, and maintains its reputation 
for the highest ability on the part of the faculty, and thorough 
scholarship and exemphiry conduct among the students. Fulton 
is also the seat of the Synod Female College, under the presi- 
dency of the Rev. Dr. W. W. Hill. It has 100 pupils, and is, 
perhaps, the leading school of the kind in the State. The ''St. 
Louis Presbyterian," now in the eleventh year of its existence, 
a large and influential religious weekly newspaper, is the recog- 
nized organ of the Synod. 

Protestant Episcopal C^hurcu. — The first services of the 
Protestant Episco])al church, in the Territory of Missouri, were 
held by the Rev. John Ward, on the 24th day of October, A. D. 
1819. On the first of Noveml)er, a parish (('hrist Church) was. 
organized, and which is now in existence. A building at the cor- 
ner of Second and Walnut streets (before and afterwards used a* 
a court-room), was fitted up for church servici's. Mr. Ward, who- 



HISTUIIY Of .Ml>.S()i;ui. 207 

had been called as rector ot" the parish, made a visit to Lexiiii^- 
ton. Kentucky, and did not return to Missouri. After the resio-- 
nation and removal of Mr. Ward, there were no services of the 
cliurch until about the year 182;?. Sometime in that year, the 
agent of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society visited St. 
Louis. He took back an encouraging account of the wishes of 
the ])eop]e for church services, and in the same year Ilev. Thomas 
Horrell, a native of INIaryland, was sent as a missionaiy to the 
State. The greater |)art of this year and the next, Mi\ Hori-ell 
spent in the south-eastern portion of the State, making Cape Gir- 
ardeau his headquarters. Early in the year 1825, he began his 
ministrations in the city of St. Louis. The services were held in 
a building corner of Third and Market streets, then used as a 
court-room. The building had been erected by the Ba})tists, as 
a church. l)ut never finished. The primitive bench, used by the 
judge, served as a reading desk and pulpit for the reverend mis- 
sionary. When the Holy Communion was administered, a table 
was brought in from a private house. During the year 1825, 
the vestry of Christ church began preparations for the erection 
of a church building. It was completed in 1830, on a lot on the 
north-west corner of Third and Chestnut streets, where the new 
Arerchant's Exchange stands. There are still two of the vestry 
of that day living, honored citizens of the city. In 1830, the 
Rev Mr. Davis established a female school, but removed in a 
year oi* two. In the year 1831, Rev. Mr. Corson was sent as a 
missionary to Booneville, Fayette, and other interior towns, but 
in the year 1835, there was but one organized parish in the State, 
one church buildinij. and not one clero-yman. In the bei>:iiniini!' 
of the year 183(i. a favoi-able change for the church occun-ed- 
The Right Rev. Jackson Kemper, recently appointed Missionary 
Bishop, came to St. Louis, and with him Rev. P. A. Aiinard 
and Mr. Johnson; and at the end of that year, there were live 
clergymen at work. Bisho]) Kemper acted as rector of Christ 
Church for some years. In this year, there wen; congregations 
in Booneville, Fayette, St. Charles, Hannibal, and other places in 
the State, but the church made slow ])rogress; much prejudice 
existed against the church, and men and money were wanted for 
nnssions. Clergymen were few in those days, and the same may 



268 



AN ILLUSTRATED 



be said at this day, lor the great work to be done. Previous to 
the year 1840, there are very few records preserved. In that year 
the clergy and hiity met in convention, and from that time a 
record has been preser\'ed. A diocese M'as organized, a constitu- 
tion and canons adojited; but it was not until the year 184-4, that 
a bishop was chosen. In that year the Ilev. Cicero S. Hawks 




CHRIST CnURCU— LOCUST AND J3th STREETS. 

was made Bishop of Missouri, and Rector of Christ church, St. 
Louis. The Bishop continued rector until the year 1854; from 
that time forward he devoted himself to the whole diocese. It 
was while Bishop Hawks was rector of Christ church that the 
city was visited for the second time with that great scourge, the 
cholera. He distinguished himself particularly for his untiring 
zeal and labor in the care of the sick and dying. Rev. Whiting 
Griswold, rector of St. John's church, it is said, worked himself 
literally to death, hy his devotion to, and care of the sick and 
neeedy. 

During the time Bishop Keinpar had charge of Missouri, he 
founded a college (Kemper College), in the vicinity of St. 
Louis, which for a time was very successful, had a good faculty, 



HISTORY OF MlSSOUlil. 2(')t) 

and a fair patronage; but that bane of so nianv enter})rist's to 
benefit mankind, "debt," soon ovurwhehned what bid fair to 
be an honor, and of incalcuhible benefit to the Church and to 
the State; and the evil of this faihii'e endures to tliis day. The 
building erected for educational pur]X)ses became the " poor 
house" of the connty of St. Louis. Much strife and bad feeling 
was caused by the failure of this beneficent enterprise. Early in 
the episcopate of Bishop Hawks, attention "was called to the mis- 
sionary wants of the State, a beginning was made, and has con- 
tinued with varied success to this day. In Anmist, 184(>, that good 
man and faithful missionary. Rev, P. A. Minavd, died; he was rec- 
tor of St. Paul's chnrch, St. Louis. In the year 1847, the Clark 
mission began. It had its origin in lands given by the late George 
R. II. Clark, for educational purposes. It Avas soon merged in 
St. Paul's college, Palmyra, which was soon after incorporated 
by the legislature of Missouri. This institution flourished for 
some time, but early in the late war its students were dispersed, 
and the buildings, and even the chapel, used for barracks foi- 
the soldiery. During those fearful times, the college property 
was sold for debt. It was afterwards bought back, and is iu)w 
in successful operation as a church institution, under the presi- 
dency of thb Rev. Dr. J. A. AVainwright. The ])estilence of 
the year 1849, was so prevalent, that no convention was held. 
In this year, Mrs. Tyler, of Louisville, Kentucky, gave to the 
Orphan's Home a lot on Eleventh street, in Xorth St. Louis. 
This institution, for the maintenance and education of orphan 
children, had been commenced and carried on for some time by 
St. John's church, but before this time it had been nuide a church 
institution, under the patronage of the diocese, and the support 
of the church in the city of St. Louis. This was the first ven- 
ture of the church in charitable institutions. Tliis institution 
outgrew the lot given by Mrs. Tyler, and (for the time) the com- 
modious building thereon. It now occupies a sj^acious lot on 
Grand avenue, the gift of Henry Shaw, and a building lai-ge 
and commodious, erected about the year 1874, with all the aj)- 
pliances for health and comfort. Very many orphaned children 
have had the benefit of this great charity. Mr, Shaw, about 
the same time, gave a spacious lot adjoining the lIonu\ i'nv a 



270 AN" ILLUSTRATED 

church (New Mount Calvary church). In the year 1851, the 
expenditures for the Home were $1,037.85. The number of 
orphans was twenty-iive; and about this number had been cared 
for for several years. At this time, 1876, there are over seventy- 
five children cared for, and the amount expended in 1875 was 
$6,224.13. The institution is under the management of the 
ladies of the church in St. Louis. Bishop Hawks, in his ad- 
dresses, frequently called the attention of the clergy and laity to 
the great need of religious instructions for the negroes, but the 
problem was how to get at them, as well as to know how they 
were to be ministered to, and by whom. At that time, masters 
were jealous of those who taught, as well as what was taught 
them. Now a part of this problem is solved, but the great diffi- 
cultv still is how to reach them. A beffinnino- has been made 
in all of the large cities, and in St. Louis, one colored clergyman, 
a fair congregation, and a good building for their use, are secured. 

Although for years the progress of the Church was slow, yet 
there was substantial progress made. The war between the 
states was peculiarly damaging to Missouri; her churches in 
some places desecrated, in others much damaged. The shepherds 
and his flock were dispersed, and on the i-erurn of peace, the peo- 
ple wei'e much impoverished. Missouri is indelited to the " Soci- 
ety for the Propagation of the Gospel," for a large ]X)rtion of the 
means to support the missionaries of the diocese, in its infancy; 
and to this day, under another name, continues its beneticient 
work not only to Missouri, but to nearly all of the states and ter- 
ritories. During the M'ar, Bishop Hawks felt himself under the 
necessity of ceasing his general recitations, on account of the dis- 
turbed condition of the State; he early issued a pastoral address 
to his people, warning them of the sin of strife, and afterwards 
])repared and put forth a suitable service for use during the con- 
tinuance of the war. He was also assiduous in his attentions to 
the sick, the wounded, and the ])risoners. 

In the year 1865, St. Luke's Hospital, a church institution, 
was established ; it is the only Protestant hospital in the city of 
St. Louis. This hospital is under the care of the " Sisterhood of 
the Good Shepherd," an association of ladies, under the auspices 
of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States; within 



lllhToKV UF MlSiSOUKl. 271 

tlie last few years, the House of I)isho])s, as well as the clergy 
and laity of the church, have encouraged the association of women 
for church work, the care of orphans, the sick, the poor, and 
for tlie education of the children of the nation. On the 10th day 
of April. A D. ISCS, Bishop Hawks died at his residence, in the 
city, after a lingering illness, having held the Episcopate over 
twenty-three years. He was a man of very popular manners, and 
had attached a great many friends to himself, all over the State, as 
well as in St. Louis. At the annual convention of the diocese, in 
May, 1S(!^^, held in Grace Church at Kirkwood, the Right Rev. 
Daniel S. Tuttle, Missionary Bishop of Utah, was elected Bishop 
of Missouri, but he declined the honor, and the convention re- 
assembled in St. George's Church, St. Louis, in September follow- 
ing, and elected Rev. Charles F. Robertson, of Batavia, western 
New York, as Bishop, Bishop Robertson was consecrated in 
Grace church, New York, on the 28tli day October, 1868. The 
presiding Bishop (Smith,) was the consecrator. 

Soon after the adjournment of the general convention, the new 
Bishop came to St. Louis, and commenced his first visitation to 
his diocese. In May, 1800, the Bishop met his first convention. 
There were then canonically resident thirty-three clergymen, and 
there were five parishes in the cit)', and seven clergy. There are 
now in the city twelve parishes and missions, and twelve clergy; 
in the suburbs two missions with churches, and no clergymen; 
and in the county two handsome stone churches, one of them the 
gift of a munificent churchman, Mr. R. J. Lockwood. All of 
these churches and missions have buildings, but very few are 
clear of debt. The amount raised for the support of missions in 
the year 1868, was $2,540.82; this was done through the 
•* Laymen's Co-operating Missionary Societ.y," which is the 
etficient agent of the missionary efibrt in this State. Bishop 
Robertson has been a most efticient missionary; he lias held 
service in many j^laces where the church had never been 
heard, and the church popularized in the county when it was 
little known or appreciated. At his recommendation, a per- 
manent fund has l)een established for the support of aged and 
infirm clergy. There is also an annual collection required for 
the Theological Education fuml, and also the fund for the sup- 



272 J"^-^ ILLTJSTUATED 

port of tlie Episcopate. The Bishop of this convention (1869,) 
also recommended the appointment of a registrar, for the pur- 
pose of procuring and preserving all archives and documents per- 
taining to the cliurch; and under that provision as many as seven 
copies of the journals of the diocese liave been ascertained to be 
in existence. In this 3'ear, as an auxiliary to cliurch work, a 
monthly newspa])er was started — the " Church News;" it is the 
vehicle for the Bishops appointments, and gives very interesting 
details of the work accomplished, as well as what is considered 
desirable; a fair degree of success has been attained. 

E.OMAX Catholic CnuRcii. — The history of the Catholic church 
in Missouri is co-incident in commencement and progress with 
that of the State. Catholic missionaries, scattered through the 
West, visited the various settlements as they were founded, and in 
many of them built churches suitable to the time. On the eastern 
bank of the Mississippi, the Catholic cross was erected, and the 
Catholic religion was j^racticed, generations before a settlement 
was made on its western bank. Kaskaskia, with unbroken records, 
dating back prior to 1700 is proof of this. The priests of the 
different towns, Kaskaska, Cahokia, St. Philip, — crossed the 
Mississip])i in canoes, preached the gospel, and administered 
the sacraments to the various groups of settlers who made their 
homes in wnat is now Missouri. This is more easily understood 
when it is remembered that all the early settlers of this State were 
Catholics. The towns they established, Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, 
St. Charles, St. Ferdinand, are named after Catholic saints. St. 
Louis would have been called after Laclede, were it not for his 
modesty. The early inhabitants so wished it, but M. Laclede 
would not hear of iti lie desired it to be called after the reigning 
French monarch, Louis, and his sainted ])redecessor, Louis IX. 
This he effected by causing the name St. Louis to be inserted in 
all the public documents. 

The earliest written record of the Catholic church in Missouri 
is found at Ste. Genevieve. This is the oldest town in the State, 
having been founded probably in the decade of A. D. 1750, 
though some of the inhabitants assert that it was founded in A. 
D. 1735. The record shows that Father Watrin, a priest of the 
Society of Jesus, from Kaskaskia, officiated in Ste. Genevieve on 




ST. PETER AND PAUL'S CHURCH, ST. LOUIS. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 273 

the 20tli February, A. D. 1760. St. Louis is probably the next 
oldest town of the State, having been founded on the 12th of Feb- 
ruary, A, D. 1764. Father Meurin, '■^jpretre de Notre Dame des 
Kahol'ias,^^ who was also a Jesuit, was the first priest who offici- 
ated in St. Louis, liis record bearing date of 1766. After him. 
Father Gibault, '■^cure de V Iinmaculee Conception des Kaskas- 
kias,''^ a secular priest, ministered to the settlers. In 1770, he 
erected a small church of unhewn logs, on ground set apart for 
that purpose by the original grant of land to Pierre Laclede Li- 
guest, now the Cathedral block. This was the first temple of 
God west of the Mississippi, in upper Louisiana. In 1776, 
Father Bernard, a Capuchin monk, avus sent to take permanent 
charge of the village. In the same year the inhabitants began 
the ei-ection of a larger church, also of logs. The documents rel- 
ative to its erection a»e now in the archives of the circuit court. 
With the accession of Father Bernard, the church became prop- 
erly organized, and has had a steady growth since. 

In 1S18, Bight Bev. "William Louis Dubourg, Bishop of N^ew 
Orleans, transferred his episcopal seat to St. Louis, and at once, 
by the wave of his crozier, as if it were the wand of a nuigician, 
the church quickened into life and wonderful growth. At that 
time there were, in M'hat is now Missouri, only four chapels: one 
at Ste. Genevieve, one at St. Louis, one at Florissant, one at New 
Madrid; and for the whole of LTpper Louisiana there were but 
seven ]u-iests. Bishop Dubourg had brought with him from Italy 
four ])riests of the congregation of the Mission, and several 
students. The priests were immediately assigned to duty in var- 
ious parts of the State. Bishop Dubourg and Father de Andreis 
remained in St. Louis, w-herc they built a large brick church, for, 
in the words of Father do Andreis, the old church was "falling 
into ruins." Father Rosatti opened a seminary for the educa- 
tion of clergy at the Barrens, in Perry county, to which in a few 
years a college for lay pupils Avas added. This Avas the first col- 
lege established west of the Mississippi. Both the seminary and 
college continued to flourish at the Barrens up to about fifteen 
years ago, when they were transferred to Cape (xiranleau, where 
they still exist. During his administration, Bishoj) Dubourg in- 
troduced into his diocese the educational orders of the Ladies of 



274 ATs' ILMTSTIIATKD 

tlie Sacred Heart, the Sisters of Loretto, and the Ursulines. 
About 1824, he opened another college in St. Louis, which he 
transferred some years later to the Jesuit Fathers, whose services 
he obtained for his diocese, as well as for the Indian Missions. 
This college has since been widely known as the St. Louis Univer- 
^ity. New churches were also ei-ected at Old Mines, Carondelet, 
Portage des Sioux, and other points, and the old missions were 
all re-organized and regularly visited. 

Bishop Dubourg was a native of San Domingo, and had been 
educated in France, but became a thorough American in princi- 
ple. His zeal was extraordinary. To him the Catholic church 
is indebted for the origin of the Sisters of Charity in America, 
and the foundation of the Society for the Propagation of the 
Faith, which spread rapidly thi-oughout the Christian world, and 
now, in great part, sustains the expense of*foreign missions. He 
was transferred in 1826, by the Pope, from New Orleans to the 
See of Montauban in France, and thence, in 1833, promoted to 
the archbishopric of Besangon, where he died within a few months 
aged 65 years. 

Father Rosatti was, in 1823, appointed by Pope Leo XIL, as 
coadjutor to Bishop Dubourg; and in 1826, appointed Bishop of 
St. Louis, which was separated from New Orleans and erected into 
a See. During his administration, he introduced into the diocese 
the Sisters of Charity, Sisters of- St. JoscidIi, and of the Yisitation. 
He founded the Sister's Hospital, land the first orphan asylum. In 
1831 he commenced, and in 1834 completed,the erection of the jjres- 
ent cathedral church — which was at the time considered the finest 
church edifice in the states. Churches were erected at Frederichs- 
town, Ste. Genevieve, Apple Creek, Florissant, New Madi-id, 
"Westphalia and other places. Most of these were missionary 
centres, from which the priests started out to visit other towns 
and sections of the State. For example, the Jesuit fathers at 
Westphalia visited Franklin, Jefferson Cit}', Osage, French Til- 
lage, and many other places. Bishop Rosatti w^as a man of deep 
piety, varied learning, and tireless activity. He was a native of 
Sora, in Italy, having been born in 1897; and he died in Rome, in 
1843. 

Bishop Kenrick, who had been appointed coadjutor to Bishop 




c^A^^'j^.i^-i^^ >r a^y^-T- 



t^«— i-^i^^^. 



^ 



ii;sT()i:Y UK MissoiTui. 275 

Ho-saUi by Gregory XVI, iii 1S41, succeeded to the See of St. 
Louis. In 1847, St. Louis was created an arclidiocese, of wliicli 
Bisliop Kenrick became Arclibisliop. Since tliat day, the growth 
of tlie church tliroughout the State lias been very marked. In 
]8-i5, before a single house of Kansas City was erected, a priest 
liad a chapel on the river bank, which he visited from Lidepen- 
deiice. There are now in tliat city five ])arish churches, an hos- 
pital, a convent and several ])arisli schools. In 1851, the Brothers 
of the Christian schools Avere introduced into the diocese, and 
opened a college which has fl«)urished ever since. Many other 
religious orders, both male and female, each aiming to do the 
work of God according to its institute; some to educate, some to 
feed the poor, others to care for the sick or insane, others to nm-se 
the aged — all to do good, have since then enriched the diocese. 
In 1868, the north-western portion of the State was erected into 
a separate diocese, with its seat at St. Joseph, and Eight Reverend 
Jolin J. Ilogan was appointed Bisliop. In 1872, the heavy bur- 
den of the diocese and the weight of years compelled Archbishop 
Kenrick to seek a coadjutor. The gifted and eloquent Dr. Byan 
was appointed by his holiness. Pope Pius IX, and was consecrated 
coadjutor Bishop in April of that year. Almost each year has 
added a new clnu-ch, and parish, and school, to the city where in 
184-0, there was but one parish church. There are now in 
the saine city thirty-four churches, twenty-seven schools, five 
Catholic hospitals, three Catholic colleges, seven Catholic orphan 
asylums, and three female protectorates. There are one hundred 
and five priests, seven male and thirteen female orders. There 
are twenty conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, numbering 1,100 
active members, and dispensing each year in judicious and sys- 
tematic charity fully ^20,000. In the diocese outside of St. Louis 
there is a college, a male protectorate, nine convents, abont 120 
priests, 150 churches and some 30 stations. To many of the coun- 
try churches, parish schools are attached. In the diocese of St. 
Joseph, there are twenty-one priests, twenty-nine churches, twenty- 
four stations, one college, one monastery, five convents, and four- 
teen parish schools. 

IlNiTKn Presbyterian Church. — Many years ago a large num- 
ber of the citizens of the Southern states of Kentucky, Virginia, 



276 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Tennessee, and North and South Carolina, became bitterly op- 
posed to slavery, and determined to remove from its midst, and 
take their families from under its iufluence. In the settling 
up of southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, many of tliis class 
from these Southern states, were found among tlie settlers 
in the latter states. When the tide of immigration set in to 
the west of the Mississippi river, those men who were fleeing 
from slavery and its influences, passed north and west of Missouri, 
into Iowa and ITebraska. The war of the Rebellion having de- 
stroyed slavery, a door was opened into Missouri to this class of 
immigrants, and soon after the close of the war, many tliat had, 
years before, passed her by, were now seen returning fi-om the se- 
vere climate of Iowa and Nebraska, to the milder one of Missouri. 
Many of these anti-slavery men and women were niPinbers of the 
Associate, or Associate Reformed churches. In removing north, 
they had either united with congregations of these churches al- 
ready organized, or, as was more frequently the case, formed nuclei, 
around which new congregations were built uj). In 1 85S, a union 
was brought about between the j^rincipal parts of the Associate, 
and Associate Reformed churches of the northern states, the new 
body taking the name of Ignited Presbyterian Church of North 
America. In 1866, Missouri being open and free, immigration 
began to flow in, particularly to the western part. Among these, 
were many United Presbyterians, and in two or three years little 
bands of this church were scattered all over the State. 

A congregation had been in existence in the city of St. Louis 
for many years, and another small one at Cuba. But the 
first congregation was organized at AVari-ensburg, Johnston 
county, early in 1867. Another was formed at Lee's Sum- 
mit, Jackson county, June llth, 1867; another at Kingsville, 
November 8tli, 1867; one at Centreview, December 21:tli, 1867; 
one at Greenwood, March I7th, 1868 ; one at Bethel, Bates county, 
March 28th, 1868; one at Ilolden, May 2d, 1868; one at Grand 
River, September 17tli, 1868; one at Mcmiteau, October 26th, 
1868 ; one at Fairview, November 17th, 1868 ; another at Kansas 
City, March 12th, 1869; and one at Osceola, St. Clair county, 
November 24th, 1870. This rapid increase of the United Pres- 
byterian church in this part of the State led to the organization of 



J 



IIISTOIIY UK MISSOURI. 277 

a new Presbytery. This Presbytery wus organized under the 
oruer of the Synod of Illinois, by Kev. Matthew liii^ger, at War- 
rensburg, October 31st, 1867, and included all the State of Mis- 
souri west of the meridian passing through Jefferson City. This 
body now contains ten ministers, and about 500 members. Many 
of this order are scattered throughout the State that have uever 
been brought within the limits of any organized congregation. 

Unitarian CnuRcn. — This denomination, though possessing 
considerable influence, is numerically small in Missouri, consist- 
ing of a few scattered churches in the principal towns of the State. 
In St. Louis there are two churches, the church of the Messiali,at 
the corner of Olive and Ninth streets, and the church of the Unity, 
near Lafayette ]>ark. The former is the parent church, and was 
founded in 1834, by Rev. W. G. Eliot, who continued as its pas- 
tor for 37 years. Its present pastor is Rev. John Snyder. The 
congregation is large, and composed chiefly of well-educated and 
influential people. The church membership is about 250; Sunday 
schools, — 35 teachers, 300 scholars. It has always been active in 
philanthropic, educational, and charitable enter])rises, and for 
more than twenty years after the erection of the present church 
edifice, (in 1852), the average annual conti'ibutions to the various 
uses above named exceeded the sum of $25,000, which is, outside 
of its own support, costing $10,000 more. It has under its spec- 
ial care a mission house and free-school, for the children of very, 
poor persons, which has a property of about $20,000, and is sup- 
ported exclusively by voluntary gifts, amounting to $3,000 an- 
nually. The church of the Unity is under the pastorate of Rev. 
John C. Learned. It is in a prosperous condition, and equally 
active in proportion to its meaiis. Both of these churches are, 
and always have been, free of debt, A third church is in con- 
templation, and a lot of ground already secured, but no further 
steps have yet beeu taken. 



GPI AFTER XXVI. 



EDUCATION. 



By tlie terms of the first constitution of the State, it was pro- 
vided that "one school or more shall be established in each 
township, as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor 
shall be taught gratis." The establishment of the public school 
system of Missouri, in its essential features, without restricting 
its benefits to the "poor," and with the main features of State 
and local organization, was affected by the tenth General 
Assembly, during the administration, and in accordance with 
the recommendation of Governor Boggs, in February, 1839, The 
system as then adopted embraced a superintendent of common 
schools for the State, a board of commissioners for each county, 
and a board of trustees fur each hjcal school district. 

Territorial divisions, for the purposes of organization, consist of 
counties, townships, and districts. The State is divided into 114 
counties : each county is divided into congressional townships of six 
miles square, or fractional townships; these townships are 
subdivided into districts. According to the school law of 1870, 
each congressional township constituted a district. Under the 
new law, approved .March 26t]i, 1874, the township line is 
retained simply to assist in the numbering and designation of 
the school districts. Each county at present contains a certain 
number of districts numbered within the res])ective townships 
that embrace them. The ordinary district system is modified by 
the occasional establishment of central graded schools, in which 
case, the districts so disposed, unite for the establishment of 
schools with higher grades. Another modification in the district 
system is effected by city and town organizations, in which one 
or more districts, lying within an incorporated village, vote 
themselves into special districts, governed by a separate law grant- 
ing special privileges. Most of the village, town, and city graded 
schools, are organized in this way. In some instances the schools 



HISTORY OF MlSSOUlil. 279 

of towns and cities are organized under special charters, granted 
by tlie legislature. By the new constitution of the Srate, adopted 
in 1875, a liberal system of ])ublic instruction, embracing tlie 
higher, intermediate, and lower, is provided for. The policy of 
Missouri, in the disposition of its revenues for educational pur- 
poses, is concentration for higher education; diffusion for the 
intermediate and lower. Free public schools for the education 
of children of African descent, form a part of the school system 
of the State, and are provided for in the organic law. One 
Xormal school — -Lincoln Institute, at the seat of government — 
for the education of colored teachers, receives an annual ap[)ro- 
priation from the General Assembly. 

The present fi-ee public school system of tlie State is both jx)])- 
ular and efficient, and has accomplished incalculable benetits to 
the people. The provision for its support is not only liberal, 
but is inlaid in the organic law, and thus placed beyond the oppo- 
sition or caprice of the legislature, no diiference what political 
party may dominate in that body. In addition to the annually 
accruing income derived from the public school fund, now pro- 
vided and set apart by law, not less than twenty-five ])erccnt. of 
the State revenue, exclusive of the interest and sinking fund, is 
amiually applied to the support of the public schools — these funds 
being distributed to each county for school purposes, according to 
the number of children in each between the ages of six and twenty 
years. 

C()rres])onding to the topographical divisions of the school tUs- 
trict organization, the officers of the system are: the State "J)Oanl 
of Education," provided for in section 4 of article XI of the 
constitution; the State superintendent of Public Schools; the 
county scnool commissioner, or superintendent; county clerk 
and treasurer; board of directors; city and town school board; 
and teacher. The supervision of the entire school interests 
of the State devolves u})on the State Board of Education, com- 
posed of the State superintendent of public schools, the 
Governor, Secretary of State and the Attorney-(ireneral. The ex- 
ecutive officer of this board is the State superintendent, who is 
choocn by the people at the general election, for a term of four 
years. Besides such general work as is adapted to improve the 



280 AN ILr.USTRATED 

condition of the schools, his specific duties are: to render decis- 
ions aftecting the local application of the school law; to keep a 
record of all the scnool funds, and annually to distribute to the 
counties the income of the State school funds; to supervise the 
work of the county school officers; to deliver lectures, distribute 
educational information, visit schools, and to grant certificates of 
high qualifications; and to make an annual report to the General 
Assembly, of the condition and necessities of the schools of the 
State. The work connected Avith the office of State superintend- 
ent is more largely constructive than that of any other State 
officer. Beyond the circle of mere routine, there is scarcely any 
limit to the labor that this office may impose ujwn itself. The 
work of organizing a great State, embracing a territoi-ial surface 
little less than that of New England, furnishes a powerful incen- 
tive to the employment of all the energy, enthusiasm, invention, 
and executive skill the sujjerintendent may be able to command. 

The county superintendents are elected by the people of each 
county. Their work is to examine teachers, to distribute blanks, 
and make reports. The emoluments of the office are not large. 
County clerks receive estimates from the local directors, and ex- 
tend them upon the tax-books. They also keej3 the general re- 
cords of the county and to\vnship school funds, and return a yearly 
report of the financial condition of the schools of their county to 
the State superintendent. School taxes are gathered with other 
taxes by the regular county collector. The treasurer of the 
coHnty is the custodian of all the funds belonging to the schools 
of his county, except in counties adopting the township organiza- 
tion, in which case the township trustee discharges these duties. 
All the expenses of the individual districts are paid by checks or 
warrants drawn on balances deposited with the county treasurer, 
or township trustee. 

Districts organized under the special law for cities and towns 
are governed by a board of six directors, two of whom are select- 
ed annually, on the second Saturday in September, and hold their 
office for three years. 

At the annual meeting in each school district, one director is 
elected to serve for three years. This gives the board a perma- 
nent continuity. Directors are agents of the district under the 



''!'"::;iJ:!"|1■|:!:;^|!i!1!lr]11!l!!llllfiIl!!lll;p!a^ 





4 




HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 281 

law. They may levy a tax not exceed iiip^ forty per cent, on the 
one hundred dollars valuation, provided the aforesaid annual rates 
for school purposes may be increased in districts formed of cities 
and towns, to an amount not to exceed one dollar on the hundred 
dollars valuation; and in other districts to an amount not to ex- 
ceed sixty -five cents on the hundred dollars valuation, on the con- 
dition that a majority of the voters who are tax-payers, voting at 
an election held to decide the question, vote for said increase. For 
the purpose of erecting public buildings in school districts, the rates 
of taxation thus limited, may be increased when the rate of such 
increase, and the purpose for which it is intended shall have been 
submitted to a vote of the people, and two-thirds of the qualified 
voters of such school district voting at such election, shall vote 
therefor. The local directors may direct the management of the 
school in respect to the choice of teacher and other details, but 
in the discharge of all important business, such as the building 
of a school-house, or the extension of a term of scliool beyond the 
constitutional period, they simply execute the order of the peo- 
ple. The clerk of this board may or may not himself be a direc- 
tor. He is the historian of the district; keeps a record of the 
names of all children and youth between the ages of five and 
twenty -one; records all business proceeaings of the district, and 
reports to the annual meeting, and to tlie county clerk, and county 
superintendents. 

Teachers are required to hold a certificate from the State super- 
intendent or county commissioner of the county in which they are 
engaged. State certificates are granted only upon personal writ- 
ten examination in the common branches, together with the nat- 
ural sciences and higher mathematics. The lu>lder of the State cer- 
tificate may teach in any public school in the State, without fur- 
ther examination. Certificates granted by county commissioners 
are of two classes, with two grades in each class. Those issued 
for a term longer than one year, belong to the first class, and are 
susceptible of two grades, differing both in duration and attain- 
ment. Those issued for one year (the shortest term allowed by 
law), may represent two grades, marked by qualification alone. 

The township school fund has its source in a grant of land by 
the general government, consisting of section sixteen in each 



282 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Congressional township. The annual income of tlie township 
fund is appropriated to the various townships, according to their 
respective proprietary claims. The support from tiie permanent 
funds is supplemented by direct taxtation laid upon the taxable 
property of each district. Tlie maximum limit of taxation tor 
the current expenses is one per cent.; and tax permitted for 
school-house building cannot exceed the same amount. 

PARTICULAR INSTITUTION^. 

Alexandria College is located at Alexandria, Clark county, 
Missouri, the terminus of the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska 
railroad. It is under the patronage of a corporate association, 
which organized in 1869, in compliance with "an Act concerning 
corporations," of which body Rev. T. J. Musgrove, by the articles 
of the association, is to be president during his life. The school 
is conducted in the building erected for this purpose. It has au- 
thority to grant diplomas and confer degrees in the same manner 
as other similar institutions. There are two distinct courses of" 
study, collegiate and scientific. Music, also, has a prominent 
place in the advantages furnished by the institution. It is not a 
sectarian school, but a religions one in the sense that in connec- 
tion with science, the Christian religion, a pure morality, and an 
earnest philanthropy shall be exhibited and enforced on principles 
common to all churches. 

Baptist College is located in the city of Louisiana, Pike, 
county. It was escablished in 1860, and has property which cost 
$12,000. It is intended as a home school for both sexes, and, 
while it has a primary department which is carefully looked to, 
the course of study for the collegiate department is thorough, and 
a high standard required for examination and graduation. Vocal 
music is made a part of the regular instruction, without extra, 
charge, while instrumental music, drawing, painting and French, 
are taught. It is convenient of access, being on the Mississippi 
river, and having several railroads. Its many advantages^ 
together with the low cost of tuition and board, adapt it to the 
wants of a large class of patrons. 

Central College is located at Fayette, Howard county, Mis- 
souri. Howard College was first established here in 1835, but 



HISTORY OF AHS80UKI. 0,^3 

before the institiitiou was ori>;auized, the building was destnn-ed 
by lire. Though the friends of the enterprise were ''cast down," 
they were not destroyed, and they soon after rallied and rebuilt 
the college building; but a debt was allowed to hang over it, and 
in 18-1:4, it was sold, William D. iSwinney being the purchaser, 
and by him the property was presented to the Methodist Episco- 
pal church south. The same year, Howard Higli School was 
oi-ganized under the direction of Rev. William T. Luckey, and 
for several years this school was a popular and useful institution. 
In 1854, the building was again burned. In April, 1853, a 
convention of delegates of the M. E. church south, in Missouri, 
met in St. Louis, the object being to concentrate, if possible, the 
elForts of their church throughout the State in the erection and 
eudowment of a college of the highest grade. The chief com- 
petitors for the location were St. Charles and Fayette, the latter 
proving successful. Fifteen curators were appointed by each of 
the two conferences, who met at Fayette on the 9th of December, 
1854, and proceeded at once to organize their body by the 
election of Rev. J. Boyle, D. D., of St. Louis, president of the 
Board, and Adam Hendrix, treasurer; and, at the session of the 
legislature following, a charter was obtained, bearing date of 
March 1st, 1855. Soou after, the funds were secured for the 
erection of the college building for the third time, and iu 1857, 
Howard high school was separated into the two colleges, Central 
and Howard, although the reason for this separation of the sexes 
does not appear, and does not seem to have been contemplated in 
the original plan. Under the management of its efficient presi- 
dents, Rev. N. Scarritt, Rev. A. W. Morrison, and Rev. W. H. 
Anderson, D. D., it flourished until the civil war broke out, when 
in common with all similar institutions in the south, it was. 
suspended, and later in the struggle, the building was t)ccupied 
by federal troops, and greatly damaged. After the close of the 
war, the Missouri conference of the M. E. church south, at once 
instituted measures for the re-establishment of the college, and 
raised funds therefor, and in IS()8, at an ''Educational (\m- 
vention" of the different conferences of the State, held at 
Fayette, it was determined to re-open the college as soon as a 
permanent endowment of $100,000 sliould be secured, and at the 



284 AN ILLUSTRATED 

same time, Rev. "W. A, Smith, D. D., of St. Louis, was elected 
president and financial agent. It was also decided to open at 
once, in the college building, a seniinaiy of learning for both 
sexes, and to this work, Rev. F. X. Forster, A. M., formerly of 
Georgia, then of St. Louis, was called. Dr. Smith prosecuted his 
work with great fidelity and success, and had it well nigh com- 
pleted, when disease laid its hand upon him, and he was com- 
pelled to abandon his work, and soon after died. In the chapel 
of the college is a beautiful tablet to his memory, but the college 
itself, rehabilitated and expanded, is his nioblest and most 
appropriate monument. 

In 1869, the work so nearly completed by Dr. Smith, was fin- 
ished by Rev. W. M. Rush, D. D., the entire endowment of $100,- 
000 having been provided for. A provisional organization of the 
college, was at once made, with Rev. J. C. Wills, D. D., presi- 
dent elect, and Rev. F. X, Forster, A. M., dean of the faculty; 
and since that time, it has advanced with a prosperity steadily in- 
creasing year by year, until now it takes high rank among the 
colleges of the west. 

The organization of Central college is on the principle of inde- 
pendent schools, of which there are eight (besides the exten;5ive 
pi-eparatory course,) and upon completing the studies of any school, 
the student may graduate, and receive a diploma in that school 
with an appropriate degree. The course in each school is exten- 
sive and thorough; instruction is given by both text books and 
lectures, while each professor is required to be "a text book for 
himSeif and his class" in his particular school. Semi-annual ex- 
aminations, running through two weeks, and conducted in writ- 
ing, test rigidly and exhaustively, the knowledge of the student on 
Qach subject. A very high grade of scholarship has thus been 
already attained ; and the constant effort of each professor is to 
raise it still higher. The Christian religion is recognized as the 
only basis of right education, as it is the only reliable foundation 
of all that is true and noble in human character. In each of the 
two "Inter-collegiate contests in oratory," which took place be- 
tween the students of the various colleges of the State, the repre- 
sentative of Central, bore off the prize; and in the late "Inter- 
State contest" in Chicago, in which the colleges of Ohio, Indi- 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. '285 

ana, Illinois, AYisconsin, Iowa and Missouri were represented, lie 
was again trinnipliant. The college attaches no sj)ecial ^gnifi- 
cance to these facts. They prove, however, that in popular as well 
as in thorough education. Central college stands in the front rank 
among her contemporaries. The collegiate year is divided into 
two terms, and begins about the middle of September, and closes 
in the latter part of June. 

Centr^vl Wesleyax CollpXtE is located at "Warrenton, Warren 
county, a pleasant and healthy part of the State, sixty miles from 
St. Louis, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railway. 
It is under the control of the Southwestern German conference 
of the Methodist Episcopal church. It was incorporated l)y an 
act of the State legislature, approved February 16th, 1S65, under 
the name of the "Western Orphan Asylum and Educational In- 
stitute." Rev. Philip Kuhl was chosen president, and Rev. H. 
A. Koch, pi-incipal of the school. The school was opened Octo- 
ber 3rd, 1864, with a primary, an academic, a normal, and a 
commercial department. The course of study was improved from 
year to year, and the school was opened to both sexes. The act of 
incorporation was amended by an act, approved March 2-lth, 1870, 
by which the name was changed to the "Central Wesleyan College 
and Orphan Asylum." In September, 1872, President Kuhl re- 
signed, and Rev. H. A. Koch, D. D., was chosen president in his 
stead, which office he still holds. The school has been self-sustain- 
ing and prosperous from the beginning, and tlie increased number 
of students soon deraanded more ample accommodations. The 
trustees accordingly resolved to build a new college building. 
The new building was erected at a cost of $25,000, of which the 
citizens of Warren county subscribed §10,000. It was dedicated 
November 14th, 1875. The building is of brick, 90 by 55 feet, 
and three stories high. In architectural beauty, it compares 
favorably with many colleges of the east. Its location, is not ex- 
celled in the State. The college owns a large tract of land around 
Warrenton, u])on which there is a well improved farm, with an 
orchard of 2,000 fruit trees. This farm affords students an ojjjkh-- 
tnnity to work and pay their expenses. The endowment fund of 
the college, at present, is $25,000. The curriculum embraces a 
preparatory, a classical, a scientific, a theological, a normal, a 
commerciul course, and a department of music. 



286 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Christian Brothers' College was founded by the Brothers of 
the Christian schools, in 1851. It was incorporated, in 1855, by 
the Scate legislature, and possesses excellent appliances for 
teaching all the various arts and sciences usually taught in col- 
leges; a philosophical and chemical apparatus, a museum, and a 
select library of much excellence, with power to confer academic 
honors. The religious faith professed and taught is the Catholic, 
but stiidents from any and all denominations are admitted on 
condition that they conform to the customs and i-eligious ]>rao- 
tices of the institution. It is located on the corner of Eighth 
and Cerre streets, St. Louis. 

Christian Female College, located at Columbia, Missouri, 
was chartered during the session of 1850-51, by an act of the 
legislature. It was established for the purpose of affording young 
ladies the advantages of a more extensive and thorough education 
than had hitherto been granted them. Its founders, moved by an 
enlightened and Christian philanthropy, designed to place the ed- 
ucation of the young woman on a level with the education of the 
young man, thus establishing the male and female as co-ordinate 
departments of a grand system of American education. It was a 
conception worthy of its authors. It was deemed but just that 
while the intellectual wants of the son had been fully provided 
for by the erection and endoAvment of a State University, some 
similar provision should be made for the daughter ; that she 
should no longer be restricted to the elementary branches taught 
in the prinuiry school, the seminary, and the academy, but that a 
College, regularly organized and officered, embracing a wider and 
higher range of studies, should open to her its portals, and invite 
to a more intimate acquaintance with literature, science and art. 

In harmony with the design of its founders. Christian college 
has taken high ground upon the subject of female education, and 
lias introduced a more extensive and thorough course of study, 
combined with a more rigid mental drill, than is usually found 
in schools for young ladies. The college edifice is located in an 
elm and maple grove of twenty acres, just within the northern 
limits of the town of Columbia, county of Boone. A more lovely 
or eligible location for a college for females could not have been 
selected. Nature has impressed upon the location a native 



HlSTOliY OF MlSSOUltl. 287 

beauty and rural lovliues.s which art may imitate, but can never 
equal. Though within the limits of the town, yet by reason of 
the am])lituile of its i^rounds, and its removal from the business 
j>ortions of the city, it enjoys the retirement and quietude of a 
country seat, — a circumstance in the liighest degree favorable to 
the health, hapi)iness, and success of the student. The present 
faculty consists of the president, thi'ee male and three female 
assistants. A class of thirteen graduated from the college at the 
commencement, June 10th, 1875. 

Clay Skminarv is located in Liberty, Clay county, Missouri, 
and Avas founded in 1854, by Prof. James Love, M. A., of Liberty, 
and under his able and seliolarly management, won a high repu- 
tation in north-west Missouri, which it retains undiminished. In 
1806, Prof. Price W. Vineyard became its owner. About a year 
later, the ownership 2)assed to an association of gentlemen, who, 
in 1874, sold it to its present owner, Pev. Allen P. Jones, M. A. 
After it passed from the hands of Prof. Love, until Pev. Mr. Jones 
became its owner, it was known as liberty Female College. It 
is a select school for young ladies, and its scope embraces the 
liigher education. In addition to the English and mathematical 
studies, the course embraces, at the option of the student, Latin, 
German, French and music. The discipline is iirin, mild and 
parental. The present proprietor, Pev. Mr. Jones, is well known 
in Missouri and Kentucky as an educator of the highest merit, 
and whose methods of teaching are thoroughly scientific. The 
buildings are prettily situated in a retired j)art of the town, and 
are convenient, roomy and comfortable. The groun<ls are hand- 
somely laid t)ut, and adorned with shrubbery and shade trees. 
The well-known healthfulness of Liberty, its quiet and sobriety, 
and the civility and intelligence of its citizens make Clay semi- 
nary one of the most desirable institutions, for the education of 
females, in the west. 

Drury College was organ ixed on the 20th day of March, A. 
J). 1873, and incorporated under the general statutes of the State, 
August 5th, of the same year. It takes its name from Samuel 
F. Drury, of Michigan, in acknowledgment of large gifts towards 
the founding of the college. Its location, at Sprinlield, Greene 



288 AN ILLUSTRATED 

county, a growing and prosperous place, offers special advant- 
ages for the education of the youth, from a vast region of coun- 
try. Springfield is situated on an elevated ])latean, of undulat- 
ing prairie, 1,G00 feet higher than the tideleavel, 1,300 feet above 
the city of St. Louis, and almost at the summit of the (so-culled) 
Ozark mountains. The climate, by reason of its elevatic^n, is cool 
and beacing, offering to students, in respect to heathfulness, 
advantages rarely excelled. It is the particular aim of the college 
to fit teachers for successful work in the common schools. For 
this purpose a Normal department has been added for the special 
training of teachers. A new and independant hall has been 
erected for the use of lady students, who enjoy the same advant- 
ages in tlie college as young men, — pursue the same course of 
study, compete for the same honors, and attain the same degree. 
The success attained in the three years of its existence is very 
gratifiying to the friends of the institution. The college has no 
organic connection with any religious denomination or sect; its 
charter in this respect, being like most of the older colleges and 
institutions of learning in the country. Instructing the youth in 
the Sacred Scriptures, and the principles of the christian religion, 
has been a ruling motive of the trustees of Drury college; and 
tlic teachers are expected to seek first of all to disciple their pu- 
pils to Christ. At the same time, no effort to advance the in- 
terest of any one religious denomination over those of another is 
tolerated, the students being recommended, rather, to adhere to 
the denominational predilections of their friends. The faculty 
is composed of eleven permanent instructors, with Rev. Nathan 
J. Morrison, D.D., as president. 

Grand Kiver College is located at Edinburg, Grundy county, 
Missouri. This institution, until June, 1876, has always been a 
private school. In 1849, a wooden building was, erected for its 
accommodation. S. N. Edij:ar and J. B. Allen were amonix the 
first teachers. In 1853, the building "U'as destroyed by fire. In 
1858, John T. Witten and William Peery built the present col- 
lege building, a two story brick, 6(1 feet by 33 feet. It was built 
as a private enterprise. To secui'e them against loss, the com- 
munity furnished them a pledge of support, in the form of schol- 
arships; and when the war of the rebellion came, it interfered so 



UlbTui:!' OF MISSOURI. 289 

much with their ])huis, that the school was compelled to close, and 
for a time the bulging was occupied by the State militia. In 
1859, a liberal charter was granted to the school. Dr. James T. 
Bruner was principal at the beginning of the rebellion. In 18<i6, 
the present principal, J. E. Yertrees, a graduate of Shurtleff col- 
lege. Upper Alton, Illinois, took charge of the school, and has 
been the principal for the last ten years. 

In June, 1876, arrangements were made to put the school un- 
der the patronage of the Baptist church. The people of Edin- 
burg offered them their property, and asked them to take it. The 
Baptists, by their Board, accepted the property, and are mak- 
ing arrangements to increase its patronage and usefulness. The 
Board of trusteees has put forth vigorous efforts to i-epair and 
improve the present building, and also to furnish it with the 
necessary lil>rarv and apparatus. The pupils of this school are 
numerous, and scattered throughout this State and adjoining 
states, filling various important positions of honor, trust, and 
usefulness. 

Hannibal College, located at Hannibal, Marion county, has 
passed through its seventh year. The public spirited men, who, 
in the year 1S()9, met and laid the corner-stone of the building, 
declared it t(j be their purpose to found an " Institution which 
shall offer facilities for accpiiring a complete collegiate education, 
on the principle that the infiuence and respectability of a people 
depended not so much upcjii their material wealth, as upon their 
intelligence; believing, at the same time, that a thorough educa- 
tion would have a healthful influence u})on the manners and mor- 
als of a people." During these seven years, about 750 students 
have received instruction in the college. The liberal patronage 
extended to it, is proof of the confidence reposed in it by the 
community. For four years past, the institution lias been under 
the management of Bev. Leo Baier, as pi-esident. The college 
has been self-sup])orting. Its only endowment is thirty-live acres 
of land, within the limits of Ilamiibal, valued at $10,000, and 
donated by R. F. Lakenan, who was one of the original 
founders of the college, and has stood by it, as a fast friend, 
through all its vicissitudes and changes. The institution is un- 
sectarian, and undenominational. Tlie Bible, that classic of 



290 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 

classics, is daily read without note or comment. It is hoped that 
the Directory, who have so often given college interests their val- 
uable time, counsel, influence, labor and money, may live to see 
this tree of their planting grown to full maturity, yielding its ripe 
fruit into the lap of the rising generation. He is the true bene- 
factor, who, looking to the future, plans, founds, and builds 
for posterity. Such are the gentlemen who founded Hannibal 
college. 

Hardin College is a female institution, located in the thriving 
city of Mexico, and named in honor of its founder, Hon. Charles 
H. Hardin, Avho gave $37,000, as an endowment fund. The citi- 
zens obtained money by donations, and erected the present build- 
ing. In July, 1873, the Board of directors selected A. W. Terrill, 
professor of mathematics in Mount Pleasant college, as presi- 
dent. The first session opened tlie 10th of September, 1873, with 
fifty-five students; and such has been the success, that the third 
session closed with one hundred and sixty-three matriculants. The 
most prominent features of this school are, that it ignores all 
attempt at display and extravagance; the students are not permitted 
to interfere with their regular school in giving exhibiticms or 
theatrical performances; earnest and enthusiastic teachers are 
employed u\ all departments; the students are taught to rely on 
tliemselves, to act and think for themselves, thus developing in 
them an individuality that fits them for life; the discipline is pa- 
rental, yet firm and decided. The wisdom of this course has 
already lu-onght this institution a rich reward, and has made it 
the pride of Mexico, and Audrain county. 

La Grange College is located at the city of La Grange, in 
Lewis county. It is under tlie control of the Baptists of 
the State, who have exercised a fair degree of fostering care 
over it. It was chartered March 12th, 1859. A substantial 
brick l)nilding, ninety by sixty-five feet, was erected, and a pros- 
j-jerous school conducted in it until the breaking out of tlie war. 
After a sus])ension of about five j^ears, the building was put in a 
good state of repair, and Rev. J. F. Coolc, LL. D., called to the 
presidency of the college. Since that time, about fourteen hun- 
dred students — male and female — have matriculated; a number 



IIIST()i;V OF MISSOI'IM. 291 

of wliom Lave graduated, and are now occupying important posi- 
tions as teachers, lawyers, and ministers of the Gospel. Unusual 
prosperity has attended this institution during the past ten years, 
and the eftbrt now being made to increase the endowment, prom- 
ises to place it among the first institutions of learning in the 
west. 

Lincoln Institute, designed especially for the benefit of the 
colored race, is located at the City of Jefi'erson, Missouri. Its 
fundamental idea was to combine study with labor, so that the old 
habits of those who have always labored but never studied should 
not be changed, and that the emancipated slaves, who have 
neither capital to spend nor time to lose might obtain an educa- 
tion. The fi'eedom of the black race having been achieved in the 
United States, its education is a necessity which must awaken 
sympathetic feelings in the breast of every friend of humanity. 
The initiatory steps for the founding of Lincoln Institute were taken 
immediately after the close of the Avar, by the officers and enlisted 
men of the 62d regiment of the United States colored infantry, 
wlio gave a liberal amount, as a nucleus for other subscriptions 
by benevolent citizens of the country. After the collection of 
sevei'al thousand dollars additional from churches and individuals, 
mostly in the east, and an appro])riation from the State, the in- 
stitution has been placed u))on a permanent foundation. 

The Institute comprises two dejjartinents, the preparatory and 
normal. The full normal course of study requires four years. 
Its course of instruction is Mell adapted to the wants of the pu- 
pils. The government of the school is based upon the principle 
that not literary culture only, but the adoption of orderly hab- 
its and right principles of action, are necessary parts of a good 
education. The tuition is virtually fi-ee. The Institute building 
is a substantial structure, overlooking the city and the Missouri 
river. The school is in a flourishing condition. 

LiNDKNwooD Female College, St, Charles, Missouri, is devoted 
^clusively to female education. It is located on the ridge be- 
tween the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, about twenty 
miles from St. Louis, and a half mile M'est of St. Charles. The 
land rises with a ij^entle ascent from the river, till it reaches the 



292 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 

college, whence extends a most delightful prospect. Its ample 
grounds, groves and gardens aiford abundant space for exe]*cise 
and recreation; and the experience of forty years attest its 
healthfulness. This college owes its existence to Major George 
C. Sibley and Mrs. Mary E. Sibley, who have been most nobly 
seconded in their efforts by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel S. Watson. 
In 1853, Major Sibley oHered to give the whole of his Linden- 
wood estate, to which Mr. Watson agreed to add $5,000, in 
trust to the Presbytery of St. Louis, for the establishment of a 
female college, on condition that the Presbytery should secure 
$20,000 for the erection of buildings. This condition was only 
partially met, but Messrs. Sibley and Watson, aided by individ- 
uals in St. Charles and St. Louis, persevered in the plan, and in 
July, 1857, buildings were completed, and the college opened 
September 6th following. In 1870, the control of the college was 
transferred to the Synod of Missouri, and a Board of directors 
was selected from all parts of the State. The Pev. Dr. J. H. 
Nixon was elected President in 1871, and for the last five years 
the institution has been steadily growing in numbers, in finan- 
cial resources, and in general reputation, and now only awaits a 
favorable opportunity, in the revived business interests of tlie 
country, to erect additional buildings to accommodate its increas- 
ing patronage. The charter of the college authorizes the confer- 
rinff of collegiate deii-rees, and the course of instruction embraces 
as high a I'ange of study as any female college west of the Mis- 
sissippi. The prospects of the college for permanent usefulness 
are now fairer than at any previous period. Its property is valu- 
able, it is absolutely free from debt, and a beginning has been 
made of a permanent endowment. 

Marionville CoLLEaiATE INSTITUTE was Organized about 1867, 
by the teachers of Lawrence county, with the expectation of re- 
ceiving State patronage so as ultimately to make it a State Nor- 
mal school. Failing in this, the lands and effects were turned 
over to the Methodist Episcopal church in 1871, since which time 
there has been erected a substantial building of l)rick, in a beau- 
tiful grove, furnishing accommodations for from 200 to 800 stu- 
dents, and a school of academic grade is now being conducted in 
it. The institution has rapidly increased in influence and favor, 



■ ■! 



IIKSTUUY OF illStiOUKI. 293 

and lias reached the point of selt'-siisteiiaiice. It is situated 
on the summit of that district of prairie country in south-west 
Missouri called the '" Ozark Range." An effort is being made, 
this Centennial year, to endow'' tlie institution, thus ])Uu'ing it on 
a iirm hasis. It is controlled by the iSt. Louis conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal church. 

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy was originated in 
the distril)ution of the Congressional land grant to Missouri for 
purposes of industrial education. The act of February, 1S70, set 
aside three-fourths of the proceeds of the laiids for the benefit of the 
Agricultural college (subsequently established at Columbia), and 
one-fourth for the benefit of the School of Mines and Mctallurijy. 
The location of the latter was to be secured by competition in bid- 
ding, and a committee of the Board of trustees of the State Uni- 
Tersity — of which institution the School of Mines wherever located 
was to be a department, — decided that Phelps county made the 
most valuable offer, the bidbsing $75,000, in ten per cent. ct)unty 
bonds, together with lands, agricultural and mineral, all aggregat- 
ing, according to appraisement, $130,545. In accordance with 
this decision, the school was located at Rolla, the county seat of 
Phelps county, and was formally opened on the 23d of Kovendjer, 
1871, by President Peat, of the State University, and Charles P. 
Williams, Director of the School of Mines. The number of stu- 
dents durinfj the first year was twentv-eis'ht. The catalo:2:ues 
show, for the second year (1873), seven tj^-five ; for the third year 
one hundred and seven; for the fourth year one hundred and 
one; and for the fifth year upwards of eighty students. 

The faculty includes six professors and assistants. The course 
of instruction includes thoroughly practical work in the ])urean(l 
applied sciences, with special attention directed to mining and 
civil engineering, metallurgy, analytical and applied chemistry, 
and extends through four years. The degrees conferred are those 
of civil engineer (C. E.), mining engineer (M. E.), and Bachelor 
of Philosophy (Ph. B.), and require a thorough examination, and 
the presentation of a thesis involving some original investigation. 
The degrees are conferred at public commencement, held the last 
Thursday in June of each year. The first commencement was 
held in 1874, and sent out three graduates; the second in 1875, 



294 AN TLLUSTRATED 

with two (graduates, all of whom are filling responsible positions 
in which the training of the school is involved. The coninience- 
nient of 1876, furnished five graduates with diplomas. The 
school possesses excellent mineralogical and geological collec- 
tions, very complete apparatus and instruments for class-room 
demonstrations and field v/ork, and a good library of technical 
works ^id journals. The laboratories ai-e very complete, and are 
equipped as thoroughly as any in the west. The personal prop- 
erty of the scliool is valued at upwards of $25,000. 

North Missouri State Normal School was started as a pri- 
vate enterprise. It was organized in 1S67, and had been in suc- 
cessful operation three and a half years, when the State adopted 
it without change in faculty or planof wc^rk. At tlie first session 
of the Missouri State Teachers' Association held in St. Louis in 
1856, the friends of education began organized efforts to secure 
State Normal schools. The honored and lamented American edu- 
cator, Horace Manu, was present at the meeting, and did much 
toward shaping its deliberations. The legislature, at its session 
m 1870, made provision for two State Normal schools, one north 
and the other south of the Missouri river. The school for the 
first district, embracing the forty-four counties north of the river, 
was located at Kirksville, and opened as a State Normal school, 
January 2d, 1872. But few institutions can show a more flatter- 
ing growth and prosperity than the North Missouri Normal school. 
The attendfince is believed to be larger tlian that in any one de- 
partment of any other collegiate institution in the west. But 
it is in the character and standing that the jjrogress has been 
most marked. It is safe to say that a better class of stu- 
dents can nowhere be found. Most are dependent on their own 
exertions. All are workers. Over 400 teachers go out annually 
to teach in the public schools of the State. These, w^tli very few 
exceptions, give the highest satisfaction, and the demand for 
thoroughly trained teachers is greatly in excess of the 
supply. 

Kirksville is two hundred miles north from St. Louis, accessi- 
ble to a large and promising territory that is rapidly growing in 
{)opulation, and in all the elements of thrift. The location is 
peculiarly fortunate. It contains about 2,500 inhabitants. The 



il 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 295 

citizens are intelligent, moral and enterprising. Tliey feel 
proud of the Normal school, and do everything in their ptnver 
to sustain it. Kirksville is proverbial for good health. Out of 
so inany students from a distance, hut few have died while at- 
tending school in the past eight years, and few cases of severe 
sickness have occurred. Railroad facilities are all that could be 
desired. The St. Louis, Kansas Oityand Northern railroad, with 
its numerous connections, and the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific 
railivnul, from the east, render the school easy of access from every 
cituiity in the State. 

KiCiiMoND CoLLioGE was first inaugurated by the old school 
Presbytery of upper Mississippi, and was continued by them for 
several years with vai'ied success. Its charter was granted in 1853, 
and immediately thereafter, the citizens of tlie county raised bv 
general subscription, a fund sufficient to erect and complete a brick 
building, three stories in height, fifty by ninety feet. The sub- 
scription, however, was made with the proviso that the Presby- 
tery should raise an endowment of $50,000. At the commeuc- 
ment of the late civil war, a fair portion of the endowment was 
held in the form of bonds and notes, but in the ensuing years of 
conflict and confusion, this was lost. From' this time, the church 
abandoned the enterprise, making no further efl:brt to carry out 
the original ])lan. In 1866, a meeting of all the surviving sub- 
scribers was called; aboard of trustees was elected with authority 
and instruction to manai^e and conduct the colle^'e, and to carrv out 
in good faith the munificient purpose (jf its founders. An organi- 
zation was effected in September, 1868, under the presidency of 
Rev. S. J. Iluffaker, since which it has grown rapidly; its de- 
pai'tments were open alike to ladies and gentlemen, and at the 
close of the third annual session, a class of seven, four ladies and 
three gentleman, were regularly graduated. The city of Rich- 
mond, having organized under the special act for cities and towns, 
the curatorsof the college made a conditional transfer of the man- 
agement of the college to the Jjoard of Education of the city, stipu- 
lating that the full course of instruction an<l the organization of 
departments, should be continued as before. Under this mode; of 
management, it has continued to prosper for five years; a class <»f 
nine, five ladies and four gentlemen, graduated in 187(5. 



296 AN" ILLUSTRATED 

Si'. Paul's College is located at Palravra, Marion conntv. Its 
history dates back to February, 1848, when it went into ojieration 
under the name of "The Governor Clark MissioiL " Governor 
Clark made provisions in his will, donating a certain number of 
acres of land to the Episcopal church for educational pur^^oses in 
the diocese of Missouri, provided others would volunteer to make 
similar contributions for the same work. lion. Presley Lane, and 
T. Glover, were appointed by Bishop Hawks, to solicit subscrip- 
tions and carry into eifect the intention indicated in the will. As 
a result of the efforts of these gentlemen, the citizens of Palmyra 
and vicinity, contributed $1,667.61. The beautiful and eligible 
site on which the college now stands, together with sixty-four 
acres of land adjoining, was purchased of Milton Buckner, execu- 
tor of the estate of I. H. Eamondson. The deed bears date of Aug- 
ust 26th, 1847, and was made to the Rt. Rev. Cicero S. Hawks, 
and Dr. Moses McClintoc. In the summer of 1852, a Board of 
trustees was oro^anized under a charter obtained from the legis- 
lature in February of that year. In this legislative action, the 
name of the institution was changed from "Tlie Governor Clark 
Mission" to "St. Paul's College." The names of the incorpora- 
tors, and the gentlemen who constituted the first Board of trustees, 
were Cicero S. Hawks, W. B. Corbyn, Francis I. Clerc, Daniel 
Hough, Job P. Doan, Alfred Warner, and Moses McClintoc. 
From the organization of the institution to July, 1855, upward 
of $20,000 had been contributed from abroad, principally 
from St. Louis. This amount was expended in the erection of a 
dwelling house for the president, suitable college buildings and 
general improvements. At this date, the faculty consisted of Rev. 
W. B. Corbyn, president; Rev. George P. Cummings, professor 
of mathematics; Joseph I. Corbyn, tutor in Latin; and Conrad 
Rotschka, tutor in modern languages. 

In 1858, Rev. Mr. Corbyn was succeeded in the presidency by 
Rev. F. I. Clerc, and in 1859, the Rev. S. Y. McMasters Avas 
elected to that office. Under the administration of this latter 
gentleman, the college flourished in a remarkable manner. In 
the meanwhile the war came, and for several years all collegiate 
work in the institution necessarily ceased, the premises being oc- 
cupied by a portion of the federal army. After the close of the 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 297 

war, the school again went into operation under the presidency 
of the Kt. llev. Cluirles F. Itobertson, S. T. D. lu August, IbTl, 
Rev. I. A. Wainwright, A. M., M. D., was elected Warden of 
the college, and professor of the Greek and Latin languages. 
In May, 1872, Dr. Wainwright was elected to the presidency, 
which office he now continues to hold. 

It was the desiii^n of the founders of St. PauFs college, to 
establish under healthful Christian influences, an institution 
of high grade, whose facilities for a complete education should 
be second to no similar institution in the country. Durino' 
nearly the thirty years of its existence, it has been attended 
with marked success. Many of the best educators and business 
men of the country have acquired their mental discipline and pe- 
culiar fitness for their respective occupations within its walls. 
From its very organization, all attempts at anything fictitious, 
have been ignored. Its reputation as a school claiming the pat- 
ronage of the public, has been made to depend wholly on the 
ability of the men connected with it as instructors, and on the 
thoroughness of the work accomplished. In connection with the 
college, there is a grammar school department, in which boys 
from ten years and upward, are drilled in systematic course in all 
the fundamental branches of an English education. From this 
department, they pass to the higher studies of the collegiate course. 

South East Missouri Normal School was established by an 
act of the General Assembly of Missouri, approved March 22d, 
1873. This act created a Board of Eegents for its government, 
consisting of the State Board of Education, and four regents, to 
be appointed by the Governor. Bids for the location of the school 
were made by Iron county, Boyd township of Cape Girardeau 
county, and the city of Cape Girardeau. After a careful exami- 
nation of the bids, and of the advantages of the different places, a 
vote by ballot determined the competition in favor of Cape 
Girardeau. At a meeting of the Board of Regents, held Decem- 
ber 3d, 1873, the hill known as "Fort B," in the northern part 
of the city, was chosen as the site. At the same time, arrange- 
ments were made for the immediate opening of the school. The 
school was organized the 10th instant following, under the charge 
of L. II. Cheney, A. M., with thirty-five students. For two 



298 -^^^ ILLUSTRATED 

years, the sessions of tlie school were lield in the Public School 
building. Early in the spring of 1874, the foundations of the 
building were laid, and the work steadily progressed until its 
completion in June of tlie following j^ear. The number of 
students enrolled the first year was 57; the second year, 164; 
and the number now enrolled for the third year is 227. The 
faculty of the school consists of four gentlemen and three 
ladies. 

. State Normal School for the second district of Missouri was 
located at Warrensburg, in Johnson county, April 27th, 1871, on 
the joint proposition of Johnson county and the town of "Warrens- 
burg, oftering to the State a building worth two hundred thousand 
dollars and the further donation of twenty acres of land 
adjoining the town, as a site for the building. On the 28th 
of Api'il, a commodious public school building was leased from 
the city for one year, and George P. Beard, A. M., was elected 
president, lie entered at once upon the duties of the position, 
and on the 10th of May following, the school was opened with 
thirty pupils in attendance. Immediate steps were taken towards 
erecting a suitable building on the Normal grounds, and the 
work progressed so rapidly, that the corner-stone was laid on the 
16th of August, in the same year, and in June, 1872, the first 
story being ready for occupancy, the school was removed to the 
new building. This edifice is of the Lombard- Venetian style, 
eighty feet in width, by one hundred and sixty in length. It 
contains thirty-six rooms, not including the Mansard story, and 
when completed, will afford accommodations for eiglit hundred 
students. 

This institution is designed to prepare teachers for the public 
scliools of the State. The course of study embraces both academic 
and professional training. The aim is, first, to impart a compre- 
hensive knowledge of the branches of study prescribed by law, 
for the public schools; second, to extend the course to such other 
branches as are best calculated to lay the foundation for a broad 
and liberal culture; and, third, to cond)ine with the foregoing, 
'' that practical instruction in school management, methods and 
principles of teaching, which will enable the graduate to secure 
the best possible results in the professiou of teaching.'' 



HISTORY OF MlS.SOUKl. 299 

T]»e Kchool is divided into two depiirtnients — the elementary 
and the advanced. Two years ai-e required to coni])lete the 
course in eitlier department, but before entering on the advanced 
course, students are required to complete the elementary course, 
or its equivalent. The theory and art of teaching receive promi- 
nent attention throughout both courses. The school receives 
from the State $10,000 annually, and the income from incidental 
fees and other sources is now about $8,000, making a total 
annual income of $13,000. Tuition is free. 

Since the organization in 1871, the number of students has 
increased t'nmi thirty to over four hundred. One hundred and 
twenty-two have graduated in the elementary course, and ten 
in the advanced course. A large number of these graduates are 
engaged in the profession of teaching, and, in addition to this, 
many of the students teach in the rural schools from three 
to six months annually. 

It is not the aim of the institution to rival the academy and 
college, by seeking the students that legitimately belong to them, 
but rather to meet a want which they do not : to provide pro- 
fessional training for those who are preparing themselves to teach 
in the public schools of the State. The schotd is under the man- 
agement, as president, of George L. Osborn, A. H., with an am- 
ple corps of instructors. 

St. Louis University, founded in 1820, is among the oldest in- 
stitutions of the kind in the State. A building M'as erected the 
year of its founding, chiefly through the efforts of Kev. Charles 
Van Quickenborne. Two years later, an addition was made, 
and again in 1833, it was found necessary to still further 
enlarge the capacity of the buildings. The entire building at 
that time stood on the Christy avenue side, one hundred and 
thirty-two feet in length. It was incorporated in 1833, by the 
legislature of the State of Missouri, and fully empowered to 
confer academic and literary degrees. In 183(i, the fourth build- 
ing was erected, eighty by thirty, on the Washington av'enue 
side, for the accommodation of a fine philosophicid and chemical 
apparatus, ])urchased from the College of St, Acheuil, in France. 
Four years later, or in 1840, the spacious edifice, church of St. 
Francii Xavier, was commenced and completed in two years. 



300 Al^ ILLUSTRATED 

The tenth, and principal structure of the series was erected on 
the corner of Nintli and Washington avenue, in 1854. This is 
sixty feet front on Nintli street, witli a depth of one hundred and 
thirty feet on Washington avenue, and is three stories high. It 
contains a chapel, and hall, two large rooms for library and the 
museum on the second floor, and on the third floor one of the 
finest exhibition halls in the country. The library is one of the 
rarest in the west, comprising in all some 25,000 volumes of 
every useful variety, ancient classics and English literature, 
travels and history, theology and political economy, besides books 
quaint and curious. In 1863, the eleventh building was erected. 
Three floors are used as class rooms, while the fourth contains 
dormitories, and Philalethic hall, used as a debating-room 
by the students. This institution is well fitted to bestow a liberal 
education upon its pupils, and has enjoyed much prosperity. 
The average number of students is about three hundred and fifty, 
and while a majority are from Missouri, many are from other and 
from distant states. The faculty comj^rises a list of names 
severally distinguished in their various departments, 

Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri, was chartered in 
1857, as '' Baptist College," and continued in successful oper- 
ation under that name until October, 1870, when it was trans- 
ferred, by the board of curators, to the Baptist General Associ- 
ation, with the proviso that that body should adopt it as the 
denominational Female school of the State. In connection with 
this proposition, Mr. J. L. Stepliens ofiered to endow it with 
$20,000, in case the Association should accept the offer made to 
it by the curators of the college. Subsequently the terms pro- 
posed were accepted by the Association, and it was voted that 
thereafter "the school be known as the Stephens Female 
College." 

The institution is located in the eastern suburbs of the city, 
the collecje building-s standino; in a lawn of eleven acres, sur- 
rounded by beautiful forest trees — a most lovely site for a female 
college, offering ample room for that exercise and amusement so 
essential to the health and happiness of young ladies. Columbia 
is reached by the j^urth Missouri railroad, and its branch from 
Centralia to Columbia. It is in dailv communication with St, 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 301 

Louis, St. Joseph, Hannibal, and other important towns in north 
and north-west Missouri. 

The last catalogue furnishes this information: "The out-look 
for the future is full of promise. Besides our own facilities, the 
faculty and pupils of this college have free access to all lectures, 
cabinets, apparatus, (chemical, astronomical, philosophical, etc.,) 
connected with and belonging to the Univ^ersity of our State; — 
all of which are secured to this institution by a resolution offered 
by J. S. Rollins, president of the board of curators, and adopted 
by that body May Sth, 1872. Our location for health is unsur- 
passed by any in the temperate zone; our accommodations are 
ample and commodious; our faculty numerous, experienced and 
thoroughly qualified; our religious and social privileges equal to 
any in the State; the constellation of schools, colleges, and the 
University located at C<jlumbia, shedding their concentrated 
influence upon all: the resources, appliances and facilities at our 
disposal — all these combined, enable us to offer advantages and 
inducements to the daughters of Missouri which cannot be had 
in any other locality." 

Syxopical Female College was located l)y the Synod of 
Missouri, at the city of Fulton, Callaway county, in the fall of 
1871.' The college, at that place, stands upon an eminence, over- 
looking the entire surrounding country for many miles, in the 
midst of a plot of fiv^e acres. The buildings were erected in 1872 
and 1873, and in the summer of '1871:, the property was leased to 
Rev.W.W. Hill, D.D., for the term of ten years, on condition that 
he was to furnish the buildings, adorn the grounds, and bind him- 
self to maintain a first-class institution, fully equipped with 
teachers of a high order, and all the modern appliances for run- 
ning such an institution. Thus fai*, the success of the arrange- 
ment has been flatterino; to the friends of the college. Fulton 
possesses rare advantages for a school of this character, being 
upon high land, and free from malarious influences. It is access- 
ible from all points by rail, and possesses society of rare sobriety, 
culture and refinement. 

Thayer College was chartered by the General Assembly of 
Missouri, in the year 186.3, having previously o]>tained a con- 



302 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 

ditional grant of 636 acres of land, from the New England Land 
Company, through Nathaniel Thayer, one of its trustees. 
Nothing tangible was done, however, until 1868, when, by action 
of the Board of trustees, Rev. Samuel D. Cochran, D. D., was 
called to the presidency of the incipient college, and, on- the 9th 
of June following, grouitd was broken, as the initiatory step to- 
wards the erection of the present commodious building. But, 
owing to unforeseen obstacles, the work was suspended after the 
building was up, for nearly two years, and itAvas nut until Janu- 
ary, 1872, that it was completed, and ready for occui:)ancy ; and 
on the 23d of the same month, the first term commenced- 
Tjie college building, one of the best in the State for educational 
purposes, erected at a cost of $45,000, is three stories high, with 
an additional roof story. It contains a chaj^el, four recitation 
rooms, a library, a cabinet. chamber, ten lodging rooms, and in the 
basement an eating hall for the use of students who wish to board 
themselves. The college is under Congregational auspices. It 
is located in the town of Kidder, in Caldwell couwty, on the 
Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, which is settled mostly by New 
England people. 

The University or Missouri had. its origin in the action of 
Congress granting to the State, upon its admission into the 
Union, two townships of land for the support of "A Seminary of 
Learning." The State legislature thus became the trustee for 
the management of the land and the application of the funds 
arising therefrom. The lands selected, known as " Seminary 
lands," were among the best and most valuable in the State. By 
an act jjassed in 1832, by the legislature, these lands were put 
upon the mai-ket, and sold at a price so low that the entire pro- 
ceeds of the sale amounted to less than $75,000. The sum thus 
originating was invested in the stock of the old bank of the State 
of Missouri. When it had gro^vn, by accumulation, to the sum 
of $100,000, the question of instituting and locating the Uni- 
versity began to be agitated. 

In the year 1839, an aict was passed " to provide for the institu- 
tion and support of the State University, and for the government 
of Colleges." This act was very elaborate, consisting of five 
articles, and ])rovided for colleges and academies in difl*erent parts 






H 

r 
o 

TO 

<i 
ft 

Ed 
en 

H 
«1 




HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 303 

of the State, to be connected with tlie State University, and to be 
under tlie visitorial poAver of its curators. This plan of a State 
University, although good in some respects, and at onetime ])op- 
ular in several states, was found to be cumbrous and too unwieldy, 
and was soon abandoned wherever undertaken; and besides, in 
this instance, no adequate endowment was provided for so ex- 
tensive a scheme. 

In the same year, an act was passed, making ])rovision for 
selecting a site for the University. This act was drafted by Hon, 
James S. Tlollins, at that time the representative of Boone county, 
in the legislature. Tlie act provided that the site should contain 
at least fifty acres of land, in a compact form, within two miles 
of the county seat of the county of Cole, Cooper, Howard, Boone 
Callaway, or Saline. 

Five commissioners were appointed to select the site, all of them 
outside the limits of the competing counties, who, having taken 
all necessary steps in complying with the provisions of the law, 
and having: received the sealed bids of each of the counties com- 
peting, met at the City of Jefferson, in June, 183^, opened the 
bids, and found that a bonus was offered by citizens of Bocme 
county, for its location at Columbia, the county seat, amounting 
to 81 IT, 500; the offer was acce]>ted by the commissioners, and 
the University accordingly located there on the 2-ith of June. 

This was a most remarkable subscription for that period; 
for it was long before those wonders of munificence in behalf 
of institutions of learning, which distinguish the past few 
years, had occurred. The subscription of a peck of ])arched corn 
to Harvard College, in the beginnings and poverty of New Eng- 
land, has become historic. The fact that one man wlio could 
neither read nor write subscribed and paid $3,000 to the State 
University of Missouri is as great a marvel, and as much deserves 
commemoration. 

On the 4th day of July, 1840, about one year after the location, 
the corner-stone of the present principal University edifice was 
laid with considerable pomp and ceremony. The address of the 
occasion was delivered by James L. Minor, of Jefferson City. 
Prior to the location of the University at Columbia, there had 
been established, for a few vears. the Columbia collesre. This in- 



. 304 AN ILLUSTRATED 

stitutiou had a substantial brick building, two stories in height, 
and in dimension 26x60 feet. This school, with its property, be- 
came merged into the University, and its building afSjrded 
accommodation to the University until its main edifice was com- 
pleted. 

In the year 1840, the late John H. Lathrop, LL. D., then a 
professor of Hamilton college. New York, was elected the first 
president of the University, but did not enter upon duty until 
the beginning of 1841. The first class, consisting of two mem- 
bers, graduated in 1843. Although the institution was reason- 
ably flourishing, few students reached the attainments required 
for graduation. In the year 1849, Dr. Lathrop resigned his po- 
sition as president of the University, and the Kev. James Shan- 
non, LL. D., became his successor, and continued president six 
years. Professor W. W. Hudson succeeded Dr. Shannon, and 
upon his death, in 1859, B. B. Minor, then of Richmond, 
Virginia, was elected president, and continued in oftice about two 
years, when, in the troubles of the civil war, the institution was 
suspended, and its buildings occupied by United States troops. 
A portion of the professors remained on the ground, and soon 
resumed tlieir instructions, so far as they had students, and cir- 
cumstances permitted. In 1863, there was one graduate, and the 
next year, two, and in 1865, five. In this year Dr. Lathrop was 
again elected president, having in 1860 returned to the University, 
being elected professor of English Literature. 
y'^Soon after the death of Dr. Latln-op, which occurred in the 
summer of 1866, Daniel Eead, LL. D., was unanimously elected 
the president. With Dr. Lathrop's last ofiicial term, ended 
the history of the University under its organization as re- 
quired by tlie constitution of 1820, and the legislation grow- 
ing out of that recpiirement. The University had existed foi- 
a period of twenty-five years- under the form of the College 
of Arts, or old-fashioned college, including also preparatory 
students, as was necessary in a new weistern institution, and 
also students in partial courses. It had encountered various 
vicissitudes — the bank stock constituting its endowment some- 
times yielding very small dividends; and even, at times, none at 
all. Vet during this period there was substantial progress — an 



UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI, 305 

edncatioiiiil atmosphere was created — valuable materiel for scien- 
titic and literary studies was collected — many useful lessons as to 
the administration of such an institution had been learned. The 
number of students whe had graduated reached nearly two hun- 
dred, while a much larger number acquired that education which 
fitted them for important positions in society. 

Dr. Read, soon after his election, came on the ground to look 
into the condition of the institution; and, after examination, find- 
ing the fund utterly inadecpiate to its support as a State Univer- 
sity, amounting, as it then did, to the permanent sum of but 
about $7,000 per annum, encumbered also with a debt of $20,000, 
— the buildings and fixtures being likewise in a dilajjidated con- 
dition, — after stating his views fully to the legislature in an 
elaboi-ate address, made his acceptance dependent upon the action 
that body should take as to the endowment and support of the 
institution. The legislature took favorable action and recognized 
its obligations to support the University, by a bill which became 
a law on the 11th day of March, 2867^,_^'an ting to the curators 
$10,000 to re-build the President's house which had been de- 
stroyed by fire, and also one and three-fourths per cent, of the 
State revenue, after deducting therefrom twenty-five per cent, for 
the public school fund. This grant has jnelded from twelve to 
sixteen thousand dollars a year. It constitutes an important era 
in the history of the University, and is in fact the beginning of 
its subsequent prosperity and enlargement. Dr. Read entered 
upon ]iermanent official duty in Aprilthereafter, and at the meet- 
ing of the Board of curators then held, presented a carefully 
considered plan for the organization of its departments, which was 
adopted, and which has since been adhered to and carried out so 
far as the means of the University would permit. 

In pursuance of this plan, the University was organized with, 
first, the College proper, which has been retained, with a full 
and complete course in the classical and modern languages, in 
mathematics, in literature, and in the natural sciences. The 
studies are adjusted so as to include those of Arts, Science, Let- 
ters and Philosophy, allowing as large a liberty of choice as may 
be consistent with the college idea, and at the same time award 
an appropriate degree, according to the course pursued. 



30() A.V ILI.USTIIATKD 

The professional schools, now formiiio- a part of the Fniver- 
sitj, are: the Normal, or College of Instruction in Teaching, 
which was opened September, 18r>8; the Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College, which commenced September, ISTO; the School 
of Mines and Metallui-gy, at Rolla, opened in November, 1871; 
the College of Law,, commencing iu October, 1872; the Medical 
f/ollege; which began in Februarj^ 1873; and the Department of 
Analytical and Applied Chemistry, which opened in May, 1873. 

In the progressive development of the Institution, there are 
still other departments contemplated. Among these are: the Col- 
lege of Mechanical Arts; a College of the Fine Arts, embracing, 
amojig other thiiigs, drawing and landscape gardening; the De- 
pai'trrient of Engineering, for speicial and professional instruction; 
provision for Architecture and Construction. There is no ex- 
clusion on account of sex. Commencing with the Normal, 
jouhg women have been admitted to the various departments, 
until to-day they enjoy all the rights and privileges of the L[ni- 
versity which are accorded to young men. 
• In 1862, Congress made a grant of land to the State, for the 
benefit of an Agricultural and Mechanical college, which grant 
was accepted by legislative action, March 17th, 1863. The ques- 
tion then arose as to the wisest method of appropriation. After 
a long and earnest controversy, it was decided in the legislature 
of the State, February 24:th, 1870, by the passage of a bill which 
provided that the proceeds of the; grant should be turned over to 
the State University, to be used for the benefit of the proposed 
institution. 

A large bonus, however, was required of Boone county, in 
which the University is established, for the location of the Agri- 
cidtural and Mechanical college, amounting to $30,000 in cash, 
and six hundred and forty acre^ of adjacent lands, which, with 
the improvements and houses thereon, cost the county $60,000, 
Under the authority and management o fthe University, there was 
required to be established also a School of Mines, in the south- 
east part of the State, to which twenty -five per cent, of the fund 
accruing from the above-mentioned grant was to be given for its 
sup])ort. The location was to be in that county which should 
make the largest and best l)i(l in lands and money, and was 



I 




DANIEL READ. LL. D. 



lIlsTOKY OF MlbSOLUl. 307 

awarded to Plielps county, upon an ofter of lands and m<»iR-v in 
county bonds, boarin^ ten ]»ei' cent, interest, per annum, of 
$175,000, and T,70i> acres of land, yalued at f^l>S,r)4r»: total, !<130,- 
545. The school of mines and metallurgy was therefore located 
at Itolla, the county seat of Phelps county, as a di'partment of the 
State University; but it lias since been decided by the Supreme 
Court, that the bonds were issued ille<^ally. 

The new constitution reduces the governing- Board to nine 
(whicli had recently been increased to twenty-four), and alM) re- 
quires the University to be supported \vitli its present existing 
departments, they making it part and parcel of the system of 
public education in the State, The annual income of the Uni- 
versity, derived from its funds, bank stock, students' fees, State 
revenue, and other sources, is nearly $65,000. There are still 
200,000 acres of land, from the grant of 1862, remaining unsold, 
from wliicli it is lair to predict additional income, at no distant day. 
The donations to the institutions have been princely, and indi- 
cate not only a sjurit of " good emulation," but a love for the 
Uniyersity itself, which is grand to contemplate. In the aggre- 
gate, these gifts amount to $368,045, The faculty and instructors 
of the Uniyersity, in all its departments, consist of gentlemen, 
all of "wliom are of well-known experience and ability, foi'ming a 
<'or])s of educators of the highest order. 

On the 15th of December, 1874, Dr. Head resigned the 2)resi- 
dency, his resignation to takeeftect July 4tli, 1876. Accordingly, 
on that day he vacated the office he had filled with so much credit 
to himself and to the institution, over which he had had super- 
vision for nearh- ten years. His successor is Rev. Samuel S. 
Laws, D. D. 

Washington University is located in the city of St. Louis. It 
is non-sectarian. The act of amendment (Section 2) to its Char- 
ter, apj)royed February 12, 1857, declares that "no instruction, 
either sectarian in religion, or partisan in politics, shall be 
allowed in any department of said University; and no secta- 
rian or l>arty test shall be allowed in the election of professors, 
teachers, or other officers of said University, or in the admission 
of scholars thereto, or for any purpose whatever." The formal 
inauguration took place on the 22d of April, 1857, by appropri- 



308 



AN ILLUSTUATKD 



ate exercises, at Academic Hall, and by an oration, delivered by 
Edward Everett, in the Mercantile Library Hall. Tlie l^oly- 
teclmic, or Scientific scliool, was organized at that time. 




WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUlS, MISSOFRl. 

The University c(nu})rehends live departments : the Acad- 
emy ; Mary Institnte; the College; the Polytechnic school; and 
the Law scliool. Tlie first is a school for boys, fitting stndents 
for admission to the higher de])artnients of the University, or 
for business life. 

Mary Institute is a school for girls, liaving buildings and a 
faculty of its own, but so connected Avitli the University 



IHSTUUY Ol" MlSSOUUl. 309 

proper, as to afford to its students idl the advantages offered to 
young men. 

The OoUeo-e was or^auized in 1S59, and the first senior class 
was graihiated in June, 18(52. It has a four years' course, so 
ari-auijed as to give the student a wide rano;e in the choice of* 
studies, and to meet the demands of the times for broad and lib- 
eral culture. 

The Polytechnic school, organized in 1857, offers the following 
courses of study: civil engineering, mechanical engineering, 
chemistry, minmg and metallurgy, building and architecture, and 
a general course. The degrees corresponding to these courses of 
study are "civil engineer," "mechanical engineer,'' " chemist," 
"engineer of mines," "architect," and "bachelor of sciences," 
This de})artment is su])])lied with well-furnished and equipped 
laboratories for the study of chemistry, physics, and metallurgy; 
with all facilities for the study of engineering in its various 
bratiches. 

The Law school of the University (also known as the St. Louis 
Law school) was formally opened on Wednesday, KJth of Octo- 
ber, 1867. The establishment of such a school was believed to be 
a part of the necessary development of the University, as well as 
peculiarly appropriate in a great and growing city, offering unsur- 
passed advantages for combining practical instruction with theo- 
retical study of the law; and the experience of eight years of 
rapid and gratifying progress has abundantly justified this opin- 
ion. The largely increased adv-antages which, through the gen- 
erous aid of its friends, the Law school is enabled to present, 
give promise of still greater efficiency in the future. All the 
members of the faculty have long been, and now are, engaged on 
the bench or at the bar, in the daily application of legal ])rinci- 
ples; thus securing that fresh and familiar acquaintance with the 
art and science of law, which should best qualify them for their 
duties as instructors. The full course includes two annual terms, 
each of six months, beginning on the second Wednesday in 
October. The annual examination of the senior class for degrees 
is held during the first week in May, immediately following 
wliich, is the Law commencement. This examination is con- 
<lucted chiefly upon printed (piestions, covering the entire course 



310 AX ii.lttstratp:d 

of study, and is intended to test severely, though impartially, the 
acquirements of the candidates. Only upon the M'rittcn recom- 
mendation of the Examiners is a degree granted by the Uni- 
versity. 

The life of this institution, though not a long one, and having 
but few points of historical interest, has always been a liealthy 
one, and its growth has proceeded upon the sound pi-inci])les of 
thoroughness in all its work. Judging by its l)rief ]>ast, its 
friends may contidently look for it, in the neai- futui-e, to become 
a leading power in the educational interests of the \aliey of the 
Mississippi. 

William Jewell College is a Baptist institution, located at 
Liberty, in Clay county. It was named in honor of William 
Jewell, M. D., now deceased. It was chartered by the State legis- 
lature in 1849. In 1854, the present commodious college build- 
ings, situated on a commanding eminence at the eastern side of 
the town, were completed. From that time to the present — with 
an exception of a temporary suspension during the civil war — 
the institution has been conducted under the auspices of the Mis- 
souri Baptist General Association. The college property is worth 
about $75,000, and is unencumbered. The endowment is worth 
$100,000, though not all of this sum is })roductive. There is a 
very large and well selected library, and also complete scientific 
apparatus. 

The organization of the institution is after the University plan, 
and embraces eight schools: School of Latin; School of Greek; 
School of Mathematics; School of Xatural Science; School of 
Modern Language; School of English and Histoiy; the Sher- 
^vood School of Moral Philosophy, — named in honor of tlie vene- 
rated and learned Kev. Dr. A. Sherwood; Jeremiah Yardeman 
School of Theology— named in honor of the late Rev. Jeremiah 
Vardeman. These eight schools are respectively j^resided over 
by a competent professor; these professors compttse the faculty 
of which W. 11. Rothwell, T). I)., is at ])resent the chairman. 

The first president of William Jewell college was llev. E. S. 
Dulin, who, some years after the expiration of his official connec- 
tion with the institution, received from it the honorary degree of 
Doctor of Divinity; he has also been hon_ored with the deijree of 



f 

W 
f 

r 

Q 

o 
f 

M 
Q 




JIISTOUY Of MISSUKKI. 311 

LL. 1). bv La Graiio'o colles^o. Dr. Dnlin lias i^ained distinction 
as an edncator, and is at present the princi])al of an academy for 
Frencli education, at the city of St. Josepli. Tlev. R. W. Tlioinas, 
A. M., was the next president. Mi-. Thomas died a few years 
since, honored by a large circle of acipiaintances. Rev. William 
Thompson, LL. D., succeeded Mr. Thomas. lie was a native of 
England, and in this country was distingnished for eminent schol- 
arship and marvelous powers of speech. Dr. Thompson died iu 
this State without comfortable fortune, but honored by the thou- 
san<ls who delighted in his transcendent ability as a speaker. 
T'pon the resumption of the college work, after the close of the 
late war of the states. Rev. Thomas Rambant, LL. D., was called 
to the presidency. At the time of this call, Dr. Rambant was 
pastor of a church in Louisville, Kentucky. Under the adminis- 
tration of this eminent college officer, the institution was greatly 
revived, and raised to its present standard of thoroughness and 
efficiency. It was by the effort of President Rambant that 
$40,000 were raised to commence the endowment of the Varde- 
man School of Theology. In 1873, President Rambanfs failing 
health induced him to accept leave of absence from college duties, 
and go abroad; upon his return to America, he resigned his con- 
nection with the college, and is now settled as a pastor in the city 
of Brooklyn, New York. 

At present, the affairs of the college are administered by a 
chancellor, after the manner of Universities. This position is 
filled by Rev. W. Pope Yeaman, D. D., who has l)een elected to 
a second term of two years. Under Chancellor Yeaman's admin- 
istration, encouraging prosperity has marked the progress of this 
now influential institution of learning. There has been a con- 
siderable increase in the number of pupils, and, during the Cen- 
tennial year about $20,000 were added to the endowment fund. 
At present there are one hundred and sixty pupils enrolled; forty- 
"six of whom are receiving instruction in the School of Theology. 
The chancellor, besides the administration of the general affiiirs 
of the college, is actively engaged in efforts to further enlarge 
the endowment, in which work he has the aid of a committee of 
seventeen able and influential inen, appointed by the Baptist 
General Association, and known as the '' (College Endowment 



312 AK ILLUSTRATED 

Committee," of which Rev. W. M. Bell, of Miami, is chairman. 
The Board of trustees of this institution is composed of twenty- 
seven men, chosen hy the General Association; some are minis- 
ters of the Gospel, and others are prominent and influential lay- 
men. Of this Board Hon. J. B. Wornall is president, Hon. D. 
C. Allen, secretary, and Hon. J. L. Peck, treasurer. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



COUNTIES OF MISSOURI. 



Adair county is situated in the north-eastern portion of the 
State. It is bounded on the north by the counties of Schuyler and 
Putnam, Avhich separate it from the State of Iowa; on the east by 
Scotland and Knox; on the south by Macon; and on the west by 
Sullivan. It embraces an area of 567 square miles, and is divided 
b}' a north and south ridge into two portions. The part east of 
this ridge is watered by streams flowing toward the Mississippi. 
On the west side of the "divide," the streams flow off" to the Mis- 
souri, The topographical features of the two portions are difler- 
ent. The eastern is gently sloping and undulating; the western is 
often hilly and broken. The surface is about equally divided 
between prairie and timber land. The pi-airie land is rich and pro- 
ductive. The timber is oak and walnut, and is found in belts 
in the eastern part near the streams and on the adjacent hills. 
The Chariton river is heavily skirted with trees on both sides for 
several miles, and is the principal water course. It passes from 
north to south through the center of the county; and its many 
tributaries meander in diff'erent directions through it, atf'ording 
abundant water for domestic and other purposes. Pure water is 
obtained everywhere by digging about twenty feet. That portion 
of the county known as the '' Barrens," includes most of the terri- 
tory west of Chariton river and south of Spring creek, and con- 
sists of irregular, winding, and sharp ridges, from one hundred to 
one hundred and fifty feet in height, with but little soil. There are 
a number of good, workable seams of coal found in the county; — 
the lowest is that worked on the Chariton in the northern part, 
which is from three to four feet thick, and is generally separated by 
a thin clay seam. There are a number of mining operations 
carried forward on Spring, Rye, and Brush creeks. The State geol- 
ogist. Garland C. Broadhead, in his report for 1873 and 1874, says 
that, probably, nearly three-fourths of Adair county, or 380 square 
miles, are underlaid Avith coal, amounting to 2,754,385.920 tons. 
Limestone and sandstone for building purposes are abundant. The 



314 AN ILLUSTRATED 

soils are very fertile, and well adapted to all purposes of agriculture. 
In 1870, the county had 96,399 acres of improved land, 91,574 acres of 
woodland, and 49,601 acres of other unimproved land. The lead- 
ing occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. Grain of all 
kinds yields good crops, and no county of the State can raise 
better Timothy and Hungarian grass. The facilities for markets 
are good. The St. Louis, Kansas Citj' and Northan railroad crosses 
the county from north to south, having nearly twenty-five miles of 
track. The Quincy, Missouri and Pacific railroad has fourteen 
miles of road bed. These railroads furnish a southern, eastern, and 
northern outlet for exportations. Shortly after the war, there was 
considerable immigration to the country, mostly farmers from the 
eastern and northern States. It was first permanently settled in 
1831 — 32 by a few families from Kentucky, and was organized Jan- 
uary 29th, 1841. 

Kirksvillp, the county seat, lies in Benton township. It is a 
flourishing town, beautifully situated on the western margin of a 
high rolling prairie, on the summit of the " Grand divide," on the 
North Missouri railroad. 216 miles from St. Louis, aiul 151 miles 
from Jefferson City. It was laid out in 1842, and incorporated in 
1857. The State Normal School for the northern district of the 
State is located at this place. Shibley's Point is a post village in 
Morrow township, .situated on Shuteye creek, 17 miles from Kirk- 
ville. It was first settled in 1840, by James Cain, Robert Burns, 
Jacob Shibley, and James Cox, A post-office was established in 
1853. Brashears, or Paulville, an important shipping point, is 
twelve miles east of Kirksville, on the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific 
railroad. It was laid out by Richard Brashears, in 1872. Nineveh 
and Millard are small, but pleasantly situated towns of this county. 

Andrew county is one of the six north-western counties erected 
out of the "Platte Purchase," from which, in 1836, the Indians were 
removed by act of Congress, This purchase was formed into the 
counties of Platte, Nodaway, Holt, Atchison, Buchanan, and 
Andrews; and was selected by the Indians as a reservation. It was 
regarded by early settlers of this part of the country as the garden 
of the State. Andrew is the central county of the purchase, and is 
thirty miles south of the Iowa line. It is bounded on the south- 
west, about twelve miles, by the Missouri river, which here forms 
the boundary of the State, separating it from Kansas, The 
superficial area of the county is about 455 square miles, or 




NICHOLAS FORD. 



HISTOKY OF MISSOFUI. 315 

268,477 acres. The county is considerably diversified in its surface, 
topographically. The bottom lands along the Missouri and in the 
valleys of the principal streams, are almost a dead level; while the 
bluffs — except along the Missouri river — are gradually sloping. 
The upland portions are rolling and easily cultivated; the eastern 
part is generally high rolling prairie, with fine groves of timber 
skirting the streams; the southern and south-western portions are 
more broken, and are admirably adapted to grape growing; the 
north-eastern part, known as Empire Prairie, is the most level dis- 
trict in the country, containing excellent land for all agricultural 
purposes. The county is well watered, every part abounding in 
running streams. Muddy creek and its tributary the Third Fork. 
traverse the eastern part about ten miles. The Platte enters the 
county on its north line and runs due south until it crosses its 
southern boundary. It is a fine, clear stream, four to six rods in 
width with a rapid current, furnishing an abundant suppl}^ of 
water for mills and manufactories. It has nine principal tributa- 
ries. West of the Platte and running parallel with it (from two 
to six miles distant), is the One-Hundred-and-Two river, which 
has its course through the county for about the same distance as 
the Platte. It has seventeen tributaries. The Nodaway enters 
into the Missouri in the south-west corner of the county, — this 
stream helping to form its western boundary. This is the largest 
river in the county, except the Missouri. There are two lines of 
railroads in operation through Andrew count}': the Chicago 
branch of the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs road, 
which runs north and south through the center of the county, 
connecting with the main line at Amazonia, the latter following 
the Missouri river. These two roads give an excellent market to 
St. Louis, Chicago, St. Joseph and Kansas City. The principal 
timber is black walnut, red and white elm, hickory and oak. The 
soil is generally a dark, clay loam resting on a clay subsoil, and 
remarkable for its fertility. The county is strictly an agricultural 
one; no coal, iron or lead having been discovered. Building stone 
suitable for mast purposes is found, except in the northern jjart of 
the county. Corn succeeds wonderfully, sometimes yielding an 
average of 75 to 100 bushels to the acre. Winter and spring wheat, 
oats, barle}', rye and buckwheat, yield good crops, and grapes are 
cultivated with great success. Andrew county was first settled by 
Joseph Walker in 1837, and was organized January 2!), 1841. 



316 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Savannah, the county seat, is located in Nodaway township, on 
the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs railroad, fourteen 
miles from St. Joseph, 315 miles from St. Louis and 200 miles 
from Jeffersou City. The town was first settled in 1842. It is 
pleasantly situated on an elevation which affords a fine view of the 
surrounding country. It has an excellent court house, and other 
county buildings. This town was affected by the war in the 
destruction of much valuable property, but has recovered there- 
from. It is the depot for the shipment of the larger portion of the 
products of the county. Fillmore is the second town in the 
county, and situated in Jackson township, twelve miles from 
Savannah. Rochester is a small village on the east bank of the 
Platte river. Amazonia is on the Missouri river, and the St. 
Joseph and Council Bluflfe railroad, and is nine miles north-west of 
St. Joseph. Nodaway City is a small hamlet on the line of the 
St. Joseph railroad. It lies in Lincoln township. Grlendale, 
Bolckow, Flag Springs, Whitesville, are newly settled locations. 

ATCHiso]sr county, the extreme north-western county of the State, 
is a part of the " Platte Purchase." It has the Iowa State line for 
a northern boundary; Nodaway county bounds it on the east; and 
Holt on the south; and the Missouri river, which separates it from 
the State of Nebraska, on the west. The county was taken from 
Holt county, and was organized February l-lth, 18i5. It was first 
settled in 1839. or the year following, by CoUaway Millsap, at 
Sonora, on the Missouri river. The larger part of the land is roll- 
ing prairie. It is divided, as a whole, into three natural belts. 
First, the Missouri bottom, which is from three to six miles wide; 
second, a bluff and timber belt situated back of the bottom land; 
third, the rolling upland prairie, which comprises the whole eastern 
portion. The bottom land is by far the most fertile; the bluff belt 
furnishes most of the timber, and is best situated for fruit culture; 
while the prairies are all fertile, yet scarce of timber. Coal has 
been found in the county, but no effort has been made to develop 
it. The Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs railroad running 
along the Missouri river, through the southern and western part, 
is the principal facility for transportation to markets. Corn is the 
principal crop; cattle and hogs the principal stock. The principal 
streams are the Nishnabotna, Tarkeo, and Rock creek. The town- 
ships of Atchison county are Benton, Buchanan, Clark. Clay, 
Nishnabotna Polk. Tarkeo and Templeton. Rockpo rt^ the coxxniy 



II 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 817 

seat, is a flourishing village in the township of Tarkeo. Watson, 
located in the north-west corner of Atchison county, is an enter- 
prising town. Its inhabitants are noted for their public spirit and 
enterprise. The town has become famous as a shipping i>oint for 
grain and stock. The other villages are Sonora, in the township 
of Tarkeo, and Phelps City, in the township of Templeton. The 
county has a school fund of $125,000. 

Audrain county is centrally situated in the north-east part of the 
State, on the divide between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. 
It is bounded on the worth by the counties of Monroe and Rails; 
on the east by Pike and Montgomery; on the south by Boone, 
Callawa}', and Montgomery; on the west by Boone and Randolph. 
It embraces an area of 680 square miles, or 43.5,200 acres, and was 
organized December ITth, 1836. The general surface of the coun- 
tiy is rich rolling prairie, well divei'sified with timber, and watered 
with man}' streams, the principal of which is Salt river. It has, 
however, but little water power. The soil is principally a clayish 
loam, underlaid with a clay sub-soil, and well adapted to produce 
excellent crops of agricultural products. Coal is found in large 
quantities. Caunel coal exists in the northern part of the county. 
The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture; stock 
raising being very profitable. The county is well supplied with 
facilities for transportation having two lines of railroads, the St. 
Louis, Kansas City and Northern, which passes through the entire 
length of the county from east to west, and the Chicago, Alton and 
St. Louis railroad. Chicago and St. Louis are the principal 
markets. The county was principally settled by immigrants from 
the eastern states and Germany. The townships are Cuivre, Linn, 
Loutre, Prairie, Salt River, Saling, and Wilson. 

Mexico^ the county seat, is situated in the township of Salt 
river, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 108 
miles from St. Louis, and on the Louisiana branch of the Chicago, 
Alton and St. Louis road, 51 miles from Jefferson City. It is a 
growing place. Manufacturing is extensively carried on. Hardin 
College, founded by the munificence of Hon. Charles H. Hardin, 
is located here. Mexico was laid out in 1836, and was incorporated 
as a city, February 7th, 1857. Martinsburg is a town of considerable 
importance, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 
14 miles south-east of Mexico. Ladonia, 15 miles from Mexico, on 
the Chicago and Alton railroad, is an enterprising village. Van- 
dalia is a sjuall town on the same line of railroad. 



318 A^ ILLUSTRATED 

Barry county is situated in the south-western part of the State, 
and originally embraced all the territory from which the counties of 
Lawrence, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Newton, McDonald, (and in part 
<^edar), have been formed. In 1828, a man by the name of Wash- 
burn, made the first settlement upon the prairie which bears his 
name. Settlements soon followed on Flat creek, Joyce creek, and 
Shoal creek, by Locks, Bratins, Jerry Fly, Joyce, and Daniel 
Meeks. The county was organized, January 5th, 1835, but was 
reduced to its present limits, January 24th, 1849. The general 
surface is rolling, or undulating, and on some portions broken, 
being traversed by the Ozark mountains. The soil is of various 
kinds, from the rich alluvial bottoms to the more thin, or ridge 
upland lands. The county is excellently supplied with timber, 
there being but very little prairie proper, in any part of it. Tim- 
ber is abundant for all necessary purposes. There is a fair sup- 
ply of water power on the White and Roaring rivers. The latter 
bursts from the earth, a large stream. Lead is found in abundance 
in many portions of the county. No coal has been discovered in- 
this county. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agri- 
culture. The products of the soil are shipped to St. Louis. The 
townships of the county are Copp's Creek, Crane's Creek, Flat 
Creek, King's Prairie, McDonald, Mountain, Roaring River, Shoal 
Creek, Sugar Creek, and White River. 

Cassville. the county seat, is in Flat Creek township, and on a 
stream of that name, 300 miles from St. Louis, and 220 miles from 
Jefferson City. The place was. severely injured by a fire in 1866. 
Washburn is quite a town, eight miles southwest of Cassville. 
Corsicana is a small village twelve miles northwest of Cassville. 

Bartox county is located in the south-western part of the State, 
and was organized from the northern part of Jasper county, 
December 12th, 1855. It is bounded on the north by Vernon, east 
by Dade and Cedar, south by Jasper, and west by the Kansas boun- 
dary line, and contains an area of 580 square miles. About four- 
fifths of the county is gently rolling prairie, and the remainder 
timber land, consisting of linn, hickory, oak, locust, walnut, 
•sycamore, cotton wood, and elm, situated on numerous streams, 
the most important being the head branches of Drywood, Clear, 
and Horse creeks in the north, and Coon, north fork of Spring 
river, and other tributaries of the Neosho in the south. The 
Ozark "divide" runs through the county. Barton is underlaid by 



IIISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 319 

about 503 square miles of coal measure, including with the mounds, 
or high hills, an aggregate thickness of almost 300 feet, and in 
many places so near the surface as to be easily mined. Fine 
quarries of excellent sandstone, admirably adapted to building pur- 
poses, are found iu different parts of the county, and are ver}' easily 
worked; while there is sufficient limestone to furnish all the lime 
that is needed in the county. The principal agricultural produc- 
tions are wheat, corn, and oats. As a wheat growing country it 
is unsurpassed by any portion of the south-west; and, Avith proper 
cultivation, the farmer is sure to realize an abundant crop of that 
cereal, averaging from twenty to thirt}^ bushels per acre. Corn 
seldom fails to 3'ield -iO bushels, and often reaches TO bushels per 
acre. All kinds of fruit are produced in great abundance. The 
pear, apricot, nectarine, peach, and apple, thrive with complete suc- 
cess. Here the grape finds its natural climate. While the agri- 
cultural advantages of this county are surpassed bj' few in the State, 
yet, to stock raisers, it presents extraordinary inducements. With 
a mild climate that renders but little shelter necessary during any 
portion of the year; with her broad, rolling prairies, covered with 
a luxuriant growth of grass that furnishes free pasturage during 
the summer, and which, upon the bottoms, remains fresh and green 
all winter, and from which, large quantities of hay, can be annually 
cut for a winter supply. Situated within easy reach of the markets 
of the world, and within one day's drive of three shipping points, 
upon as many and different competing lines of railroads, with a 
soil capable of producing in abundance the grain needed to fatten 
the stock in winter that feeds upon the prairies throughout the 
summer. Barton county is destined to be one of the great stock pro- 
ducing counties of the west. The exports are usuall}' marketed at 
St. Louis, and some flour sent to Texas. Being situated midway- 
between two competing railroads, the freights, to and from the 
county seat, are low. 

Lconar, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, 
and was located March loth, 1856. It lies on the east bank of the 
north fork of Spring river, which enters the south-east corner of the 
county, runs in a north-west course to the center, then bears 
almost due south to its southern boundary. On this stream, sur- 
rounding the village, are fine groves of timber. Nashville is a 
small settlement in the south-western part. The other villages are 
Leroy, Barton City, Millard, and Golden City. 



820 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Bates county is situated in the western part of the State, and has 
an area of 873 square miles. About four-fifths of the county is 
gently rolling prairie, and the rest, timber land. It is situated 
upon the dividing ground between the waters of Grand river, on 
the north, Marais des Cygnes, on the south. The prairies are. rich, 
high, and rolling. This is strictly an agricultural county. , In the 
western part there is a north and south range of mounds. These 
are generally 80 to 100 feet in bight. Upon these the land is 
inferior, and is generally covered with timber. The bottoms upon 
the larger streams are well timbered with the different varieties of 
oak, black walnut, hickory, maple, mulberry, ash, coffee bean, 
and pecan, which is often found near the streams. The Marais des 
Cj'gnes is the same stream known in Kansas as the Weeping 
Water. It has a natural channel of from three to five feet deep. 
The Grand and Osage rivers, with their numerous tributaries, fur- 
nish abundant water for necessary purposes. Coal is the only 
mineral found in the county. It lies in abundance at a depth of 
from one to ten feet from the surface. One vein has been found at 
a depth of 73 feet, with a thickness of six and one-third feet. Coal 
beds underly nearly the whole county. Bates has ample facilities 
for transportation, the Lake and Gulf railroad, running near the 
eastern border, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, through the 
south-eastern part. 

The territory now embraced within the county, was first settled 
by missionaries, sent out by the American Board of Foreign and 
Domestic Missions, in 1818. The Indians treated them kindly, 
called a council, at which some 8,500 attended, on the banks of the 
Marais des Cygnes, and a piece of land, about ten miles square, 
was granted them, where they might make them a home. The 
treaty was ratified at St. Louis, in 1821, securing to them two 
sections on the Marais. The place was called Harmony Mission. 
A school was established, some 1,300 fruit trees set out, and other 
improvements made. Much good resulted from this Mission, and 
the Indians were restrained from acts of violence. The Mission 
was subsequently removed into the Osage Nation, and was dis- 
banded in 1837. The county was established January 16th, 1833, 
and was organized, January 29th, 1811, but was not reduced to its 
present limits until December 4th, 1855, when the county seat was 
established at its present location. In 1863, the county was almost 
desolated by war; and under the famous Order No. 11, issued by 




^v 




Y 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. .'-^I 

General Evving, its inliabitants almost all fled from tlieir homes, 
and went outside the bounds of the county, and for the three years 
following, little but disaster came to Bates. Fires swept over the 
fields, destroying alike, fences, hovels, and comfortable homes. 
The splendid soil remained, however, and with the advent of peace 
the inhabitants began to return, and soon prosperity and thrift be- 
came apparent. The townships in the county are Boone, Charlotte, 
Deer Creek, Grand River, Lone Oak, Mingo, Mt. Pleasant, Osage, 
Prairie City, Pleasant Gap. Spruce, and Walnut Creek. 

Builer, the county seat, is in Mount Pleasant township, and is 
situated on Miami creek, one of the branches of the Osage river. 
It was first settled b}' John E. Morgan, in 1551. The location is 
elevated, and commands a fine prospect. The hill upon which the 
town is located, occupies an area of about one and a half, by two 
and a half miles. Papinsville, formerly the county seat of Vernon 
county, is two miles below the old Harmony Mission, on the Osage 
river, 103 miles from Jefferson City. The river is bridged at this 
place, and is the head of navigation on the Osage river. Crescent 
Hill, Prairie City, West Point, and Johnstown, are small settle- 
ments. 

Benton county is centrally situated, in the south-west part of the 
State. It was organized, January 3d, 1835. It is bounded on the 
north by the county of Pettis, east by Morgan and Camden, south 
by Hickory, and west by Henry and St. Clair. About two thirds 
of the surface of the country lying along the Osage river, js gen- 
erally broken with good uplands and rich bottoms. The remaining 
portion is rolling prairie. This stream runs through the center of 
the county, from west to east, and is navigable three-fourths of the 
year, as high as Manoa. The other streams are Grand river, Big 
Tebo, Thibeau, Pomme de Terre, Cole Camp, Deer and Turkey 
creeks. They are all clear, cold, and rapid, having, generally, 
gravel bottoms. In many places, the towering cliffs that overhang 
the streams, are crowned b.y cedars, hanging from the fissures in the 
rocks, rendering the scenery very romantic. The north and north- 
west part of the county is rolling, fertile prairie land. There is, 
however, an ample supply of hard wood timber of all kinds. Coal 
is found in the north-west part of the county — bituminous and of 
excellent quality. Lead is found in many places. Sulphate of 
baryta exists in abundance; also, zinc and copper in smaller 
quantities. The great mineral staple of the county is iron; of 



;'>-J-2 AN II>LITSTIJATKi) 

which ore there are abundant leads, of brown hematite or limorite, 
and red hematite, and some specular. Agriculture is the leading 
occupation of the inhabitants. The first settlements in the sec- 
tion of countr}^ now embraced by this county, were made by 
Bledsoe, Kinkead, and Howard, in 1834. In early daj^s, a road 
from Palmyra to the Cherokee Nation and Fort Smith, passed 
through the county, crossing the Osage at Bledsoe's Ferry. In 
1836, there were two stores at this point, and the courts were held 
at a dwelling-house, in the vicinity. Near to Bledsoe's, and on the 
right bank of the Osage, was the site of a once important and 
populous Shawanese village. The first settlements in this part of 
the State were made at the " Ferry." Osage was the former name 
of the county seat, established about 1838, and some years after, 
the name was changed to Warsaw, The townships of the county 
are Alexander, Cole, Fristoe, Lindsey. Tom, Union, Warsaw Land- 
ing. White, and Williams. 

li^arsair, the county seat, is situated in Lindsey township, on the 
Osage river, 200 miles from St. Louis, and 80 miles from Jefferson 
City. It was first settled by D. C. Ballon. It occupies an elevated 
site, overlooking the river, furnishing a fine view of the surround- 
ing country. It is a thrifty place of business. Cole Camp is a 
post village in Williams township. 12 miles from Warsaw. It was 
first laid out in 1857. Duroc is a small settlement 67 miles west, 
south-west of Jefferson City. Fairfield, Mount View, Turkey 
Creek, Orange, and Haw Creek, are post offices and small hamlets. 

Bollinger county is situated in the south-eastern part of the 
State, and was organized, March 1st, 1851. The general appear- 
ance is broken, with fine valleys and level land on top of the hills. 
The county is well timbered, — oak, hickory, black and white maple, 
elm, walnut, ash, poplar and sassafras, abounding. The valleys 
are very fertile. The county is best adapted to fruit culture. It is 
well watered by many small streams, which afford good water 
power. The county was taken from Cape Girardeau. The first 
.settlement was made in the territory, now composing the county, 
as early as 1800, by North Carolinians, who were among the first 
to come into the country. It was named in honor of a brave, gen^ 
erous, and patriotic settler. Major Bollinger. Iron ore is found in 
great abundance, some of the hills being almost entirely composet 
of it. The climate is mild and healthy. A large majority of the 
inhabitants are native Missourians. 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. H"2o 

Morhlr Hill, tlie county seat, is situated at tlie junction of Hurri- 
cane fork and Crooked creek, 120 miles from St. Louis, iind 2<><> 
miles from Jefferson City. The villagfe was laid out under the name 
of Dallas in 1S.51, and incorporated as Marble Hill in 1858. Lutes- 
ville is a thriving town. 

Boone county was organized in November, 1820, and was named 
in honor of the famous pioneer and hunter, Daniel Boone. 
Previous to its formation into a distinct count}', it was part of 
Howard county. At the organization of Howard, in 1816, Boone 
comprised but one township in the county, Moniteau, which 
was afterwards subdivided into Moniteau, Roche, Percee, Cedar, 
iind Smithton, which embraced the limits of the county at the time 
of its organization. The first settlement began in 1816, on Thrall's 
Prairie, in the western part of the county. It was rapidly followed 
by others in various directions, and by the time the county was 
organized, the population reached about 3,000. John Gray, 
Jefferson Falcher, Absalom Hicks, Lawrence Bass, and David 
Jackson, were the commissioners appointed b}'' the legislature to 
fix the county seat", which they did at ColumDia,in 1821. The first 
circuit court was held, April 2d, 1821. The temporary seat of 
justice was fixed at Smithton, an embryo town, one mile west of the 
present site of Columbia, but was removed to the latter place, and 
there fixed permanently, in the fall of 1821. Tiie first election was 
held in Boone county, August 5th, 1822, and the number of votes 
polled, was 558. Peter Wright, David C. Westerfield, and Elias 
Elston, were elected to the legislature and James Barns, sherifi". 
The first county court was held at Smithton, February 3d, 1821. 
Tilt" first county court judges were Anderson Woods, Peter Wright, 
and Lazarus Wilcox. The first count}' clerk was Warren Woodson, 
who held the position continuously, over forty years. Contempo- 
raneous with the laying out of Columbia, stone houses were built at 
Nashville, in the lower part of the county; and the present site of 
Kocheport, in the western part of the county was stal'ted; and a place 
called Persia, some ten miles north-west of Columbia, which, for a 
time, sharply rivalled Columbia for the county seat. Around each of 
these points settlements soon clustered, and they bade fair to attain 
considerable growth. Rocheport alone, however, of these, survived. 
In 1821, the population of Boone county was 3.692. Bv 1821, 
it grew to 5,157; by 1828, to 7,890; and by 1830, to 8,859. 

Nothing remarkable marked the growth of Boone from 1820 to 



324 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 

1840, further than a healthy development under the steady tide 
of immigration which constantly flowed in. In 1826, Columbia 
was incorporated, and in 1827, Rocheport was laid out. In 
1832, Boone contributed five companies of troops, under Captains 
Thomas D. Grant, David M. Hicliman, Sinclair Kirtley, Elijah P. 
Dale, and Michael Woods to the Seminole Avar; and in 1837, she 
sent 100 men, under command of Captain John Ellis. Among 
others who went from Boone to this war was the gallant > 
General Richard Gentry, who was killed at the head of his troops, 
at Okee-cho-bee. Again, in 1838, tAvo different regiments were 
raised in Boone for the Mormon war, which broke out in Daviess 
and Caldwell counties, in this State, that 3'ear. In 1839, the State 
University Avas located at Columbia, Avitli an endowment of 46,080 
acres of laud from the General government, the proceeds of the 
sale of which aggregated about $70,000. Boone county subscribed 
$117,000, to secure the institution, the most of Avhich was expended 
in erecting the buildings and purchase of grounds. The coimer- 
stone of the edifice Avas laid on July 4th, 1840. The first court- 
house of Boone county was built in 1824, at an expense of $1,000, 
and the next, and present one, in 1848, at an expense of $16,000. 
The town of Ashland Avas laid out in 1853; the towns of Sturgeon 
and Centralia, in 1856 and Providence, in 1845. 

Boone county has an aren of 430,600 acres, of which 77,600 are 
prairie, and 353,000 timber land. The soils are of the best varie- 
ties found in the State, and in the bottoms are unsurpassed for fer- 
tility. A thick bed of coal underlies all the northern part of the 
county, and is of verv fine quality. Timber is excellent for fenc- 
ing, for agricultural and mechanical implements, for cabinet Avork, 
and for carriages. The varietiei5 comprise twelve species of oak, 
four of hickory, two of walnut, two of maple, two of elm, three of 
ash, two of linn, two of locust, two of cotton wood, two of hack- 
berry, besides box-elder, cedar, cherry, coffee-bean, mulberry, s^'ca- 
niorc, birch, and willow. The county is well supplied Avith pure water 
in numerous streams and cold springy. ' A splendid chalybeate 
spring is in the University campus, and a sulplmr spring- 
near Rocheport is also found. Iron, zinc, lead, and even gold 
ores, have been found in certain localities. 

Columbia, the county sent^ is situated near the center of the 
county, nine miles north of the Missouri river, and has a popula- 
tion of about 4,000. [t is beautifully located, on high rolling land. 




QJ^ -c^ ^^^f^^l^f^ 



HISTOIJY OF M16SOUin ',)'2i) 

The streets are broad, and laid out at right angles, and shaded hy 
numerous kinds of trees. The principal streets are maeadamized, 
and sidewalksd. It is famous for the refinement and intelligence 
of its people, and is recognized as the seat of learning of the St.ite. 
It contains the State University, Christian, and Stephens' Female 
Colleges, (the two latter denominational schools), and several large 
public schools. The newspapers are the '' Missouri Statesman " 
and '"Missouri Herald." The former is edited aiul i)ublished by 
Colonel W. F. Switzler, and with one exception, is the oldest 
paper in the State. The latter is conducted by Edwin W. 
Stephens. Both are enterprising publications. Ashland, 14 
miles south-west of Columbia, is in the center of a rich 
farming country. Burlington, on the Missouri river, 18 
miles south of Columbia, is a stirring place. Centralia, on the 
St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 121 miles from 
St. Louis, 20 miles north of Columbia, at the junction of the 
Columbia railroad with the main line, is on the dividing ridge 
betvv'een the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Claysville, on the 
Missouri river, 25 miles south-east of Columbia, is a small village. 
Hallsville, or Hickman, on the Columbia railroad, twelve miles 
north of Columbia, is an enterprising place. Providence, on the 
Missouri river, ten miles south of Columbia, is a small town, ami is 
a good shipping point. Rocheport is situated on the Missouri 
river, l-l miles west pf Columbia. Sturgeon is on the St. Louis, 
Kansas City and Northern railroad, seven miles west of Centralia, 
in the north-west corner of the county, and is a thriving village. 
Harrisburg is situated 16 miles north-west of Columbia, on the line 
of the proposed Louisiana and Missouri River railroad. 

The distinguishing feature of Boone county is her educational 
interests and advantages. The University of the State is 
an excellent eductitional institution. Christian College, for 
young ladies, under the patronage of the Christian denomination, 
is a fine school. Stephen's College for young ladies under the 
auspices of the Baptist denomination, was established in 1870, and 
named in honor of James L. Stephens, who is a generous ben- 
efactor to its endowment. The county has a fine system of public 
schools, which are presided over by efficient and well qualified 
teachers. The townships of the county are Bourbon, Cedar, 
Columl)ia, Perche, and Locky Fort. 



326 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Buchanan county, is a part of the "Platte Purchase,'' and is 
bounded on the north by the county of Andrew, east by DeKalb 
and Clinton, south by Platte, and west by the Missouri river, which 
separates it from the State of Kansas. It has an area of 415 square 
miles. The county is about one-half timber, and the balance 
prairie. Nearly all of the latter is in a high state of cultivation. 
The land is gently undulating, and has a large number of springs. 
The soil is rich and productive, being a light sandy loam, with a 
subsoil of yellow clay. The land bordering on the Missouri river, 
is hilly. The county is well watered. Besides the Missouri, there 
are the Platte and the One-Hundred-and-Two rivers; the former 
running through the entire length of the county. There are also 
in the county a number of small lakes. With the exception of 
limestone for building purposes, of which large quantities are now 
used, there is no mineral developed. The jfirst settlement in the 
territory now embraced in Buchanan county, was made by James 
Rubidoux, Sen., who first visited the spot now occupied by the city 
of St. Joseph, during the year 1799. He was connected with the 
American Fur Company. In the year 1803, he located here per- 
manently; and, for thirty-three years, he remained as a trader 
among the Indians upon their own soil. The Platte Purchase was 
annexed to the State of Missouri in 1836. The next year, a treaty 
was formed with the Indians, by which they removed west of the 
Missouri, and settlers flocked to this most desirable region. The 
county was organized, February 10th, 1839; and, on the first day of 
April following, the county court commenced its first session, in 
the log house of Richard Hill, who was one of the county judges. 
The following July, Judge Austin A. King held circuit court in 
the log house of Joseph Rubidoux. The county seat having been 
located at Sparta, in 1843, a log court-house was built at a cost of 
about three hundred dollars. Very soon the fame and name of this 
newly found territory reached to the ends of the land, and a tide of 
immigration set in, centering at St. Joseph, which increased rap- 
idly in importance; and in 1845, received a charter, and the follow- 
ing year the county seat was removed to that town. The town- 
ships composing the county are Blooniington, Centre, Crawford^ 
Lahe, Marion, Platte, Rush, Fremont, Washington, and Wayne. 

St. Joseph, the county seat of Buchanan county, is situated on 
the great eastern bend of the Missouri river, about 566 miles above 
St. Louis. The surrounding country is one of unsurpassed rich- 




!liiiliiillllilllll!iil!l!lill!llillilllil!!lliilliiiiiiil!iiliili:aiff^^^ 



^.AT^. 



■y 



(Z^y^^-^^ 



iiisTouY OF MissoiJiii. 8l>7 

)iess and beauty. The site of the city is ou the span of a series of 
hills, which terminate in the river at this point. The city thus 
built on the amphitheatre of hills facing the south-west, with a rich 
alluvial bottom extending — crescent shaped — several miles along 
the river at their base. The levee extends along the base of the 
hills and the principal landings, three in number, running at right 
angles from their most western angles. At these points there are 
about thirty feet of water in the channel at low water. In 1843, 
Mr. Rubidoux, became the proprietor of the present site of the 
city, and proceeded to lay out a village. The town soon grew into 
miportanee, and in 1845 was chartered by the legislature. In 185^, 
it became a city. The discovery of gold in California gave a fresh 
impetus to the place, and then the importance of its locality was 
manifested. St. Joseph became an important overland starting point 
of the great tide of emigration to the shores of the Pacific. The 
public buildings are numerous and substantial in their structure. 
There is an elegant bridge built of iron and stone over the Missouri 
river, the length of which is 1,345, the cost being $1,000,000. The 
city is supplied with gas, and has nearly forty miles of macadamized 
streets. The Northwest State Lunatic Asylum, is located a short 
distance east of the city limits, and a large and imposing building 
erected, at an expense of $250,000. The seminary of the Sacred 
Heart, under the direction of the Sisters, is a fine building. The 
St. Joseph College was erected in 1858, and is under the direction 
of the Christian Brothers. The location of the city is exceedingly 
favorable for trade, having very superior facilities for the transpor- 
tation of goods by land and water. The Missouri river, and eleven 
railways, extend the commerce of the city to the whole north-west 
of the State, and to large portions of Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa, as 
well as furnishing outlets to all eastern markets. The population in 
1860 was 8,932; in 1870, 19,625; and in 1875, 30,000. The other 
villages and settlements in the county are; Saxton, DeKalb, 
Easton, Halleck, Rushville, Platte River, and Winthrop. 

Butler county, one of the south-eastern counties of the State, is 
bounded on the north by Wayne county; on the east by the St. 
Francois river, which separates it from Stoddard and Dunklin; 
south by the Arkansas State line; and west by Ripley and Carter 
counties. The north-western portion of the county is broken and 
rocky; the south-eastern part is level. The bottoms of the Big 
Black, Little Black, and Cane creek, have a very rich alluvial soil, 



;>,-2S AN Tr,MTSTI{ATED 

and the uplands are well adapted to small grains, and also to to- 
bacco, which is here raised in unusual excellence. The lands 
of tlie Bio- Black, lying e^st of the river, are one vast expanse of 
heavily timbered bottom, rich, and capable of cultivation when 
shorn of its forests. Of these lands, the legislature in 1853, 
granted 250,000 acres to the county for reclamation, with u pro- 
vision that a certain portion of the proceeds should be reserved for 
a school fund. The rivers of the county furnish excellent water 
power. The Big Black is a beautiful clear stream, and is navigable 
to Poplar Bluif, for about six months of the year. Of the inhabit- 
ants, most are agriculturists. The county has good market facil- 
ities, having the Ai-kansas branch of the St. Louis and Iron 
Mountain railroad, passing through it from north to south, a dis- 
tance of 36 miles. The Cairo, Arkansas a]id Texas railroad has 
about 12 miles of track and enters the county about midway on 
the eastern boundary, and at Poplar Bluff forms a junction with 
the first named road. The Illinois, Missouri and Texas, (Cape 
Girardeau and State line) railroad, is located through the county to 
Poplar Grove. Some portions of the county were settled as early 
as 1805. It was formerly a part of Wayne, and organized Febru- 
ary 27, 1849, when most of the territory was government land. 
During the civil war, Butler county was a skirmishing or scouting 
ground for both sides, and the country was too unsafe for a place 
of residence. At the close of the war there were only four fam- 
ilies residing at Poplar Bluff, and but few in the county. The 
townships composing the county are; Ash Hill, Black River, 
Beaver Dam, Cave Creek, Epps, Gillis Bluff, Poplar Bluff. St. Fran- 
cois, and Thomas. 

Poplar Bluff, the county seat, is situated at the junction of the St. 
L. and I. M., with the C. A. and T. R. R., and on the west side of 
iilack river, 165 miles south of St. Louis, and 179 miles north-east 
from Little Rock, and was laid out in 1850. The town is surrounded 
by valuable timber lands, and is an important shipping point for a 
large region of country. The other settlements are Ash Hill, 
Gillis Bluff, Neelyville, Shiloh, and Hendrickson, or Reeves Station. 

Caldwell county is in the north-western part of the State. On 
the north it is bounded by Daviess, east by Livingston and Carroll, 
south by Hay, and west by Clinton and DeKalb counties. Tra- 
dition, regarding its first settlement, does not reach back of about 
1830; when Jesse Mann, settled near the present site of the town 




c^. .^^'^^^^i*^^^^ ^.^ 



HISTUKY OF MitJtJUUiri. ''*'2d 

of Kingston. After this time up to the date of its organization, 
December 2t5th, 1836, numerous settlers had made themselves 
homes in various parts of the counL}^ About the time of its or- 
ganization, a party of Mormon pioneers, attracted by the fertility 
of the soil, and the beauty and grandeur of its prairies, skirted 
with noble forests, selected "'Far West," as a suitable location for 
the resting place of the '' Latter Day Saints," and Joseph and 
Hiram Smith, with their followers, soon came flocking into the 
country, and in all direction, making Far West their great central 
point. It became the county seat, and contained probably three 
thousand inhabitants, when in 1837 preparations were made for 
the erection of a splendid temple, exceeding in magnificence any- 
thing of modern times. The corner-stone was laid with great 
ceremonies, in 1838, and preparations made to pursue the work, but 
tile temple was never built. The tenets of these people were not 
only distasteful and absurd to the inhabitants of the surrounding 
countr\% not of their persuasion, but were very soon found to be 
positively dangerous. *" Gentiles " had no rights which the Saints 
were bound to respect; for according to their dispensation, ''the 
Lord had given the whole earth and its fullness to His people," the 
Mormons, and they commenced at once to fulfil their mission by 
taking anything and everything they desired, and could carry off, 
whenever and wherever they could find it. In addition to this, 
the county offices were nearly all in the hands of the Saints, and 
any legal redress was out of the question. Of course such a state 
of things could not long continue without collisions, and plots for 
retaliation, and many deeds of darkness and of blood were enacted 
upon both sides. At this crisis, in 1839, Governor Boggs issued a 
proclamatian, and a brigade of State militia was ordered out under 
the command of Colonel A. W. Doniphan, and proceeded to the 
seat of the difficulties. A Mormon force of about a thousand men, 
under the command of G. W. Hinkle, had entrenched themselves 
in a mill and shop, not far from Breckenridge, where they were at- 
tacked b}' a detachment of the militia, numbering about 125 men, 
which silenced and compelled them to surrender, after eighteen had 
been killed. None were killed on the side of the militia. At Far 
West, the Mormons under Joe Smith, surrendered upon terms dic- 
tated by Doniphan, that they should deliver up their arms, and sur- 
render their prominent leaders for trial, and should with their 
numerous wives and children immediately leave the State. The 



330 AN ILLUSTRATED 

leaders were arraigned, and indictments found against them for 
treason against the State, but they were never tried, for while on 
their way to Columbia, under military guard, they escaped, as was 
alleged, by bribing their keepers. The change to the Mormons, 
was attended with great suffering often with the sacrifice of nearly 
all their earthly possessions. Far West continued to be the county 
seat, however, until 1842, when it was removed to Kingston, its 
present location. 

The greater portion of Caldwell county is upland prairie, rolling 
enough to be finely adapted to purposes of agriculture. The pro- 
portion of woodland and prairie is about half and half. The tim- 
ber being distributed over the entire county. The soil is a black 
sandy loam, of great richness, and nearly every acre is capable of 
cultivation; the bottoms along Shoal creek being regarded as the 
most fertile. It is well watered by Shoal creek, which runs 
through the central portion of the county from east to west, but 
owing to the difficulty of erecting dams and hobling ponds, there 
has been little use made of it for water power. Blue and white 
limestone for building purposes is plenty, but no mineral wealth 
has as yet been developed. All kinds of agricultural products are 
grown with success, except cotton and tobacco, which are not 
raised to any extent. The county has good railroad facilities, the 
Hannibal and St. Joseph traversing the northern border, opening 
a market to Kansas City, west, and to St. Louis and Chicago, east. 
The citizens of this county have reason to congratulate themselves 
on their excellent educational facilities. Besides the sixty-three 
sub-districts, with good houses for school purposes, there is Thayer 
College at Kidder, and a most excellent high school at Brecken- 
ridge, also a graded school at Hamilton. 

Kingston, became the county seat in 1842, and was named in 
honor of Governor A. A. King. It has two weekly newspapers, a 
jail, and some dozen stores. The population is about six hundred. 
Breckenridge on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad was laid 
out in 1858, and is an enterprising and a beautiful town, and re- 
markably healthy. It has five churches, and many tine brick 
residences, showing taste and culture. One of its most noticeable 
features is the elegant school-building, erected in 1872, at a cost of 
$15,000. It is eighty feet long, forty-five feet wide, two stories 
high, with a cut stone basement, the whole surmounted by a slate 
and tin roof of mansard style. This school located in the heart of 



IIISTOKY OF -Missorui. 



:V.] 



a commuuity noted for energy, intelligence and refinement, is des- 
tined soon to rank among the first institutions of learning in this 
part of the State. Hamilton, also on the H. & St. J. R, R., is a 
town beiaitif'ully situated and healthy. It was incorporated in 
1868. some twelve years after its first settlement. It has ijicreased 




BRECKENRIDGE PUBLIC SCHOOL. 



in wealth and importance since the close of the war, and is now 
the first town in the county. Kidder on the same line of railroad, 
in the midst of a most delightful section of country, is the site of 
Thayer College, and is a flourishing town, settled largely by people 
from the Eastern states. Mirabile is also a growing town. 

Callaway county is in the central part of the State, south of 
Audrain, and north of the Missouri river, which separates it from 
Osiige and Cole. The first grant of that portion of Missouri, 
now embraced in Calloway county, was made by the Spanish Gov- 
ernment to Haptiste Douchouquette, in the year 1800, being con- 
firmed in 181-1. and was deeded by him to Pierre Chouteau, of St. 
Louis, in 1816. In the autumn of 1815, John Ham and Jonathan 
Crow located about ten miles north-east of the present county 
seat; and although they were hardly real settlers, inasmuch as they 



8?)2 AN ILLUSTRATED 

lived by hunting and fi^^lling, still they are recognized as the first 
white inhabitants of the county. The following January. Captain 
Patrick Ewing came to the county and built a house, believed to 
be the first one outside Cote sans Dessein, about half a mile north- 
east of the present site of St. Aubert. In the spring of 1816, James 
Van Bibber came from Kentucky, and located on Big Aux Vasse 
creek, some ten miles east from Fulton. On Boone's Lick road, 
Aaron Watson was the first settler, locating in 1816, and in the fol- 
lowing year Elder Coats came. William Pratt, Robert Read, Joseph 
Callaway, and some others came into the country and settled at 
Coats' Prairie. During this year, the first survey of the county 
was made, and it was properly laid out by Colonel Nathan Boone 
and Joseph Evans. In the next three years, large accessions were 
made to the number of inhabitants by immigration, settlements 
being made at first, near the timber and along the creeks, the open 
prairie being regarding as fit only for pasturage. Up to this time 
all the ''milling" had to be done at St. Charles, subjecting the in- 
habitants to great inconvenience, but in 1818, Mr. J. T. Ferguson 
built a horse mill, which was the first mill west of St. Charles. In 
1830. the county was organized, and was named in honor of Caj)- 
tain James Callaway, one of its earliest settlers, and a bold and 
intrepid pioneer, who well deserved the honor thus accorded him. 
Benjamin Young and Stephen Dorris were thereupon appointed 
justices, by Governor M'Nair. and proceeded to hold court, the 
first in the county, February 12, 1821, at Elizabeth, which was the 
county seat until 1826. In 1825, a plot of fifty acres was donated 
to the county by George Nichols, which having been laid out and 
suitably improved was named Fulton, in honor of Robert Fulton, 
and to this beautiful spot the county seat was removed in 1826, 
where it still remains. The following year a oourt-house was 
erected, of the ample dimensions of thirty-six feet square, and at a 
total expense of $1,300 dollars. It is a tradition that the cost of 
this edifice was provided for, chiefly, by the forfeiture and payment 
of the bonds of a thief who had stolen a horse. It was the finest 
and most costly building of the kind west of the Mississippi river, 
at that time. During the same year, a '* meeting house," 20 x 36 
feet, was built of logs, upon Aux Vasse creek, some few miles north 
east of Fulton, and a church of the Presb3'terian order formed, coiw 
sisting of thirteen members. The day of ''small things" has long 
since past for this body of Christians, and it still lives, a strong and 



I! 



A 1 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 33li 

influential church. The first Sabbath school was inaugurated by 
Daniel Nolly and Mrs. Samuel Dyer, in 1830 — names which de- 
serve to be honored and handed down to "generations following," 
on account of their "labors of love'* among those early inhabit- 
ants. Nearh' two-thirds of the surface of this county is covered 
with a luxuriant growth of timber, abundant for all pi'actical pur- 
poses. The northern portion, however, is chiefly prairie, there 
being ten prairies in the county, all told. It will be seen that the 
surface is agreeably diversified both in character and quality. It 
is watered by the Cedar and its tribuaries in the west, Aux Vasse 
in the central portion, and the L:iutre in the eastern, and for a dis- 
tance of about forty miles the southern and south-eastern border 
is washed by the Missouri river. Beneath its green and fertile 
fields are hidden inexhaustible supplies of mir.eral wealth — coal, 
limestone, potters clay, cement, marble, ochre and mineral paints, 
besides immense mines of excellent iron ore, large quantities of 
which are shipped to other states for manufacturing. Corn, oats, 
wheat, rj'e, grass and tobacco are the chief agricultural staples. 
Horticulture is also receiving considerable attention, and all kinds 
of fruits adapted to the latitude are grown with success. Along 
the river are vineyards of several acres each, producing a good ar- 
ticle of wine. The facilities for transportation are good. The 
Mississippi river, the Pacific, and the Chicago and Alton railroads, 
open direct routes to St. Louis, Chicago, and all eastern cities. 
The educational interests of the county have been well looked 
after. Besides the comfortable, well furnished school-buildings, with 
which nearly every sub-district in the county is provided, there are 
several educational institutions of high reputation within its limits. 
Fulton^ the county seat and principal town, is a fine healthy city. 
It was laid out in 1825, and incorporated in 1859. It is situated on 
the Chicago and Alton railroad, about twenty-five miles from 
Jefferson City, and in the midst of a rich agricultural region. 
Besides the usual county buildings, it is the seat of the State 
Lunatic Asylum the Synodical College, and Westminster College, — 
both under the management of the Presbyterian church, — and the 
State Deaf and Dumb Institution. 

Camden county is centrally situated in the southern part of the 
State. The face of the country is rolling, and some p(irtions 
broken. It is well timbered, except in the south-eastern part. 
There is but little prairie land in the county. It contains some of 



8{i4 AX lLIJJSTliATP:i) 

the richest valleys of the Ozark range of mountains, though not as 
rich as the bottoms of the Missouri river; still well adapted to agri- 
culture. On the hills, also, the soil is quite productive, and is 
profitably worked both for fruit culture and stock raising. The 
Osage river traverses nearly the entire southern section, forming a 
portion of the boundary. This stream has numerous tributaries. 
The most important are Maries, Fork of Rainey, and Pearson's 
creek. Some of these streams afford good water power. Lead ore 
has been found in the county, and in 184H, 100,000 pounds of 
mineral were taken out, but the mine was subsequehti, 'abandoned. 
The county was settled as early as 1834, and the relat of the 

settlers with the Indians were friendly. In 1841, there existed a 
strife between some of the settleift, and many tragedies occurred 
in consequence of it. The difficulties were terminated by the 
death and removal from the State of the active participants. 
Kenderkook, the original name of the county, was organized Jan- 
uary 29, 1841, and Oregon was made the count}' seat. The name 
of the county was changed to Camden, February 23, 1843, and the 
county seat to Erie. Subsequently Linn Creek became the county 
seat. During the civil war, Camden suffered less than sK lie of the 
adjoining counties, although many homes were pillaged and L'lrned. 
Many men were murdered and considerable property destroyed a'.id 
carried off by the contending parties. The means of transportation 
are furnished by the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and the Osage 
river. The townships of the county are Adair. Auglaize, Jackson. 
Jasper, Osage. Russell and Warren. 

Linn (■reck, the county seat, is situated on Linn creek, about 
one mile from the Osage river, and twenty -seven miles north-west 
of Richland. It is an important center for business for south- 
western Missouri, and north-west Arkansas. Stoutland, on the A. 
and P. R. R.. 171 miles from St. Louis, is a good shipping port. 
It was first settled in 1869. The other villages are Decatur- 
ville, Glaize City, Olive City, and Osage Iron Works. 

Cape Girakdeau county is situated in the south-eastern part of 
the State, and embraces an area of 875 square miles. The southern 
part of the county is mostly level, and includes the so-called 
''swamp lands," estimated at 150,000 to 175,000 acres. The up- 
lands are rolling, and in many places hilly. It is heavily timbered, 
comprising in the different sections poplar, ash, sugar-maple, cherry, 
elm, beech, and the different kinds of walnut, hickory and oak. in 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. IVA') 

great abundauce. The county is well supplied with water, having 
many clear, pure springs, and is drained by White Water river and 
its tributaries in the central and western part; Apple creek and its 
tributaries in the north, and Indian, Flora, Cane and other creeks 
in the east. Many of these streams furnish excellent water-power. 
The mineral resources are large quantities of iron, easy of access. 
The Mississippi river furnishes the principal facility for market, 
and it is an ejccellent one. forming as it does the eastern boundary 
line of the county. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern 
rail road, i^^ses through the south-western part of the county. The 
towr i , jrg of the county are Apple Creek, Byrd, Cape Girardeau, 
Hubble, Liberty, Randal, Shjiwanoe, Welch, and White AValer. 

Cape Girardeau is one of V. e oldest settled districts in the State, 
the first settlement being made b}' Louis Lorinier, a Frenchman, 
in 1794; other settlers arrived shortly after. When Lorimer came, 
there were three Indian villages on Apple creek, about twenty 
miles above its mouth. The Indians had settled there under the 
sanction of the Spanish, who treated the settlers in a friendly man- 
ner. In 1811, one of these little towns contained eighty houses, 
principf-.iy hewn log cabins, covered with shingles and comfortably 
furbished. The claim of Lorimer was confirmed to his represen- 
.tatives by act of Congress, July 4, 1836. The district contained, 
in 1799, 521 inhabitants, mostly emigrants from the United States; 
*>5 and extended over a large area, from Apple creek on the north, to 
Tywappity Bottom on the south; and west, indefinitely. But 
county after, county was taken from it until March 5, 1849, when 
it was reduced to its present limits. Cape Girardeau is the chief 
town of the county, very beautifully situated on the west bank of 
the Mississippi. It is located on a commanding site overlooking 
the river, and is the commercial metropolis of a large section of 
country. It was settled in 1794, as before stated ; laid off into a town, 
in 1805; incorporated in 1824; and re-incorporated, in 1843. It is 
built upon a solid bed of marble; so abundant is this material, and 
so easily procured, that it is used for paving. The manufactories 
of the city are numerous, and the flouring mills are among the 
best in the West; one of them receiving a "medal of merit" at 
the World's E.k position at Vienna, in 1873, for the best flour made 
in the world. The city has a public school building which cost 
forty thousand dollars, and is of mucli architectural beauty. St. 
Vincent College owns over sixteen hundred acres of land in the 



;};}(5 AX ILLUSTRATED 

city and vicinity; its whole property is valued at two hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars. St. Vincent's convent has also a fine prop- 
erty and a good building. The State Normal School for south-east 
Missouri is located here, and has a fine edifice. 

Jackson, the county seat, is situated near the center of the 
county, ten miles north-west of Cape Girardeau, and thirteen miles 
north-east of AUenville. It was incorporated in 1824. The first 
Baptist church in Missouri was founded here in 1806. The vil- 
lage lies on the east side of Hubble creek, on a succession of hills 
aiFording excellent building sites, Fairview Seminary is a flour- 
ishing institution. The court-house is claimed to be the best 
bnililiug of the kind outside of St. Louis. This town is connected 
with Cape Girardeau, by an excellent macadamized road. There 
are a number of such roads in the county. Population about eight 
hundred. Pocahontas is situated between Shawanoe and Indian 
creeks, nine miles from Jackson and nine miles west of the Mis- 
sissippi. It was settled in 1856. Most of the settlers are descend- 
ants of emigrants from North Carolina. AUenville is on the St. L. 
and T. M. R. R., on the Whitewater river. Appleton, formerly 
Apple Creek, is located on the south side of Apple creek, sixteen 
miles north of JacKSon, and was settled in 1824. It was for many 
years the chief trading post for the surrounding country. Buford- 
ville is a small village on Whitewater river, eight miles south-west 
of Jackson. Shawanoetown is fourteen miles north-west of Jackson ; 
settled in 1865. Hendricksville is situated on Hubble creek, seven 
miles north-east of AUenville; and was settled in 1865. The other 
villages and settlements are Delta, Egypt Mills, Green's Ferry, 
Gordonsville, Millersville, Neely's Landing, New Wells, Oak Ridge 
and Stroderville. 

Carroll county is situated on the north side of the Missouri 
river, in the north-western part of the State. The county was 
formed from Ray county, and was laid out into townships and 
sections as early as 1817. It was organized as now constituted, 
January 3d, 1833. It is distant from St. Louis, by river, 320 miles; 
and by railroad, 200 miles. About one-fourth of its area is in the 
Missouri bottom, a nearly level surface of rich alluvial soil. The 
remaining three-fourths is undulating prairie, with dark loamy 
soil, very rich and productivie, with frequent belts of timber fol- 
lowing the course of the various streams. The county is well 
watered l)y the Missouri, Grand and Wakanda rivers, and Turkey, 



UISTOllY OF MlSSOUllI. 837 

Moss, Hurricane and Big creeks, and their tributaries, giving 
nearly every section of land the benefit of a water coui-se. On 
some of the streams are good mill sites. Extending along the bank 
of the Missouri, between Wakanda river and Crooked creek, is a 
sugar-maple bottom, which is remarkably fertile. It is thirty 
miles long, and from five to eight miles in breadth. About one- 
fourth ot the county is covered with timber; varieties, oaks, hickory, 
elm, walnut, maple, locust, — affording sufficient timber for all pur- 
poses. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. The 
unimproved lands are growing less, year b}- year. The ''White 
Rock Quarries," furnish excellent building stone, which is shipped 
to St. Louis and elsewhere, from which the town derives quite a 
revenue. St. Louis is the principal market for Carroll county. 
The facilities for transportation are the St. Louis, Kansas City and 
Northern railroad — running the entire length of the county east 
and west — and the Missouri river. The townships of the county 
are Grand River, Morris, Sugar Tree Bottom, and Wakanda. 
Coal is found in nearly every portion of the county, and is mined 
on a limited scale in five different localities. Lead and iron are also 
procured, but only in small quantities. Martin Palmer is believed 
to have been the first white inhabitant of the district, now embraced 
in Carroll. He built a cabin, and resided a few months during the 
winter season tending his traps. He was a man noted for his 
courage; "Swift of foot and strong of limb." A permanent settle- 
ment was made about 1820, by John Standly and William Turner, 
who came into this wilderness with their families from North Car- 
olina. The county was settled slowly on account of the unhealthi- 
ness of the climate in those early days, and it was not until January 
3d, 1833, that it was organized, when William Curl, Thomas 
Hardwick and William Crockett were appointed justices. 

Carrollton, the county seat and principal town, named in honor 
of Charles Carroll, is about 207 miles from St. Louis, and 65 miles 
from Kansas Citj\ It has an elevated and pleasant situation near 
the center of the county on the St. L., K. C. and N. R. R. It is a 
place of considerable business. The public school building is a 
fine structure erected at a cost of over $10,000. Norboni is a pros- 
perous town on the same line of railroad, about ten miles west of 
Carrollton. Being in the midst ol a fine prairie, the Sugar-Tree 
Bottom, it is the centre of a thriving community. The other vil- 
lages and settlements are Dewitt, Coloma, Eugene City, Hill's 



,'i;iS ATS^ TLLTTSTRATED 

Landing. White Rook, Miles Point Little Compton, and Miami 
Station. 

Carter county, situated in the south-eastern part of the State, is 
bounded on the north by Shannon and Reynolds, east by Wayne 
and liutler, south by Ripley and part of Oregon, and west by 
Shannon and Oregon. The county was organized March 10th, 
•1855), and was named in honor of Ziniri Carter, one of its citizens. 
The surface is very broken with fine bottom land along the water 
courses, and some very fertile valleys. The greater part of the 
county is covered with a heavy growth of timber, not more than 
about one-fortieth of it having been cleared off. Heavj^ pine forests 
cover the hills, while large trees of different kinds, such as 
oak, hickory, black walnut, honey-locust, birch and maple 
abound in the bottoms. The soil in the bottoms and valleys is 
rich and fertile: but many of the hills are too steep and 
rugged to be susceptible of cultivation. The county is well 
watered by many large and small rivers and creeks, the most im- 
portant of which is the Current river, furnishing excellent sites 
for machinery. Tlie cliffs along these swift and clear streams are 
very steep, affording many a " rugged edge " to sit upon and catch 
trout, salmon, and various other kinds of fish. At present the 
mineral resources are wholly undeveloped; traces of lead and cop- 
per are found, and iron exists in large quantities. The leading 
agricultural staples, named in the order of their importance, are 
corn, wheat, oats, and rye. Wheat is exported to a considerable 
extent, while the surplus corn is fed to cattle and hogs, which are 
shipped to St. Louis on the Iron Mountain railroad. Considerable 
pine lumber is rafted on Current river, and finds a read}' sale in 
Arkansas. The only commercial crops cultivated for market ai*e 
tobacco and cotton. The count}^ has four townships: Carter and 
Jackson, Johnson and Kelley. 

Van Burr)), the county seat, is in the northern part of the 
county, on Current river. The nearest railroad station is Mill 
Spring, Wayne county. 

Cass county has the Kansas State line for its western boundary, 
lying between Jackson on the north, and Bates on the south. It 
was organized, September 14, 1835. Its surface is a rolling prairie, 
moderately supplied with timber of varied qualities, skirting the 
streams and creeks. Grand river and Big creek, with their numer- 




H. CLAY DANIEL 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ;)39 

ous tributaries, furnish an abundance of stock water. The soil is 
principiUlv abhick loam, except on ridges, where a soil known as 
"mulatto" is found. The climate is remarkably healthy. About 
one-fourth of the county is timber-land, and in the absence of 
wastefulness, the natural growth will keep pace with the demand 
for fuel and fencing. From 1866 to 1870, the opening and im- 
proving of farms caused a consumption of timl)er greater than the 
natural growth. Heretofore operations for coal have been confined 
to surface diggings, in which an excellent quality of bituminous coal 
is obtained in moderate quantities. The townships of the count}' are 
Austin, Big Creek, Camp Branch, Cold Water, Dolan, Grand River, 
Index, Mt. Pleasant, North Dolan, Pleasant Hill, Polk and Sugar 
Creek. History records the names of Walker, Danaway, Burgen, 
Isaac Blevins, William Johnson, David Butterfield, Wyatt Atkins, 
and John McCarty, as its first settlers. These men were hunters and 
trappers, only raising a little corn and a few vegetables upon their 
small patches of cultivated lands. Their dress was such as would 
excite the wonder and surprise of the present generation ; coon or 
wolf-skin cap, buck-skin hunting-shirt, fawn-skin vest, and leather 
pantaloons. They raised a few cattle, traflficked in furs, deer- 
skins, venison, wild honey and bees-wax. They were a bold, hardy 
set of men, rough and unsophisticated, but- hospitable and kind. 
No wayfarer ever turned from their log cabin with his wants un- 
satisfied. The Indians were unfriendly, and on this and other ac- 
counts the country settled up slowly. February 19, 181:9, the 
county was reduced to its present limits, and its name changed 
from Van Bui'en to Cass. The county seat was established and 
named in honor of Albert G. Harrison, then member of Con- 
gre. s from this State. The county suffered much during the civil 
war, and was a skirmishing ground for guerillas of both armies. 
Of the 10,000 inhabitants, less than a thousand remained. It was 
estimated after the war, that at least one-third of the dwellings 
had been burnt, and more than half of the farms destroyed. The 
immigrants since the war have been from Illinois and Iowa, and are 
thrifty and intelligent, and fast bringing Cass to the front rank of 
counties in the State. It is well supplied with railroad facilities. 
The Missouri Pacific, passes through the north-east corner, and the 
Lawrence branch through the northern part; the Missouri, Kansas 
and Texas, runs east and west through the central portion. Alto- 
gether there are about eigiity miles of road completed in the county. 



340 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Harrisonville^ the county seat, on the M. & T. R. R., was first 
settled in 1830, by James Lucky. The town was laid off, ^and the 
first house erected in 1837, and the same year a log court-house 
was erected. It has not had a rapid growth, but has steadily im- 
proved. Pleasant Hill is the most important town in the county, 
on the M. P. R. R. It was settled in 1830, and almost destroyed 
during the civil war, but since then has grown rapidly. There are 
a number of villages in the county. Among others, Gunn City, 
Freeman, East Lynne, Dayton. Austin, Belton, Raymore, Stras- 
burg and West Line. 

Cedar county is situated in the south-western part of the State, 
the counties of Vernon and Barton separating it from the State- 
of Kansas. Its surface is rolling, and it is about equally divided 
between timber and prairie. About one-half of the land is tillable, 
ranking in quality from first to third rate. No section of the State 
is better supplied with good and clear water. The Big and Little 
Sac, and Cedar creek, are the principal streams, which have numer- 
ous tributaries. The county is rich in mineral resources. Coal for 
smithing and forging, as well as for fuel is found in large quantities 
in the western part of the county, and finds a ready market. Iron 
ore exists in abundance. Superior building stone is found in quan- 
tities. Agriculture is the leading occupation of the inhabitants. 
The townships of the countj'^ are Benton, Cedar, Jefferson, Lynn, 
Box, Madison and Washington. The market facilities are the Mis- 
souri, Kansas and Texas railroad; Schell City is the nearest station, 
about thirty miles from the count}' seat. The educational interests 
are well attended to. The citizens believe in good school-houses 
and able teachers. The county was first settled in 1832. During 
the Kansas troubles, and during the late civil war, hostile parties 
met upon its soil, and in 1863 efforts were made to capture the 
court-house at Stockton, which had been oonverted into a federal 
fort, but the assailants were repulsed by the militia. The building 
was subsequently captured and destroyed. The county has pros- 
pered since the war. 

Stockton^ the county seat, was incorparated in 1855. It is thirty 
miles east of Schell City, its nearest railroad station. It is sur- 
rounded by steep rocky hills and is laid out with narrow streets. 
Its original name was Lancaster, changed January 2d, 1847, to 
Fremont, and again changed by act of the legislature to Stockton, 
in 1856. Caplinger's Mills, formerly Sackville, lies on Sac riverj 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 341 

■seven miles north of Stockton, and twenty-three miles from Schell 
'City; near the village is the best coal deposits in the county. 
Virgil City lie^i on the county line between Vernon and Cedar 
counties, about fifteen miles east of Nevada, its nearest railroad 
station. It is located on a large prairie, sheltered on the north-east 
by timber. It was laid out in 1866, and named in honor of Virgil 
W. Kimball. 

Chariton county is located in the north-west central part of 
the State. It was organized November 14th, 1820. The general 
surface of the county consists of upland prairies and timber land, 
which forms a broad belt on both sides of the water courses. The 
rich alluvial bottom lands of the Missouri river, are well known 
for their fertility, and similar bottoms are found on the Grand and 
Chariton rivers and their tributaries. In the north-western part of 
the county, the land is high, with a rich productive loam. There 
is a sufficient quantity of timber for all necessary purposes. 
The county is well watered. The only mineral as yet dis- 
covered, is bituminous coal which is found in many places 
'Cropping out on the slopes, where it is used by farmers. 
There is only one mine worked at present, with an aver- 
age thickness of three feet, furnishing about seven and a half feet 
thickness of coal, within the space of about fifty feet. Clay for 
fire-brick and pottery is also found. The county is well supplied 
with means of transportation, the St. Louis, Kansas Cily and 
Northern railroad, skirting the southern and western portion, 
while the Missouri is its south-western boundary. The townships 
of the county are Bee Branch, Bowling Green, Brunswick, Buf- 
falo Lick, Chariton, Clark, Cunningham, Keytesville, Missouri, 
Muscle, Fork, Prairie, Salisbury, Wayland, Yellow Creek. Char- 
iton is one of the earliest settled counties in the State, the first 
settlers being French fur traders. There was some immigration in 
1812, and in 1816 the land was surveyed into i^ections. The hind 
-sales took place in 1818. The names of John Hutchinsand Henry 
Clark, are among the earliest settlers; Clark's Branch and Clark's 
township, perpetuating the name of the latter. During the civil 
war, this county had its share of devastation. The court-house 
at Keytesville was burned, and a large part of the county records 
destroyed. General Sterling Price, was a prominent citizen of this 
county. 

Keytesville, the county seat, named for James Keytes, and first 



342 AN ILLUSTRATED 

settled in 1812, is located on Muscle fork of Chariton river, on the 
St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad. It has a pleasant 
situation, and the best water power in the county. It is a place of 
considerable business. It was the home of Sterling Price. Salis- 
bury on the same railroad, was laid out in 1866, by L. Salisbury, 
and is situated in a tine agricultural district. It is a smart busi- 
ness place. Westville, a small village in the north-east part of the 
county, seventeen miles north of the county seat. Brunswick at 
the mouth of Grand river, also on the St. L., K. C. & N. R. R., is 
an old town, and has both water and railroad communication, and 
is a town of considerable business importance. 

Christian county is situated in the southern part of the State, 
on the south descent or slope of the Ozark mountains, and con- 
tains 347,520 acres. It was organized from Crreen county, March 
8th, 1860. The surface of the county is undulating, hilly, and 
broken in the south-eastern portion which is the principal mining 
district. The western, central and south-western portion are prai- 
ries, with some superior bottom lands. These latter parts of the 
county form the agricultural districts, and are about equally 
divided between prairie and upland. The county is well watered 
by many streams, flov/ing mostly in a south-easterly direction, 
and lasting springs, furnishing the purest water for all domestic 
uses, and for stock. The most important of the water courses, 
are the James river, and Finley, Swan, Buffalo and Panther 
creeks, some of which afford excellent water power. The country 
along the streams, is heavily timbered with the various kinds of 
trees growing in southern Missouri. The mineral resources are 
only partially developed. Lead is found in great abundance, and 
the raining of it was carried on, to a considerable extent, before 
the war. The only present mode of transportation is furnished by 
the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, which has seven miles of track in 
the north-western part of the county. The principal home market 
is Sprinjr field. 

Little is recorded of the early history of this county, beyond the 
fact, that one Wells made an opening on Finley creek, about 1822, 
and erected a small cabin, and the same year a Mr. Pettijohn, with 
a small party came into the county by way of the rivers. The 
Delaware Indians caused the early settlers some trouble, but were 
at length, permanently located in Kansas, in the year 1836, The 
county was organized in 1860. During the recent war, the battle 



llisTOKY OF MlBSOUKl. '.'A'-'t 

of Wilson's Creek was fought near the line of Green county. 
Much property was destroyed and the coiirt-iiuuse was burned, 
and the records and papers of the county offices carried off" and 
lost. There has been a great influx of population into the county 
since the war. In 1><65 it was nearly depopulated. About 
three thousand returned after the war. The immigration has 
continued steadily since, mostly from the Northern and Western 
states. 

Ozark, the county seat, is situated on Finley creek, tifteen miles 
south of Springfield. It has grown rapidly in the last few years. 
Kenton, formerly Linden, is five miles east of O/ark, on Finley 
creek — was laid out in 184:7. The other settlements are Billings, 
Bull's Mills and Minersville. 

Clark county was organized December 16th, 1836. It is the 
most north-eastern county in the State, being bounded on the 
north by Iowa, and on the east by Illinois, separated by the Mis- 
sissippi from the latter State. The surface is undulating, gener- 
ally somewhat hilly next to the creelc and river bottom. The 
greatest part of the county is capable of being tilled, having a rich, 
Iriable loam on a clay subsoil. Timber is still al^undant, and 
mostly so along the streams and the hill lands next to the bot- 
toms; it is well distributed for farm uses. The county is well 
drained by many rivers and creeks, affording an abundance of 
water for stock. The Des Moines river, which forms a portion of 
the northern boundary line of this county, offers a great amount 
of water-power; much is also offered by the north and south 
branches of the Fox river. Coal has been found in the north- 
eastern part of the county, and mines are worked in several places. 
Some veins of iron ore have also been discovered. Good sand and 
limestone for building purposes .ire found in many places of the 
county. It has a fine and healthy climate. The county has St. 
Louis and Chicago for markets. Besides the Mississippi river, 
there are the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad, and the Mis- 
sissippi Valley and Western, both having thirty-eight miles of 
track in the county. In the Autumn of 1829, a party of Ken- 
tuckians settled near the Des Moines river. These persons were 
the first settlers. A year or two after, William Clark came into 
the country and built his log cabin, not far from the present sight 
of Athens. Others soon followed, so that there was quite a num- 
ber of families in that portion of the territory now included in 



;^44 AN ILLUSTKATED \ 

Clark county, in the course of the next two or three years. The 
nearest grist-mill for these pioneers was at Palmyra, some sixty 
miles distant, until 1832, when a mill was constructed on Fox 
creek, near Waterloo. The first store was opened by John Stake, 
in 1883, at St. Fruncisville; and the first church (Baptist) was 
organized May 7, 1835. The county was organized in 1818, and 
named in honor of Governor Clark, and was re-organized in 1836. 
The first court was held in 1837. The early inhabitants of Chirk 
county were not only brave and industrious, but they were a God 
fearing people, and endowed richly with that " faith which works 
by love," and their memory is still fragrant. The townships of 
the county are Clay.Des Moines, Folker, Grant, Jackson, Jefferson, 
Lincoln, Madison, Sweet Home, Union, Vernon, Washington and 
Wyuconda. 

Kalioka, the county seat, is on the M. & N. R. R., and is 
near the center of the county. It was laid out in 1851 St. Fran- 
cisville, nine miles north-east of Kahoka, on the Des Moines river, 
was laid out in 1833, and was one of the earliest settled towns in 
the county. Clark City, on the M. I. & N. R. R., is pleasantly 
situated, and was designed as an educational center. There is a 
good Academy under the control' of the Presbyterians. Alex- 
andria is situated on the Mississippi, between the Fox and Des 
Moines rivers, at the junction of the two railroads. It was first 
settled in 1834. It is the most important town in the county. 
The rich bottom lands, some 11,000 acres, have been reclaimed, and 
a levee erected at a cost of 45,000. It has excellent educational 
facilities. Alexandria College affords advantages for the higher 
branches of study. Athens, on the Des Moines river, was laid out 
in 1844. It has a good water-power. A battle was fought here in 
August, 1861, in which the Confederate troops, under Colonel 
Greene were defeated. The other villages ai-e Eldorado, Peaks- 
ville, Riverside, Waterloo, Winchester, Gregory's Landing, Cham- 
bersburg, and St. Mary's. 

Clay county is situated in the north-western part of the State, 
opposite to the mouth of the Kansas river, and was organized Jan- 
uary 2d, 1822. It was carved out of Ray county, and its original 
limits embraced its present area, the territory now included in the 
counties of Clinton, De Kalb, and Gentry, and the larger portion of 
Worth. Its present boundaries were fixed January 2d, 1833, and 
comprise 254.423 acres. The beauty of the surface of this county, 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. .'U5 

and its desirable situation, attracted to it the attention of immi- 
grants to Missouri, and, so early as 1819, it began to be rapidly 
populated. In 1819, Howard Everett, William, Thomas and Elisha 
Campbell, Benjamin Hensley, John Owens, Charles McGee. John 
Wilson, Robert Pearce, and many others, came to the county. 
The immigrants who came into the territory for the next decade 
were nearly all from Kentucky. Tennessee, North Carolina, Vir- 
ginia, and Maryland, though a few were from New York or other 
Eastern states. They were men generally, of energy, enterprise 
and capacity. The settlement of the county was not accompanied 
by bitter hostility with the Indians. The Indian title having been 
extinguished, the white population flowed in without fear or inter- 
ruption. In 1820. the hand of an Indian was cut off in attempt- 
ing to burst open the house of a settler named David McElwee, 
and seven Indians were killed in a skirmish in the south-eastern 
part of the county. In consequence of the momentary alarm 
caused by these occurrences, four block-houses were constructed 
for shelter and defense; yet the Indians were pacified without fur- 
ther difficulty, and all fear of the savages passed away forever from 
the people of the county. Until the acquisition, in 1836, by the 
State of the territory known as the "Platte Purchase," Liberty, the 
county seat of the county, was the most westerly town in the 
United States. It was visited by great numbers of friendly Indi- 
ans, drawn thither for purposes of trade, or through curiosity, and 
the habits of savage and civilized life were sharply contrasted on 
its streets. 

The ''Black Hawk War" occurred in 1832. During its continu- 
ance, several companies of militia were ordered into service from 
this county. They were absent several weeks, but were in no ac- 
tion. The disturbance called the '" Heatherly War," occurred in 
1836. In the northern part of what was then Carroll county, now 
in the territory of Grundy or Mercer, there lived a family named 
Heatherly. It belonged to a class of extremely rough, half-civi- 
lized back-woodsmen. It chanced that a hunting party of friendly 
Indians had gone into that part of the State. The members of 
the family seizing the opportunity and hoping to be able to fasten 
the act upon the Indians, murdered a man named Dunbar, and 
another with whom they were at enmity, or whom they may have 
wished to rob, and then fled to the counties along the Missouri 
river, charging the fact on the Indians, and asserting that they 



:\4i) AN ILLUSTRATED 

themselves were fleeing for life. The alarm spread. Among others, 
two companies of militia from Clay county were oi:dered to repair 
to the scene of the alleged difficulty. The troops on arriving 
there discovered the falsity of the alarm and returned home. The 
militia of the county in the Bluck Hawk and Heatherly wars, were 
commanded by the late Colonel Shubael Allen. In the late civil war, 
there were men from this county in both the Union and Confed- 
erate armies, but a much greater number of its citizens went into 
the Confederate army. There were a number of insignificant sku'- 
mishes in the county during the continuance of the war; but only 
one action that could be dignified by the name of battle. This oc- 
curred, September 17th, 1861, four or five miles south-east of Lib- 
erty, on the Missouri river bottom, and is usually called the battle 
of Blue Mills. The federal troops engaged were about 700 in 
number, and consisted of portions of an Iowa regiment and some 
Missouri Home Guards. The confederate troops were the same or 
less in number. 

This county takes an advanced position on the question of edu- 
cation. As far back as 1836, Liberty was noted for excellent 
english and classical schools. The first teachers' institute in the 
State was organized in this county in the fall of 1851, under the 
supervision of Alexander W. Doniphan, who was then county 
superintendent of common schools; besides William Jewell College, 
Clay Seminary and a Catholic Institute are located in this county. 
Clay is one of the finest agricultural counties in the West. The 
surface is undulating in character, except in the vicinity of 
the larger streams, where there are ridges, or breaks. Not more 
than one-fourtli of its area was originally prairie land. The soil 
on the bluffs along the Missouri river is a rich, light loam, mingled 
with some sand, and rests upon a light-colored, clayey sub-soiL 
On the ridges, along the smaller streams, it is a thin, but rich 
loam, while the residue is a deep, black, fertile loam. The prairie- 
is mainly confined to the northern parts of the county. The- 
forests were originally very dense, and filled with the choicest 
timber trees — oak, ash, walnut, mulberry, hickory, maple, locust, 
iron-wood and cherry — of the largest growth. Though greatly 
thinned, they are still very much more extensive than the demands, 
of the population. All of the cereals and grasses, together with 
hemp, flax, tobacco, garden vegetables, and the fruits of this 
latitude, grow luxuriantly. The grape is receiving a great deal of 




DE WITT C. ALLEN, 



UISTOKY OF MISSOUHI. 



.'H7 



attention. The apple attains the utmost perfection. There an* 
four railroads ruimiug through portions of the county: the Hauni- 
b;i! and St. Joseph; St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern; Kansas 
City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs: and St. Louis and St. Joseph. 
There are indications of coal and lc;ul in this county, hut no proofs 
as yet that the deposits are of any considerable extent. 




CLAY COUNTY COURT-KOUSE. 



Liberti/, the county seat, is situated on the Kansas City branch 
of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, fifteen miles from Kan- 
sas City and about three miles from tlie Missouri river and the St. 
Louis, Kansas City and Northern railway. It was founded in 1822, 
and received its charter as a city in 185L The situation of Iiil)erty 
is picturesque and beautiful, and its air is noted for purity, salubrity 
and sweetness. The court-house is unique and handsome, and 



348 AN ILLUSTRATED 

with its symmetrical outline, massive design, and harmonious 
dome presents an imposing appearance. The public school-build- 
ing is handsome and convenient, and one of the best in the State. 
Liberty contains (besides the buildings and educational institutions 
above noted) five cliurches — Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, 
Christian and Catholic — two woolen and two grist-mills, one foun- 
dry and machine shop, two fine banking houses and two newspa- 
pers — "The Tribune," established in 1846, published l)y Robert 
H. Miller, and ''The Advance," established in 1875, published by 
George E. Patton. Missouri City is situated on the Missouri river, 
and is a station on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern rail- 
road, twenty miles from Kansas City, and seven miles from Liberty, 
in the south-eastern part of the county, and received its charter as 
a city in 1859. It is an active, prosperous town, and is the general 
shipping point, whether by river or rail, for the eastern portion of 
the county. It had been a considerable village many years before 
the date of its charter. Kearny is located on the K. C. branch of 
the H. & St. J. R. R., nine miles north from Liberty, and was 
incorporated as a town in 1869. It is in the midst of a rich and 
beautiful country and has a considerable trade. The villages, or 
hamlets of the county are Arnold, Barry. Blue Eagle, Claj^sville, 
Greenville, Gosneyville, Harlem. Holt, Smithville, Pratherville and 
Liberty Landing. 

Clinton county is situated in the north-western part of the 
State, on the east line of the Platte Purchase, It contains 264.623 
acres. About one-third is timbered, and two-thirds high rolling 
prairie. It is well drained and has a fertile soil. The county has 
no large rivers, but is well watered by numerous small streams, 
among which are Smith's Fork, Castile and Third Fork, running 
west to south-west into Platte river; Grindstone running north, 
and Shoal creek east into Grand river; and Fish and Crooked 
rivers, running south into the Mississippi river. Timber is abun- 
dant for all pur|)oses, and in many places there is a fine growth of 
joung timber. Coal is supposed to exist, but no mines have been 
opened. The facilities for transportation of the products to mar- 
ket, are unsurpassed by any county in the State, there being four 
railroads passing through it. Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City and 
St. Joseph are the principal markets. The townships are Concord, 
Harden, Jackson, Laf.ivette, Lathrop and Platte. The county, 
previous to its organization was attached to Clay, and extended to 



HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 349 

the Iowa boundary line; and upon its original organization, Janu- 
uary 5th, 1833, it included the territory of Gentry and Worth 
counties. February 12th, 1841, it was reduced to its present 
limits. John P. Smith, Archibald Elliott and Stephen Jones 
being appointed justices by Governor Dunklin, the first court was 
held in April, 1833, Judge Smith presiding, and Richard- R. Reese 
was clerk. The other county officers were Thompson Smith, 
sheriff; VV. HuflFaker, collector ; Elijah Fry, as^^essor ; and John 
Biggerstaff. treasurer. Colonel Lewis Wood commanded a 
regiment ot Clinton county boys, in the Black Hawk war. During 
the civil war the inhabitants were nearly equally divided in senti- 
ment. Troops were furnished for both armies. Much inteiest is 
taken in the cause of education, and some fine buildings rected 
for school purposes. 

Fldffsburg, the county seat, is located on the St. Louis, Kan- 
sas Cit}' and Northern railroad, and on the Chicago, Rock Island 
and Pacific railroad. It is 269 miles from St. Louis. It is a place 
of much business importance. The village was first called Con- 
cord, afterwards Springfield, and finally Plattsburg. Cameron, at 
the junction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph with the Chicago^ 
Rock Island and Pacific railroad, thirty-four miles from St. Joseph,, 
and fift}' from Kansas City, is an enterprising place of business. 
Lathrop is an enterprising town, on the St. L. K. C. & N. R. R., 
seven miles east of Plattsburg. The other villages are Hainesville, 
Converse, Gower, Graysonville, Bainbridge, Perrin, Tanner and 
Turney's Station. 

Cole county was organized on the 20th day of November, 1820, 
(the same year which marks the admission of the State into the 
Union) and at once entered upon its municipal life. It was 
taken from Cooper county, and named in honor of Stephen 
Cole, an old Indian fighter who had lost his life in a fight 
with the Indians, near the present site of New London, in 
the county of Ralls. He was one of the pioneers, who, with 
Cooper and others, led an adventurous life, raising corn with 
a rifle on the plow, hunting game and Indians at the same time, 
and diversifying their intervals by a pitched battle with the sav- 
ages, or repelling their assaults upon their fort. Of the Indian occu- 
pancy of the territory of Cole county, but little is known. There 
is no positive testimony of any permanent lodges or towns, and 
the inference is that it was a hunting ground for the surrounding. 



350 AN ILLUSTRATED 

tribes. The immense amount of arrow heads that are found here 
gives plausibility to this opinion. It was also their burial 
grounds for ages ; for nearly every prominent bluff on the Mis- 
souri contains the remains of their dead; and, on some of these 
mounds are found trees, apparently centuries old. The Capitol 
is built on one of them, and in its excavation the workmen exposed 
a great number of bones and pieces of pottery. The first trace of 
the white man's entrance into the coinitry is found in the faint 
history of the French trading expeditious up the Osage river. 
These traders would leave Ste. Genevieve, or Kaskaskia, following 
the course of the Missouri, in keel boats, or going by land along 
the old " Harmony Mission Trace," (the only road south of the 
Missouri) to the head-waters of the Osage. They have left, per- 
haps, an imperishable record of their occupancy in the names 
given to some of the important localities; such as Bois Rule 
creek, (which has been corrupted into Bob Ruly) the Taverne, 
Glaize, Pomme de Terre, Thibault, Marias des Cygnes, and others. 
The next visit from the white man to the county, was the expe- 
dition composed of twenty-eight persons, in 1804, commanded by 
Merewether Lewis and William Clark. They passed the limits of 
the county about June, but left no distinctive notice of it. This 
important and dangerous enterprise was organized in the year fol- 
lowing the acquisition of Louisiana from France, and was pro- 
moted and hastened by Thomas Jefferson, then President of the 
United States. The first immigration of permanent settlers to 
this county was in 1818, from Campbell comity. East Tennessee. 
They settled on the Moniteau creek, west of what is now the town 
of Marion. They consisted of John English and four sons, James 
Miller and five sons, Henry McKenney and three sons, James Ful- 
kerson and three sons, David Yount and three sons, David Cham- 
bers and three sons, John Mackey and two sons, John Harmon 
and one son, William Gouge and four sons, Martin Gouge and two 
sons, and Joshua Chambers and two sons; in all forty-three males, 
but as they were accompanied by tiieir families, they numbered, 
perhaps, in all, about sixty souls. The most noted among thera 
seemed to have been John English, who was the first representa- 
tive from the county. In 1819, John Hensley and two sons, and 
John Hunter increased the numbers of the settlement. The Hen- 
sleys were real back-woodsmen and Indian fighters. The elder 
Hensley, who was the fii'st Senator from the district, after the 



HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 351 

organization of the county, was too much crowded by the advanc- 
ing tide of immigration, and in 1845, emigrated west; he died, 
and was buried in the Rocky Mountains, a fit tomb for so restless 
a spirit. John Hunter has left no distinguishing mark, save that 
he was the first colonel of militia in the county. About the year 
1819, three more settlers located themselves on the bank of the 
Missouri, about nine miles west of the capital. Their names 
were Dr. John Brown. Andrew Rice and John Colgan. The first 
circuit court was held in the town of Marion, on the 5th day of 
January, 1821, at the house of John English. David Todd was 
judge; J.N. Conway, clerk ; Paul Whittley, sheriff; and Hamil- 
ton R. Gamble, circuit attorney. Conway resigned on the next day, 
and afterward removed to Arkansas. Jason Harrison was ap- 
pointed in his place. The lawyers who attended the first session were 
H. R. Gramble, Peyton R. Hayden, Robert C. Ewing, John G. 
Heath, George Tompkins, Abiel Leonard, Dabney Carr, and John 
S. Brickey. The first order of the court was that John Shore pay 
one dollar fine for contemptuous behavior to the court, and be im- 
prisoned, until the fine should be paid. Tradition is silent as to 
what that contemptuous behavior was, or whether the fine was ever 
paid. The next business was the emancipation, by Abraham Collett, 
of his slave, Joseph. Whether Mr. Collett lived to see the 
extinction of slavery, and the emancipation made general, of which 
he gave to this county the first example, is not known. In 1812, 
the first recorded marriage occurred in the country. It was sol- 
emnized on the 28th day of June, by Judge George Pettigrew; 
James A. Donaway and Sallie Howard were the happy couple. 
The first county court was held at the house of John English, on 
the 2d day of April, 1821. John Vivion, James Stark and Jason 
Harrison were" the justices. There were only two townships then 
in the county, Moreau and Moniteau. Of Moreau township John 
Hensley, Joseph Stephens and William Weir were justices of the 
peace ; and James Ryan, constable: of Moniteau township, George 
A Pettigrew, Thackier Vivion and John English were first justices 
of the peace ; Samuel Johnson, first collector, presented his first 
delinquent list of State and county taxes. That of the State was 
$12.91, and that of the county, $6.45. John Allen, in 1823, pre- 
sented his delinquent list. It was for State, $6.46 ; county, $3.13. 
About the year 1820, William and Daniel McKenzie, of 
Howard county, and Bass and Lintz, of Boone county, conceived 



352 AN ILLUSTRATED 

the idea of building up a large commercial town, at the Moniteau- 
rock, two miles bolow the mouth of the Moniteau creek. They 
laid out a town which thej' called Marion, in the expectation of 
its becoming the county seat, and perhaps the Capital of the State. 
Their first hope was realized, and Marion became the seat of jus- 
tice. Daniel McKenzie moved down and opened a store; E. V. 
Hollings worth, a hotel; Joshua Chambers built a horse mill; John 
L. Glazebrook, a blacksmith-shop; Cato, a freedman of John Eng- 
lish, established a ferry; the county built a court-house and 
jail. The former was afterwards sold for $450, and was 
used as a barn. In 1826, the county seat was moved to Jefferson; 
City, and Marion was gathered to its fathers. Cole county has- 
been twice curtailed of its limits. Once to give territory to Miller 
county, and once to add to Moniteau county. The county seat 
was finally moved from Marion to Jefferson City, in 1829, and 
Samuel Crow, John Scruggs and Martin D. Noland were appointed 
by the legislature, commissioners to arrange the proper removal. 
The first circuit and county courts were held in Jefferson City, at 
the house of John C. Gordon, Judge Todd presiding. Robert 
C. Ewing was then the oldest resident lawyer, and Jason Harrison 
was clerk of both courts. He held these two offices until 1836, 
when at the first election, in 1835, for clerk, lie was defeated by 
E. L. Edwards. 

The commissioners appointed to locate the State capital were, 
after its location, instructed to lay off the town into 1,000 lots, the 
principal street to be not less than 100, nor more than 120 feet wide, 
and the alleys to be 20 feet wide. On the 19th of December, 1822, 
the first trustees of the City of Jefferson were appointed. They 
were Josiah Ramsay, Adam Hope, and John C. Gordon, who were 
authorized to sell 200 lots. Four squares were reserved for a State- 
house; one for a Governor's house; one for a hospital; and one for 
a seminary of learning. The first sale of lots occurred in May, 
1823. At that time there were only two families living there. 
Those of Josiah Ramsey, and William Jones. In 1825, the State- 
house was nearly finished. On February 8th, of that year, 
the legislature appropriated $18,573 to pay James Dunnica, 
and Daniel Colgan, for its erection. The first session of the legis- 
lature was held in November, 1826, in the new State-house, John 
Miller being then Governor. The building was a rectangular 
brick structure, two stories high, without any architectural beauty. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 353 

The representatives occupied the lower story, the Senate the up- 
per floor. A story is told of a representative who presented his 
credentials to the secretary of the Senate. " This belongs to the 
Lower House," said the clerk. '"Where is that?" asked the gentle- 
man. "Down stairs." " Why, said the man, " I saw those fel- 
lows there, but I thought it was a dram-shop." In November, 
18S7, this building, which occupied the site of the present Ex- 
ecutive Mansion, was consumed by fire, and many valuable papers 
lost. The next session of the legislature met in the court-house. 
The representatives occupying the present court-room, and the 
Senate the second story, which was at that time unobstructed by 
pardtions. In 1840. the legislature and the State officers took 
possession of the present capitol. Jefferson City was incorporated 
in 1889, by an act of the legislature, and T. L. Price was its first 
mayor. The first newspaper issued was the "Jeffersonian Republi- 
can," printed and edited by Calvin Gunn. It made its appearance in 
1828, a neatly printed sheet, and its owner made it a successful 
enterprise. He had the sagacity to foresee the growth of the city, 
and to buy at low rates the public lots that are now so valuable to 
his family. Gunn died in 1858. His paper was democratic. The 
next paper here was called the ''Jefferson Enquirer," and made its 
first appearance in 1838. It was owned and edited by E. L. Ed- 
wards, and John McCulloch. The latter died before his 
paper was a year old. Edwards, in 1840, sold the paper 
to William Lusk, who, dying in 1842, left the establishment 
in the hands of his son, James Lusk, who died in February, 1858. 
The "Metropolitan," under the control of H. L. Boone, and J. 
S. McCracken, had its da}' of usefulness and profit, and was suc- 
ceeded by the "Examiner," conducted by Mr. Treadway. These pa- 
pers were all democratic. Messrs. Hammond and (^ronenbold 
started a whig paper, but it was not a success. In the year 1863, a 
republican paper, called the "State Times," was started in the city. 
E. Kirby had editorial control, and made it an able and popular 
organ of republicanism. In 1869, the paper passed into the hands 
of Horace Wilcox, and two years thereafter ceased to exist. In 
1865, the "Fortschritt," a German newspaper, was established. It 
was a popular and prosperous paper. It continued in operation 
till the fall of 1875, when it was discontinued. The papers now 
existing are the " Tribune," a democratic paper, issued by Regan 
and Carter, and edited by P. T. Miller; the "State Journal," owned 



354 AN ILLUSTRATED 

and edited by N. C. Burch, a republican sheet, started in Decem- 
ber, 1872: and the " Volksfreund,'" a German democratic paper, 
edited by Kroeger and Wagner, (started in the spring of 1876). N. 
C. Burch, of the "State Journal," is entitled to the honor of starting 
the first regular daily paper in Jefferson City, issued for the first 
time. September 9, 1873, and still continued. The "Tribune" was is- 
sued in 1864, by C. J. Corwin, who sold out to J. F. Regan, in 1866, 
who afterwards (in 1871) sold an interest to John F. Howes. The lat- 
ter dying, his share was purchased by J. E. Carter. The "Tribune," 
during the sessions of the legislature, had issued a daily paper, 
but their present permanent daily issue dates from July 1st, 1874. 
The first house built in Jefferson City was a shantj', erected 
about 1819, at the spring near the foundry of Captain Lohman. 
The oldest house in town is the one on High street, owned by Miss 
Lusk. opposite Captain Eaton's. The next is the old City Hotel, 
nearly opposite. In 1846, when the Mexican war broke out, Cole 
county sent two companies, one of cavalry, commanded by Captain 
M. M. Parsons, and one of infantry, commanded by Captain W. C. 
Angney The latter served under the command of General Sterling 
Price, and the former under the command of Colonel Doniphan. 
Captain Angney, after the war, settled in Mexico. Captain Parsons 
entered the Confederate service, and served as Major General, to die 
at last by the bullet of a Mexican assassin. He was a fine lawyer, 
an eloquent speaker, an accomplished soldier, and a dutiful son. 
In 1849, the steamer Monroe landed just below town with a large 
crowd of Mormon passengers. The cholera was raging among 
them fearfully. The sick and well were landed, and of the num- 
ber sixty-three died in the city. The history of Jefferson would 
not be complete, if mention was omitted of the Lincoln Institute, 
a normal colored school. This beautiful building was erected in 
1867, by the contributions of two colored Missouri regiments, in- 
creased a little by State aid. It is a matter of just pride to every 
lover of his country to see this class of citizens availing itself so 
earnestly of the opportunity of education, and preparing for the 
great duties and reponsibilities of life, which it must share in com- 
mon with all. The first church erected (about 1837) in this town, 
was the Baptist, now in possession of the colored Baptists. The 
next was the Methodist, erected about 1838 ; the Episcopal in 
1842. The Catholics were visited here by Father Helias, from 
Westphalia, Osage county, about the year 1837. The number of 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. ^^55 

communicants then was twenty-five. The first resident pastor 
was James Murphy, in 18i6. Their first church was on High street, 
a very small frame buildiug. In I860, the new church Wiis built 
and occupied. In 1861 Governor Jackson, who had occupied the 
city, retired to Boonesville and was succeeded in military occupancy 
by General Lyon, who did not tarry long, but, pushing on to 
Boonesville, had a skirmish with the troops under General Price. 
General Lyon soon afterwards lost his life at Wilson's Creek. Colonel 
Boernstein succeeded him, and in the shifting scenes of war came 
Generals Grant, Pope, Fremont, Totten, Loan and Brown. The 
city was not disturbed by any cotiflict, save a skirmish in October, 
1864, between the Confederate forces under General Price and the 
Union forces under General Brown, and others. Not more than 
fifteen or twenty lives were lost. The Jefferson City public schools 
were organized in the fall of 1867. The new building, a stately 
structure, was erected in 1871. The present Capitol was commenced 
in 1837, and finished in 1842; Stephen Hills, an Englishman, was 
the architect. The present executive mansion was started in 1872, 
and finished in the same year. The area of Cole county is 262,400 
acres, of which, at last census, 1870, 32,942 acres were improved, 
with an annual product, the value of which Avas over §300,000. In 
1870 the assessed valuation of the real and personal property of 
the county was §4,115,612, the actual value being fixed at $7,000,- 
000. The population of Cole county is 12,000, of which Jefferson 
City has about a half. 

Cooper county is located in the central part of the State ; bounded 
on the north by the Missouri river, which separates it from Boone and 
Howard counties. It is well watered by small creeks and the La- 
miiie, Blackwater, Petite, and Saline rivers, some of which pene- 
trate, or pass through every township of the county. The land 
contiguous to these streams is broken, and is covered with a growth 
of oak, ash, walnut, hickory, and elm, but nearly all of the land is 
susceptible of cultivation. The south-western and central parts of 
the county consist of undulating prairie lands, unsurpassed for 
agricultural purposes. Coal is found to a considerable extent, and 
in almost every section of the county. Lead, iron, zinc, and man- 
ganese, are also found; also pottery and fire clay. The leading pur- 
suit of the population is agriculture. The Missouri Pacific, the 
Osage Valley and Southern Kansas, and the Missouri, Kansas and 
Texas railroads, which pass through the county, afford excellent fa- 



;^56 AN ILLUSTRATED 

cilities for transportation. The educational interests receive much 
attention. Cooper county contains the following townships: 
Blackwater, Booneville, Clark's Fork, Clear Creek, Kelly, La Mine, 
Lebanon, Moniteau, Palestine, Pilot Grove, and Saline. The early 
history of Cooper county runs not far back of 1812, when Daniel 
Boone. Stephen Cole, and others, came into the territory, and lo- 
cated not far from where Booneville now stands. The county was 
organized December 17, 1818, and the county seat established at 
Booneville, August 13, 1819. The first court was held March 1, 
1819. Justice David Todd presiding, R. C. Clark being clerk, 
and W. M. McFarland, sheriff. During the recent war two en- 
gagements were had between the federal and confederate troops, 
in both of which the former were successful. The county suffered 
during the war, and was in military occupancy most of the time 
during its progress. Since which time, it has grown rapidly in 
population, as well as in wealth and resources. 

Booneville^ the count}^ seat, lies on the Missouri river, and is the 
terminus of the Booneville branch of the Missouri Pacij&c railroad, 
187 miles by rail from St. Louis, and 232 miles by river. It is 
also on the Missouri. Kansas and Texas railroad. This last com- 
pany has a fine iron bridge over the Missouri river at this place. 
It was laid out in 1817, became the county seat in 1819, and was 
incorporated in 1839. It is situated in a rich and well settled 
country, and of great natural advantages, with an abundance of 
coal, stone, and building materials. The other villages and settle- 
ments are Billingsville, Harrison, New Palestine, Overton, Pilot 
Grove, Prairie Home, Pisgah, and Pleasant Green. 

Crawford county is situated on the south-east central part 
of the State, about seventy-five miles south-west of St. Louis. 
The surface of the county is generally rolling, and but little prai- 
rie. It is watered by the Meramec river and its tributaries, and 
Crooked, Yankee, Dry, Huzzah and Shoal creeks. The soil of the 
lowlands is a rich black loam; and of the uplands, a yellow clay, 
and well adapted to the growing of wheat. Most of the uplands 
were formerly prairie, but since it has been settled, and the annual 
fires ceased, timber has grown rapidly. Coal exists in the southern 
part of the county. The chief mineral deposits are iron and lead, 
which are found in great quantities. One iron furnace, (the Scotia) 
near Leasburg, has a capacity of thirty tons per day, and em- 
ployed, in 1874. about five hundred men. The deposit is of blue 



JIISTOUY OF MI8SUUUI. H57 

speculiir and red hematite, and exceedingly rich. Indications of 
large deposits of lead are found in the eastern part of the county. 
A«,'riculture is the leading occupation. St. Louis is the principal 
market. The townships comprising the county are Benton, 
Boone. Courtois, Knobview, Liberty, Meramec, Oak Hill, Osage and 
Union. The county was first settled in 1815. It was organized 
•January, 23d, 1829, and included much adjacent territory. 

Steehille-, the county seat, is pleasantly situated, in a valley, 
one mile south of the Meramec, and on the St. Louis, Salem and 
Little Rock railroad. The county seat was located here in 1835. 
Cuba, at the junction of the two roads, is ninety-one miles from 
St. Louis, and is an active, pros|)erous village. Bourbon. Elm 
Tree, Iron Ridge, Kent, Dry Creek, Osage, Knobview and Leasburg 
are villages and settlements in this county. 

Dade county is situated in the south-western part of the State. 
It was organized January 29th, 1841. The eastern part is mostly 
timbered, the western mostly prairie. The surface is various; the 
timbered portions hilly, while the prairies are gently rolling, inter- 
spersed here and there with belts of timber along the water 
courses. The soil is mostly mulatto loam. White and red clay, 
mixed with flint rocks are found in some places near the surface. 
The count}' is well watered. The Sac river and Turn-back creek 
atford water-power. Timber is scarce in the western portion of 
the county. Among the minerals, zinc, coal, lead, iron and copper 
are found — coal and zinc in abundance. All of the north-western 
part of the county is underlaid with coal of an excellent quality, 
while the eastern portion is supplied with zinc. Both are being 
worked extensively. The leading pursuit of the inhabitants is 
agriculture. The townships of Dade county are Centre, Grant, 
Horse Creek, Marion, Morgan, North, Polk, Smith and South. 
The first settlements were made in 1833-4. Crisp Prairie, in the 
north-eastern part of the county was named for three hardy set- 
tlers who came into the territory among the very first. Silas 
Hobbs, Samuel LaForce, George Davidson, Nelson McDowell are 
names historic, being among the early pioneers. A company of men 
went from Dade, during the Mexican war, commanded by Captain 
J. J. Clarkson. During the civil war, like other southern coun- 
ties, it suffered greatly, being overrun by the federal and con- 
federate armies, and the farms and villages devastated. The 
court-house was burned by the confederates, in 1863, but the 



858 AX TLIJTSTHATED 

records and other valuable papers were preserved. There are no 
lines of railroads passing through the county, such roads being 
the greatest need of the people. In common with other of these 
counties which were devastated by the war, it has recuperated fast 
since its close. 

Grernfield. the county seat, is located near the center of the 
county, two miles west of Turn-back river, and forty miles north- 
west of Springfield. The Ozark Female Institute is located here. 
Dadeville is located in the midst of a fine farming section, and is a 
thrifty place, with an intelligent population. The other villages 
and settlements are Areola, Cedarville, Engleman's Mills, John- 
son's Mills, King's Point, Mount Zion, Rock Prairie and Sylvania. 

Dallas county has a surface ranging from that of almost level 
prairie to precipitous hills. The valleys of the Niangua river and 
its tributaries are very rich and productive. The western, north- 
western, and central portions of the county consist chiefly of 
gently rolling prairies, interspersed here and there by water courses, 
belted with timber. These prairies vary in extent from a few 
hundred, to many thousand acres. Water is abundant. The 
streams are pure and clean, and run over pebbly bottoms, most of 
them being fed by springs. One of them in the north-east part of 
the county, discharges 60,000 gallons of water per minute, furnish- 
ing motive power for a grist and saw mill, and other machinery. 
The Niangua river affords motive power to an almost unlimited ex- 
tent. The soil is rich. The agricultural products are wheat, corn, 
rye, buckwheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sorghum, the grasses, and 
tobacco. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, and all the small fruits, 
grow in great abundance. Lead is found in many places in the 
county. The Rambo mines, twelve miles from Buffalo, are suc- 
cessfully worked. Indications of coal have been discovered in dif- 
ferent localities, and stone of good quality for building purposes, 
is found in large quantities. The only mode of transportation is 
by wagon to Lebanon on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, a dis- 
tance of twenty-seven miles from the county seat. The town- 
ships in the county are Benton, Grant, Greene, Jackson, 
Jasper, Lincoln, Miller and Washington. The settlement of this 
county was commenced in 1837. It was first named Niangua, and 
organized in 1842. Its boundaries were subsequently changed, and 
it received its present name in December, 1844. The court-house 
was destroyed by fire during the civil war, and also the records of 







iiiiiiliiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiMiililiillilii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiilililJililiiiiiiiiiE 



SAMUEL A. RICHARDSON, 



nisToiiY OF MissorKi. •"^ri*.) 

the county, bat both edifice and records are now replaced. Much 
interest is taken in the cause of popuhir education in the county. 
Buffalo, the county seat, is very pleasantly located on rising 
ground, near a prairie. It was first settled about 1J>40: was incor- 
porated in 18.54, and again in 1870. Friendship Community was 
incorporated March 15, 1872. It is situated four miles west of Buf- 
falo, where it owns five hundred acres of land. It is based upon 
principles of social reform, holding all property in common, for 
the general good, but in no way interfering with social, religious, 
or political affairs of its members. Urbana is situated some 
fifteen miles northwest of Buffalo. 

Daviess county is situated in the north-western portion of the 
State, about thirty-five miles from the Kansas border, and about 
the same distance from the Iowa State line. It was organized 
December 29, 1836. The surface is divided about equally between 
rolling prairie and timber lands, some of the upland prairies being 
interspersed with timber. The county is drained by the west fork 
of Grand river, which passes through it from north-west to south- 
east, with a wide strip of rich bottom land on either side, heavily 
timbered with cotton- wood, oak, walnut, hickory and blackberry. 
This river furnishes most of the water-power of the county. Its 
tributaries are the Muddy, Hickory, Cypress, Big, Sampson, 
Grindstone and Houly creeks. The soil is mostly a black loam. 
The highlands have a black and reddish-brown soil, very pro- 
ductive. No minerals, in sufficient quantities to be of value, have 
been found. Good building stone is abundant. The inhabitants 
are mostly employed in agriculture. The townships, composing the 
county are Benton, Colfax, Gallatin, Grand River, Grant, Harrison. 
Jackson, Jefferson, Liberty, Lincoln, Marion, Monroe, Salem, 
Sheridan, Union and Washington. 

The facilities for transportation are furnished by a branch of the 
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, and by the St. Louis 
and Omaha railroad. These roads intersect one another in the 
central part of the county like a letter X, furnishing fifty-five miles 
of railroad track. The Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad passes 
very near to the southern boundary, dividing Daviess from Cald- 
well. The county was first settled in 1831, near the central 
part. It was taken from Ray, and named in honor of Joseph 
Daviess, of Kentucky. The M(irmons came into the county in 
1836. In 1888, on account of their exceedingly obnoxious and 



,'}<)() AN ILLUSTRATED 

lawless habits, there was quite an excitement regarding them, 
which finally culminated in their expulsion by the State au- 
thorities; not,hovvever, until they had committed many depre- 
dations, and had burned the town of Gallatin and many private 
houses. 

Galldtin, the county seat, was laid out in 1837; is pleasantly 
situated on elevated ground, one mile west of Grand river, and at 
the point where the two lines of railroad cross each other, 249 
miles from St. Louis. It is a place of considerable business 
importance, having some twenty stores of various kinds, two 
printing offices, two banks and four churches. The buildings 
generally are of brick, and its prospects are encouraging. The 
present population is not far from two thousand. The other vil- 
lages and setlements are Jamesport, Jameson, Winstonville, Lock- 
spring, New Farmington, Pattonsburg, Jackson, Alta Vista, Civil 
Bend, Bancroft, Coffeysburg and Victoria. 

De Kalb county is generally a high undulating prairie, inter- 
spersed with creeks lined with timber, to about one-sixth of the 
area of the county. It contains about 10 per cent, bottom laud, 
and a small portion is barren and unproductive. The soil, being a 
dark loam, is excellent for agricultural and grazing purposes. The 
streams of the county are small creeks, not large enough to furnish 
water-power to any considerable extent, but affording sufficient 
water for farms and stock. There is sufficient timber, if judiciously 
used, for fuel, fencing, and building purposes for all time to come. 
There are no minerals yet found in this county. The facilities for 
transportation are the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, on the 
southern border of the county, and the Chicago,* Rock Island and 
Pacific, in the south-eastern part. The public schools are in 
an excellent condition, some of the larger villages having good 
graded schools and school-houses. The townships of the county 
are Adams, Camden, Colfax, Dallas, Grand River. Grant, Polk, 
Sherman, and Washington. The first settlements were made 
in 1833, by immigrants, who came from Tennessee, Kentucky, 
Ohio, and Virginia. Its boundaries were established in 1813, and 
the county was organized in 1815. During the civil war the inhab- 
itants were divided in their sympathies, and there was much bitter- 
ness and partisan feeling manifested. After peace was declared, 
law and order were restored, and the perpetrators of crimes either 
punished or driven from the county. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. *^61 

Mnysville, the county seat, was commenced in 1845. It lies near 
the center of the county, on a ridge from which can be seen the 
-country for some miles contiguous. It has a newspaper office, and 
the usual number of stores and shops. It is an active and thriving 
place of business. Stewartsville, on the H. .and St. J. railroad, 
fourteen miles west of Cameron, is a thriving town on Castile 
<3reek. It has a seminary of learning. Osborn is an important 
shipping point on the same railroad. A portion of the village 
lies in the county of Clinton. Boxford, Fairport, Standard, 
Winslow, Union Star, McCartney's Cross Roads, R oxford, Arica, 
and Amity, are small villages and settlements. The western bor- 
der of the county is about fifteen miles from the Missouri river, 
Andrew county and a part of Buchanan lying between, in the 
north-western portion of the State. 

Dent county is situated in the south-east central part of the 
■State, and was organized from parts of Shannon and Crawford 
counties in 1851, and re-organized December 4, 1855. The surface 
of the county is very diversified; the Osage mountains passing east 
and west through it, and forming a table land from eight hundred 
to one thousand feet high. The divide descends gradually towards 
the Missouri, and the streams flowing in that direction are deep, 
but not near as rapid as those flowing south, which are frequently 
forming falls. The Current and the Meramec rivers are the princi- 
pal water courses, and they afford, with their numerous larger and 
smaller affluents, all the necessary water for stock and farm use. 
The former meanders along the southern border of the county, 
through a rough and broken land; its flow is very rapid, and aft'ords 
many excellent sites for water-power, being, perhaps, not excelled 
by any other stream of similar size in the State. The eastern and 
southern tiers of townships are heavily timbered with pine; 
the balance of the county, with oaks, walnut, hickory, and other 
varieties. Only few and small prairies are found within the limits 
of this county. Many fertile bottom lands are situated along the 
rivers and creeks. The soil on the uplands is sandy, with clay, and 
generally productive. Iron, lead, copper and zinc make this coun- 
ty rich in mineral wealth. Immense deposits of red hematite and 
blue specular iron ores of excellent quality are found most every- 
where in the Ozark range. Some sixty deposits are known, and 
others are discovered every little while. Sinimonds' mountain is 
considered only second in size to Iron mountain, covering about 



;{()2 AN ILLUSTKATED 

thirty acres, and about ninety feet above the surrounding plateau. 
This, and some other banks, are extensively worked, shipping 
about five hundred tons daily. The leading occupation of its in- 
habitants is fiirming. The leading agricultural productions are 
wheat, oats, corn, hay and potatoes, producing large average 
yields. The county is well adapted to the growth of tobacco, and 
large quantities of a very fair quality are raised annually. The St. 
Louis and Little Rock railroad forms a junction at Cuba with 
the Atlantic and Pacific. This road furnishes the means of 
transportation, but the leading market is, as yet, at home, only 
the iron ore being exported to any great extent. The townships 
composing the county are Current. Franklin, Huzzah, Linn, Mera- 
mec, Norman, Osage, Sinking, Spring Creek, Texas, and Watkins. 
The first settlements in the county were made in 1828 and 1829, 
and among those who came a few years after was Lewis Dent, from 
whom the county received its name. The earl}' settlers endured all 
the privations incident to their removal, in the Avant of mills, post- 
office, etc., none being nearer than one hundred miles distant, in 
the recent war the county was the seat of two regular engagements 
and many skirmishes, in which the Confederates were badly de- 
feated. Many of the inhabitants left their homes, and for a while 
the county was nearly depopulated. 

Salem, the county seat, is located near the center of the countj^ 
and was settled first in 1852, by F. M. Jameson. The other villages 
are Benton, a station on the St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock rail- 
road, and Howes on the same road. 

Douglas county is in the southern part of the State, on the 
south side of the Ozark mountains, being separated from the State 
of Arkansas by Ozark county. Its surface is broken, and was en- 
tirely covered with timber, there being no prairie land within its 
area. The county contains 810 square miles, being about forty- 
five miles in length, from east to west, and eighteen miles from 
north to south. The county is drained by several streams, first 
among which is Big Beaver, which runs along the western line of 
the county, and possesses valuable water-power. Bryant creek runs 
through the center and the entire width of the county, and offers 
many eligible mill-sites. The north fork of White river flows 
through the eastern part of the coui>4y, which offers similar in- 
ducements for manufacturing purposes. The bottom laud on these 
streams and their many affluents, are extremely fertile, and the tim- 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 36'S 

ber is abundant and excellent. The county had in 1870 a population 
of 3,915, which number has since increased. Douglas county wtis 
named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, and was organized October 
19, 1857. Its territory was increased in 1864, by additions from 
Webster and Taney counties, and in 1872Gt.herchang-es were made. 
Iron and lead have been found in some localities. The townships are 
Benton, Boone, Buchanan. Campbell, Cass, Clay, Finley, Jackson. 
Lincoln, Spring Creek, and Washington. There are no lines of 
railroads passing through the county. The Atlantic and Pacific 
is some thirty miles north-west. 

Ava is the county seat. It is thirty miles south-east of Marsh- 
tield, on the Atlantic and Pacitic railroad. Vera Cruz, formerly 
the county seat, is situated on Bryant's Fork, ten miles south-east 
of Ava. Falling Springs^ Little Beaver, Prior's Store, xlrmo, Rich- 
ville, and Salt Road, are small settlements. 

DuNKLiN" county is the western portion of the peninsula- like 
section of country which runs down into the State of Arkansas, 
some thirty-five miles, and is from twenty-five to thirty miles in 
width, lying between the Mississippi and the St. Francois rivers; 
the county of Pemiscot being between Dunklin and the Missis- 
sippi river. Both these counties originally belonged to the terri- 
tory now comprising the State of Arkansas, and were not included 
in the State of Missouri, when she was admitted into the Union, 
in 1820. The inhabitants, however, were, in all respects part and 
parcel of the inhabitants lying north, and subsequently, on the 
petitions of its citizens, it was annexed to Missouri. The first 
settlement was made in 1829, b}'' Jacob Taylor and others. It was 
organized February 14, 1845. The greater part of the county is 
susceptible of cultivation, soil very productive being nearly all river 
bottom. There is but one hill, and no rocks in the county. 
Almost the entire surface is covered with timber, there being but 
two small prairies in the county. Little river runs through the 
south-east corner, and Varner's river through the western part. 
There are no other rivers or creeks, but there are a great many 
sloughs, some running entirely across the county; others, after 
running several miles, and forming large islands, flow back into 
the St. Francois river, from which they all start. There is no water- 
power suitable for machinery. The tiinber is as fine as any in the 
State, consisting of the different varieties of oak, hickory, black- 
walnut, poplar, cypress, mulberry, black and sweet gum, and various 



364 AN TLLITSTRATED 

other kinds. There is enough timber to prove adequate to all 
demands for many years. Few minerals are found in the county, 
and no mines are in operation. Bog ore, copperas and coal are 
found in small quantities. The leading occupation of the inhabi- 
tants is agriculture. The chief productions are corn and cotton. 
Cotton is almost the only article raised for export. Castor beans 
are raised to some extent. The townships are Clay, Freeborn, 
Four-Mile, Halcomb's, Independence, Salem, and Union. There 
are no facilities for the transportation of produce to market, except 
b}^ wagons, over roads of the poorest description. 

Kennett is the county seat. Clarkton is the largest village in the 
county. It is in the midst of a fine farming district on West 
Prairie. Cotton Plant, Cotton Hill, Four-Mile, and Homersville 
are small settlements. 

Fkanklin" county lies w^est of the counties of St. Louis and 
Jetfei-son, which separate it from the Mississippi river. Its entire 
northern boundary is washed by the Missouri. The Meramec 
river passes through the entire south-eastern portion, while the 
Bourbeuse, rising in the south-west, and flowing north-east, drains 
the central part of the county. Both of these streams, as well as 
some of their tributaries, furnish reliable water-power. A high 
ridge runs through the county from north-east to south-west, from 
which the streams on one side flow into the Missouri, and on the 
other into the Meramec. Along the streams are found large areas 
of rich alluvial bottom; the greater part of the uplands are un- 
dulating, and some portions quite broken. The roughest and most 
broken lands, where explorations have been made, have been found 
rich in valuable minerals. Underlying the most of the uplands 
are magnesiau limestone, and the "Bluff " or " Loess," as named 
by Prof Swallow in his geological report, forming a rich soil and 
subsoil. Timber is abundant. The rocks of Franklin county, be- 
long to the Lower Silurian system, and are geologically below the 
coal, but rich in iron, lead and copper — the first two being 
widely and abundantly distributed, and the latter found at what is 
known as the Stanton mine in the southern part of the county, 
where a large quantity of metal was once extracted. These mineral 
lands cover about 125,000 acres, and are not adapted to agriculture. 
Considerable mining has been done along the line of the Atlantic 
and Pacihc railroad. Extensive banks of superior sand f()r glass 
arefnind at Pacihc City. Franklin embraces about 560,000 acres. 



HISTORY OF MlSSOnu. .'ifiS 

Jtjs^the largestcount}^!! the State. • The first settlements were 
made in this county in the latter part of the last century l)y French 
adventurers engaged in hunting and trapping. Daniel Boone re- 
sided here for a time in 1803. The county was formed from the 
county of St. Louis in 1818, and the seat of justice located at New 
Port, which was on the high bluffs, near the mouth of Boeuf 
river, but was removed to Union in 1830. The great agricultural 
and horticultural resources of Franklin, its salubrious climate, va- 
riety and abundance of minerals, its proximity to St. Louis, with 
its abundant facilities for communication in every direction by 
river or rail, will soon make it the home of a dense population. 
The townships of the county are Boeuf, Boone, Boles, Calvy, Cen- 
tral. Lyon, Meramec, Prairie, Union, St. John's and Washington. 
Union, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on the Bourbeuse. 
fifty-five miles from St. Louis, and seventy-five miles from Jeffer- 
son City, It was first settled by G. Fockler about the year 1829, 
became the seat of justice in 1830, and was incorporated in 1851, 
which was superceded b}' a special charter in 1874. Washington is 
the principal town of the county, and is beautifully situated on the 
Missouri river, ten miles from Union, and fifty-four miles west of 
St. Louis. The town was first settled as early as 1815, and incorpor- 
ated in 1841. The packing of pork is carried on to a large extent. 
It is a thriving place of business, and has all the elements of pros- 
perity. Pacific is situated on the Meramec river, and on the At- 
lantic and Pacific railroad, at its junction with the Missouri Pacific. 
The town is partially in St. Louis county. It was first settled in 
1852 by W. C. Inks. Excellent facil-ities are afforded for manufac- 
turing purposes. Large quantities of sand suitable for the manufac- 
ture of glass are found here. The other villages and settlements 
are New Haven, on the Missouri river; Moselle, on the M. P. 
R. R., nine miles from Pacific, a shipping point for the Moselle Iron 
Works; Dundee at the mouth of Beef Slough; Catawissa. Roberts- 
ville, St. Clair. Berger, Boeuf Creek, Gray's Summit, Grabville, 
Jepan, Labadie, Sullivan, South Point and Virginia Mine. 

Gasconade county is in the east-central part of the State. Its 
eastern and western boundaries are Franklin and Gage counties. 
It has all the varieties of surface known to Missouri — bluffs, 
ridges, prairie and rich bottom lands. The Gasconade and Bour- 
beuse run through portions of the county, and the Missouri forms 
the northern boundary. The Frame. Little Berger. Boeuf, and 



366 AN ILLUSTRATED 

First, Second and Third creeks are the other streams of the county. 
Timber is abundant. The land bordering on, and for fifteen 
miles back of the river is broken. The county has a high repu- 
tation for the culture of the grape, and it is estimated that over a 
thousand acres are devoted to its cultivation. Apples, peaches and 
other fruits receive much attention, and are a profitable article for 
market. A lead mine was opened on the Bourbeuse, but aban- 
doned for want of proper machinery to exclude the water. Silicate, 
sulphuret of zinc and coal have also been discovered. The town- 
ships of the county are Boeuf, Boulware, Brush Creek, Burbois, 
Canaan, Richland, Roark and Third Creek. The first settlers came 
into this section as early as 1812. The county was named from its 
principal river, and was taken from Franklin and organized in 
1820. It was reduced to its present limits in 1869. 

On the banks of the Gasconade river, there were formerly a 
number of saltpeter caves which were profitably worked. Small 
quantities of this article were shipped to St. Louis. The greater 
portion was used in the manufacture of gun powder of which, at 
one time, there were a number of manufactories in the county. 
'' Some of the caves are very large, consisting frequently of a suc- 
cession of rooms joined to each other by arched walls of great 
height. The walls are uniformly of limestone and often present 
the most beautiful appearance. When these caves were first dis- 
covered, it was not unusual to find in them Indian axes and ham- 
mers, which led to the belief that they had formerly been worked 
for some unknown purposes by the savages. It is difiicult to 
decide whether these tools were left here hy the present race, or by 
another and more civilized which preceded them. It is unusual 
for savages to take up their residence in caves, — considering them 
places to which the Moniteau resorts — and they not being 
acquainted with an}^ of the uses of saltpeter, and would rather 
avoid than collect it; the circumstance of finding these tools 
in the cave, would of itself, perhaps, furnish slight evidence 
that the country of the Gasconade was formerly settled by a race 
of men, who were acquainted with the uses of this mineral, or Avho 
exceeded them in civilization, or the knowledge of the arts; but 
there are other facts connected with these about which there can 
be no mistake. Near the saw-mills, and at a short distance from 
the road leading from them to St. Louis, are the ruins of an ancient 
town. It appears to have been regularly laid out, and the dimen- 



plMliilliiliiiliil! 







JOSEPH L. McCULLOUGH. 



UlSTOKY OK MIStfOUKl. 367 

sions of the squares and streets, and some of the houses can yet 
be discovered. Stone walls are found in different parts of the area, 
which are frequently covered with huge heaps of earth. Again, a 
stone work exists about ten miles below the mills. It is on the 
west side of the Gasconade, and is about twenty-five to thirty feet 
square; it appears to have been originally built with aa uncom- 
mon degree of regularity. It is situated on a high bald clitf, which 
commands a fine and extensive view of the country on all sides. 
From this stone work is a small foot-path leading to the cave, in 
which was found a quantity of axes. The mouth of the cave com- 
mands an easterly view, and also a view of the path to the building 
referred to, which maj' have been erected to some imaginary' deit}'." 
Herman, the county seat, is on the Missouri and Pacific rail- 
road, and also on the Missouri river. The town was first settled 
by the German Settlement Society, of Philadelphia, in the year 
1837. In 1845, it was made the county seat. The population is 
composed mainly of Germans, many of whom are engaged in the 
culture of the grape, and other fruits. The other villages and 
settlements are Morrison, eleven miles from Herman; Gasconade 
Cit}', at the mouth of the river of that name; and Drake, Bays 
Gasconade Ferry, and Canaan. 

Gextry county is in the north-west portion of the State, twelve 
miles south of the Iowa line, being separated from Iowa by Worth 
county. The surface is generally rolling or undulating, with 
the exception of the bottom lands along the ditterent branches 
of Grand river. The great body of the land is prairie of 
the richest quality, and is well adapted for both stock-rais- 
ing and grain-growing. There is a large belt of oak timber 
extending through the county from north to south, several miles 
in width, and on which, when cleared and well farmed, grows the 
best of fall wheat. About one-third of the county is timber, and 
of a fine quality for building, fencing, and other purposes. The 
soil is a very black, rich, loam, and not one acre in five but 
is adapted to cultivation. There is but one river in the county 
— Grand, running in a south-easterly direction through it, and 
meandering in a way to aff'ord large bottoms. It is fed by numer- 
ous streams, running in from east to west, and furnishing all the 
necessary water for stock. Coal is found near Ellenorah. It 
is thought to exist in abundance beneath the soil. The climate, in 
general with all of north-west Missouri, is mild and healthful. 



868 AX ILLUSTRATED ' 

There are no swamps, nor wet lands; the air is dry and bracing.. 
The heat of summer is tempered by constant breezes. The occu- 
pation of the inhabitants is principally farming. The townships 
of the county are Allen, Athens, Bogle, Cooper, Greene, Howard, 
Huggins, Jackson, Miller, Smith and Wilson. Gentry was first 
settled, in 1840, by some families from Clay and Ray counties, or- 
ganized inlSil, and named in honor of Colonel Richard Gentry, 
There has been considerable immigration to this county since the 
civil war, mostly Eastern people. The land is of excellent quality; 
the climate healthy, and mild. 

Albany, the county seat, formerly called Athens, is pleasantly 
situated a short distance from Grand river, about three hundred 
and twenty-five miles from St. Louis. The other villages in the 
county are: Gentryville, an active town on Grand river, eight miles 
south of Albany; and Havana, Island City, King City. Mount 
Pleasant, Philander, Bahlsville, Ellenorah and New Castle. 

Gkeene county is is situated in the south-western part of the 
State, and extends over the highest summits of the Ozark moun- 
tains, which here attain an elevation of about 1600 feet above St. 
Louis; the county thus forms a part of the great dividing ridge be- 
tween the lower Mississippi and the Missouri. The general sur, 
face of the county is undulating and broken, with rich and fertile 
prairies in the western and south-western parts, and rolling timber- 
land in the south-eastern and eastern. The large, gently undu- 
lating prairies have a dark mulatto or brownish red soil, from six 
inches to five feet in depth, with a darker colored subsoil with stone 
and gravel. About two-thirds of its surface is covered with tim- 
ber, a part of which is hilly, and in some localities stony. The 
soil is excellent, and even on the stony hills is found fine pastur- 
age ground set with blue grass. The county is well watered by 
many fine rivers and creeks, and there is probably no other county 
in the State possessing more fine springs, some of which are power- 
ful enough to drive machinery, with water as clear as crystal. The 
larger streams are very rapid, and afford unrivalled water-power. 
Timber is abundant for all present and future practical pur- 
poses, and some extensive pineries are also found within its limits. 
The county possesses two natural bridges, and many large caves, 
out of which flow some of the cleai*est and most beautiful springs 
in the world. The celebrated Knox or Lincoln cave lies some seven 
miles north-west of Springfield. It is about 1,000 yards in length, 



HISTOUY OF M188ULa:i. 309 

and contains many spacious apartments, caverns or niches. In its 
most remote depths, a beautiful stream flows, with water some ten 
feet deep, and of perfect clearness and purity. The county is well 
supplied with manufacturing establishments. Al)out 2.000 acres 
of government land, of poor quality, are in this county. The in- 
habitants are mostly employed in farming. The agricultural 
staples are wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, tobacco, hay and fruits. 
Large quantities of wheat are raised annually. This county claims 
to be one of the best fruit-growing counties in the State; its alti- 
tude above the level of the sea, the excellent natural drainage and 
mild climate, make it particularly well adapted to the culture of all 
fruits, and many large orchards are found scattered over its surface, 
producing annually a large quantity of good fruit. The grape also 
succeeds admirably. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad have about 
thirty miles of track, and the Memphis, Springfield and Kansas 
City railroad, has more than that number graded, affording excel- 
lent means for transportation. The county, since the war, has 
received a very fair share of the immigration, and is rapidly filling 
up with an industrious class of citizens. It is well sui)plied with 
public schools. 

Springfield, the county seat, is pleasantly situated near the 
centre of the county, a short distance from north Springfield, on 
the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and about one hundred and ten 
miles from Jefferson City. It was settled in 1833; incorporated as a 
qity in 1847; and is a place of much business importance, being the 
principal city in south-western Missouri, and having also the trade 
of north-western Arkansas and south-eastern Kansas. Before the 
civil war, it had a population of about two thousand, but during 
that conflict it suffered much, being disputed ground, and occupied 
alternately by the co)itending forces, and was the scene of some 
brilliant military exploits. Since the war it has had a steady and 
healthy growth. The completion of the Atlantic and Pacific rail- 
road, in 1870, did much for the city as well as for the county. It 
is the seat of Drury College. It has excellent public schools. 
Three miles south of the city is the National Cemetery, where 
fourteen hundred of the Union soldiers found their last resting 
place. Through the bequest of Dr. Thomas Bailey, a fine soldiers- 
monument has been erected on these grounds. North Springfield 
is situated on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, two hundred and 
forty-one miles from St. Louis. It is a growing place, and is the 



•^70 AX ILLTTSTKATKD 

railroad shipping point for Springfield from which it is about a 
mile distant. Ebenezer is one of the earl}^ towns of the county, 
and was settled nbout 1835. Three miles north is an Indian 
mound, which is a place of resort for tourists. Cave Spring is a 
small settlement, fourteen miles from Springfield. It is named 
from a si)ring that comes from fissures in the rock near by, and 
is also an attractive place for tourists. Pairgrove, sixteen miles 
north-east from Springfield, is a small town. Ash Grove, in the 
north-western part of the county, is a pleasant village. 

Geundy county is situated in the central-northern part of the 
State, in the second tier of counties, south of Iowa. It is twenty 
two miles North and South, and twenty-one miles East and West. 
The upland prairies — about two-thirds of the area — are gently un- 
dulating, and contain a rich soil of deep black mould. The prairie 
here is well diversified with timber. One-third of the county is up- 
land and ridges, mostly covered with timber. The latter is found 
along the water courses, of which there are a great many, and some 
of them afibrding excellent water-power. The East fork of the 
Grand river passes through the county in a southerly direction, and 
with its numerous tributaries furnishes an abundant supi)ly of pure 
water. Coal has been found in several localities, and at Trenton a 
a shaft has been sunk and worked with some success. Wood is 
abundant and cheap. A considerable amount of business has been 
carried on in furnishing railroad ties, which are shipped to differ- 
ent states — particulary to the Kansas roads. There are four flout- 
ing mills, some twenty steam saw-mills, one large woolen factory, 
and a few cheese factories, which comprise the manufacturing in- 
dustries of the county; population about 12,000. The townships of 
the county are Franklin, Jefferson, Libert}', Madison, Marion, Tren- 
ton, and Washington. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific rail- 
road enters the county on the north boundary, runs southerly, 
and passes into Daviess countj^ in the south-western corner. The 
Quincy, Missouri and Pacific passes through Trenton. The first 
settlements were made in 1834. The county was organized in Jan- 
uary 1841, and named in honor of Felix Grundy, of Tennessee. 
Since the civil war there has been considerable influx of immigra- 
tion — a majority from Ohio, and other western states. 

Trenton, the county seat, (located in 1843) is situated on the 
east side of Crooked Fork, a tributary of Grand river, one hundred 
and thirty -one miles north-west by wpst of Jefferson City, and on 



IIISToitY OF .MlSSOl'lJT. 871 

the Chiiago. Ilo. k Isiauil and Pacific railroad. It is located on a 
high bluif that was originally covered with timber, and is a place 
of considerable business importance. The stream here is spanned 
by a truss bridge. The Trenton high school is an institution of 
high reputation. The building was erected at an expense of 
$20,000, with accommodations for five hundred or more scholars. 
Trenton was first settled about 1840, and incorporated in 1857. 
Edinburgh is a pleasant village,,on a prairie six miles west of 
Trenton. An excellent educational institution, known as Grand 
River College, established in 1854, is located here. Spickardsville, 
on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, is a flourishing 
town. Tindall, Rural Dale, Lindley, Buttsville. Grinnell, Alpha, 
and Hickor}' Creek, are small villages and settlements. 

Harrison county is located in the north-western portion of the 
State, bordering on the Iowa State line. About two-thirds of its 
surface is undulating. It has a good, black loam soil, resting on 
clay, which, if subsoiled, displays great producing strength; the 
other one-third is broken. About two-thirds is prairie — one- 
third timber-land. The East Grand river is the principal water- 
course, and with many smaller creeks and streams, affords an 
abundant supply of water for farm and stock use. The facili- 
ties for transportation to market are two railroads, one running 
east, and the other south of the county. In the extreme northern 
part of the county, farmers are favored by another railroad, run- 
ning near the Iowa boundary line. St. Louis and St. Joseph are 
the principal markets. Some mining has been carried on at Mt. 
Moriah. There is much coal undeveloped, underlying different 
l)ortions of the county. The townships are Bethany, Butler, 
Clay, Cypress. Dallas, Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Sugar Creek, Trail 
Creek, Union, Washington and White Oak. John Conduit, 
Reuben Macey, and William Mitchell, were the first settlers, they 
locating here about 1839. The county was organized February 
14th, 1845, and named in honor of A. G. Harrison. The county 
seat was located in 1845, and the first county court was convened 
the same 3'ear. 

Bdhanij, the county seat, is situated on a fork of the Big creek, 
near the center of the town, and surrounded by a beautiful and 
fertile country. It was settled in 1845, by emigrants from Ten- 
nessee, and was incorporated in 1858. Brooklyn, ten miles north of 
Bethany, is an old settlement. Cainsville, seventeen miles east of 



872 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Bethany, is a thriving place. Eagle, fifteen miles north of 
Bethany, has a population of seven hundred. It is in the midst of 
a good farming country, and is a prosperous town. Akron, 
Bolton, Sampson's Creek, Mount Moriah, Martinsville, and Mitchel- 
ville, are small villages. - 

Henry county is located in the central- western part of the 
State, and is bounded on the north by the county of Johnson, east 
by Benton and Pettis, south hy St. Clair, and west by Bates and 
Cass. It contains nearly 500,000 acres. Of this land there is not 
over one-thirtieth that can be considered waste land, and this is 
often densely timbered; and with other timbered lands furnishes 
an ample supply for all practical purposes. The climate is healthy 
with short and mild Avinters. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas 
railroad runs diagonally through the county, furnishing direct com- 
munication from Sedalia, on the Missouri Pacific railroad to the 
State of Texas. The general surface of the country is undulating; 
the soil rich and fertile, with numerous water-courses. Two of 
these are classed on the government returns, as rivers; Grand, 
which runs directly through the centre of the county from 
west to east, and the Osage which forms part of the south- 
eastern boundar3\ The principal creeks are Deep Water, Big^ 
White Oak, Tebo, Honey, and Bear. Coal of good quality under- 
lies the greater part of the county; it is regularly and exten- 
sively mined along the line of the railroad, and used throughout 
the countr}'. The manufacturing establishments are adequate to 
the demand. Corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the agricultural 
staples, and they usually yield large crops. Other cereals and 
vegetables are also grown successfully for home consumption. To- 
bacco was formerl}'' grown to some extent. The exports are chiefly 
flour, wheat, neat stock, hogs, horses and mules. The townships 
forming the county are Big. Creek, Bogard, Deep Water, Grand 
River, Osage, Springfield, Tebo, and White Oak. The Osage In- 
dians formerly occupied the territory, now embraced in Henrj- 
county, and even for years after their removal to the Indian territor}^ 
they returned every season to enjoy for a time their old hunting 
grounds. The white settlers began to come in about 1830, and in 
1834, a settlement began near the present site of Clinton. The 
name of the county originally was Reins, being organized in 1831:, 
and named in honor of William C. Reins, of Virginia, who subse- 
quently turned his political coat and became a whig, whereupon 




lilillll!!llilll!illlliil5!!i:!':il;i;ii!i:l!iaii:li:i!li!l:!l!i!il!:l!l!lil!lB 



EDWARD c. Mccarty. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 87;> 

the citizens of the county made a successful effort to clian<;e the 
name to Henry. The early settlers were mainly from Kentucky 
and Tennessee. The civil war was the cause of much sutierinii and 
immense loss of property to the inhabitants of this county. They 
were strotiifly represented in both arn:ies. and were ( vei-run by pred- 
atory bands from each of the contendino; forces. Many of the in- 
habitants left home and property and fled. There was a great influx 
of immigration, however, immediately after the war, and up to the 
year 1870. and lands rose rapidly in value. 

Clinton, the county seat, is situated on the north bank of Grand 
river, and on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad, about two 
hundred and thirty miles from St. Louis. It is the principle town 
in the county. The other villag-es are Calhoun, eleven miles north- 
east of Clinton, on the M. K. & T. R. R; Cousville, on the Grand 
river; Germantown, on Deep Water creek; Montrose, thirteen 
miles south-west of Clinton; Windsor, twenty miles jiorth-east of 
Clinton; and Carrsville. Leesville, Gaines' Farm, Galbrath's Store, 
Huntingdale, La Due, Davis Station and Lucas. 

Hickory county is situated in the south-western part of the 
State. The surface is generally rolling, and with some rocky hills 
and ridges; about two-thirds of it is covered with fine groves of 
timber; the rest is prairie. These prairies situated in the eastern 
and western portions of the county are gef.tly rolling, and are 
pn^ductive. The timber-land forms a broad belt on either side 
of Pomme de Terre river, which flows from south to north 
through the center of the county. The timber on the hills 
comprises the different kinds of oak; while large walnut, oak, ash, 
hickory, maple and sycamore are found in the bottoms. The soil 
is of almost every kind, from the richest alluvial bottoms to the 
flinty ridges. Black loam with clay subsoil, susceptible of a high 
state of cultivation, forms the soil of the prairies. The princi[)al 
minerals found are lead and nickel. The former is found in a ter- 
ritory covering an area of about one-fourth of the county. Three 
or four mines are worked at present, and there is one smelting fur- 
nace, now not in operation. Nickel mines have been discovered. 
Iron and copper are also found. The staple productions are corn, 
wheat, oats, and timothy. Tobacco and cotton are little grown, 
the former only for home comsumption. The facilities for trans- 
portation of the products are limited, there being no railroads pass- 
ing through the county. Tlie principal market is Sadalia on the 



374 AxN^ ILMTSTKATED 

Pacific railroad, and Lebanon on the Atlantic and Pacific, each road 
being about forty miles from the county seat. But little of the pro- 
duce or stock is shipped directly from the State. The townships 
of the county are Centre, Greene, Montgomery, Stark, and Tyler. 
The first settlements were made in, or about 1838. During the 
civil war, the county suff'ered like many others, by its occupation 
by both contending armies. Since the war it has grown steadly 
in population and resources. 

Hermitdfje, the county seat, is located near the centre of the 
county, on the Pomme de Terre river. Its nearest railroad station 
is Lebanon in Laclede county. It was first settled about 1845 or 6, 
and became the county seat in 1817. Wheatland is a small village 
about five miles west of Hermitage. The other settlements are 
Black Oak Point, formerly a place of some business, but was 
destroyed during the war; Cross Timbers, eight miles north of Her- 
mitage; Elkton, Pittsburg and Quincy, in the north-western part 
of the county. 

Holt county, is one of the six counties organized from the terri- 
tory acquired by the United States by treaty with the Missouri, 
Sac and Iowa tribes of Indians, in 1836, and added that year by 
act of Congress to the State of Missouri. The county is situated 
in the north-western part of the State, Atchison county lying 
between it and Iowa, and the Missouri river forming its south- 
western boundary, separating it from Kansas and Nebraska. The 
general surface is undulating; prairie and timber nearly equal. It 
is watered by the Nodaway, Big and Little Tarkeo, Mill, Kenzie's, 
and Davis creeks, and numerous springs. The bottom lands of the 
Missouri river comprise more than one-third of the county. These 
lands are connected with the bluffs,, some of which -are from 125 to 
200 feet high. The soil of this prairie is a sandy loam and very 
productive, and the bluffs and hills are well adapted to fruit cul- 
ture. The inhabitants are almost wholly engaged in farming and 
fruit culture. The Missouri river and the Kansas City, St. Joseph 
and Council Bluff's railroad, furnish all the desired facilities for 
market. Holt contains the following townships: Benton, Clay, 
Dallas, Lewis, Nodaway, and Union. Tiie first settlements in 
the county were made in 1835, by J. Kenzie, Dr. G. B. Thorp, 
James Miller, S. C. Collins, and Colonel Kelly. The first three 
were from Tennessee. It was named after David R. Holt, of Platte 
county. It was organized in 1841, by the name of Nodaway, and 



JIISTOKY UK MISSOIIKI. 375 

included adjacent territory. On the loth of February, 1S41, it 
was cliauged to Holt, and the present limits established January 
2d, 1843. The tirst circuit court was convened in 1841. David 
R. Atchison, presidiug. In March, 1841, the first county-court 
was held, H. G. Noland, J. Crowley, and Joshua Adkins being ap- 
pointed justices. 

Oregon^ the county seat, has an elevated and pleasant situation 
south from the center of the county, about twenty miles north of 
St. Joseph. It Avas first settled in 1841, and incorporated as a city in 
November, 1857. It has a good court-house, a very superior pub- 
lic school; and the county Mechanical and Agricultural Association 
have suitable buildings here. There are six churches, a newspaper 
office, fifteen to twenty stores, and a population of one thousand. 
Bigelow, on the K. C. St. J. & C. B. H. R., is thirty-nine miles 
north of St. Josei)h — has a population of nearly three hundred. 
Corning is a station on the same road, in the northern part of the 
county, half a mile from the Missouri river. Forest City, twenty 
miles north of St. Joseph, is a flourishing place of business, though 
it was much injured by the war. It has a population of si.v oi- 
seven hundred. Grant, Mound City, Elm Grove, Whig Valley. 
Craig, and Ricliville, are small villages and settleuuMits. 

Howard county is one of the original old counties of Missouri. 
The tirst wliite men to penetrate within its wilds were the famous 
Lewis and Clark, who, in their expedition up the Missouri.in 1804. 
traversed a considerable part of what is now the county areii. 
especially the southern portion. Settlements were begun in 1807 
and 1808, and in 1810 quite a little neighborhood was established 
at Cooper's Bottom. In the following year there were a few settlers 
located near where Forts Hemstead and Kincaid were after- 
wards built. Of these early pioneers, Benjamin Cooper was 
among the first who, with five sons, emigrated from Madison 
county, Kentucky. The names of Hancock, Thorp, Brown. Berry, 
and Ashcroft, are also made honorable by their being among these 
hardy settlers. William Thorp, a Baptist minister, came to the 
settlement in 1810, and was probably the first to minister to the 
people in holy things. These settlers had to contend with the cun- 
ning and ferocity of the red men; and several of their number, after 
bravely defending themselves, were overpowered and slain, while 
others fell a sacrifice to the aml)uscade of the wily savage. Tradition 
has it that the first of these victims was Jouathan Todd and Thomas 



;)7() AN ILLUSTRATED 

Smith. The former, after being ruthlessly butchered, was beheaded 
and his he:id fixed on a pole, aud the hearts of both were taken 
from their bodies and stuck upon sticks at the side of the path. 
After perpetratin.i^- these fiendish outrages, the Indians set fire to 
the woods, thus obliterating their trail. In those early days the 
principal food of the inhabitants was venison, with a little corn- 
bre;id made from meal ground with small circular hand-mills made 
of stone; sometimes hominy scalded in lye. The fir.st horse-mill in 
the county was built at Fort Kincaid in 1S15, and Avas a source of 
great congratulation to the inhabitants. Owing to the extreme 
hostility of the Indians, and the consequent wars, from 1S12 to 
1815 there was but little immigration to the countr}', aud the 
people were compelled to find safety by residing within the forts, 
several of which had been erected in the neighborhood. But in 
March, 1815, to the inexpressible Joy of these dauntless pioneers, a 
treaty was concluded with their dusky foes, by the terms of which 
the wliites came into peaceful possession of the territory which 
they had suffered so much to defend. 

Howard county, named in honor of Benjamin Howard, former 
governor of the Tei-ritory^ included at the time of its organization, 
Januar}' 23, 1816, all that part of the State north of the Osage 
river, and west of Cedar creek, and the dividing ridge between the 
Mississippi and Missouri. In the following July, the first court was 
held at Cole's Fort, Judge David Barton, presiding. In 1817, the 
couut}" seat was established at Franklin, where it reuiained until 
1823, when it Avas removed to its present location, Fayette. For 
some years Franklin took a high position among the towns west 
of the Mississippi river. It enjoyed its local newspaper, the Frank- 
lin " Intelligencer," and was the center of trade for a large circle 
of the surrounding countr}'. The first steam-boat up the river 
(twelve days from St. Louis) arrived here in May, 1819, on which 
occasion a public dinner was had, at which toasts were offered, 
speeches made, and a grand good time enjoyed generally. The 
first flat-boat on the river was built in 1818. The first election 
of which we find any record was for delegates to Congress, 
held in 1819, John Scott and Samuel Hammond being chosen, re- 
ceiving one hundred and thirty-four and one hundred and thirteen 
votes respectively. In 1820, the county Avas reduced to its present 
limits by the erection of Boone and Chariton counties; thirty-eight 
others having been in part or entirely formed within its original com- 




SAMUEL C. MAJOR, Sr. 



HISTOllY OF MISSOURI. 377 

pass. It now contains an area of lour hundred and sixiy-three 
square miles, with a frontage on the Missouri river of forty-three 
miles. There are no considerahle rivers within its borders, butuum- 
erous creeks, some of them quite large. Water-power is very lim- 
ited, and steam is generally used as motive-power. The soil is a clay 
loam, very fertile and productive, and was originally nearly all 
covered with timber, with two small upland prairies and two bot- 
tom prairies, both of which are now cultivated. There is an abund- 
ance of coal in the county, but as yet little has been done to bring 
it to the surface. Oak, elm, ash, black and white walnut, lime, 
Cottonwood, black and Avhite hickory, sugar and white maple, and 
many other varieties of woods are found in its forests. The leading 
occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, the principal staples 
being wheat, corn, hemp, hay, tobacco, oats, rye and potatoes. The 
county is peculiarly adapted to the growth of tobacco, and the crop 
is being increased year by year. The educational facilities of How- 
ard are good. Besides enjoying an excellent grade of district 
schools, averaging six months in length, it has within its limits 
several institutions of learning of a high order. Central College, 
located at Fayette, under the management of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church South, has a good reputation, and is well patronized, 
as is Howard College an industrial school for young ladies, at the 
same place. Pritchett Institute in Glasgow is also a school of soane 
importance. 

Fayette is the county seat, and is a pleasantly laid out town of 
some two thousand inhabitants, located near the centre of the 
county. Glasgow also is a town of considerable importance. It is 
on the Missouri river, and having both r.iilroad and river commun- 
ication, it has grown into quite a shipping point for the ricii agri- 
cultural country by which it is surrounded. 

Howell county is in the southern tier of counties on the Arkan- 
sas line. The surface is generally rolling with a southern slope. 
The timber is pine, white, black and post oaks and hickory. In 
the southern and western parts are small prairies. The many 
valleys which are found on the water courses are fertile. The up- 
lands produce all varieties of grains, and tobacco, in great abund- 
ance. The soil on the uplands is principally a sandy loam, with a 
subsoil of red oily clay, impregnated in man}'- localities with iron. 
Some of the ridges are covered with sandstone, flint and conglom- 
erate rocks. The county is well watered by many fine streams, fed 



878 AN ILLUSTRATED 

by a great number of clear, cold springs. Iron and lead are found. 
The inhabitants are almost wholly employed in agriculture. To- 
bacco and cotton of fair qualities are raised. There was consid- 
erable immigration to this county after the war, mostly from 
Illinois, Ohio, Tennessee and Kentucky. The townships are 
Benton, Dry Creek, Groldsberry, Howell, Myatte, Sisson, Spring 
Creek, and Willard Springs. The earliest settlement was made on 
or near the present site of West Plains, about 1838, but the in- 
crease was slow, and it was not until 1857, that Howell county was- 
organized from Oregon and Ozark counties. The late war nearly 
ruined this section of country in population and personal property 
in so much that at the advent of peace, it is said, not more than 
fifty families, with an aggregate population of some three hundred 
were left in the county. 

West Point, the county seat, is a small village, near the center 
in Howell Valley. It has recuperated since the war, and now has 
a population of about four hundred. Frankville, and Chapel, are 
small settlements. 

Iron county is situated in the south-eastern part of the Statp- 
The divide of the Ozark runs through from east to west; the sur- 
face is hilly and broken, so that not more than one-twentieth of 
the area is considered arable, though much of the mountain land, 
now considered worthless, except for timber, could be made profit- 
able for vineyards and fruit. The county is full of springs and 
streams. The tillable lands lie in narrow valleys. The soil gener- 
ally consists of yellow and red clay, with numerous alluvial bot- 
tom lands. Timber is superabundant in the hills; generally white 
oak and pitch pine. In the larger valleys, and for ten or twelve 
miles around the iron works, the best timber has been cleared off. 
Iron is everywhere, and every variety and quality of ore, ex- 
cept red hematite, which, though found in many places, has as yet 
not been found in large bodies. There are iron mines at Pilot 
Knob, Shepherd's mountain and Hogan's mountain, with a furnace 
at Pilot Knob. Iron mountain is on the east line of the county 
and there are two furnaces. A lead mine has been opened. 
Granite and Kaolin ochres are abundant. The Granite quarries 
employ as many as six hundred men. The granite for the bridge 
across the Mississippi at St. Louis, for the State House at Spring- 
field, Illinois, and the Custom House at St. Louis, was quarried in 
this county. Species of copper and zinc are found. The occupation. of 



HISTOIJY OF MISSOURI. 379 

the inhabitants is mining and agriculture. The St. Louis and Iron 
Mountain railroad passes through the entire length of the county 
from north to south. The townships are Arcadia, Dent, Iron, 
Kaolin, Liberty aud Union. It is related that Ephram Stout was 
among the first white men who came into the country 
now comprised in Iron county. He settled in Arcadia Valley, 
and was soon after joined by others, and the location becume 
known as Stout's settlement. It was organized in 1857 from five 
adjacent counties, and the county seat established at Iroiiton, 
although there was no town except in name. During the late war. 
Iron county was a point of considerable importance to the federal 
authorities; forts were erected and a military post ■ established. 
There are many natural curiosities in this county, and the scenery 
is very romantic. A cave in Dent township is of great e.xtent, and 
never fully explored. The '"Granite Quarry," the " Cascade," the 
"Shut In," and the ''Stony Battery," are all places of interest. 

//•oy//on, the county seat, is situated on the St. Louis and Iron 
i\Iountain railroad, seven miles south from Iron mountain, aud 
eighty-eight miles from St. Louis by rail. It was first settled in 
1853, became the county seat in 1857, and was incorporated in 1859. 
The village lies on the eastern slope of Shepherd mountain, and 
extended into the valley at its base. It contains a substantial 
court-house, erected at a cost of $14,000, a brick jail, Methodist, 
Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches, a flounng mill, public school, 
a bank and newspaper office. It is a noted place of summer re- 
sort. Pilot Knob is on the line of the Iron Mountain railroad, 
and is a place of considerable business. It was incorporated in 
1867. Arcadia is situated one mile from Ironton in Arcadia valley, 
and on the line of the I. M. R. R. Arcadia College is located here. 
It has a fine building, and affords educational advantages of a high 
order. Annapolis, Cross Roads, Hogan Mountain, Germanville, 
and Middlebrook, are small villages. 

Jackson county is bounded on the north by the Missouri river; 
on the east by Lafayette and Johnson; on the south by Cass; and 
on the west by the State of Kansas. Long before the dawn of 
the present century, the country around the great bend of the 
Missouri river was explored, aud in a manner occupied by white 
men, for purposes of trade with the aboriginal inhabitants; but it 
was not until 1808, that the United States established a fort and 
trading post, at Fort Osage, near or upon the present site of Sibley. 



380 AX ILLUSTRATKI) 

The Indian title to the land, however, remained intact until 1828, 
when it became the property of the federal government, and at 
once immigration to this most desirable country commenced. On 
the 15th of December, 1826, the county was organized, and the 
ensuing July, the first county court was convened at Independ- 
ence, Henry Burris, presiding. The rapid settlement of this por- 
tion of the State was in a measure prevented b}^ the locating of 
lands donated to the State of Missouri for educational purposes, 
which were not put upon the market until 1832. The Mormon 
troubles also retarded its progress, from 1830 to 1834, when the 
" Latter Day Saints" had been driven over the Missouri river. Its 
history since that date has been one of steady growth and pros- 
perity. The general surface of the county is gently undulating, 
except near the Missouri river where bluffs abound. The lands are 
about equally divided in timber and prairie. The latter have a 
rich alluvial soil of an average depth of two feet. The bottom 
lauds of the Missouri are of unusual fertility. There is an ample 
amount of timber well distributed through the various sections of 
the county for all necessary purposes, mostly found skirting the 
many water courses. It is also well supplied with large and 
small creeks, and never failing springs, aflFording an abundant sup- 
ply of water for farm purposes. The principal streams are the 
Big and Little Blue, Big Tinabar, and their tributaries. Excellent 
building stone are found in the county; also beds of bitumen coal, 
in the eastern part. The coal lies near the surface, but it is not 
mined, except for home purposes. The soil of the county is very 
productive. Large crops of the various kinds of agricultural prod- 
ucts are raised. Having the Missouri river for its northern bound- 
ary, it is the shipping point of some half a dozen counties lying in 
its vicinity. The amount of business carried on in the different 
towns of the county is large; there being but two or three counties 
that pay a higher tax into the State treasury. In 1870, its popu- 
lation was 55,041, exclusive of Kansas City, which had 32,260; in 
1860, 22,913; in 1850, 14,000; in 1840, 7,512; and in 1830, 2,823. In 
1870, there were forty-six religious orgnizatious, and forty-one 
churches, valued at $318,500, of which seven were Baptist; three 
Christian; five Episcopal; ten Methodist; eleven Presbyterian; 
and four Roman Catholic. The value of real estate was f 13,446,- 
380, and personal property 12,656.952. The amount paid Slate, 
County, Town and City taxes, was $617,179. There were 195,134 



H18TUKY UK Ml.sSOUKI. o81 

acres of improved laud, valued at $10,319,689. and the value of farm 
productions ??1,615.999. The number of ba.shels of wheat raised was 
312,084; of corn 1,504,439. There were also invested in mills $248,- 
500; in their products, §1,095,080. The townships of the county 
are Blue, Fort Osage, Kaw, Prairie, Sniabar, Van Buren, Wiishing- 
ton, and West Port. The Missouri Pacific railroad enters the 
county nearly midway of its south line, and runs in a north-west- 
erly course to Kansas City. 

Kansas City is situated on the Missouri river, -three quarters of 
a mile below the mouth of Kansas river, near the western l)ound- 
ary line of the State, and in the township of Kaw. In early days, 
the Kansas river was called the Kaw river, and the " Kaw's Mouth," 
was a noted place among the Indian traders and mountain trap- 
pers, who came here to exchange their furs and peltries for pro- 
visions and stores. There are but few cities in the west that have 
grown so rapidly as this. The situation is elevated and pictur- 
esque, commanding a fine view of the river, and of Wyandotte 
city, in Kansas. The town was first regularly laid out by J. C. 
McCoy, in 1846, from which time its first permanent growth may 
be dated. The original plat embraced two hundred and fiity-six 
acres, but since that time inany additions have been made to the 
city. What is known as McGee's addition embraces thirteen 
hundred lots, some of which are among the most beautiful and 
eligible ones for residences in the city. The city is situated upon 
broken ground, and but a portion of either the business or resident 
portion can be seen from any one point. Mercantile business was 
commenced at this point about 1840, and the trade with New 
Mexico, soon afterwards. This latter branch of industry and en- 
terprise rapidly increased until its business amounted to several 
million dollars annually, even before the town was incorporated. 
In 1856, the first banking house (Northop & Co.) was established, 
at w^hich time the population was not far from one thousand. The 
tide of emigration to Kansas about this time, improved the pros- 
pects for business in Kansas City, and, in 1860, it had a population 
of about four thousand. But the war came on, and the town was 
occupied as a military post; many of the business men left with 
their families; and the advent of peace found everything prostrated, 
and a decreased population. By the construction of the Missouri 
Pacific railroad, the Cameron branch of the Hannil)al and St. Joseph 
road and the Missouri river bridge, it became a considerable 



382 AN ILLUSTRATED 

railroad center, and the days of prosperity began. It is doubtful 
if, in the history of the west, there can be found a town that has 
had a more rapid growth. In 1870, the city contained a popula- 
tion of more than thirty-two thousand; and, during the inter- 
vening time, hundreds of thousands of dollars had been expended 
in public improvements. Kansas City is one of the large stock 
shipping points of the west. Stock-yards covering an area of some 
thirty-five acres are provided, through which, hundreds of thousands 
of cattle and hogs are passed on to market annually. The Kansas 
city bridge, across the Missouri river, was finished in June 1869. 
Its length is fourteen hundred feet, with twenty-three hundred and 
eighty feet of approach on the north side. The entire expense 
was $1,093,186. The city is well supplied with street railways. 
The water-works are regarded as very fine. The " Reservoir "' and 
" Holly " system are combined. The water is taken from the 
Kansas river, raised into reservoirs, having a capacity of seven mil- 
lion gallons. It is then filtered through gravel, and then raised 
to the distributing reservoir, whence it flows to all parts of the 
city. In educational facilities, Kansas City is fully up with the 
times. Fourteen school-houses, chiefly of brick; sixty teachers, 
each with an average salary of above seven hundred dollars; a mem- 
bership of about forty-five hundred; and school property estimated 
at two hundred thousand dollars, summarize this branch of its pub- 
lic interests. There are some thirty difiereut religious organiza- 
tions, covering all shades of belief, with a large number of secret 
societies. It has five daily and seven weekl}^ newspapers; besides, 
several monthly and bi-monthly publications. The " Journal of 
Commerce," was started as a weekly, under the name of "The Kansas 
City Enterprise," in September, 1854, by David K. Abeel and Wil- 
liam A. Strong. In 1855, the paper was purchased by R. T. Van 
Horn. On the 1st day of January, 1857, the name was changed to 
" The Journal of Commerce." On the 15th day of June, 1858, it 
appeared as a daily and has so continued until the present time. 
In February 1872, it was transformed into a stock company. In 
August of the same year, Isaac P. Moore, became a stockholder in 
the " Journal Company," who since, as president, has been the bus- 
iness manager. William W. Bloss is a stockholder, and also the 
present managing editor. Mr. Van Horn has retained the editorial 
control since his connection with the paper in 1855. With one 
exception, the "Journal of Commerce," is the oldest daily paper 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 383 

in the State. It is republican in sentiment. The other dailies are: 
the ''Times," a democratic paper of large circulation and influ- 
ence, the "Times Publishing Company,'" publishers; the "Post 
and Tribune," German republican, conducted by Wurz and Lampe; 
the "News," four pages, " News Printing Company," publishers; 
and the " Chronicle," established in 1874, " Chronicle Publishing 
Company," publishers. 

Independence^ the county seat, is in Blue township. It is about 
four miles from the Missouri river, 300 miles from St. Louis, and 
150 miles from -letferson City. It is located on high rolling land, 
with a gentle declivity in all directions, and is connected with a well 
populated and rich agricultural district. Three sides of the town 
are bordered by groves of native forest trees, which add much 
to the beauty of the place. Among the early settlers were John 
Bustleson, L. W. Boggs, J. R. Swearingen, Robt. Rickman, James 
and Daniel King, Russell Hicks, J. and S.C. Owens and S. D. Lucas. 
The town was laid out in 1824, and was for a long period a trad- 
ing point for the traders of the plains from New Mexico, and sul> 
sequently, Utah as well. In 1827, some Mormons came here from 
Kirtland. Ohio, under their Prophet, Joe Smith, and settled around 
the village and commenced operations for the building of a Tem- 
ple, but before it was far advanced the indignation of the inhabi- 
tants was roused, and they were compelled to leave. The town 
was organized December 15th, 1826. It was incorporated March 
7th, 1849, and its charter so amended, in 1853, as to extend the 
limits of the town to the Missouri river, — a distance of two and a 
half miles from the public square. The court-house is a substantial 
brick building, with porches supported by Roman-Doric columns 
on its north and south sides. The public square embraces about 
three acres, and is enclosed by a neat iron fence. There are three 
hotels, and a large number of mercantile hou.ses, some of which 
transact a large business — a number of large and substantially 
built churches of the different denominations. The Independence 
Female College, established in 1854, is an institutioi\ of much re- 
pute. There are many expensive private residences, surrounded by 
tall forest trees, and handsomely arranged grounds. The first 
railroad in the State was built and put in operation at a cost of 
about $30,000, between Independence and the river, before Kansas 
City was projected. There are extensive manufactories, ware- 
houses and trading-houses doing a business with the interior 



384 AN ILLUSTKATJiD 

amounting in the aggregate to several millions of dollars yearly. 
Westport is a post village on the west line of the State, four miles 
from Kansas City. It has a pleasant and healthy location, and, be- 
fore Kansas City was projected, was an important out-fitting point 
for traders, and trains starting for Santa Fe, New Mexico, and the 
Rocky mountains. Much of this trade has since been diverted to 
the last named place. The country adjacent to Westport is of 
good qualit}', and an excellent agricultural district. The village 
was incorporated February 12th, 1857, and had a population, in 
1870, of 1,095. Other villages in this county are Sibley, Lone Jack^ 
New Santa Fe, Pink Hill, and Ray. 

Jasper county is in the south-western part of the State. The 
surface is undulating prairie, but hilly and heavily timbered in the 
southern part, which abounds in minerals. About one-third of the 
area was originally covered with fine forests, but it is now gradu- 
ally changing to prairie, — the timber mostly bordering the mar- 
gins of the water-courses. About one serenth of the whole area is 
bottomland, with a black alluvial deposit of great fertility. Tlie 
prairies also contain excellent soil, unsurpassed in fertility, of a 
black or red color, and the "mulatto," the most valuable of all soils. 
The county is well watered by many beautiful creeks and streams, 
but chiefly by the Spring river, which meanders through the 
county, dividing it in two almost equal parts. It, and its man}' 
tributaries, are fed by springs Avith water as clear as crystal. The 
climate is salubrious, without extremes of heat or cold, with mild 
winters, and is healthy. The mineral resources of this county 
may well be called inexhaustible. Lead is found in large quanti- 
ties. The hidden wealth, and improved facilities in labor, have made 
the mines very remunerative. Jasper county may be regarded as 
one of the valuable mining districts of the country. The amount 
of pig lead exported from the city of Joplin in one year has been 
over eighteen millions of pounds. Zinc mining has also become an 
important interest. The townships of the county are Centre 
Creek, Georgia, Jackson, Jasper, Marion, McDonald, Mineral, 
Northfork," Preston, and Sarcoxie. The educational interests are 
well conducted, and the schools are justly the pride of the people. 
The school-fund, excepting the county of St. Louis, is the largest in 
the State. The Memphis, Carthage and North- Western railroad, 
has a track of thirty-six miles, running from south-east to north- 
west, connecting on the east with the Atlantic and Pacific, and on 




?rA^^ 



iiisroitv uF MissouKi. 885 

tlie west with the Missouri River, Fort Scott aiK^ Gulf railroad. 
John Jewell, an ludiuu trader, was among the earliest settlers. In 
1834, Ceutreville was laid out, now called Sarcoxie, and the county 
was organized January 29th, 1841. Thriving towns sprang into 
existence, and it had a steady and healthy growth until the war, 
when it was overrun, and in common with its sister counties was 
almost depopulated. With peace, however, came new life. Its in- 
habitants returned, its villages and public buildings were rebuilt, 
and Jasper is fast taking a foremost position among the counties 
of the State. 

Jefferson county is situated on the Mississippi river, in the 
eastern part of the State, and was formed from parts of St. Louis 
and Ste. Genevieve. The general surface of the county is broken 
and hilly, and some of the highest ridges attain an elevation of 
nearly 500 feet above the level of the Mississippi river. These are 
very narrow, separated by deep ravines, but often rise by a suc- 
cession of terraces to the general level of the plateau. The soil 
along the creeks is a rich alluvial, embracing about one-third of 
the whole area, and producing very large yields of corn. The up- 
lands, though not nearly as rich, yield fine crops of wheat, and can- 
not be surpassed for fruit growing and viticulture. These high- 
lands are rolling and well timbered with the different kinds of oaks, 
liickor}', walnut, ash, and other species of trees generally found in 
Missouri, furnishing the necessary timber for all practical purposes. 
The county has several large rivers, such as the Meramec, on the 
northern boundary; Big river in the western part; Joachim, in the 
central, and the Plattin, in the eastern part of the county, which, 
with their numerous affluents, furnish all the necessary water, and 
considerable water-power. Springs of pure water also abound, and 
some contain medicinal properties. The scenery in some parts of 
the county is sublime; and i)icturesque sites for private resi- 
dences are found along the track of the railroad. The mineral re- 
sources, although not extensively developed, are promising, 
consisting chiefly of iron, copper, zinc, and lead; the latter is the 
great mineral product, and is quite extensively mined and smelted. 
This county is peculiarly adapted to fruit-raising. Apples and 
peaches produce abundantly. Much attention is given to grapes, 
seven hundred acres being in vineyards. The St. Louis and Iron 
Mountain railroad traverses the county from north-east to south- 
west. The Missouri Pacific passes near the boundary in the county 



38() AN^ n. LUST RATED 

of Franklin. The townships are Big River, Central, Joachim, Mer- 
amec, Plattin, Rock, Valle. The early history of Jefferson county 
runs back twenty-five years before the advent of the present cen- 
tury, scattering settlers coming in, and engaging in farming, 
hunting and salt-making. About 1800, cotton and flax began to 
be cultivated, which supplied them with material for clothing, 
aside from the skin of animals, which before had been chiefly used 
for this purpose. After this the country slowly but steadily in- 
creased in population until its county organization was effected in 
1818. Hcrculaneum, now obliterated, was the count}'^ seat; but it 
was removed in 1835 to Hillsboro, the present site, and in 1839 the 
court-house was built.' 

Hillnboro, the county seat, is situated about four miles from 
the I. M. R. R., near the center of the county, thirty miles from 
St. Louis. De Soto is on the same road, six miles from Hillsboro, 
and is the most important town in the county. It is the point 
from which the lead and zinc are shipped to market. Crystal City, 
on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Plattin creek, has a plate-glass 
manufactory. Kimmswick, twenty-one miles from St. Louis, is a 
flourishing town. Vineland. House's Springs, Pevely, Hanover, 
Gleuwood, Avoca, Antonia, Frumet, Hematite, Sulphur Springs, 
Victoria, and Rush Tower, are small villages and settlements. 

Johnson county is one of the largest counties in central western 
Missouri. Its surface is mostly a rolling prairie in the western 
part, and hilly in the eastern, where there is an extensive growth 
of young timber. About four-fifths of the area is pniirie, the rest 
timber-land. Timber is abundant. The soil throughout the en- 
tire county is very rich and productive, being for the greater part 
limestone soil, except near Warrensburg and vicinit3\ The prairie 
soil is well adapted to the growing of cereals and grasses of all kinds. 
The county is well watered by many large and small creeks, fam- 
ishing all the necessary water, but only very little water-power. 
The Columbus mineral springs, well known on account of the medic- 
inal properties they possess, are located in this county, and many 
invalids derive benefit from their curative properties. The i)rinci- 
pal mineral found is bituminous coal, which is abundant in almost 
every part of the county: cannel coal of good quality occurs in the 
north central part of the county. The great coal-fields of the county, 
however, lie in the eastern part, near Knob Noster, and some of the 
mines have been worked on an extensive scale. Ochre of good quality 




cq . .j^, .yrc^t^^xi^r~< 



-^tn^xy 



H18T()KY OF MISSOUHl. 387 

occurs also. A fine quality of cement rock is found south of Wiir- 
rensburg, from which cement, fully equal to the article produced at 
Louisville, is manufactured. The Wairenburg sandstone, of which 
there are laro^e quarries near the town of VVarrensburg, are becom- 
ing celebrated. Large quantities of this stone are shipped to St. 
Louis and other cities for building purposes. The manufacturing 
interest of the county is in its infancy. Johnson county is decid- 
edly a fruit growing country, a large quantity of excellent fruit 
being grown for market. St. Louis and Kansas City are the prin- 
cipal markets, the former for produce and the latter for fruit, 
which goes mostl}' to the territories. The townships are Chil- 
liowie, Columbus, Grrover, Hazle Hill, Jackson, Jefferson, Kings- 
ville, Madison, Post Oak, Rose Hill, Warrensburg, Washington. 
The educational interests of the county are steadily increasing. It 
has superior schools. The Second District State Normal School is 
located at the county seat. The first settlements were made about 
the year 1833. The county was organized December 13, 1834. It 
has steadily grown in wealth and resources, except during tiie war, 
since which time, there has been considerable emigration from the 
eastern States, of an enterprising and intelligent class of people. 

Warren.sinrg^ the county seat, is located near the center of the 
county, on the line of the Missouri Pacific railroad, two hundred 
and eighteen miles west of St. Louis, and pleasantly situated on high 
ground, watered by clear cold springs, and surrounded by a well 
settled agricultural community. It was laid off in 1835, by John 
and Martin Warren, in honor of whom it was named. In 183C, 
the first term of the county court was held here. It was incor- 
porated as a town in 1846, and as a city in 1855. Knob Noster is 
in the eastern central part of the county. It derives its name from a 
prominent mound or knob that stands isolated in the plain. It is a 
place of considerable business, having good coal deposits adjacent. 
Holden is on the M. P. R. R., at the junction of the M. K. & T. 
R. R., and is a place of some business importance. 

Knox county is located in the north-eastern pai't of Missouri, 
about twenty-five miles south of the Iowa State line, and the same 
distance west of the Mississippi river. It was organized February 
14th, 1845, and named in honor of General Henry Knox. The 
general surface of the county is undulating, with many bottoms 
along the rivers and streams. About three-fifths of its area is 
small rolling prairies, none largei- than from three to four n.iles 



388 AN ILLUSTRATED 

wide; the remaining two-fifths is timber-land. The soil is a rich 
loam, underlaid with a strong, yellowish clay, which is very pro- 
ductive. The many water-courses are skirted with timber, some- 
times ver}' large bodies; but in many locations the bottoms are 
destitute of timber, and are covered with a luxuriant growth of 
wild grasses. The townships forming the county are Benton, 
Centre, Fabius, Greensburg, Jeddo, Lyon, and Salt River. The 
Quincy, Missouri and Pacific railroad runs through the county 
from east to west. The first settler in the county came in 1832. 
The county has received large additions to the population since the 
war, mostly Irish and Germans. Edina is the county seat. 

Laclede county is in the south-central part of the State, and 
was formed from the county of Pulaski, and named in honor of the 
founder of the city of St. Louis, Pierre Laclede. It is situated on 
the high table lands of the Ozark range, about 2,000 feet above 
the level of the sea, and necessarily possesses a pure and healthy 
atmosphere. The surface of the county is varied from the level 
and gently undulating prairie and table-lands, to the rugged hills 
along the water-courses. The most prominent streams are 
the Gasconade river, in the east, the Big Niaiigua river, in the 
west, and the Ozark fork of the Gasconade, in the south. 
These rivers afford an immense, yet unimproved water-power, and 
abound in excellent fish. The bottom lands along these streams, 
and the great nunilxir of creeks, which meander through this 
county, are unsurpassed for fertility. Timber is abundant. Brown 
hematite iron ore has been found in several places, and also lead 
and zinc, but no mines have been developed. Agriculture is the 
chief pursuit of the inhabitants. The leading products are wheat, 
corn, oats, rye, and potatoes. Fruits succeed admirably. The 
principal exports are wheat, tobacco, and live stock. The town- 
ships of the county are Gasconade, Hooker, Lebanon, Osage, 
Smith, and Union. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad traverses 
the county from north-east to south-west, for a distance of up- 
wards of forty miles. Laclede county was first settled by emi- 
grants from Tennessee. During the civil war, the county was 
overrun by the contending armies. About two-thirds of the pres- 
ent population have come to the county since the war. Lebanon 
is (he county seat. 

Lafavette county is situated in tiie western part of the State, 
bounded o\\ the nortli by the Missouri river. It was organized 



III.sTOKY OF Missontl. 389 

November 16, lS2i». iVoiu n part of Cooper county. This county has 
long been noted lor the richness of its soil, the abundance of its 
water, the excellence of its climate, and the wealth and refinement 
of its citizens. Its general surface is high and rolling, about three- 
fourths priiirie and one-fourth timber. A higli ridge passes south 
of its centre, separating the tributaries of the Missouri from those " 
of the La Mine. Tlie county is well watered Ijy many streams, 
affording an abundance for general [)urposes, l)utonly limited water- 
power. Along these streams are found fine groves of timljrr, such 
as walnut, oak, hickory, elm, ash, hackberry, Cottonwood, and 
other varieties, with an undergrowth ot ha/elnut, pawpaw, and 
grapes. Timber is abundant for all practical purposes. The soil 
is a light, rich, sand}- loam, mostly underlaid with limestone. The 
bottoms of the river are unsurpassed for their productiveness. Coal 
is abundant in nearly every part of the count}', and especially so in 
all the river bluffs; is of good quality, averaging about 22 inches 
in thickness. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agri- 
culture, and the leading staples are corn, wheat, barley, rye, oats, 
tobacco, hemp, and hay. The commodities for export are mainly 
wheat, tobacco, hemp, cattle and hogs. The county is exceedingly 
well adapted to the raising of all kinds of fruit, and orchards are 
many, producing large yields of fine fruit. The principal market 
for this county is St. Louis. The townships composing the county 
are Clay, Davis, Dover, Freedom, Lexington, Middleton, Sniabar, 
and Washington. The first settlements were made in the years 
1815 and 1816. When the county was first organized it received the 
name of Lillard, and the county seat was located at Mount Vernon 
10 miles below Lexington. It received the name of Lafayette in 
1831, with the boundaries now existing. 

Lexington^ the county seat, has an elevated situation on the bluffs 
of the Missouri river, and on the Lexington and St. Louis railroad, 
fifty-five miles from Sedalia. It was first settled in 1817. It is 
the shipping point for a large and fertile agricultural district. But 
few cities in the State will compare v/ith Lexington for beauty and 
desirableness, as a place of business. The educational advantages 
are superior. Besides the public schools, there are a Seminary 
for young ladies, a private high school, and a good school for col- 
ored children. The villages and settlements are Concordia, an en- 
terprising town on the L. & St. L. R. R., (a German settlement); 
Waverly, on the Missouri river, a flourishing place of business with 



390 AN ILJ.USTHATKD 

several churches, and business houses doing a large shipping trade; 
Mayview, Mt. Hope, Wellington, Napoleon, Dover. Chapel Hill, 
Higginsville, Aullville, and Berlin, are all promising towns. 

Lawrence county is situated in the south-western part of the 
, State, — Barry county separating it from the State of Arkansas, and 
Jasper and Newton from Kansas. This county lies on the table- 
lands of the Ozark mountains, about 1,309 feet a))Ove the level of 
the sea. It is about equally divided in prairie and timber-land, the 
former level, or gently undulating and well drained, and the latter 
more broken. The north-eastern pari of the county is hilly and 
densely timbered, while the timber in the remainder is well distrib- 
uted, skirting the many streams which aftbrd all the necessary 
water for stock and farm use. About one-half of the surface of 
the county is rich alluvial bottoms. Some of the high dividing 
ridges are dry, with a rather inferior soil, and sometimes rocky. 
There are numerous indications of iron and lead. The leading oc- 
cupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. Fruit culture is car- 
ried on with much success, and great quantities are raised annually, 
always finding a ready market. The townships are Buck Prairie, 
Green, Mount Pleasant, Mount Vernon, Spring River, Turnback, 
and Vineyard. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad passes through the 
county from east to west, in the southern part, with twenty-five 
miles of track; and the Memphis, Carthage and Northwestern has 
three miles of track in the south-western part. The county is 
well supplied with public schools, and it has a good number 
of eiccellent teachers. 

It was first settled in 1831, b}^ John Williams and his son. from 
Tennessee. The number of inhabitants did not increase fast, and 
the C(junty was not organized until 1845. The county seat was 
located at tlie present site. Mount Vernon, on the 4:th of July of 
the same year. The first court held after the locating of the 
county seat, was presided over by C. S. Yancy, Thomas Hash 
being clerk. The county was the scene of many skirmishes during 
the war, between small parties of union men and confederates. One 
village was destroyed and a large number of dwelling-houses 
burned, and men wantonly killed and their property sacrificed. 

Leavis county is in the north-east corner of the State, bounded 
on the north by the county of Clark, which separates it from Iowa, 
and east by the Mississippi river, which separates it from the State 
of Illinois; and contains 320,560 acres. The general surface of the 




;/ /7 a-^- 



IIISTOKY OK MIssoHHi. 8t)l 

county is undulating— well diversified, about one-half of it being 
\vi 11 timbered, and the other half fine upland prairies. Along 
the whole river front, some twenty-five miles, is ii rich, wide, allu- 
vial bottom, with excellent soil, aud very deep. The upland prai- 
ries have a black, rich, and friable soil ol from twelve to twenty- 
four inches in depth. Tlie bluff land, along the Mississippi river, is 
excellent for the cultivation of fruit and" grapes. The county is 
well drained by several rivers beside the " Father of Waters." 
The principal ones are the South, Middle and North Fabius, and 
the Wyaconda rivers, which give plenty of water for stock, and 
also water-power for milling, and other purposes. The timber of 
the bottom lands is chiefly ash, elm, hickory, maple, and on the 
uplands, oaks, hickory,* walnut, and other varieties, Coal of good 
quality has been discovered in several portions of the county. 
Limestone of excellent quality, standing well the frosts of winter, 
is quarried. The county has two railroads i)assing through its ter- 
ritory — the Mississippi Valley and VV^estern, twenty-three miles, 
and the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, twenty-seven miles. The for- 
mer passes through the county along the banks of the Mississippi 
from north to south, and the hiiter crosses the southern part of 
the county from east to west. ' The county is furnished with am- 
ple educational facilities, much interest being manifested in educa- 
tional matters by the citizens. About 1819, John Bozarth settled 
in that part of Lewis county now embraced in Marion. The in- 
crease of inhabitants was not rapid, and the organization did not 
take place until 1832. the new county being named in honor of 
Meri weather Lewis. 

Moiitkdlo^ the county seat, is in the centre of the county, on 
the North Fabius river. La Grange is situated ten miles from 
Quincy. It is pleasantly located on the bluffs. The La Grange 
college is located here. Canton is the shipping point for the county, 
and is located on the Mississippi river, 175 miles above St. Louis. 
It was first settled in 1827, and now has an enterprising population. 
Considerable manufacturing is carried on. 

Lincoln County is located in the eastern central part of the 
State, and bounded on the east by the Mississippi river, which se{>- 
arates it from the State of Illinois. The general surface is rolling; 
al)out one-third is prairie, and the rest timber land. The soil is 
very productive, of great de()th, and especially so in the bottoms. 
Besides the Mississippi, the county is well watered by many rivers 



',\{)'2 AN ILJ.USTliATED 

and creeks. The principal river is the north and west Cuivre (or 
Copper), uniting near the centre of the county, and flowing in a 
south-easterly direction, .into the Mississippi. Coal strata, of im- 
mense thickness, sometimes twenty feet, and of good quality, 
underlie many square miles of the count}^ Iron has been found, 
but not developed. White sand, of great purity and freedom from 
minerals, excellent for the manufacture of glass, abounds in 
the central part of the county; also blue and white limestone, of 
good quality. Much interest is taken in educational matters, and 
in some sections of the county progress has been rapid. Good 
school-houses and teachers are found in almost every sub-district. 
The townships forming the county are Bedford, Clark, Hurricane, 
Millwood, Monroe, Prairie, Union, and VVaverly. Abuut the com- 
mencement of the present century, Major Clark commenced a 
settlement in what is now Lincoln county, and was soon after 
joined by others. Jeremiah Grroshong also came into the country 
about the same time, and during the first decade quite a number of 
inhabitants had found their way to this beautiful aud fertile land. 
The county was organized from a part of St. Charles, Dec. 14th, 
1818. The first term of court was held in April, 1819, Judge Todd 
presiding. The first county court ^^as held in January, 1821. The 
county seat was first established at Monroe, in 1819 or 1820, by a 
commission appointed for the purpose, but it was removed to Alex- 
andria in 1823, and in February, 1829, was removed to its present 
location — Trny. It was settled early in the century, aud occupies 
the former site of Wood's Fort. 

LiiSTN" county is in the northern central part of the State, and 
was organized from Chariton, January 7th, 1837. The surface of 
this county, as approached from the east, consists of alternate 
prairie and timber, stretching away to the north and south. 
About three-fourths of the county is prairie, and the rest timber. 
The soil is productive. The county is well watered by many fine 
streams, flowing from north to south, which aflford good water- 
power, and are all skirted b}' tirubei', of good qualit}', consisting 
principally of the different kinds of oaks, walnut, hickory, elm, 
Cottonwood, and other varieties. The timber on Locust creek is 
the most abundant. Along the streams very fertile bottoms are 
found, which become more valuable every year, as they become 
less swampy. Formerly small branches, now tributary to the 
larger streams, spread over the bottoms, forming large swamps, 




/Cc<^^^c^<^ /\ ^---^^^^^L^.^^ 



IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 393 

which are now arable, cuusetl by the tramping out and eating otF 
of the swamp grass by numerous herds and flocks, and thus allow- 
ing the branches to cut themselves channels to the main creeks. 
The mineral resources are coal, mineral paints, clay of dilFer- 
ent kinds, and excellent building stone. The principal agricul- 
tural staples are wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, and potatoes. Much 
attention is being paid to stock-raising, to which the county is well 
adai)ted, having yet an abundance of good ranges. The same may 
be said of the cultivation of fruits. The county has good facilities 
for transporting their surplus produce to market. The schools are 
in a prosperous condition, and the cause of education is progress- 
ing. The larger towns have fine school-houses. Linn county is 
made up of the townships of Baker, Benton, Brookfield, Clay, 
Enterprise. Jackson, Jefferson, Locust Creek, North Salem, Par- 
sen's Creek, and Yellow Creek. The first settlements in the county 
were made in 1832. The opening of the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
railroad through the county brought a large immigration with it. 
LIntieus is the county seat. Laclede is a growing town, and 
Brookfield is a place of considerable business. 

Livingston county, is in the north-western central portion of the 
State. It has an area of 509 square miles, or 333,952 acres. The 
earliest settlement now known of any permanence, was not made 
in the territory now embraced in Livingston county, until after the 
extinguishment of the title of the aboriginal inhabitance, in 1833. 
Previovis to this time, some trading had been carried on with them, 
but finally, even this was abandoned, on account of their extreme 
hostility. In 1837, the county was organized and named in honor 
of Ed vy'ard Livingston, Secretary of State, under President Jackson. 
The first county court was held a few miles north of Cliillicothe, at 
the house of Josei)h Cox, one of the justices. The first circuit 
judge, was Austin A. King. Its surface is about equally divided into 
timber and prairie — the timber lands producing a large growth of 
all the varieties of oak common to f he State; also, walnut, hickory, 
elm, raaple, cotton-wood, and sycamore. The prairies are generally 
rolling upland, rich, ami unsurpassed for agricultural purposes. 
The county is more than ordinarily watered by Grand river and 
its affluents. No minerals have as yet been found in the county, 
though indications of copper and iron are occasionally met with. 
Coal is found in vario,us Jocalities, and has been worked to some ex- 
tent, but has not proven profitable. Building stone abounds, and 



394 ^N ILLUSTRATED 

also good fire clay The county is well supplied with flouring mills. 
The townships are Blue Mound, Chillicothe, Cream Ridge, Fair- 
view, Grand River, Green, Jackson, Medicine, Monroe, Moores- 
ville, and Wheeling. The Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis, 
Kansas City and Northern, and the Chillicothe and Des Moines 
railroads furnish transportation. The principal markets are Kan- 
sas City, St. Louis and Chicago. 

C////h"(^o^//e, the county seat, is one of the largest places in the 
interior of north Missouri, and the emporium of the Grand river 
Valley. It is pleasantly located near the centre of the county on 
a high prairie, on the H. & St. Joseph R. R., ninety-five miles from 
Kansas City, and on the St. L., K. C. & N. R. R. two hundred and 
fifteen miles from St. Louis. It is au important shipping point. 
Its business prospects, are exceedingly favorable. Utica lies four 
miles west of Chillicothe on the H. & St. J. R. R. It has a good 
water-power, the Grand river, and is surrounded by au intelligent 
and thrifty community. It was laid out in 1839. Bedford contains 
fine farming lands, and it is well supplied with coal and timber; 
and also has a good water-power. It was laid out in 1843. 
Dawn is a Welsh settlement, six miles south of Utica. The other 
villages and settlements are Mooresville, Spring Hill, Wheeling, 
Ik'dford, Avaton, Farmersburg, and Sarapsell. 

Macon county was organized in 1838. The townships are Be- 
vier, Bloomington, Callao, Chariton, East Chariton, East Inde- 
pendence, East Liberty, Hudson, Independence, Jackson, La- 
Plata, Liberty, Middle Fork, Narrows, Richland, Russell, Ten 
Mile, Walnut Creek, West Chariton, Western District, West 
Independence, and West Richland. The surface is gently rolling, 
with hills adjacent to the water-courses. The soil is mostly clay, 
mixed with sand, and a black loam in the fertile bottom lands on 
the Chariton river, which are about two and a half miles in width; 
other bottom lands on the middle and east fork are about one-half 
mile wide. The water-courses are the Grand Chariton and its 
tributaries, which afford all the necessary stock-water, and also 
some water-power for manufacturing purposes. Timber is abundant 
for fencing, building and other purposes. Bituminous coal is the 
only mineral, the average thickness of the strata being four and 
one-half feet. The climate is mild and healthy. Corn, wheat, oats, 
grass and tobacco are chiefly raised. Tob:icco forms the article for 
export. The public schools are in a flourishing and prosperous 



HlSTUliY OF MISSOUKI. 395 

condition, and there are two Colleges and one Seminary in the 
county. The first settlements were made in this part of Missouri 
about 1831. The county was organized in 1838, the first circuit 
judge being Hon. D.ivid Todd. Ininiigration was slow, however, 
until it received impetus by the construction of the Hannibal and 
St. Joseph railroad in 1858. The present population of the county 
is something over twenty-three thousand. 

Macon Citif, the county seat, is situated lit the junction of the 
St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad with the Hannibal 
and St. Joseph railroad, one hundred and sixty-eight miles north- 
west of St. Louis. In 1859, the town of Hudson was united with 
it, by vote of the citizens of both towns. It is a place of much 
business importance. Bloomiiigton is the oldest town in the 
county, and, until 1863, was the county seat. It is situated on the 
middle fork of Chariton river, and was formerly a place of much 
importance. The other villages and settlements are Callas, La 
Plata, Love Lake City, New Cambria, Sue City, Summit, Wood- 
ville, Atlanta, and Bevier. 

Madison county is situated in the south-eastern part of the 
State, about one hundred miles south of St. Louis. It embraces 
an area of about five hundred square miles. The surface is rough 
and broken, with granite and porphyry hills, some of which rise 
to a height of .seven hundred feet above the level of St. Fran- 
cois river. The bottom-lands are very well watered — the big 
St. Francois river on the west, and Castor river on the east side 
of the county, extend entirely through it, both running in a 
southerly direction, and their numerous tributaries meander 
through it in every direction, while a multitude of clear springs 
gush out from the hill-sides. The larger streams afibrd excellent 
water-power; as yet unimproved. The county is well timbered, 
not having any i)rairie within its borders. The timber consists 
principally of oaks, yellow pine, walnut and hackberry. The soil 
along the valleys of the streams is generally sandy and gravelly, 
yet very productive. Bat few sections of country, of the same 
size contain more minerals, and of a greater variety, and some of 
them in large quantities. The well known " La Motte Lead 
Mines," worked as early as 1722, have produced annually, since 
1830, over one million pounds. Gold, silver, nickel, copper, bis- 
muth, antimony, zinc, lead, manganese, iron, arsenic and cobalt 
are found in the lands of the La Motte Lead Company. Lead and 



396 Ajff ILLUSTRATED N 

iron are inexhaustible, and are found in nearly every section, as 
well as copper; and the largest and richest deposit of nickel and 
cobalt known in tlie world, is found in this county. A great 
amount of iron, lead and nickel, is mined. In 1874. there were 
three of the best smelting farnaces, at this mine, on the continent. 
A tin mining compan}^ have erected a furnace, at a cost of $15i).- 
000. One copper mine was worked, and four iron banks. In the 
years 1872-3 and 1874, a half million dollars' worth of nickel was 
ship[)ecl. The nickel used by the government, for coining, com^s 
principally from these mines. Kaolin, lire clay, sandstone, lime- 
stone, grind and burr-stone, yellow and red ochre, sulphur, silex 
and fluor-spar also abound. The leading occupation of the inhabi- 
tants is mining and agriculture. The townships of the county 
are Castor, Frederickstown, German, Liberty, Polk, St. Francis, 
St. Michael's, and Twelve-Mile. Madison is one of the oldest 
settled counties of the State, and the mines were worked by the In- 
dians and Spaniards as early as 1770. A village was established 
about the year 1800, known as St. Michael, and the Spanish gov- 
ernment made liberal grants for settlement and cultivation. The 
town finally decayed, and nothing was left to designate its loca- 
tion. It was organized in 1818, from Ste. Genevieve and Cape 
Girardeau counties. The county has received large accessions to 
its inhabitants within the last four years, from eastern States. 
Frederickstown is the county seat, and the principal business 
towL- ; settled about 1820. 

Maries county is located in the south central part of the State, 
and contains about 313,000 acres of land. The surface presents a 
great variety of soils. The uplands in the western part are very 
productive, — the eastern not so rich. It is well watered, princi- 
pally by the Gasconade river, which very nearly divides the county 
in equal portions. This river is remarkable for the vast bodies of 
rich bottoms, and dense forests of timber. There are only two 
small prairies — the Lane's and Spanish prairies — in the county; the 
former an andulating plain and ver}" productive. Vast deposits of 
iron ores are found; chiefly around the Lane's prairie, and in the 
western part where the Crismon and the McCogthein banks are 
situated. There are also indications of lead and coal. A number 
of caves are found among the bluffs bordering on the Gasconade 
river. The majorit}' of the settlers are engaged in agricultural pur- 
suits. The nearest railroad on the south, is the Atlantic and Pa- 



lll8TUi:V OF MISSULTIJI. 397 

cific, and on the north the Missouri and Pacific — neither of which 
enter the cou uty. There are seven townships: iioone, Dry Creek, 
Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Miller and Spring Creek. Maries was 
formed from the north part of Pulaski, and tiie southern portion 
of Osage counties, by an act ai)proved March 2, 1855, and the early 
settlements were made from 1838 to 1842. Vienna, the county 
seat, is the only place of business importance in the county. 

Marion county is situated upon the Mississippi river, in the 
north-eastern part of the State, and was originally a part of Rolls 
county, from which it was organized, December 23, 1826: the first 
court being held the following March. It was as early as the 
latter part of the last century that the first white settlers came 
into this portion of the State. Bouvet, a French trapj^er. located 
on the river, above Hannibal, and others soon after joined him. 
During the first quarter of the present century, quite a large num- 
ber settled in the country, and Palmyra became important as a 
trading point with the Indians. Soon after its organization, the 
population began to increase more rapidly, and since that time 
its growth has beeu steady and reliable. The eastern portion of 
the county, bordering on the river, consists of rich bottom lands, 
extending from one to three miles back to the uplands, where the}' 
merge into them. There is for some six or eight miles west, with 
now and then a small belt of white-oak land, a large quantity of 
elm land, and immediately Avest of this lies the prairie white-oak 
lands, with numerous rich bottom lands on the rivers and creeks. 
About one-half of the county is prairie, the other is timbered. It 
is drained by North and South Fabius, Troublesome, Saline and 
Grassy creeks, North and South rivers, and a number of smaller 
streams. The large streams afford water-power. Minerals have 
not been discovered to any extent. Coal is found in small 
quantities; Potter's cla}^ is also found. The population of the 
county in 1870, was 23,780; leading occupation of the inhabitants, 
agriculture. The townships are Fabius, Liberty, Mason, Mider, 
Round Grove, South River, Union and Warren. 

Palmyra, the county seat, is situated on the Hannibal and St. 
Joseph railroad, fourteen miles from Hannibal. It has a command- 
ing elevation, and is a prosperous town. The city has a number 
of never-failing springs in, and adjacent to it, furnishing the in- 
habitants an abundant supply of water. The business houses are 
generally of brick, the streets regularly laid out, and the residences. 



398 ^^ ILMrsTUATP]D 

churches, and educatioual institutions, surrounded by grounds 
ornamented with shrubbery. It is the centre of a large and thrifty 
farming county, and an enterprising community. Hannibal is the 
most important town in the county, or in this section of the 
State. It is the eastern terminus of the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
railroad, and Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. At this point 
the Mississippi river is bridged, and communication opened with 
the railroads of Illinois. It was incorporated as a city in 1839. 
The corporate limits embrace about 3,000 acres of land. The 
amount of business carried on here, and sent by railroad, is very 
large. The bridge over the Mississippi, built in 1870-71, cost 
nearly $500,000. Hannibal college is located here. Other villages 
are North River, Sharpsburg, Springdale, Hester, Taylor, Wood- 
land, Philedelphia, West Ely, W^ither's Mills, Warren, New Mar- 
ket, Naomi, and West Quincy. 

McDonald county is situated in the extreme south-west corner 
of the State. The surface is rolling and hilly, with many fine 
prairies and valleys. The bottoms are rich and fertile, and the.soil 
on the uplands is well adapted to fruit and grapes. The flat 
woods, covering a large area, are very fertile, adapted to wheat and 
tobacco. The hills are covered with a dense growth of timber, 
consisting principally of pine, cedar, oaks, hickory, walnut, and 
ash. The county is well watered. The largest stream is the Elk 
river, which passes almost through the center of the county, and 
is navigable for flat-boats. Numerous springs of the purest of 
water issue from the sides of the hills, and afl'ord, with the many 
creeks, abundant stock-water. On many of the rapid streams are 
excellent sites for mills, and other manufacturing establishments. 
Minerals have been discovered in different parts of the county, 
principally lead. Iron and tripoli are also found, the latter in large 
quantities. The climate is mild and healthy. Grapes and fruit are 
grown successfully, and yield abundantly. Wild grapes, — and 
some of them equal to the tame varieties — grow luxuriantly on the 
hillsides, and in the valleys. Grape culture is engaging the at- 
tention of many farmers. The leading exports are corn, wheat, 
lumber, live stock, and fruit. With cheap homes in the fertile 
valleys and bottom lands, the county has attracted considerable 
immigration from Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. The 
townships are Buffalo, Cooper, Elk, Elk Horn, Elk River, Erie, Fox, 
Honey Creek, Montana, Pineville, Prairie, Richwood, Rutledge, 



UlS'lH)liY OF MISiSOUia. 399 

and White Rock. Tlio first settlements iu the county were made 
in 1830. by August J. Friend, P. Williams, and others, whose 
families numbered about forty souls. It was organized March 3d, 
18i9. Educational matters in this county are in a tiouri.shing 
condition, great interest being manifested in the common schools. 
Pineville is the county seat, located near the centre of the county, 
on Elk river. 

Mekuer county is situated in the northern part of the State, in 
the fertile region known as the " Grand River Valley," midway 
between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. It was formerly a part 
of Grundy county, and as such, the first settlements were made 
about 1837, but it was not organized until ISio, when it was named 
in honor of General Mercer, of revolutionary memory. The county 
seat was located in Februarj^ 1847. During the civil war, Mercer 
was one of the most loyal to the government, and bore her share 
of the burden of sustaining it. Princeton, the county-seat, was 
first settled in 1840, but not laid out until 1847. Ravenna, 
is the second town in the county. It was laid olf in 1857, and 
incorp(n-ated in 1869, and now has about three hundred inhabitants. 
Cleopatra, Goshen, Linville, Middlebury, Mill Grove, and Pleasan- 
ton, are towns in this county. The population of Mercer county 
in 1870, was 11,557, nearly half of whom were native-born Mis- 
souriaus. The surface is undulating, and consists of about 
equal parts of prairie and timber. The soil of the prairie is mostly 
a sandy, rich loam, with some white clay lands, much of which is 
not yet cultivated. The timber land is generally more compact, 
and better adapted to wheat. The county is well watered by streams, 
skirted with a heavy growth of timber on both sides. Grand river 
with an average width of thirty-five to forty feet, and a depth of 
about two and a half feet, is the principal water-course; is a clear 
and rapid stream, affording many excellent mill privileges and 
other manufactories. The county has now several flouring, saw 
and woolen mills; three llouring mills are run by water, and one by 
steam. Coal is found in many parts of the county. Fire-clay, 
sand and limestone are abundant. The principal productions com- 
prise corn, wheat, rye and oats, which are, with the exceptions of 
the first, largely exported. Fine orchards are found in great num- 
bers all over the county, which produce well, and great quantities 
of apples are shipped to market. The grape is grown by ahnost 
every farmer, for table use, and with success. Chicago is the market 



400 AN ILLUSTRATED 

for stock and surplus grain, being connected with this county by the 
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, which passes from north 
to south through the county. Lumber and hoop-poles also form 
quite an item in the revenues of Mercer county. There has been 
considerable influx of immigration since the war; mostly industrious 
farmers from the Eastern and Middle States. The people are thor- 
oughly alive to the necessity of public schools. The townships of 
the county are Harrison, Lindley, Madison, Marion, Medicine, Mor- 
gan, Ravenna, Somerset, and Washington. 

Miller county is generally hilly, the elevation varying from 50 
to 600 feet above the level of the Missouri river, yet but little of 
its surface is too steep or abrupt for cultivation. The most broken 
and rocky ridges are near the Osage river and its larger tributaries. 
They become gradually more gentle farther back. Almost every kind 
of soil is met with, from the barren, flinty bluff's, to the deep and 
dark alluvial bottoms; but most of the land is susceptible of cul- 
tivation, yielding fine crops. The Osage river runs nearly through 
the center of the county; is navigable at high water as far up as 
Osceola, and aff'ords, with its many affluents, an excellent drainage, 
an abundantsupply of water for farm use, and power for almost any 
machinery. The climate is salubrious, and not subject to extremes 
of heat and cold. Limestone and sandstone, excellent for building 
material, are found in many places. The mineral resources are 
varied and rich, and only a small portion of them have been 
developed. Lead is the leading mineral. It is found in quantities in 
many parts of the county, and is mined to some extent. Two large 
smelting furnaces on Saline creek are in constant operation, pro- 
ducing a large amount of lead. Iron ore, such as hematite and 
specular, exists. Copper and zinc have also been found in small 
quantities, and bituminous coal occurs near the iron banks. Kao- 
lin, in paying quantities, is found. The Osage river and a few 
smaller streams furnish the means of transportation. The town- 
ships composing the county are Auglaize, Equality, Franklin, 
Glaize, Jim Henry, Osage, Richwood and Saline. Miller was first 
settled in 1815, named in honor of John Miller, and organized 
February 6, 1837. It was a portion of Cole county and a part of 
Pulaski. Tifscinnbid, the county seat, is a small village, thirty-five 
miles from Jefferson City. 

Mississippi county is situated in the south-east corner of the 



HlSTiJUY OF MISSOUKI. 4()1 

State, on the Mississippi river, opposite the mouth of the Oliio. 
The surface is level, being almost entirely composed of bottoiu land. 
and is, with the exception of a few praries, heavily timbered. The 
soil is rich, warm, and easily cultivated. The county is almost 
entirely surrounded by the Mississippi river, and has, also, the 
James Bayou running through its center. No minerals have been 
found in the county. Brick-clay is found in abundance. Corn is 
the staple; forty to one hundred bushels to the acre being the yield. 
Cotton also does well. It is cultivated to a limited extent. Wheat, 
barley, oats, and rye, are also raised with success. This county is 
a good fruit growing region, apples, peaches, pears, and nearly all 
varieties of small fruits growing luxuriently. There are seven 
townships: James Bayou. Long Prairie, Mississippi, Ohio, St.James, 
Ty wappit}', and Wolf Island. Mississippi county began to be set- 
tled as early as J 800. by immigrants from Kentucky, and was 
organized February 14th, 1845, from Scott county. During the 
civil war, it was overrun by both armies and occupied by 
soldiery. One battle was fought in the county — the first con- 
flict of arms along the river. The county has excellent market 
facilities, being crossed by two railroads, the St. Louis and Iron 
Mountain from north-west to south-east, having its terminus at 
Belmont, on the Mississippi, and the Cairo, Arkansas and Texas, 
extending through the northern part, from east to west. It also 
has the river on its eastern boundary. Charleston is the principal 
town, and county seat. * 

MoxiTEAU county is situated on the southern bank of the Mis- 
souri, and is very nearly the central county in the State. It was 
organized from Cole and Morgan, February 14th, 1845. The bot- 
tom land on this river is famed for its fertility, and similar land is 
found on the Moniteau, Moreau, and other streams. The eastern, 
northern, and central parts of the county are covered with timber, 
while the southern and western portions are mostly prairie, with 
timber along the water-courses. The soil of the woodland is light, 
excepting the flats which are very rich. Timber is abundant. The 
county is Avatered by many fine streams, thi' largest of which have 
been already mentioned, furnishing excellent water power. Good 
water for farm use can be had by digging from ten to thirty feet. 
The county possesses an immense wealth of minerals, principally 
lead, coal and iron. Both cannel and bituminous coal are mined 
in different parts of the county, and lead mining is rapidly increas- 



402 ^^ ILLUSTRATKD 

ing. Excellent potter's clay is found. The townships are Harrison, 
Linn, Moreau, Pilot Grove, Walker, and Willow Fork. The means 
of transporting live stock and produce, is furnished by the 
Missouri Pacific railroad, which passes through the central 
part of the county, from east to west, having twenty-six miles of 
track, and the Booneville branch, from Tipton north, with two 
miles of track. During the civil war, both armies passed to and 
fro through the county. There was one skirmish at California, 
in October, 1865, during General Price's raid. California is the 
county seat. Tipton, Clarksburg, High Point, and Jamestown 
are villages and settlements in the county. 

Monroe county is in the north-east central portion of the State. 
It contains an area of about 620 square miles, and contains 422.455 
acres. The surface is a plain, but sufficiently undulating to drain 
well its surplus water into the streams, which run through it from 
west to east. Prairie and timber are about equally divided. The 
soil is rich and highly productive, almost unsurpassed for the pur- 
poses of raising grain or pasturage. The Salt river and the Indian 
creek are the largest streams, both furnishing water-power. The 
climate is very healthy and pleasant. Timber is abundant. Sur- 
face coal, mixed with slate, abounds. Iron ore exists to some ex- 
tent. Potter's clay is also abundant. The inhabitants are chiefly 
occupied with agriculture. The leading staples are corn, wheat 
and tobacco. Mixed husbandry is in the main the practice in farm- 
ing. Tobacco is largely cultivated and 3'ields quite a revenue to 
the people, from 400,000 to 1,000,000 pounds being raised annu- 
ally. The townships forming the county are Cla}^ Indian Creek, 
Jackson, Jefferson, Marion, Monroe, South Fork, Union, Wash- 
ington, and Woodlawn. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad 
enters the county on the north-eastern corner, and passes through 
to the western part. The Hannibal and St. Joseph passes through 
the north-east corner. A settlement was made in what is now 
Morgan county, in 1819, by families from the eastern states and 
Tennessee, on the north fork of Salt river. At the date of its or- 
ganization, Januar}' 6th, 1830, there were several thousand inhab- 
itants, chiefly immigrants from Kentucky and the eastern states. 
It was formed from a portion of Ralls, Referring to a locality 
on a stream called Sweet Lick, Mr. Wetmore, in his Gazetteer of 
Missouri, 1837, says, " there is a battle-fleld so thickh^ covered 
with the bones of combatants slain there, as to deserve a high 



H18TOUY OF MISSOUKI. 408 

place in the annals of blood-letting. The conflict was between the 
Sac aiul Fox Indians and the Sioux. Tradition does not particu- 
larize the battle, nor are we able to determine to which nation of 
these red warriors, victory was awarded by the Great Spirit." Mon- 
roe City, is pleasantly located on a high prairie on the Hannibal 
and St. Joseph railroad. Paris is the county seat, situated on 
the middle fork of the Salt river. 

MoxTGOMERY county is in the eastern part of the State, being 
bordered on the south by the Missouri river, and west by (^aUaway 
county. It contains an area of oOi square miles. The surface of 
the central and northern portions consists of gently unduhiting 
prairies, with frequent groves of timber. Along the Missouri is 
found rich alluvial bottom lands, well known for its fertility. 
Between these and the prairies are higli limestone bluffs. 
About one-half of the county is timbered. Tlie streams are the 
Loutre river, its larger tributaries Prairie Fork and Clear Fork, and 
the smaller streams of Quick and Murdock creeks. Dry Fork, Whip- 
poor-will, VVhite Oak, Elkhorn, and others. The mineral resources 
consist principally in coal. Good building stone is abundant, and 
a fine quality of marble has been discovered. Several Springs are 
ibund in this county which have acquired some local fame for their 
medicinal qualities. 

The county has a population of from eleven to twelve thousand, 
mostly engaged in agricultural pursuits. " Pinnacle Rock " is a pe- 
culiar formation of solid rock, in a valley on South Bear creek. It 
rises perpendicularly to the height of one hundred feet. A narrow 
path upon one side may be followed to its apex, which i:^ covered 
with soft moss, affording a comfortable resting place. The town- 
ships are Bear Creek, Danville. Loutre, Prairie, and Upper Loutre. 
The St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad runs through 
the county, from south-east to north-west, affording with the 
Missouri river, transportation to market. The first settlers of this 
county came in the year 1800, the settlement being made on Loutre 
island and Loutre creek. Some of the most daring battles fought 
between the pioneers and the Indians occurred in this county. In 
one of these engagements. Captain Callaway, a grandson of Daniel 
Boone, was killed. Since the close of the civil war, and until ISTO. 
there has been quite an influx of immigration, mostly eastern 
farmers. 

Danville, the county scat, is situated on Loutre prairie, five miles 



404 AN ILLUSTRATED 

west of New Florence, the nearest railroad station. It is a small 
town. During the war, the court-house and records were burned,, 
and a number of citizens killed. Jonesburgh, on the St. Louis, 
Kansas City and N.orthern railroad, is a flourishing town, some nine 
miles from New Florence. It is surrounded by a fine farming 
country, and has a population of about six hundred. Middletown 
is an old settled town, ten miles east of Wells ville, and has an im- 
portant trade with the surrounding country. Montgomery City, 
on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, is the most 
important place in the county. It is the centre of a heavy trade 
'n produce, and is the seat of Montgomery College. It has a popu- 
lation of from thirteen to fifteen hundred. New Florence, on the 
same railroad, is a flourishing place of business. VVeilsville, Bluff"- 
ton, High Hill, Loutre Island, Price's Branch, Rhineland and 
Americus, are small settlements. 

Morgan" county is situated in the central part of the State, south 
of Cooper and Moniteau counties. It has an elevated range of 
country, tending in a direction nearly east and west through it, a 
little south of the middle, constituting a divide, which causes the 
water north to flow to the Lamine through the channels of many 
fine creeks, except in the eastern portion where the Moreaus takes 
its rise and flows in a north-east direction. These streams afford 
excellent water-power. The surface of this portion of the county 
is chiefly prairie, comparatively level or undulating, with interven- 
ing woodlands, which afford timber for fuel, building, fencing, and 
other purpose at convenient distances. The soil is good. South of 
the divide, the slope is less gentle than tnat north of it, becoming 
abrupt and even quite rugged as it approaches the Osage river, 
which forms the southern boundry of the county. This portion 
of the county is also well drained by a number of fine creeks, with 
sufficient water-power to drive almost any amount of machinery. 
The surface is covered with timber of good quality. The soil is not 
as good as that north of the divide, except the fertile creek and 
river bottoms. The county is abundantl}' supplied with coal; 
its character, bituminous, cannel, and composite. Lead ore is 
found to some extent. The townships of the county are Buffalo, 
Haw Creek, Mill Creek, Moreau, Osage, Richland, Syracuse, and 
Versailles. St. Louis receives almost the entire exports. Thefii-st 
settlement of the county was made in 1819-20. It was organized 
from a part of Cooper, January 5th, 1833. The first circuit court 



UlSTUliY OF MlbSUURI. 405 

•was held the following June, Judge David Todd, presiding. The 
■county seat, Versa illcs, was located in December, 1834. 

Some years ago, a few families of Mennohites, numbering 
in all — men, women, and children — about forty, settled in tlie 
uorth-eastern part of the county. They purchased farms, improved 
and unimproved, and went industriously to work. They prospered 
finely. In the past few years, their numbers have increased to 
upwards of one hundred; several families having moved into the 
settlement. The Mennonites take their name from Simon Mennon. 
They originated in Holland, and tfarly came to this country. They 
recognize the New Testament as the only rule of life, deny orig- 
inal sin, and maintain that practical piety is the essence of religion. 
They object to the application of the terms Person and Trinity, as 
applied to the Godhead. They strenously denounce war under any 
•circumstances, are non-resistants, and never take an oath. In their 
secret meetings, each member is allowed to speak, and they have 
no hired clerg}'. Tbey baptize only adults, by pouring, and advo- 
■cide universal toleration. In this country' there are two divisions 
of this denomination, differing only in some points of experimen- 
tal religion. Those of this county have a church organization, 
with a membership of about thirty-five. They are an industrious 
.and honest class of citizens, attending strictly to their own busi- 
ness, and allowing other people to do the same. The families in 
this county are from Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania. 
Their numbers are being iucreased every year by the coming in of 
families from those states. 

New Madrid county is one of the three extreme south-eastern 
counties of the State; lying along the western bank of the 
Mississippi river, for a distance of about fifty miles. The 
early history of this county is fraught with unusual interest. It 
was first settled by some French fur traders, as early as 1781 or 
1782, who established a post near or upon the present site of the 
<;ity of New Madrid. In 1788 a colony came into the territory from 
New Jersey, and immediately laid plans for a city, laying out streets 
and parks upon a scale of liberality quite unthought of in this 
then new country. The plan, however, was never carried out. 
Population increased, and during the early years of the present 
€entury, there were large accessions from the eastern and southern 
states, and evidences of great prosperity existed on every hand, 
when on the night of December 16th, 1811, there occurred the 



406 AN ILLUSTRATED 

terrible earthquake which changed not only the face of the country 
in New Madrid, but its prospects of growth for many years to 
come. This convulsion of nature was followed by occasional shocks^ 
until the followiug February, and some slight ones for years aiNer- 
wards. This, together with the great flood of 1815, reduced the 
population and the means of those who remained to circumstances 
of destitution, insomuch that Congress made an appropriation for 
their relief. 

During the civil war the county occupied a position which made 
it contested ground, and again it p'assed through a Ijaptism of suffer- 
ing. The opening of the Cairo, Arkansas and Texas railroad, su- 
peradded to the extreme fertilit3^ of her soil and great variety of her 
productions, has brought the dawn of a brighter day. It now has 
a population of some seven thousand, four thousand of whom are na- 
tives of the State. About one-half the area of the county is under 
cultivation, there being less than one hundred acres of woodland. 
The surface is very level, and in many places low and wet, being- 
overflowed or swamp land, lying principally on the St. John's- 
Bayou and on Little river. The soil is generally sandy, alluvial,, 
extremely fertile and easily cultivated. Corn is the staple; cotton,, 
tobacco and wheat are raised to some extent, while peaches^ 
cherries and other smaller fruits yield abundantly. The county is 
watered in the interior by Little river and a few bayous, all slug- 
gish streams, and not affording any water power. Except a- 
prairie in the northern, and another in the central part, each of 
about 20 square miles, the land is well timbered, chiefly with oak, 
ash, hickory, elm, cypress and gum. There are no mines in oper- 
ation. The swamp lands can be drained, and when done, will 
be unsurpassed for fertility. The townships of the county are Big 
Prairie, Le Suier, New Madrid and St. John. The history of New 
Madrid^ the county-seat, is the same as that of the county in early 
times. ' It is situated on the Mississippi river, two hundred and 
seventy-five miles below St. Louis. Such has been the encroachments 
of the river at this point, that where the original town was laid out^ 
would be one and a half miles on the east side of the Mississippi^ 
in the State of Kentucky. At the commencement of the civil war, 
New Madrid was a military point, and in connection with oper- 
ations with Island No. 10, acquired considerable importance. It is 
a shipping point for grain and cotton. 

Remains have been discovered in this county of a former exten- 



illSTUltV UF .M18SOUU1. 4()7 

sive city, which show the evidences of having been densely popu- 
lated. The city w;is surrounded by fortifications, the enibank- 
nients with covered ways connecting the outworks of which have 
been traced for several miles. The remains of mounds, serving 
either for outlooks to watch an eneni}', or as cemeteries for the bur- 
ial of the dead, in which are found skeletons, associated with drink- 
ing-vessels, are also found distributed about the area of the ancient 
encampment. The indubitable traces of the dwellings, streets and 
avenues, were also traced over large portions of the grounds, the prop- 
er survey of which would doubtless tend to throw new light on the 
origin of this people. The houses were quite small, from jMght 
to twelve feet in diameter, and located about ten feet apart. They 
existed in regular rows, with streets and avenues running through 
the city at right angles, at proper distances ai)art. The founda- 
tions of the dwellings, if not the entire structure, were made of a 
kind of adobe brick, of a red color like modern brick, but of coarser 
material. The brick specimens have transverse holes passing through 
them, supposed by some to act as ventilators to the dwellings. The 
bricks being laid flatwise in the wall, the. sides of the house- would 
be, thereby, pierced with a multitude of holes for the admission of 
the outside air. Another, and more probable theory is, that the 
bricks in a malleable state were pierced with round sticks, for the 
more readily handling and burning, and the same having burned 
out, left the ini[)ression of their form in the shape of a hole. The 
sites of these ancient habitations are plainly observed by a sunken 
depression of several feet in the ground, leaving evidence of cellars 
like those seen in modern times. At first sight of these hab- 
itations, the observer might be led to believe that these ancient 
people lived in cellars, and built their houses under ground; but 
this impi'ession will vanish on reflecting that the accumulated 
debris of ages had entombed these dwellings beneath the suri'ace. 
Besides, on one side of the ancient city, there is still a lake or 
marsh, which at some remote period may have overflowed its banks, 
submerged portions of the site of the ancient city long after its ex- 
tinction, and added its deposits to the accumulating debris. The 
site of the city is now covered with trees, mostly oak, of an ancient 
growth, showing that thousand of years had rolled round before 
the handiwork of these early Missourians was exhumed. The 
pottery consists largely of drinking-cups, culinary utensils, and 
bottles of a gourd shape. There are also rude trowels and tools used 



408 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 

for fashioning and ornamenting the pottery, and whet-stones for 
sharpening the stone axes and other instruments. But the 
fantastic character of the ornamention of the vessels is what strikes 
every one with surprise. There are very accurate figures of fish, 
frogs, hedgehogs, and such animals as existed at the time; besides 
among the feathered tribe, are the goose, duck, owl, hawk, and 
probabl}' — from his comb — the rooster. There are minature busts 
of male hends carved out of clay, representing a type of face more 
resembling the ancient Aztec race than the modern American 
Indian. 

Newton county lies in nearly the extreme south-western corner 
of the State, being bordered on the west by the Indian Territory 
and Kansas, and on the south by McDonald county which separates 
it from Arkansas. It is in the shape of a parallelogram, twenty- 
one miles north and south, and thirty one miles east and west. 
The surface of the country is about equally divided between prai- 
rie and timber. The soil is of a dark or mulatto loam, with a 
reddish clay subsoil. Shoal creek is the main water-course. It 
flows through the centre of the county from east to west, and 
affords fine water-power. Indian creek runs through the southern 
part; Buffalo, Big and Little Lost creeks, the south-western; and 
Hickory creek, the central; and Jones creek, through the northern. 
The county has the richest lead mines in south-western Missouri. 
The Granby mines, discovered in 1855, yielded, up to the commence- 
ment of the war, over thirty-five million pounds of lead; and 
since that time up to the Spring of 1873, seventeen million pounds. 
Other mines have also produced immense quantities. Coal has 
been found in the western part of the county, twelve feet below 
the surface and four feet thick. Iron has beerr found, and also an 
excellent quality of tripoli. The townships of the county are 
Benton, Buffalo, Franklin, Grairby, Jackson, Lost Creek, Marion, 
Neosho, Newtonia, Shoal Creek, and Van Buren. The first settlers 
of Newton county came in 1829 from Tennessee. The county was 
takeir from Barry and organized December 31st, 1838, and reduced 
to its present limits in 1854, by the organization of McDonald 
county. During the civil war every settlement was burned. A 
battle was fought at Newtonia in 1862, and another in 1864. Since 
the war, the county was filled by inrmigration for four or five years. 
More than one-fifth of the land belongs to the Atlantic and Pacific 
railroad company, being a grant from the State and the general 




I 



"*fliM^^ lyiiiimii 1 1 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiii ''!iiiiiiiiiii 



MAT HEW H. RITCHEY. 



lllSTOltY OF MISSOURI. 409 

government, for building the road. Neosho is the county seat, in 
the valley of Hickory creek. It was named from a hirge spring 
in the center of the town — the Indian name meaning '"clear cold 
water." It is the principal town in the county. 

NoDA'vvAY county is situated in the north-western part of the 
state. It is bounded on the north by the Iowa State line; on the 
east, by Worth and Gentry counties; south, by Andrew and Holt, 
and west, by Holt and Atchison. Its superficial area is over 
half a million of acres. The territory of the count}^ is very nearly 
square — being thirty-one and a half miles from north to south, 
and thirty miles from east to west. The surface of the county 
comprises about three-fourths undulating prairie, thus predominat- 
ing over timber. Hills and swamps are not found within its borders. 
The soil is a black, rich clay loam, of a depth of about two and a 
half feet; every section in the county is well adapted to farming. 
The county is watered by the Nodaway, One-Handred-and-Two, 
and Platte rivers. The water-courses are heavilj^ timbered. There are 
several stone quarries in the county, that contain a good quality of 
limestone for building purposes; a fine variety of sandstone is also 
found in different localities. Nodaway county has, at present, one 
railroad — the Kansas City, St. Jose[)h and Council Bluffs, It 
passes north and south. The municipal townships of the county 
are Atchison, Grant, Green, Hughes, Independence, Jackson, Lin- 
coln, Polk, Union, Washington and White Cloud. Nodaway was 
a part of the " Platte Purchase," and formerly embraced Andrew, 
and even extended north into the territory of the present State of 
Iowa. Settlements began to be made about 1840; and, in 1845, 
Februar}' 14th, the county was reduced to its present limits. The 
first county court was held seven miles south of Maryville, in a 
private house — Thomas H. Brown, James M. Fulkerson and John 
Low being justices, and Amos Graham, clerk. The influx of immi- 
gration has been great since the war. 

Mari/ville, the county seat, is very nearly in the geographical 
centre of the county. It is on the Chicago branch of the Kansas 
City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs railroad, forly-five miles north 
of St. Joseph, and has a beautiful situation upon the prairie, but is 
bordered on the north-east by timber. The town is two miles west 
of the One-Hundred-and-Two river, and was laid off in 1845; and 
named in honor of Mary Graham, wife of Amos Graham, now de- 
ceased, who was the first resident lady. Hopkins is the second town 



410 AN TLLUSTRATF,T> 

in size in the county. Its population is about 800. It is situated! 
in the northern part of the county, fifteen miles north of Mary- 
ville, one mile south of the Iowa line, and at the junction of K. C.^ 
St. J., & C. B., and B. & M. R. Rs. It was laid out in 1871, and is 
an important commercial point. Graham is located in the south- 
west part of the county, sixteen miles from Maryville. Barnard is- 
sixteen miles south of Maryville on the K. C, St. J. & C. B. R. R. 
The other settlements are Pickering, Gruilford, Conception, Sweet 
Home, Luteston, Lamar Station, Clearmont, Bridgewater and Quit- 
man. 

Oregon county is situated in the southern part of the State» 
bordering on the Arkansas State line. The county is generally 
undulating and hilly. The soil is rich in all those elements that 
constitute the food for plants, but laige portions abound in rocks 
and gravel to such an extent, that it is unfit for cultivation. The- 
north-east part is covered with a dense forest of tall pines. No coal 
fields have been developed. The finest specimens of lead and iron 
have been obtained here that can be found in the state. The 
county is watered in great part by Eleven Points audits tributaries. 
This stream rises in the north-vrestern part of the county, bursting 
from under a hill 300 feet high. The afiluents of this stream are 
Spring, Hurricane, White, Dry, Pine and Frederick creeks in the- 
north and east, and in the middle, Barren and Warm Fork, the last 
a tributary of Spring river. This river is one-fourth as large as the- 
Missouri. Good water-power is abundant. The township muni- 
cipalities are Jobe, Johnson, Linn, Moore, Oak Grove, Perry, Piney 
and Woodside. Alton is the county seat. 

Osage county is situated in the interior of the State, and is^ 
bounded on the north by the Missouri river, on the east by the 
Gasconade, south by the Maries, and on the west, mainly by the 
Osage. It was organized from Gasconade, January 29, 1841. The 
surface of it is generally hilly, and broken by bluffs contiguous to 
the rivers. A great portion of the hilly land is productive, and the 
bottom. lands are extremely fertile. Springs are abundant every- 
where, and the county is well watered by many rivers and creeks,, 
but principally by the Missouri, Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and 
their tributaries. Good timber is plenty, consisting chiefly of oak,, 
hickory, walnut, elm, hackberry, maple, sycamore, ash, and 
cotton-wood. Some coal has been found. Almost every hill con- 



HltJTOUY OF M1880Ulil. 41 \ 

tains iron ore The climate is excellent and very healthy. This 
county is in all respects favorable for agricultural pursuits, — wheat, 
tobacco, barley, and stock being raised for market with success; 
while cotton, hemp, flax and sorghum are cultivated for domestic 
purposes. Fruits, also, of all kinds, common to the climate, do well 
here; grapes are raised in considerable quantities, from which wine 
is made. The facilities for transportation to market consist of the 
Missouri river and Pacitic railroad on the north, the Osage river on 
the west, and the Gasconade river on the east. St. Louis is the prin- 
cipal market for the produce. The townships are Benton, Crawford, 
Jackson, jHtferson, Linn, Osage and Washington. The first settle- 
ments made were by persons from the eastern States and by 
Gei-mans. The county derived its name from the Osage river. 
Linn, the county-seat, is a small town near the centre of the 
county. 

Ozark countj' is in the southern-central part of the state, next 
to the Arkansas State line. The surface is varied, mountainous in 
the central part, and broken in the eastern and western portions. 
One-half may be classed as timber land, of the best quality, and 
the other half is well adapted to agriculture. The manfacturing 
interests of this county consist of a few saw-mills and seven grist- 
mills scattered through the country. The county is thought to be 
a rich mineral district; lead ore found averages 75 per cent, of pure 
metal. There are no mines in operation, and only capital is needed 
to bring the hidden treasures to the surface. The townships 
forming the county are Bayou, Bridges, Jackson, Jasper, Marion 
and Richland. The county was organized January 29, 1841, with 
its present name. In 1843, it was changed to Decatur, and in 1845, 
its former name of Ozark was restored. Gainesville, the county- 
seat, is located on Lick creek, in the south-eastern part of the 
county. 

Pemiscot county is situated on the Mississippi river, in the ex- 
treme south-eastern part of the state, separated by that river from 
the State of Tennessee. About 1780, a trading post was estal> 
lished on the Mississippi river, believed to be the first white settle- 
ment in this part of the territory. Others soon followed, and many 
improvements were made. But in 1811-12, upon the occurrence 
of the great earthquake, nearly all the people fled thecountr}', and 
many years elapsed before a population of any considerable num- 



412 ATV tlhts;tratkd 

ber accumulated on its soil. It was organized from New Madrid, 
in February, 1861, the county seat being located at its present site. 
Judge James Eastwood held the first court. In 1862, the records 
of the county were stolen by the confederate soldiery, and from 
that time the condition of things was such that the civil authorities 
of the county seemed powerless to execute the laws, and in March, 
1863, by authority of legislature, the courts of New Madrid as- 
sumed jurisdiction, which was continued until March, 1866, when 
the act was repealed, and the courts of Pemiscot re-established, 
the missing records having chiefly been restored. The sur- 
face of this county is an almost level plain, heavily tim- 
bered with ash, oak, walnut and cypress. The soil, a rich alluvial, 
often yields from seventy-five to one hundred bushels of corn 
per acre. The county contains many lakes and bayous. The 
Pemiscot bayou runs through the entire length of the county, and 
Elk Chute traverses the western part, and is thus well supplied 
with water. The principal productions are corn, wheat, and cot- 
ton. The surplus produce goes mostly to Memphis and New 
Orleans. The townships are Braggadocio, Butler, Gayoso, Little 
Prairie, Little River, Pemiscot and Virginia. 

Gai/oso, the county seat, is about fifty miles from New Madrid, 
on the Mississippi river, three hundred and fifteen miles from St. 
Louis. It was first settled by the French and Spaniards, and was 
laid out in 1852. Caruthersville is situated about five miles south- 
east of Gayoso, and was the site of Little Prairie, at one time a 
thriving place, but was destroyed by the earthquake of 1811-12, 
and took the name of " Lost Village," until the present village was 
laid out in 1852. Lint Dale is situated at the mouth of the old 
Pemiscot bayou, and is the general shipping point for the south 
part of Pemiscot and Dunklin counties. 

Perry county is in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded 
on the north and east b)' the Mississippi river, which separates it 
from the State of Illinois. It was organized November 16, 1820, 
from Ste. Genevieve. The surface of the county is generally 
undulating, with broken and hilly lands in the south-eastern, and 
level river-bottoms in the north-eastern and eastern parts. The 
"Bois Brule Bottom," a large belt of country along the river, 
about six miles wide, and about eighteen miles long, is celebrated, 
being exceedinglj'^ rich, — often producing one hundred bushels of 
•corn to the acre. A large region around the county seat has its 



. HlSTOllY OF MlrtbOUKI. 413; 

surface indented with sink-holes, and is drained by natural sewers 
and excavations beneath the surface. There is "a little subter- 
ranean world beneath, full of rippling rills, vaulted streets, palatial 
caverns and grottoes, filled with monuments of stalagmites, and 
festooned with stalactites. One of these caves, or openings, has 
been penetrated to a distance of four miles." The county is well 
watered with streams traversing it in many directions. Silver 
Lake Spring, forming the principal source of the east fork of the 
Saline, forms a lake of sufficient volume to run one of the largest 
tlouring-mills in the county. The county is well timbered; the 
chief varieties are cotton-wood, oaks, locust, gum, hickory and 
walnut. The climate is mild and excellent. Deposits of iron, 
lead and zinc are found in different localities. Pure silica exists in 
great quantities in the southern part of the county. The leading 
occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture; St. Louis is the prin- 
cipal market, which is reached by way of the Mississippi river. 
The county is composed of Bois Brule, Brazean, Cinque Hommes^ 
Saline and St. Mary's townships. The first settlements were made 
near the close of the last century, chiefly by Catholics from Ken- 
tucky, and Protestants from Pennsylvania. It was organized No- 
vember 16tli, 1820. Richard Thomas held the first court. The 
Shawanoes and Delaware Indians remained in the county until 
1825, when they numbered some three thousand. This county 
enjoys unusual educational facilities. Besides the common schools, 
in which the citizens manifest much interest, there are some 
twenty private schools, of various grades. Brazeau High School, 
and St. Mary's College, furnish advantages for the higher and more 
advanced courses of study. 

Perryville, the county seat, is centrally located. Its nearest 
railroad station is Fredericktown, on the St. Louis and Iron 
Mountain railroad. Wittenberg is situated twenty miles south- 
east of Perryville, on the Mississippi river. The growth of this 
place has been retarded by the encroachments of the river. The 
citizens are mainly Germans. It is the principal shipping point 
for the eastern part of the county. Other settlements are Alten- 
burg, settled by a colony of Germans; Clarysville, Uniontown. 
Silver Lake, Abernethy, Eureka and Frohna. 

Pettis county is located in the west central portion of Missouri, 
and is bounded on the north by Saline, on the east by Morgan and 
Cooper, on the south by Benton, and on the west b}' Henry and 



414 AN TLI.ITSTRATED 

Johnson counties. Its present area is 672 square miles, or 430,080 
acres. Since the boundaries were originally fixed, there has been 
an addition to Pettis of twenty-four sections from township 43, in 
ranges 22 and 23. The county is one of the most fertile and varied 
in resource that has ever offered its charms to the agriculturist. 
Its surface consists of rolling prairie, abundantly timbered with 
woods of many kinds, generally of good quality. The first comers 
naturally assumed that the prairie lands, on which the best farms 
are now located, were worthless, or nearly so, and in consequence, 
nearly all of the original holdings Avere taken up in the bottom 
lands. That soui'ce of error has long since been understood and 
rectified. The chief streams that are relied upon for drainage and 
irrigation are Heaths, Mudd}^ and Flat creeks. These streams run 
almost parallel with each other, toward the north-east, with 
such circumvolutions as do not cardinally change their trend. 
The northern, the central, and the southern portions of the 
county are traversed, not only by the streams, but by attend- 
ant belts of timber, which are thus distributed with a tolerably 
even hand throughout the areas indicated. The water-power in 
Pettis county is not great, but some few works are run by that in- 
expensive process in different localities. The climate is healthy. 
The mineral resources of the county may be said to be untouched. 
Coal has been found of excellent quality, and in some places, exten- 
sive banks have been worked, supplying cannel and bituminous 
coals respectively, but mining operations have not been prosecuted. 
The resources thus indicated are in store waiting for such facili- 
ties for working, as will bring the required capital and skill to the lo- 
cality. Lead has been found, and to some extent worked, the product 
being pronounced equal to that furnished by the Granby mines; 
but, as in the former particular, so in this, the resources may be 
considered latent. The lead mines will amply repay outlay Avhen 
the ventures are systematically worked, if any conclusion can be 
reached from present appearances, and the results attained by work- 
ing on the surface. It is a matter for surprise that no systematic 
eifort has yet been made to develop this branch of industry in 
Pettis count}^ but no special effort has been made to determine the 
extent and richness of those deposits. The mineral wealth here 
awaiting the ready hand and conceiving brain, will not be readily 
exhausted. Potter's clay of very fine quality has, for some time, 
been worked at Dresden and at Laraont, and the deposits are prac- 




THOMAS F HOUSTAN. 



Ul8TOliY OF MISSOLTKl. 4|5 

ticaliy inexhaustible. Zinc, emery, and water limestone are re- 
ported, and salt springs cover a wide area of country, within which 
numerous Avorks for the preparation of salt for the market have 
long flourished. The population at the present time is mainly 
engaged in agriculture, and its kindred pursuits. There are now 
about eighty-five miles of railroad in the county, all concentrating 
at Sedalia, and preparing for that centre of population, a very pros- 
perous future. The Missouri Pacific railroad traverses the county 
from east to west, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas from north-east 
to south-west, and the Lexington branch of the M. P. R. R. runs 
north-west from Sedalia. St. Louis is the principal market, but 
occasionally there are considerable shipments to Chicago. Educa- 
tion has comiuanded a large amount of attention in this county. 
There are seven municipal townships in the county; their names 
are Blackwater. Bowling Green, Elk Fork, Flat Creek, Heath's 
Creek, Mount Sterling and Washington. The first settlements in 
what is now Pettis county, were made in 1818. when the land occu- 
pied, formed part of Cooper county. The organization of the county 
was efiected January 26th, 18o3, by severances efiected from the 
counties of Saline and Cooper. It says something for the value of 
the location, that the descendants of most of the pioneers are still 
residents in the district, or the pioneers themselves are still on the 
ground. Confederate troops repeatedly raided over this section of 
country during the civil war, and in consequence, much suffering 
and loss were occasioned to the settlers, but since the restoration 
of })eace, Pettis has grown rapidly in numbers and in wealth, 
immigration having mainly come in from Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and 
Kentucky. The name borne by the county was conferred in honor 
of a congressional representative — Spencer Pettis, who was slain 
in a duel. 

Sedalia^ the present county seat, is a thriving place of business, 
about ninety-six miles east from Kansas City, on the Missouri Pacific 
railroad. The town was first laid offby General G. R. Smith, in 1854, 
and was organized as a city, ten years later. The Missouri, Kansas 
and Texas road, here forms a junction with the line before mentioned, 
and the Lexington branch of the Missouri Pacific has fur the pres- 
ent, its terminus at Sedalia. The name of the city was given in 
honor of the daughter of General Smith, mentioned as liaving laid 
off" the town in 1854. His daughter Sarah, was known among her 
friends as "Sed," and to perpetuate that appellation, the place was 



416 AN TLLURTUATED 

first named Sedville, and afterwards Sedalia. The machine shops 
and round houses of the two railroad companies specified, are loca- 
ted in the city, and the amount of labor employed therein, forms 
quite a considerable item in the prosperity of the city. The build- 
ings and improvements that strike the eye of the visitor, bespeak 
a fair measure of prosperity. The city is abundantly sup[)lied with 
water, by the Holly system, from Flat Creek, three miles distant, 
and the streets are illuminated with gas. Putting aside the cities 
of St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph, Sedalia will compare 
favorably with the best in the State, and in Central Missouri, it is 
without a rival. The business prospects of the city are certainly 
of a most encouraging kind, and the location is excellent. The 
press of Sedalia, and the county also, consists of two dailies, the 
'"Bazoo" and the "Democrat," each publishing a weekly edition ; two 
weeklies, the ''Times" and the ''Opinion," and a monthly, "The 
Land Record." The newspaper press, better than any other single 
standard, may be relied on to reveal the status of a population. 
Georgetown was the county seat selected in 1836, but in 1864, after 
enjoying the honor for twenty-eight years, Sedalia, the new aspir- 
ant, was preferred for obvious reasons, before the oldest town in the 
county. The two sites are only three miles distant, Georgetown 
being to the north of Sedalia on the Lexington branch railroad. 
Forest Grove Seminary, one of the oldest educational establishments 
in this part of the State, is located at Georgetown, and Georgetown 
College, is an institution of considerable merit. Dresden is a small 
village on the Missouri Pacific railroad, once much more prosper- 
ous than at present. New lines of road, with stations north and 
south of the village, have greatly reduced its importance, but it is- 
believed that its trade and population will be recovered. Dresden 
is seven miles west of Sedalia. Green Ridge was originally named 
Parkersburg, after the founder, and is a pleasant settlement little 
more than twelve miles south-west of Sedalia, having a population 
of about two hundred and fifty souls. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas 
railroad has a station at Green Ridge. Sinithton, Longwood, Sigel, 
Lincoluville, Ionia City, Lamonte, Martin, or Beaman Station, 
Keightley's, Hughesville, and Houstonia, are villages, small settle- 
ments, and railroad stations, in which a large aggregate of busi- 
ness is annually effected. 

Phelps county is situated in the south-east central part of the 
State, and was organized from Crawford, November 13, 1857. It 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 41 7 

contains an area of 612 square miles, or about 429,000 acres. The 
county is intersected witli numerous streams, several of which 
atiord abundant water-power. Also numerous sprinj^s, furnishing 
the necessary water for household and stock purposes. The prin- 
cipal water-courses are the Gasconade, Little Piney, Dry Fork of 
the Meramec, and Spring creek. 

The elevation of the county is from seven to nine hundred feet 
above tlie Mississippi river at St. Louis, and is generally rolling. 
Along the streams it is broken and rocky, with occasionally nearly 
perpendicular bluffs, from 200 to 400 feet high. The bottoms vary 
from a hundred yards to a mile in width, and are bordered by high 
ridges, upon the tops of which are wide tracks of level or slightly 
undulating land. Between these ridges, the country, extending 
from one stream to another, is diversified with broad, smooth, but 
irregular swells, between which are exceedingly fertile valleys, not 
usually exceeding half a mile in width, but often several miles in 
length, and known as "prairie hollows;" the whole being suf- 
ficiently undulating to be well drained, and mostly level enough 
for agricultural purposes. There is an abundance of timber. The 
rich bottoms of all the streams sustain a heavy growth of trees, 
such as oak, walnut, maple, hackberry, sycamore and buckeye. 
The slopes of some of the highlands are also covered with a forest 
of similar growth, while others produce only medium growth of 
different kinds of oak. The soil is generally very productive 
along the bottoms and on the broad ridges. The hillsides produce 
an abundance of grass, and are especially adapted to grape culture, 
wild grapes growing there in profusion. The principal mineral 
developed is iron. It has been estimated that this county alone 
contains more first-class iron ore than the State of I* iiiisyl- 
vania. At present there are two furnaces in active operation, 
generally employing several hundreds of operatives. Lead has also 
been found in small quantities. A part of Dent, Crawford and 
Phelps counties have 2.700 square miles of coal-anthracite and 
cannel. Sand and limestone, for building purposes, and clay for 
brick and pipes are found. The manufactures are eight flouring- 
mills, one woolen factory, one foundry, four wool-carding mills, 
one carriage factory, one agricultural implement factory, and one 
tobacco factory. St. Louis is the principal market. The Atlantic 
and Pacific railroad traverses the county from east to west. The 
public schools are in a prosperous condition, and the larger towns 



418 -'^^ ILIJTSTIiATKU 

have graded schools and valuable school-buildings. The municipal 
townships composing the county are Arlington, Cold Spring, 
Green, Hawkins, Liberty, Little Piney, Massey, Maramec, Rolla, 
Spring Creek and St. James. The first settlement of the county 
was made in the year 1825. The Meramec iron works were erected 
in 1826, by Samuel Massey and Thomas James, and are the oldest 
Avorks of the kind in the State. The first county court was 
(convened November 26th, 1857, some six miles east of Rolla. The 
growth of the county was slow until after the close of the civil war. 
Rolla, the county seat, is situated near the centre of the county, 
one hundred and fourteen miles south-west of St. Louis. It is the 
most important place of business in this part of the State. The 
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, a department of the 
State University, is located at this place. St. James is a place of 
considerable business importance. It is a shipping point for iron 
aiid iron ore. The other towns and settlements are Ozark, Arling- 
ton, Jerome, Beaver Valley^ Meramec Iron Works, Relfe, Spring 
Creek, and Edgar Springs.' 

Pike county is in the eastern part of the State, bounded on the 
north by Ralls county, and north-east and east by the Mississippi 
river w^iich separates it from the State of Illinois. The soil is di- 
versified — low and flat on the Mississippi and Salt river, but ex- 
ceedingly rich, and much of it subject to inundation. The eastern 
slope is undulating with the exception named. The bottoms of 
the creeks are rich, and much of the ridge land near the river is 
equal to any lands in the State. The central and western parts 
are prairie. The county is well drained and watered. The mineral 
resources are confined to a valuable vein of coal. Limestone, build- 
ing-stone and 'brick, fire and potter's clay abound. The townships 
are Ashley, Buffalo, Calumet, Cuivre, Hartford, Indian Creek, Missis- 
sippi, Peno, Salt River and Spencer. 

The county has about eighty-five miles of railroad — the Louisiana 
and Missouri River and the Clarksville and Western. The first 
settlement of the county Was made in 1811, by citizens from the 
S(mthern states. It was organized December 14th, 1818, at which 
time it included all the territory north of Lincoln county, and west 
along the northern boundarieis of the river counties. It was reduced 
to its present limits in 1820. During the civil war the county was 
largely represented in both armies, and since the war has received 
a fair share of immigration. 



Il 




BENJAMIN P. CLIFFORD. 



iiisToia OF Missuuiii. 4iy 

Bowling Green, the countj' seat, is located in the central part of 
the county, on the Missouri Division of the Chicago and Alton 
railroad, twelve miles south-east of Louisiana, on a high point of 
land. It was first settled in 1819. It has a good court-house, pub- 
lic school, a number of brick blocks of stores, savv-niill and grist- 
mill, three churches, and a newspaper office; population, twelve 
hundred. Louisiana is the largest town, and the principal ship- 
ping point. It is one hundred and fourteen miles above St. Louis, 
on the Mississippi, and is the river terminus of the Missouri Division 
of the C. & A. R. R. A bridge crosses the river here, where the 
railroad connects with the Quincy, Alton, and St. Louis road. It has 
a Baptist college. Clarksville is situated on the Mississippi river, 
twelve miles south of Louisiana. It is an old town, settled in 1819. 

Platte county, the most southern of those formed out of the 
*'Platte Purchase," is bounded on the north by Buchanan county, 
on the east by Clinton and Clay, and on the south and west by the 
Missouri river, which separates it from Kansas. The first settle- 
ment was made* in 1827, by Zadoc Morton. On the 31st of De- 
cember, 1838, the county was constituted by name and boundary, 
and was afterward organized by the electinand installation of the 
proper officers. The first circuit court was held at the Falls of 
Platte, on the 25th of March, 1839. 'Austin A. King, who was 
afterwards elected Governor, presided as judge; William T. Wood, 
circuit attorney; Jessie Morin, clerk; and Jones H. Owen, sheriff. 
This was then the fifth judicial circuit. In the year 1840, the 
legisl/iture created other judicial circuits, and the fifth became the 
'"twelfth,"' and has remained so. David R. Atchison was appointed 
judge, who continued to discharge the duties of that office until 
October, 1843, when, being appointed by Governor Reynolds a 
United States Senator to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death 
of Dr. Lewis F. Linn, he resigned. Henderson Youug was ap- 
pointed to fill the vacancy, and continued to. act until May 1st, 
184.5, when he also resigned. Solomon L. Leonard was appointed 
to fill this vacancy, who acted until June, 1S51, when William B. 
Almond was elected, performing the duties of judge until March, 
1852, when he resigned, and E. H. Norton became his successor, 
who continued to act until June, 1860, when becoming a can- 
didate for Congress, he resigned. Silas Woodson succeeded 
Norton. The first county court was held at the '" Falls of Platte," 
on the 11th day of March. 1839, by Judges John B. Collier, Hugh 



420 AN ILLTTSTRATED 

McCa3Fp-2^7 and Michael Byrd. Their successors were James Kiiy- 
kendall, Daniel P. Lewis, Matthew M. Hughes, Henry B. Mayo, 
John Freeland, James H. Layton, James B. Martin, Thompson 
Ward. William B. Barnett, Edward P. Duncan, John Broadhurst, 
Samuel M. Hays and Preston Dunlap. The clerks of the county 
court were, first. Hall L. Wilkerson; then James H. Johnston, 
Daniel P. Lewis, and Peyton R. Waggoner. Up to the year 1849. 
in March, the county court exercised probate jurisdiction, when, 
by an act of the legislature, a probate court was established. James 
Kuykendall was elected first judge; James G. Spra,tt, second; H. 
Glay Cockrill, third; and Robert C. Clark, fourth. 

David R. Holt was the first representative of Platte county. He 
died while in the discharge of his duty at JeiFerson City, before the 
expiration of his term. Demetrius A. Sutton was elected to fill out 
the unexpired term. The county has been represented since the 
terms of Holt and Sutton, by Bethel Allen, John A. White, Tliomi> 
son Ward, James B. Martin, Hall L. Wilkerson, A. M. Robin- 
son, D. D. Burnes, E. P. Duncan, C. A. Perry, L. M. Lawson, G. P. 
Dorris, J. E. Pitt, Dr. McGruire, Henry Brooks, John W. Forbes, 
John Doniphan, Bela M. Hughes, Achilles Jasper, John Wil- 
son, Henry J. Wolf, and R. D. Johnston. In the Senate, the 
county has been represented by Audrew Johnston, Lewis Burnes, 
A. M. Robinson, and Jesse Morin. Immediately after the addition 
of the " Platte Purchase " to the State, rapid immigration com- 
menced. Many had their locations selected, and some improve- 
ments were made, prior to the addition; and, early in the Spring 
of 1837, almost every quarter-section of land in Platte county 
was occupied, the dense forests were felled, cabins built, fields 
cleared and fenced, towns laid out, school-houses erected for 
the education of the children, and churches built for the wor- 
ship of God. The Indians, from whom the land was purchased 
were still there, some i-esidiug at Todd's settlement opposite 
Fort Leavenworth. The major part of them, however, resided 
on the prairies on the head of Bee creek, commonly called the 
Pottawattamie Prairie. The government subsisted them; and the 
house, commonly called the " Issue House," at which they drew 
their rations, was located opposite Fort Leavenworth. They were 
removed to their lands west of the Missouri river in 1838. The first 
town laid out was Jacksonville, (now New Market,) by Jacob Adam- 
son. Then came Ridgely, by Pleasant W. Ellington; latan. by John 




ROBERT P. C. WILSON. 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 421 

Douiiherty; Weston, by Josepli Moore; Rialto.by Henry Underhill; 
Martinsville, by Ziilok Martin; Farley, by Josiah Farley: Parkville, 
by George S. Park, (site selected originally l)y David and Stephen En- 
glish). Platte City, the county seat, was selected as such in 
1839, by commissioners appointed for that purpose, and the lots 
sold by Stephen Johnston, commissioner, in 1840. The towns 
named ])egan to improve, some more rapidly than othei*s. Weston 
improved more rapidly than all others. The first house built in 
Weston was a log cabin by Sashel Fugitt. The first store-house, 
also of logs, was built by Thornburg and Lucas. After the first 
buildings were erected, Weston commenced improving with a 
rapidity scarcely excelled in modern times. Being surrounded by 
a most fertile country, and settled by enterprising, energetic 
business men, it very soon became the second town in the State, 
in point of commerce, above St. Louis. Prior to 1860, it was the 
chief hemp-growing county in the State, there being more hemp 
shipped from Weston, than from any other place on the Missouri 
river. latau and Parkville also shipped large quantities. There 
were produced and disposed of, large quantities of corn, wheat, 
oats, barley, and other products of the field, orchard, and garden. 
In 1840, the population was about fifteen thousand. In 1850, 
it had incro'cised to upwards of twenty-one thousand. Between the 
years 1842 and 1850, Platte county was the second county in the 
State to St. Louis in point of population. In 1854, the territories 
of Kansas and Nebraska were organized, and man}' of its citizens 
immigrated to them. It, however, maintained its commercial and 
productive position until 1860. In that year, a radical change took 
place adversely to its prosperity. The municipal townshi ps of Platte 
are Carroll, Greene, Lee, Marshall, Pettis, Preston and Weston. 

Platte Citif. the county seat, is situated on the Platte river, and 
on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, eleven miles from 
Leavenworth, and three hundred and ten miles from Chicago. Its 
court-house is a massive structure, and cost $110,000. Its j)ublic 
schools are a credit to the place. Daughters' College is a prosperous 
female boarding-school. Two newspapers are pul)lished here — 
" The Landmark," by Park and Nisbet,and "The Democrat" by L. 
Shepard. Weston is in a fine agricultural region, and is the com- 
mercial city of the county. It was laid out in 1837. Benjamin 
Halliday kept a log taveru in 1839. Camdon Point, City Point, 
Edgerton, Parksville and Waldron are villages and settlements. 



42-7 AN ILLT^STUATED 

Polk couutj' forms a part of that section of the State known as 
South-west Missouri. It was organized March 13, 1835. The 
general surface of it is undulating, but broken along the water- 
courses. Less than one-sixth of the county is under cultivation; 
four-sixths is timber, and the remainder prairies — large and small — 
fertile, and well diversified. The finest timber is along the streams, 
and consists of hickory, oak, elm, walnut, cherr3^ maple and. syca- 
more. Much of the upland timber consists of the different varie- 
ties of the oak, of a stunted growth — perhaps partially attributable 
to the fires that have swept through them. Much of the county 
that was once prairie, has grown up in this stunted timber. The 
soil is generally rich and productive, and is classed as white ash, 
black loam and red clay, the latter being well adapted to the rais- 
ing of w4ieat. The county is well watered by clear and rapid 
streams, which afford abundant water for stock, and also water- 
power for mills. Springs are numerous, and excellent water can 
be had at most any point, by sinking wells from fifteen to thirty 
feet. The climate is mild and healthful. There are indications of 
iron, lead, sulphate of zinc and coal, but it is not known whether 
they exist in paying quantities. The leading occupation of the 
inhabitants is agriculture; the principal agricultural staples are 
wheat, corn, hay, oats, potatoes, rye, tobacco, cotton, broom- 
corn, sorghum, and sweet potatoes. The townships are Benton, 
Greene, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Loouey, Madison, Marion, 
Mooney Polk county was first settled in 1820 by emigrants 
from Tennessee, and. named in honor of President James K. 
Polk. Bolivar is the county seat, and is located near the centre 
of the county, thirty miles from Si)ringfield. Sentinel Prairie, 
Pleasant Hope, Humansville, Half-Way and Fair Play are small 
settlements. 

Pulaski county is in the central part of the State. The surface 
is broken — hilly in some parts; containing flat ridges in others. 
Much of the county is timbered. The soil along the streams is 
fertile, producing corn equal to the best prairies in Illinois. The 
ui)lands are adapted to raising small grain and fruits. The county 
is watered b}^ the Gasconade, Robideaux and Big Piney rivers. 
The mineral resources have not been developed, to test their value. 
Brown hematite is found on the bluffs of the Piney and Gascoitade. 
Lead al)ounds in limited quantities, and nitre in the caves along 
the Gasconade. Of its inhabitants, the majority pursue agriculture. 



HISTOKY OK MISSOURI. 428 

The township municipalities are Mig Pine}', rinllen, Liberty, 
Robideaux, Tavern and Union. The Athxntic and Pacific rail- 
road runs through the northern part of the county. The first 
settlements in the county were made in the year 1816, by emi- 
grants from Mississippi, who settled near the saltpetre cave, near 
Waynesville. They manufactured gunpowder, whicli found a ready 
sale among the hunters and others who frequented the country. 
After the whites had evacuated this cave, it was taken possession of 
by some Delawaresand Shawanoes, seven in all. They were attacked 
by about a hundred Osages. who after maintaining the conflict 
until night, retired, leaving many of their number dead upon the 
Held. After night-fall they barricaded the mouth of the cave, there- 
by, ai they supicj.^ed, keeping their enemy safely. In the morning 
they returned to hud the prisoners gone, they having made their 
escape by a way of which the Osages were ignorant. 

Waynesville^ the county seat, is located in the central part of 
the county, on the Robideaux creek. It hasan elegaiit court-house, 
school-house and a few shops. Richland is located on the Atlantic 
and Pacific railroad. It is a thriving town, with a population of al)0ut 
500. An educational institution, known as the Itichland Institute, 
is established here. The other settlements are Wood End, Iron 
Summit, Franks. Dixon, Crocker, Helus and DeBruin. 

Putnam county is in the extreme northern part of the State, 
bordering on the famous Mason and Dixon's line. It contains 523 
square miles. The county is crossed from north to south by the 
Medicine creek, and in the eastern and central parts by North and 
South Blackbird, Shoal, Kinney, and other streams which flow in- 
to Chariton river. The eastarn part is mostly timber, witii a 
broken and uneven surface. The soil is of average fertility, when 
brought under cultivation. Prairie predominates in the west- 
ern part. Timber is confined to the creek bottoms and deep ravines 
in their immediate vicinity. No minerals, except bituminous coal, 
are mined, although the article exists in great abundance. Some 
limestone and sandstone for building purposes are found. Put- 
nam has no important manufacturing interests. The principal 
occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. The townships are 
Breckenridge, Elm, Grant, Jackson, Liberty, Lincoln, Medicine, 
Richland, Sherman, Union, and Yoi'k. Settlements were first 
made in the eastern part of the county in 1837. The county 
was organized February 2Sth, 1845. After the settlement of 



424 AN ILLTTSTRATED 

the difficulty between Iowa and Missouri, the counties of Put- 
nam and Dodge were reduced in size, and in 1853 the latter 
was included in the county of Putnam. During the civil war, the 
inhabitants remained loyal to the government, and experienced 
but little of the evils which some counties suffered. 

Unionville, the county seat, was formerly known as Harmony. 
It is located on the Chicago, Burlington and South-western 
railroad, and has encouraging prospects. There are about twenty 
stores, a flouring-mill. carding-mill, court-house, two churches, 
two newspaper offices, and a number of manufacturing shops. 
The other settlements are Terre Haute, St. John, Prairie, 
Omaha, Newtown, West Liberty, Ayresville, Central City, Hart- 
ford, Marrinstown and Howland. 

Ralls county is situated on the Mississippi, in the eastern part 
of the State. Its area is about 480 square miles, and contains about 
296,000 acres. It may be termed an old settled count)% when com- 
pared with most of the western counties. It was organized from 
a part of Pike, in 1820. About three-eighths of its area is 
prairie, and the rest timber land. The eastern portion is undulating 
and broken. The bottom lands, with alluvial soil of the richest 
quality, are of considerable breadth; next in quality is the "elm 
land." which is sufficiently undulating for a natural drainage, but 
not broken or hilly; next in point of fertility, for general crops, 
is the "white oak land," considered the best wheat-land, especially 
where a red clay subsoil exists. The county is principally watered 
by the Salt river, a sluggish stream, meandering through its 
entire length, from west to east. Timber is abundant. Coal 
is found in the south-eastern part of the count\\ Mineral paint 
and potter's clay are also found. There are not many manufactur- 
ing establishments in the count)'-, agriculture being the chief occu- 
pation of the inhabitants. The principal agricultural staples are 
wheat, corn, rye, oats, hay, tobacco, fruits and stock; corn, wheat, 
tobacco and stock, form the commodities for export. The township 
municipalities are Centre, Clay, Jasper, Saline, Salt River, Saverton 
and Spencer. The territory now included in the county began to 
be settled early in the present century, about 1810. James Ryan, 
Charles Freemore de Lourier, and A. E. Trabue,' Avere among the 
pioneer inhabitants. It was named in honor of Daniel Ralls, who 
died whilst a member of the first General Assembly of the State. 
The first court was held at New London, March 12th, 1821, Judge 



I 



iiiSToiii OF MibbuUKi. 425 

R. Pettibone presiding. R. VV. Wells wiis circuit attorney and 
Stephen Glascock, clerk. 

Randolph county lies between the Mississippi and Mi-ssouri 
river.*^. bounded on the north by the county of Macon, east by 
Audrain and Monroe, south by Boone and Howard, and west by 
Chariton. Grand Prairie extends through the county and forms 
part of the "divide" between the two named rivers. The county is 
about equally divided in prairie and woodland. The former is gen- 
erally level, but sufficiently rolling to give drainage. The soil, ex- 
cept on the woodland ridges, is adapted to the growth of nearly all 
the agricultural products. Oak, maple, walnut, elm, hickory, ash, 
cotton-wood, haekberry, and other varieties of timber can be found 
in abundance, distributed over the county. Coal (bituminous) is 
plentiful, and equal to any in the State. Large quantities are 
shipped. There are also some good quarries in operation, furnish- 
ing fine building stone. Slate, fire-brick clay, potter's clay and 
brick clay abound. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is 
agriculture. The principal products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
beans, potatoes, turnips, timothy, clover and Hungarian grass, all 
yielding very fair croi)S. This being a very large stock-raising and 
feeding county, very little of these agricultural productions are 
exported. The commercial crop is tobacco, of which large quantities 
are raised annually. All kinds of fruits are successfully grown, 
and a good deal of attention has been paid to the culture of the 
better and best varieties. The first settlements were made here 
in the year 1820, by emigrants from Kentucky and North Carolina. 
The county was organized in 1829, at which time it included all 
the territory from Howard county to the Iowa boundary line. 
Population in 1870, 15,908. The educational interests are well 
cared for. The Mount Pleasant College located at Huntsville, the 
county seat, is an institution of excellent reputation. 

Rat county is situated in the north-western portion of the State, 
on the northern bank of the Missouri river. Timber and prairie are 
about equal; the former predominating in the south-western and 
southern portions, and the latter in the eastern and northern parts. 
Several rivers and creeks traverse the county in various directions. 
The Crooked river, and its affluents are in the central part; the Wak- 
ando and its affluents in the north-east; Fishing river and its afflu- 
■ents in the south-western; and Willow creek in the south central 



420 AN fLMTSTHATKD 

part. Strata of bituminous coal, about two feet in thickness, un- 
derlie a great part of the county, and large quantities are mined 
at Camdjen and Richmond, employing a large number of operatives. 
The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, and the 
principal staples are wheat, oats, corn, tobacco, hides, poultry, 
hogs, cattle and horses. Ray county is composed of the townships 
of Camden, Crooked River, Fishing River, Grape Grove. Knox- 
ville, Polk and Richmond. This territory was first settled by 
emigrants frofn Virginia and Kentucky, in 1816. It was organized 
in 1820, and named in honor of John Ray. It included all the ter- 
ritoiy west of the Grand river, and north of the Missouri. Twelve 
counties have since been formed from it. The first court was held 
in April, 1821, at Bluffton, the justices being John Thornton, 
Isaac Martin and Elisha Conner, with William Smith, clerk. The 
county seat was located at Riclimond^ and the town laid off' in 1828. 
The county was represented by a company in the Black Hawk 
war, two companies in the Heatherly war, also by many volunteers 
in the Florida and Mexican war. During the civil war, the county 
furnished soldiers for both armies. 

Reynolds county is situated in south-eastern Missouri, and wa* 
organized February 25th, 1845. It contains 494,000 acres. The 
general sui'face of this county may be called rough and broken, 
with very fine farming lands along the rivers and creeks. The 
bottoms are very fertile, having a soil of rich, sandy loam. There 
are many prairie valleys unsurpassed for their fertility. The hills, 
approaching the streams, often terminate in perpendicular bluff-;, 
sometimes seventy-five feet in altitude. The water-courses are 
very abundant, and as clear as crystal, and some afford the most 
excellent water-power, surpassed by few counties in the State. 
Black river is one of the most beautiful streams, running through 
the county from the north-west to south-east. Besides the numer- 
ous streams, which furnish all the necessary w^ater for domestic 
use and for stock, springs are to be everywhere found, and some of 
them furnish from thirty to forty horse-power. Timber is abund- 
ant, consisting of pine, oak, hickory, walnut, and other varieties. 
The county possesses many minerals, but chiefly iron and lead — the 
former hydrated oxide, red hematite, specular and manganese ores.. 
One lead mine is in operation. The leading occupation of the in- 
habitants is agriculture. The principal staples are corn, wheat, 
oats, potatoes, rye and tobacco; only the three first named are com- 



U18TUUY OF MISSOURI. 



^27 



modities for export. Timothy, red-top, and clover grasses are 
grown, and are very successful. The soil is well adapted to the 
raising of tobacco; it is grown to some extent. Tradition has it 
that the earliest settler was one Henry Fry, who came from Ken- 
tucky in 1812, and settled on the Middle Fork of Black river, and 
in later years, the names of Henry, Logan, and Hyatt are referred 
to as among the pioneer inhabitants. The territory now embraced 
in Reynolds was a part of Ripley county until 1830, when it was 
attached to Washington, and in February, 1845, was organized 
with its present limits, and named in honor of Ex-Governor Thomas 
Reynolds. The first court was held in November, 1845, by Judge 
H. Allen, at Lesterville. The present county seat is Centerville, 
situated on the west fork of the Black river. Lesterville, Logan's 
Creek, and West Fork are small settlements. 

Ripley county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, 
bordering on the Arkansas State line. Its surface is covered with 
hills and ridges, interspersed with river and creek bottom land, and 
so-called '* flat-woods," lying between the Little Black and Current 
rivers. The soil of these flat-woods is very fertile, but not in the 
same degree as that in the bottoms. The Current river runs almost 
through the centre of the county, north and south, and along its 
shores are found valleys of rich, alluvial soil, as well as some very 
hilly and poor land, often terminating abruptly. The many tribu- 
taries of this river afford immense water-power. The water in these 
rivers is clear and contains excellent fish. The land near the 
streams has many rough and stony hills, but after leaving the river 
and creek bluffs, the country becomes more level. The southern and 
south-eastern parts of the county possess better soil. There is aii 
abundance of timber. Iron abounds. Lead, silver and copper have 
been found iu small quantities. Tobacco is cultivated — yielding from 
1,000 to 1.200 pounds to the acre. Cotton is also cultivated to some 
extent. The townships are Current River, Harris, Johnson, Kelley, 
Stark, Thomas, Union and Washington. The county was organized 
January 5th, 1833, and named in honor of General Ripley. During 
the civil war peaceable citizens were killed, and dwellings, farm 
buildings, and property of all kinds destroyed. Doniphan, 'the 
county seat, was pillaged and burned, and but few houses saved. 

Saline county is bounded on the north by the Missouri river, 
which separates it from Carroll and Chariton counties, and east by 



4'28 AN ILLUSTRATED 

the same river which separates it from Chariton and Howard 
counties. Along the Missouri are the celebrated bottoms, famed 
for their rich, alluvial soil and great productiveness, ranging from 
one to four miles in width, and densely covered with timber. Back 
of tiiese bottoms are the rugged, irregular bluffs, some of which are 
very precipitous, as the " DeviFs Backbone."' These bluffs afford 
a beautiful view of the Petit Osage Plain, situated in the north- 
western part of the county. The remainder of the county is mostly 
undulating prairie, well watered. Tlie streams are skirted with 
timber. Black Water is the principal stream in the county, 
and flows across its southern portion. The numerous smaller 
streams in the north and east, course their way into the Missouri. 
The Big Salt Spring, near Marshall, is the largest of this class. 
It is circular in form, with a diameter of about seventy feet. There 
are several springs remarkable for their medicinal properties. Coal 
is found near Arrow Rock, and also lead and iron, which are suc- 
cessfully mined. Limestone, susceptible of a fine polish, is quar- 
ried at Miami. The Lexington branch of the Missouri Pacific rail- 
road has several miles of track in the south-western corner of the 
county, which is the present means of transportation to market. 
The townships forming the county are Arrow Rock, Black Water, 
Elmwood, Grand Pass, Jefferson, Marshall, Miami and Salt Pond. 
Settlements were made in the county in 1810, by emigrants from 
Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. These early settlers almost 
always selected the timber as their homes, regarding the prairies 
as weak land, fit only for grazing. The county was organized in 
1820, and its boundaries established, 1829. Judge E. Todd held the 
first court, at Jefferson. At a later day, Jonesboro was, for a time, 
the county seat, but it was finally permanently located at Marshall. 
During the civil war, a majority of the people were in sympathy 
with the confederate states, and recruits were furnished for both 
armies. 

Marshall^ the county seat, was named in honor of Chief Justice 
Marshall. It is situated twenty miles east of Brownsville. Ncav 
Frankford is twenty-two miles north-east of Marshall. Miami, on 
the Missouri river, seventeen miles north-west of Marshall, is built 
on a high bluff. It has a good landing, and does a large shipping 
business. Cambridge is also on the Missouri river, twenty-two 
miles north-east of Marshall. Fine quarries of sand and limestone 
are found in its near vicinity. Laynesville, Malta Bend, Saline 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 429 

City, Jonesboro, Arrow Rock, and Elmwood, are villages and set- 
tlements in the county. 

Schuyler county is situated on the Iowa State line. It is about 
equally divided between prairie and timber. The general surface 
is undulating and rolling, and the land lying between the Chariton 
river and the dividing ridges, from three to five miles in width, is 
rather broken and densely covered with timber. This river, separat- 
ing the county on the west from Putnam county, runs through a 
very productive alluvial bottom, connected with level or gently un- 
dulating prairies. Three other streams running through the county 
afford stock-water, and are bordered with fertile, heavy timbered 
bottoms. The divides between them are mainly level prairies, well 
adapted to cereals and grasses. Timber is still abundant, and of 
good quality. The soil is mostly a black loam, underlaid with yellow 
clay, with occasional streaks of fine white sand, through which 
water drains naturally. Bituminous coal is found in abundance, 
but principally so in the western part of the county. Evidences 
of lead and traces of copper have been found, and also potter's clay, 
lime and sandstone. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is 
agriculture. The principal staples are corn, cattle, hogs, hay, 
mules, sheep, horses, oats, rye, wheat and tobacco, of which hogs, 
cattle, hay, mules, horses, sheep and oats are exported. Much at- 
tention has been paid to the raising of fruit, including the small 
fruits and the grape. Farming is made a success. The county 
has the St, Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, and the 
Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad; the former passing through 
the western part north and south, and the latter from the east line 
westward in the central part, giving direct communication with 
St. Louis and Chicago. The townships are Chariton, Fabius, Glen- 
wood, Independence, Liberty, Prairie and Salt River. The territory 
was first settled in 1836, and since its organization as a county, in 
1845, has grown steadily. During the time of the civil war, it 
experienced some vicissitudes; citizens were killed, their dwellings 
burned, and a few skirmishes took place. Lancaster is the county 
seat on the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad, a])0ut sixty miles 
west of Alexandria. It was located in 1845, and incorporated in 
1850. 

Scotland county lies in the north-eastern part of the State, 
bordering on the Iowa State line. Its surface is diversified with roll- 



430 AN ILLUSTRATED 

ing prairie, table, and bottom lands. The streams are the Wya- 
conda, Fabius, Foxes and Tobin rivers which are the principal ones, 
and running in a south-easterly direction. The timber skirting the 
streams, is sufficient to supply the demand of the inhabitants 
for fencing, building and fuel. About three-fourths of the land 
is under cultivation. The climate is ordinaril}' mild and pleas- 
ant, but subject to extremes, both in heat and cold. No min- 
erals have been developed sufficient to vi^arrant prospecting. Fruit 
raising is a success, and principallj' of the smaller fruits, which 
yield largely. The townships are Green, Harrison, Jefferson, 
Johnson, Miller, Mount Pleasant, Sand Hill and Union. The first 
settlement was made in 1833. Being on the northern boundary, it 
participated in the dispute between Missouri and Iowa, as to the 
boundary line between the states, which at one time threatened 
serious consequences. Soon after the adjustment of these diffi- 
culties, the county was organized from a part of Lewis. At the 
beginning of the war in 1861, the inhabitants were nearly equall}' 
divided in their views upon the political questions of the times, and 
took up arms accordingly. In July, 1862, an engagement was had 
at Pierce's mill, between the federal and confederate forces. Judge 
T. S. Richardson was assassinated at a subsequent date. At the close 
of the war, a large emigration set in, consisting chiefly of mechan- 
ics and farmers, principally from the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois and Iowa. Some 2,000 to 4,000 inhabitants were added to the 
population prior to 1872. Memphis is situated on the North Fa- 
bius, and on the Missouri, lovva and Nebraska railroad, near the 
centre of the county. It is the seat of government. 

Scott count}^ is situated on the Mississippi river, in the south- 
eastern part of the State. About one-half, or little more of the 
surface, is level or a little undulating. Four-fifths of this portion 
is extremely fertile, producing corn, cotton, wheat, and all the 
grasses, and is also well adapted to the growth of peaches. More 
than one-third of the surface, particularly in the northern part, is 
high and rolling, but not too steep for cultivation. The principal 
streams are the East Fork of White Water, which forms part oi 
the western boundary, and its tributary Caney creek, in the noi'th- 
western part of the county. In the south central part is the St. 
John bayou. The soil, though poor in some locahties, is mostly 
excellent for farming, and especially so in the Mississippi bottoms 
which extend from 3 to 5 miles back from the river. The countj' 



HISTOKV OF MISSOL'lil. 481 

has a great variety of timber, chiefly the oak, beech, sweet gum, 
cypress, and hackberry. Sassafras often grows large enough to 
make twenty-four rails to the cut. In the north-eastern part of 
the county are fine quarries of white marble and limestone. Iron 
and lead are thought to exist in the hills, while bog iron is found 
extensively in the swamps. The leading occupation of the inhab- 
itants is farming. The chief productions are wheat, corn, oats, barley, 
cotton, tobacco, potatoes and fruit. They all yield average crops. 
Some parts of the county are adapted to fruit-culture. The facilities 
for transportation are the Mississippi river, the St. L., I. M. & S. R. 
R.. which passes through the centre of the county from north-west 
to south-east, and two otlier railroads passing near the northern 
'4ud southern borders. The townships which form the county are 
Commerce, Kelso, Moreland, Richland, Samlywoods and Tiwappity. 
The first settlements were made in the last century on the Missouri 
river. The county was organized out of New Madrid, in 1821, and 
named in honor of John Scott, the first Congressman from Mis- 
souri. Until 1845, it included the present county of Mississippi. 
The county was invaded during the civil war by General Thomp- 
son, who was joined by General Pillow. In 1861-2, General Pope 
marched across it with -1:0,000 men. 

Commerce, the county seat, is situated on the Mississippi fifteen 
miles below St. Girardeau. It was laid out in 1822, incorporated 
in 1857, and made the county seat in 1864. It has rapidly in- 
creased in populatioji and importance. Morley, on the St. L. I. 
M. & S. R. R., thirteen miles from Commerce, is the most important 
town in the count.y. It was laid out in 1868. Diehlstadt, on the 
same railroad, ten or twelve miles east of Morley, and near 
tlie southern boundary of the count}', is a small settlement. Sikes- 
ton, on the same road, twenty-five miles from Cairo, is an important 
shipping point. The other settlements are Hamburg, a German 
town six miles north of Morley. St. Cloud, Sand Siding, Caiiey 
Creeic, Blodgett and Benton. 

Shannon county is in the southern part of the state, bounded 
on the north by Dent and Reynolds, east by Re3niolds and Carter, 
south by Carter and Oregon, and west b}- Howell and Texas coun- 
ties. The southern part is high prairie interspersed with timber. 
The northern and central portions are generally broken, hilly 
and heavily timbered, with the different kinds of oak, cedar and 
pine. It is watered chiefly by the Current river and its numerous 



432 AN ILLUSTRATED 

tributaries. This county is rich in minerals; large deposits of 
hematite and specular ores, lead ore and beds of copper of a supe- 
rior quality are found, and the old copper mines near Eminence, are 
now successfully mined. The leading occupation of the inhabi- 
tants is agriculture. The county is composed of the townships 
of Birch Tree, Bowlan, Current River, Delaware, Jackson, Jasper, 
Moose, Newton, Pike Creek and Spring Valley. The first settle- 
ments were made in the year, 1819, when the first discoveries of 
copper and iron were made. The county was organized in 1841 
and named for George Shannon. A large portion of the land was 
entered in 1858-9 at 12^ cents per acre. 

This county suffered like other southern counties by war; roving 
bands of guerrillas invaded the county, and many peaceable citizens 
were murdered. Eminence, the county seat, v/as entirely destroyed, 
but it was re-established at the present site. No rail-roads pass 
through its territory. 

Shelby county is centrally located in what is denominated the 
Northeast, at the doors of the city of Quincy, Illinois, and 
Hannibal, Missouri. The surface is nearly equally divided between 
prairie and timber. The former is graded from level to rolling; 
the latter is principally oak, with a liberal sprinkling of other varie- 
ties of hard wood, such as walnut and hickory. The soil is 
productive when properly cultivated, being a sandy clay loam, 
underlaid by hardpan. The principal stream is the North Fork 
of Salt river, running through the center of the county, diagonally, 
from nort-west to south-east. This river and its tributaries afford 
water for domestic use and stock. Soft water can easily be obtained 
with little labor, by digging stock-ponds. An inexhaustible 
supply of the best brick clay, and several beds of potter's clay are 
in this county. Agriculture is the leading pursuit of the popu- 
lation. The staples are corn, hay, oats and wheat. Grain is 
mostly fed to stock. Tobacco is cultivated to a considerable ex- 
tent. Fruits of all kinds are successfully grown, as also the small 
fruits and the grape. The Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad 
crosses the county from east to west, south of the center, with 25 
miles of track, and furnishes the only means of transportation. 
Chicago and Quincy are the principal markets. The municipal 
townships are Bethel, Black Creek, Clay, Jackson, Jefferson, Salt 
River, Taylor and Tiger Fork. The first settlement was made in 
1830, and in 1833 settlers came in large numbers. It was organ- 



UlSTOUY OF MISSOURI. 433 

ized as a count}', January 2. 1835. Sholbina is the most important 
place in tlie county, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, forty 
miles from Hannibal. Shelby ville, the county-seat, is located 
near the center of the county, eight miles north of Shelbina, the 
nearest railroad station. It was located in 1836; incorporated 
in 1851. 

St. Charles county is one of the oldest-settled counties of 
northern Missouri. It is bounded on the north by the county of 
Li)icoln and the Mississippi river which separates it from the 
State of Illinois, east from the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, 
which last separates it from St. Louis county. The land between 
these two rivers is rolling, and in some places broken. About one- 
third of the county is composed of prairies. The principal ones 
are Point Prairie, Dog Prairie, Allen's Prairie, Dardenne Prairie, 
and Howell's Prairie. The first named, extending from west to 
north, to Portage des Sioux, embraces a country unsurpassed in 
fertility. The Mumelles are two smooth mounds, without trees or 
shrubs, and covered with grass, at an elevation of about 150 feet, 
and projecting from the main bluffs some distance into the 
prairie. They afford a most beautiful and extensive view. The 
long tongue of land for twenty miles above the mouth of the 
Missouri, varying from two to ten miles in width, is composed of 
alluvial soil and immensely productive. The timber-lands from 
St. Charles to the mouth of the Missouri, are equally as good for 
farming purposes; they are nearl}' level, sloping gently toward the 
Mississippi river. Most of the upland prairies have also a good, 
but not deep soil, undei'laid by a hard cla3\ and producing fine 
crops of corn, oats and hay. The county is well watered. Timber 
is abundant in some portions of the county. The oaks, hickory, 
walnut, maple, elm, cotton-wood, sycamore, hack berry and locusts 
are the leading varieties. In addition to wheat, corn, oats, barle}', 
broom-corn, tobacco and hemp, and all kinds of fruits, congenial to 
this latitude, are cultivated, and much attention is paid to horti- 
culture. The facilities for transportation are the two rivers — Missis- 
sippi and Missouri — and the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern 
railroad, which traverses the county from east to west. St. Louis 
is the principal market, being only twenty miles distant, and con- 
nected by good macadamized roads. The municipal townships are 
Callaway, Cuvier, Dardenne, Femme Osage, Portage des Sioux and 
St.Charles, The early history of this county is inseparably connected 



434 ^N rLLTTSTHATED 

with that of the State. The first settlement, it is believed, was made 
as early as 1762. The county was organized very soon after the 
United States government came into possession of Louisiana. Jt 
embraced at that time all the country between the Missouri rivers, 
stretching north indefinitely, and west to the Pacific Ocean. The 
county of Howard was taken from it and organized January 23, 
1816, and upon the organization of Lincoln and Montgomery 
counties, December 14, 1818, the county of St. Charles was reduced 
to its present limits. 

St. Charles City is the county seat, and the principal city. It 
has a high commanding location on the Missouri river, twenty 
miles above its confluence with the Mississippi. It is on the 
St. L. K. C. & N. R. R., twenty-two miles north-west of St. Louis. 
It is the principal crossing place on the Missouri river for all busi- 
ness between St. Louis and the northern part of the State. The 
first railroad bridge across the Missouri was at this point. It is a 
substantial structure, some 6,500 feet in length. Upon the site 
where St. Charles now stands, Blanchefcte built his little log cabin 
more than a hundred 3'ears ago, from which period may be dated 
its settlement by the whites. In 1809 it was organized as a town, 
but not until 1849 was it incorporated as a city. Its growth and 
development has not been rapid but of a substantial nature. 
Here are the St. Charles College — a Methodist institution — the 
Convent of the Sacred Heart, and Lindenwood Female College, be- 
sides a number of female and parochial schools. Cottleville is ten 
miles west of St. Charles City. Augusta is on the Missouri, thirtj'' 
miles from St. Charles. It was laid out in 1836, and is important 
as a shipping point. Portage des Sioux, on the Mississippi, twelve 
miles north-east of St. Charles, is an old town, and a place of con- 
siderable business, in grain shipping, chiefly. New Melle was laid 
out in 1850, and is a flourishing German settlement. O'Fallou, 
and Wentzviile are small settlements. 

St. Clair county is situated in the north-east of what is gener- 
ally termed Southwest Missouri. About three-fourths of the 
county is susceptible of cultivation; the other fourth is hilly and 
stony, principally in the eastern portion. The county is about 
equally divided between timber and prairie, much of the former is 
bottom land, lying on the Osage and Sac rivers, and also on the 
margins of the smaller streams. The general surface may be called 
rolling. The two rivers mentioned furnish an abundance of water- 



iiisTuuY OF Missoiriii. 435 

power for all practical i^irposes. Timber is still abundant of irood 
quality. The climate is mild, pleasant and healthy. There are 
quite a number of sulphur springs in various localities throughout 
the county. The noted Monagau Springs possess excellent med- 
icinal properties. Of minerals, only coal has been discovered; there 
are strong indications of other minerals, principally lead and iron. 
The manufacturing establishments of this county are three first- 
class flouring mills, and a few saw and grist-mills; notwithstanding 
all the excellent water-power, only two of the above are propelled 
by water. The census of 1870 gives 45,492 acres of improved land; 
44.628 of woodland; besides 25,756 acres of other unimproved land. 
The number of inhabitants is 8,000 to 10,000 (census 1870), of which 
most are employed in farming. The agricultural staples are wheat 
and corn; wheat is exported, corn fed to cattle and hogs. The fa- 
cilities for market are the Osage river, on which considerable ship- 
ping is done at certain seasons of the year, and the Missouri, Kan- 
sas and Texas railroad which passes through the north-western 
corner, having about seven miles of track. The Kansas City, Mem- 
phis and Mobile railroad have a road graded from Kansas City 
to Osceola. The principal market for the surplus production is the 
city of St. Louis. The townships are Butler, Chalk Level, Jack- 
son, Monagan, Osceola, Polk, Roscoe, Speedwell, and Washington. 
Settlements commenced in the years 1835-6, and improvements and 
population were far in advance of the progress made by contiguous 
counties. The boundaries of the count}' were defined in 1833, and 
it was named in honor of General St. Clair. During the civil war 
the county suffered severely; it was invaded by soldiers, and the in- 
habitants dragged from their homes and murdered, their dwellings 
burned and their property pillaged. The county seat, Osceola^ was 
entered by General Lane's command, and the court-house and all 
other buildings, except a few dwellings, were plundered and burned. 

Ste. Genevieve count}- is one of the oldest in the state, having 
been settled long before the Louisiana purchase. It is situa- 
ted on the Mississippi river which forms the eastern and north- 
eastern boundary, for a distance of twenty-five miles. It has an 
area of about 400 square miles. The county is traversed by a 
number of small streams, and its surface is somewhat hilly. The 
land adjacent to the river forms into a number of high and rugged 
cliffs. The land on either side of the streams, which are Saline 
creek, the river Aux Vases, the north and south fork of Gabours, 



436 AN ILl.USTRATKD 

Fourche a Polite, Establisliaieiit, Fource u Duclos, Isle du Bois 
and the Terre Bleu, is also hilly and covered with rocks. Between 
these hills are small valleys, rendered fertile by alluvial washing. 
The western part of the county is more level, rising in low hills 
with scarcely anj' valleys, and is covered with heavy timber. The 
mineral resources of the county are but little developed. They 
consist of lead, iron, copper, granite, brown sandstone, and lime- 
stone. Lead has been found in several places near the surface and 
the mine Avon, has been worked to some extent. White marble is 
found in abundance below the city of Ste. Genevieve, of superior 
qualit}', and quantities are shipped, some of it being used in the 
custom-house of St. Louis. White sand, almost pure silicate, is 
also found in abundance, and large quantities are shipped to 
Pittsburg and other places for the manufacture of glass. The Mis- 
sissippi river affords the only means of transportation to markets. 
The townships are Beauvais, Frankfort, Jackson, Jefferson, Saline, 
Ste. Genevieve, and Union. The first settlement is given by tradi- 
tion as early as 1735. In 1785, there was a large emigration from 
the east side of the Mississippi, and the village of Ste. Genevieve 
at one period was the most important town in the Mississippi val- 
ley. It was reduced to its present limits in 1820. 

Ste. Genevieve, the county seat, is located on the Mississippi 
river sixty miles below St. Louis, and is the oldest town in the 
state. It was formerly built on tlie bank of the river, but the 
great flood of 1785 caused the inhabitants to choose a more ele- 
vated situation. In ISIO, it was an important commercial town 
having twenty or more large stores, and to this mart St. Louis came 
in those days for her supplies. In 1821 it Avas written of this vil- 
lage: "The houses are generally one story high, frame or log, but 
all white washed, which gives the town quite a livel}' appearance." 
St. Mary's is nine miles south of Ste. Genevieve in the north- 
east corner of the county on the Mississippi, and is a place of some 
business importance, having a population of about five hundred. 
New Offenburgh, Quarrytown, Avon, Bloomsdale and Panjaub 
are small settlements. 

St. Francois county is sitnatel in the south-eastern part of the 
State, and is bounded on the north by the counties of Jefferson and 
Ste. Genevieve, east by Ste. Genevieve and Perry, south by Madison 
and Iron, and west by Iron and Washington. It has an area of 
about 350 square miles. The surface is broken and hilly, for the 



lllSTOliY OF .MlisSOUUI. 437 

most part, and iu many places the scenery is pictniesque and 
sublimely beautit'iil, the diversified landscape presenting much to 
interest the lover of nature. The county is not an exclusive farm- 
ing county, the occupation of the i)eople being as much diversified 
as the surface of the county. Notwithstanding there are many 
hills, and not a few deserving the name of mountain, there is yet 
a considerable portion of very fine farming land, as good as there 
is in the State. The county is emphatically a timber county, there 
being no prairie. The soil is well adai)ted to the growth of corn, 
wheat, oats, rye, and the different grasses. Big river. Flat river, 
and the St. Fi'ancois river, run through the county; besides num- 
berless creeks, many of them affording water the year rouml, for 
any kind of machinery. Iron and lead are the chief minerals. 
Nowhere in the world, more or better iron ores can be found. The 
Iron Mountain has a world-wide fame, being the greatest accumu- 
lation of iron found in the same space. Lead is found in great 
abundance in various parts of the county. The occupation of tlic 
inhabitants is mainly mining and agriculture. The leading agri- 
cultural staples are wheat, oats and hay. These productions are 
mostly consumed in the county. The St. Louis and Iron Moun- 
tain railroad, and the Belmont division of the same road, furnishes 
the facilities for transportation of the mining and agricultural 
products to market. The municipal townships of the county are 
Big River, Iron, Liberty, Marion, Pendleton, Peny, Randolph, St. 
Francois. The early history commences in the last century. 
€laims were located iu 1794, and settlements made in 1796. The 
county was organized from parts of Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson and 
Washington in 1821. The first circuit court was held April 1st, 
1822, Judge N. B. Tucker presiding, and J. D. Peers, clerk. In 
1845, the manufacture of pig-iron was commenced at Iron Moun- 
tain and Pilot Knob, and has continued to this time with extraor- 
dinary success. During the civil war, the people were divided in 
their sentiment:;. 

Fanningto}i, the county seat, is situated some two and a half 
miles from DeLassus, on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad, 
in a rich valley. Iron Mountain has a population of about 2.500. 
Bismarck is the junction of the St. L. & I. M. R. R. with the Bel- 
mont division of the same road, seventy-five miles from St. Louis, 
and six miles from Iron Mountain. Knob Lick, French Village, 
De Lassus, Blackwell Station, Libertyville, Middle Brook, Lough- 



438 AN ILLUSTRATED 

boro. Hazel Run, Big River Mills, Flat River, French Village, and 
Dent's Station, are small settlements. 

St. Louis county is situated on the eastern border of the 
State, lying between Franklin county on the west and the Mis- 
sissippi river on the east, with the Missouri river on the north and 
the Meramec on the south. Its general topography may be termed 
undulating, though almost every variety of surface is found within 
its borders, from the dead level to high hills — not to say mountains- 
— and steep declivities. The banks of the Mississippi, except a 
short distance above the city of St. Louis, where they are subject to 
inundation, are high and rocky; towards the interior, the country 
becomes more level. The soil is equally various, ranging from the- 
rich alluvial river bottoms and the magnificent valle.ys of the 
Florissant, unequalled in fertilitj', to the steep and rocky hills of 
the western part, some of which are absolutely sterile. Rich and 
productive bottoms are found on many streams, such as have been 
already mentioned, and also on the river Des Peres. The interior 
of the county is well watered by the tributaries and sub-tributaries 
of these rivers. In earlier times the county was well timbered, 
though possessing some prairies of great beauty, but now, excepting 
in the extreme western portion, timber has become scarce. Coal 
has been found and mined for many years near the city, and there 
are also indications of it in several other parts of the county. Iron 
and lead occur in the western part. The fine, close, compact lime- 
stone, closely approaching marble, found near Gleucoe, is extensive- 
ly quarried. The so-called St. Louis limestone, of a grayish blue 
color, very durable, is also extensively used for macadamizing the 
streets and for building purposes. In Cheltenham, and other places 
near the city, clays are worked into fire-brick, tiles, pipes, flues, and 
other manufactured articles. The manufacturing interests are 
among the most important in the west. The staple productions 
within fifteen or twenty miles of the city of St. Louis are gar- 
den vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and hay. Outside of this 
limit, corn, wheat, oats and hay, are largely grown, — and rye, buck- 
wheat and barley to some extent. Fine orchards abound and fruit 
is abundant, of fine quality. Schools of a high grade are estab- 
lished throughout the count}'. This county was one of the five 
original districts, the others being St. Charles. New Madrid, Ste. 
Genevieve, and Cape Girardeau. 

Kirkwood is the second town in the county. It is situated 




'^r^ta^ ^Z^:;^^ 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. .4;^ 9 

thirteen and one-half miles west of St. Louis, on the Missouri 
Pacific railroad. Its location is plesisant and healthful. Many of 
the business men of St. Louis reside here. It has a Female Seminary 
of high reputation. Its public schools are excellent. Bridgeton 
is located on the St. Louis. Kansas City and Northern railroad, 
fifteen miles from St. Louis. Florissant is an old French settlement. 
Webster Grove, on the Missouri Pacific railroad, ten miles from St. 
Louis, has a soldiers' orphan asylum. The extensive grounds of 
Cannon & Co., florists, are a great attraction. Rock Spring, Glencoe, 
Jennings, Manchester, Meramec Station, Normandy, Brotherton, 
Baden, Barrett, Cheltenham, Colman, Ferguson, Lake House, Rock 
Hill, Woodlawn, Sherman, and Lappington are other places in the 
county. 

Saint Louis, the county seat, and the metropolis of the State, was 
founded by Pierre Laclede Liguest, in 1764. It was incorporated as 
a town the 9th day of November, 1S09. Two years after, it contained 
only about fifteen hundred inhabitants, one printing office, and 
some dozen places of business, and at the time of the admission of 
Missouri into the Union, the city had attained to a population of 
scarcely five thousand. The increase in wealth during the decade 
succeeding, was greater than in population. In 1833, the popu- 
lation was 6,400, and in 1835 it had increased to only 8,316, while 
the assessed value of the property was '^2.221,888; the municipal 
revenue was $31,595. The population soon began to increase 
more rapidly. In 1840 it exceeded 16.000; in 1850 it was almost 
75,000; and in 1860 was 160,773. At this point of her prosperity, 
the civil war came, paralyzing many departments of industry, and, 
in its eifects working disaster in many ways. In the succeeding 
five years the valuation of the city decreased and probably the 
population also; but, in the decade ending with the year 1875, 
growth and prosperity unparalleled in her history heretofore, were 
realized. The population in 1870, was 812,963, with a valuation of 
$275,133,331. St. Louis was incorporated as a city December 9th, 
1822. William Carr Lane was elected mayor the ensuing year. 
He was several times re-elected, closing his term of office in 1828, 
when he was succeeded by Daniel D. Page. Since that time, there 
have been twenty-three different incumbents, Henry Oversto z 
being the present mayor. Nathan Cole, who was mayor in 1869- 
70, is the only one on the list born in St. Louis. The same causes 
which fixed the choice of the first settlers in St. Louis, have ever 



440 AN ILLUSTRATED 

since existed. They have grown with tlie city, and developed 
commensurate with its needs and capabilities. To all these natural 
resources have been added the exertions of the sagacious and ener- 
getic business men of the past and the present. The '"Merchants' 
Exchange of St. Louis " was incorporated by act of the legislature, 
March 4th, 1862, and organized the same year with a membership 
of about seven hundi-ed. The noble structure where its mem- 
bers meet is .an outgrowth of this organization. The St. Louis 
"Board of Trade" was incorporated February loth, 1864, for the de- 
clared purpose of promoting the financial, manufacturing, and in- 
dustrial interests of the country at large, and especially of St. Louis 
and the Mississippi Valley. 

Among the buildingsof importance in the city, representing pub- 
lic interests as well as private enterprise, the first to be mentioned 
is the Merchants' Exchange, just referred to, on Third street, between 
Pine and Chestnut. It was erected by the Chamber of Commerce 
Association at a cost, for building and grounds, of $1,800,000. It 
has a frontage of 235 feet on Third street, and on Chestnut and Pine 
each of 187 feet;. The Grand Exchange hall, 235 by 98 feet, with 
a height of 69 feet, is a magnificent room for mercantile exchange. 
The County Court-House, to which every citizen of the county 
points with pride, is an imposing structure. The site was donated 
in 1823, by J. B. C. Lucas and Auguste Chouteau, but the orig- 
inal building was not completed until 1833, having cost some $14,- 
000. Very soon this was found to be inadequate to the wants of 
the city, and in 1838, plans and specifications for the present struc- 
ture were adopted. The main building was erected soon after, but 
one addition after another was made, so that the building as it now 
stands was not completed until 1862, at a total cost of about 
$1,200,000. The new Custom-House and Post Office will add to 
the architecture of the city. The building was commenced in 1872. 
The estimated cost of the entire structure is $4,000,000. It is located 
upon the block between Eighth and Ninth streets, and Olive and 
Locust; and, when completed, it will be the largest building in the 
city. The material is of grey granite, from Maine. Besides Cus- 
tom-House and Post Office, it will be occupied by the United States 
District and Circuit Courts. The Four Courts is a building which 
attracts much attention. It includes the jail, and occupies the 
square between Spruce street and Clark avenue, and Eleventh and 
Twelfth streets. With grounds, it cost 1850,000. The St. Louis 






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HISTOHY OF MISSOURI. 441 

County Insane Asylum, near Tower Grove park, is an institution of 
much value. The buildings were touHnenced in 1804, and with im- 
provements cost upwards $870,000. The City Hospital, corner of La- 
fayette avenue and Linn street, is a beneficent institution of much 
merit. The building is valued at §200,000, Tlie Work House, 
•corner of Meramec and Carondelet avenues, has nine acres of land, 
and is estimated at '?65,000. Quarantine Hospital, with fifty- 
five acres of land, and valued at fifty thousand dollars, is a 
quarantine station. The House of Refuge is an important re- 
formatory institution for young offenders. It has a good build- 
ing and about twenty acres of land, and is valued at §^100,000. The 
City Hall is on the corner of Eleventh and Chestnut, of plain but 
substantial architecture, valued, with lot, at $285,000. All the 
principal city offices are located in this building. The market 
houses of the city are advantageously^ distributed to meet the wants 
•of the people, of which there are five in number. 

The parks of St. Louis add much to the beauty and healthful- 
ness of the city. The present system when completed will make 
of them all that could be desired. Aside from numerous small 
ones in various parts of the city, larger parks are accessible from 
all points. O'Fallon park lies at the north of the cit}', and from 
its elevated position commands a fiiie and extended view of the 
"Father of Waters." Its noble forest trees, imposing buildings 
.and improved gardens, make it a place of much interest. Lying to 
the south-west, three-fourths of a mile, is the Fair Ground, which 
serves the purpose of a park; affording a pleasant and interesting 
retreat for thousands of weary people. Immediately back of the 
city is Forest park, the largest in area of all, containing 1374 acres. 
It is comparatively new, but is destined to be a great resort. Na- 
ture has here excelled anything which art can do. Tower Grove 
park, and, near at hand, Shaw's Botanical gardens lie east of 
south from Forest park. Originally these grounds were prairie, but 
now ornamented and embellished with all that can please the eye 
or gratify the taste. The park contains three hundred and fifty 
acres, and was donated to the city in 1868, by Henry Shaw. The 
garden contains about fifty acres and is owned by iVIr. Shaw, 
whose munificence and taste have been lavished on every hand. 
It is regarded as one of the finest floral gardens in the United States. 
"The great variety of trees, shrubs, fruits and flowers seen here, im- 
press one that all the zones of the earth have been laid under 



442 



ATi Tr.IJ^STMATETl 



tribute. Lafayette park lies a little south of the central line of the 
city. It was laid out many years ago aud was oue of the early en- 
terprises in this direction. It c .utains about thirty acres, and is 
adorned with numerous walks, trees and flowers; lakes, fountains^ 
waterfalls, and grottos, also are here. Nature gave to this plot 
a diversified and picturesque appearance; little hills and obscure 
valleys, as well as level plains, are all represented. A colossal 
statue of Benton is near the lake, executed in Rome, by Harhai 




COTTAGE— FAIR GROUNDS. 

Hosmer. Carondelet park contains about one hundred and eighty 
acres and when further improved, will be an attractive and conve- 
nient place of resort for the people of the southern portion of the- 
city. Missouri park, corner Fourteenth and Olive, is a pleasant 
resort containing about 3^ acres. * Washington Square, on Clark 
avenue and Thirteenth street, has as yet but few embellish- 
ments, but is a relief to the eye and body of many a denizen of the 
dusty, noisy, streets; it contains about six acres. Laclede Park has. 
some attractiveness though nearly new. It has an area of three 
acres. Gravois. Carr, Hyde, Jackson Place, St. Louis Place, Lynn, 
Lindell, Benton, and Exchange Square, are all parks of more or less- 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 



44J 



importance. It is in contemplation to unite all these principal 
parks by a grand continuous boulevard. A law has been enacted 
providing for the expense. Their general and relative position 
is in the form of a semi-circle and the distance is about seven miles 
from one extreme to the opposite. 

The church edifices of St. Louis are numerous and costly; many 
of them of most elaborate design and expensive architecture num- 




SECOND BAPTIST CUURCH. 

bering more than one hundred and fifty, and estimated worth in 
the aggregate, at least five millions of doUai-s. Of these, thirty-five 
are Catholic; eighteen Presbyterian; sixteen Baptist; twelve Epis- 
copal; twelve German Evangelical Lutheran; twelve Methodist 
Episcopal; nine German Evangelical; four Congregational; four 
Christian; four Hebrew; two Cumberland Presbyterian; two Uni- 
tarian; four Latter-Day Saints; and one Society of Friends, 

The Public Schools of St. Louis are among the best. In 1850, 
about six per cent, of the population was in the schools. In 1874. 
fifteen per cent, of the entire population was enrolled in the pub- 
lic and private schools of the City. There are fifty-four school 



444 AN ILLUSTRATED 

buildings valued, with appurtenances, at $5,380,000. The number 
has more than doubled within the last ten years, and the 
.seating capacity more than trebled; the number of seats now being 
28,530. Besides these excellent advantages found in the public 
schools of the city, there are numerous parochial and private 
ones and colleges, oifering every facility for study to children of 
whatever color or nationality. 

Closely allied to good schools, and indispensable to the education 
of the masses, are the libraries of a city. With these, St. Louis is 
only moderately supplied. The "Mercantile" is the most ela- 
borate, containing forty-three thousand well selected books, a 
reading room with some two hundred newspapers from various 
parts of the world, and two hundred and fifty magazines and re- 
views. The project of establishing this institution is said to have 
originated with John C. Francis, and his plans were organized and 
the work commenced in 1847. The Public School Library is under 
the control of the Board of public schools, aild contains the books 
and collections of the Academy of Science, the Medical, Historical, 
Microscopical and Art Societies, Local Steam Engineers' Associa- 
tion, Listitutes of Architects, and Engineers' Club. It has in all, 
about 34,000 volumes, and some seventy newspapers, besides all the 
leading American and foreign periodicals. 

The water works is one of the grand enterprises of St. Louis. 
On the 27th of September, 1829, the city contracted with John C. 
Walsh and Abraham Fox for supplying the city with " clarified 
water;" that the water should be distributed through the city in 
cast-iron pipes three and an half feet under ground, together with 
several other important stipulations, and in return the contractors 
were granted the exclusive right of furnishing water to the citizens 
for twenty-five years. Although this contract was never fully ex- 
ecuted, and the city came into full proprietorship of the works in 
1835, yet from this point may be dated the grand enterprise by 
which to-day the city is so abundantly supplied with water. The 
old system being found insufficient, in March, 1867, the legislature 
passed an act enabling " St. Louis to procure a supply of whole- 
some water," and under this act the Governor appointed Alexander 
Crozier, Henry Flad, and Amadu Valle the first Board of Commis- 
sioners. The act conferred on the city power to issue bonds de- 
nominated " St, Louis Water Bonds," not to exceed $3,500,000 for 
the erection of the works. The old water works with all appur- 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 445 

tenances, consisting in part of eiglity-one miles of pipe, two high 
pressure engines, with pumps and machinery, and reservoirs, were 
transferred to the new board, and work commenced.* The average 
daily consumption at that time was 6,500,O(i0 gallons. The new 
works are located at Bissell's Point, and tiie grounds contain one 
hundred acres. The buildings axe built of cut stone and pressed 
brick, and possess great architectural beauty. Situated two hun- 
dred feet from the river bank is an iron tower, ten by twenty feet 
in size and eighty feet deep, built on the solid rock at the bottom of 
the river. Through gates upon the east side, the water enters the 
tower, and is conveyed by means of an iron pipe, five feet six inches 
in diameter, to the engine pit, from whence it is pumped to the set- 
tling basins, at the rate, if necessary, of 50,000,000 gallons per day. 
There are four settling basins, each 270 feet wide and 600 feet long, 
holding from eighteen to twenty millions of gallons each. In 
these basins the water is allowed to settle for twenty-four hours, 
when it is conveyed by its own gravity through a brick conduit, a 
distance of several hundred feet, to the clear well, near the high ser- 
vice engine house, and from thence it is pumped through 36 inch- 
pipes to the stand pipe, situated on Grand avenue and Fourteenth 
street; thence it is carried by its own gravity to Compton Hill 
reservoir, and other parts of the city. This reservoir is situated 
nearly four miles from the stand pipe, and is regarded as the great 
achievement of the new regime. It is 830 feet long, 500 feet wide, 
and 22 feet deep, and has a capacity of 60,000,000 gallons. The 
influx pipe is thirty inches in diameter, while the efflux pipe, which 
feeds the supply pipes leading in every direction, is twenty inches 
in diameter. The present consumption of water averages about 
22,000,000 gallons per day. The system as it now stands, the pride, 
comfort, and safety of the people, has cost in round numbers 
$5,000,000. 

The commercial advantages of St. Louis are admitted to be very 
great. The city is located in the centre of one of the most ex- 
tended and most productive areas on the face of the earth: added to 
this, is the unsurpassed system of river navigation. To the north, 
the upper Mississippi, with the Des Moines, the St. Peters, the 
Illinois, and smaller tributaries — some twenty-three hundred miles 
of navigable water; to the south, the lower Mississippi, the Arkan- 
sas, White, St. Francois, Yiizoo, and Red — three thousand miles; 
to the east, the Ohio, Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash Green, 



446 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Alleghany and Moaongahela — three thousand miles; to the west, 
the Missouri to the Falls — two thousand miles; the Osage, the 
Kansas, and other tributaries — about three thousand miles: total 
length of navigable rivers, accessible to St. Louis, not far from 
twelve thousand miles. 

The railroads terminating in St. Louis, and having their manag- 
mentin the city, enumerate twenty-one. These roads diverge 
and spread out, covering distances varying from one hundred and 
fifty to five hundred miles, aggregating a distance of more than 
■seven thousand miles. Still beyond these is the complicated net- 
work of railroads from many parts of the Union; so that it may be 
said, " all railroads of the United States lead to St. Louis." The 
new Railroad and Passenger Bridge across the Mississippi river, at 
this point, is a steel, tubular structure. The first stone was laid 
February 28th, 1868. It has three arches, the middle one being 
.520 feet in the clear, while the other two are 502 feet each. The 
distance from abutment to abutment, is 1,627 feet. There is an ap- 
proach, on the western side, of 1,150 feet, and on the eastern side, of 
3,500 feet. The total length of the bridge and its approaches is 
6,277 feet, equal to about one and one sixth mile. The railroad 
track crossing the bridge enters the city through a tunnel 5,000 
feet, or nearly a mile in length. The total cost of the bridge was 
above seven millions. It is designed and used both for railroad and 
carriage purposes, and was finished in 1874. 

The systenj of street railways in St. Louis, supercedes the old 
omnibus lines of only a few years ago, the first charter having been 
granted in 1859. Capital to the amount of about $200,000,000 is 
invested in its street railways, embracing eighty-six miles of track, 
two hundred and eighty cars running daily, carrying sixty thousand 
people in all directions, and covering almost every accessable por- 
tion of the city. And still other charters are granted, and other 
lines contemplated. This has made great changes in the prices of 
real estate, as business centres can now be reached easily from such 
distances as previously were impracticable. 

The city has a well-organized, intcepid and energetic fire depart- 
ment. The system by which it is operated and controlled is worthy 
of especial admiration. It was in 1857, that the ordinance was 
passed establishing a "Paid Fire Department." At its organization, 
there was but one steam fire engine in the city. Additions have 
been made from time to time since, until at present there are fit- 




.^?^^ 



^^^^ 



IIKSTUKY OF MISSOURI. 447 

teen first-class iii;icliiiiHs, and the samo number of hose-carriages. 
The " Fire Ahirni Telegrai)h" was put in operation in 1858, there 
being at the close of that year sixty-three boxes; at present there 
are some two hundred and seventy boxes, twenty-five signals, and 
over three hundred miles of alarm wire. 

Financially considered, St. Louis is strong. Her bonded debt is less 
than seven per cent, of her taxable property, and besides this, the 
value of propert}' which she owns as a corporation is almost equal to 
her indebtedness. The assets of the city, consisting in part of water- 
works, public parks, markets and grounds, hospitals, wharves, and 
other real estate, added to sinking fund of $738,120,65, amounts, in 
the aggregate, to §13,744.315, while her total indebtedness is in 
round numbers about $17,000,000. She has a banking capital of 
nearly or quite twenty millions of dollars, employed in sixty lanks, 
seven of which are national banks, involving a capital of a tnfle 
over three and one-half luillious. 

The press of St. Louis is now, as it has been for many yeais, a 
power in the land, and its columns are quoted, and its influence felt 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. " The St. Louis Republican " has 
existed, under different names, since 1808, when it was established 
as "The Missouri Gazette," which name was changed the same 
year to that of '' Louisiana Gazette." In 1818, the original ri^me 
was resumed, which in turn was discarded in 1822, for thai of 
"Missouri Republican," which name it retained until with.'n a 
comparatively short time, when St. Louis was substituted for Mis- 
souri, and "The St. Louis Republican" took its place among the 
influential newspapers in the land. It was a weekly pai)er until 
1833, when a semi- weekly was tried, which, proving a success, a 
tri-weekly edition was started in April, 1835, and in September of 
of the following year, the publication of a daily was conrnenced. 
Previous to 1856, the " Republican" was a leading organ of the 
whig party, since which time, it has substantially affiliated with 
the democratic part}'. Colonel George Kna[)p, the present senior 
proprietor, has been connected with the paper for half a century. 

"The Globe-Democrat" was brought into existence in May, 1875, 
by the sale of the stock of "The Missouri Democrat," to Messrs. 
McKee and Hduser, who for three years had been publishers of the 
" Globe." The " Democrat" originated in the Free Soil movement 
of 1845, but did not assume permanent form until 1852, when 
William Hill and William McKee purchased a small paper called 



448 AN ILLUSTRATED 

the " Daily Sentinel," and changed its name to that of '' Missouri 
Democrat.*' A few months later, the " Union " was merged in the 
same concern and the new paper became an able and popular ad- 
vocate of Free Soil principles, numbering among its friends and 
contributors, Thomas H. Benton and Francis P. Blair. In 1857 
George Fishback became a partner in the concern, and in 186^ 
Daniel Houser was admitted, and the firm name became McKee, 
Fishback & Co, Subsequently this partnership was dissolved, and 
Fishback became the sole proprietor of the " Democrat " at the 
price of $456,000. Immediately thereafter a joint stock company 
was organized, Otto H. Hassellman being business manager. The 
"Globe" was started by Messrs. McKee and Houser in July,. 
1872, and in a few months attained a large daily and weekly circu- 
lation, and secured some of the best editorial talent formerly em- 
ployed upon the "Democrat." A strong rivalry sprung up between 
the " Democrat " and the " Globe," arid although advocating the 
same political principles, they neutralized much of their influ- 
ence by personal warfare. In May, 1875, an effort was made to 
produce harmony, which resulted in the sale of the stock of the 
" Democrat " through Mr. Fishback to Messrs. McKee and Houser 
for the sum of $325,000. The " Globe " and the " Democrat " both 
ceased to exist as such, and the " Globe-Democrat " was produced. 
It is republican in sentiment, but largely independent. 

"The Times" has a much shorter history than either of the forego- 
ing papers. It was started in July, 1866, by a company composed of 
D. A. Mohony, Stilson Hutchins and John Hodnett, as a demo- 
cratic daily journal. Soon after the commencement of its publica- 
tion, Mr. Hutchins bought Mohony's interest and the paper was 
owned and conducted by Messrs. Hutchins and Hodnett, until 1867, 
when the late Henry Ewing purchased a third intei-est. By this 
time it had a strong hold upon the people of the west, and v/as 
rapidly increasing its list of subscribers and widening its range of 
influence. Up to this time five to six thousand dollars was all the 
capital invested in the enterprise. In July, 1872, Hutchins sold 
his interest to Ewing at the rate of $200,000 for the whole. After 
the death of the latter, in 1873, the paper went into the hands of 
Messrs. Mantz and Clark, by whom it was published with moderate 
success until June, 1875, when Hutchins and Hodnett again became 
its owners, the price understood to be $130,200. It is a widely cir- 
culated and influential journal, and the recognized organ of the 
democratic party in the State. 



HiiiTOliY OF MiSbOUlU, 449 

" The St. Louis Daily Journal "' is a sprightly four-page sheet, 
ardently advocating the principles of the republican party. It was 
started in 1857, as a weekly paper called tiie '' Journal of Com- 
merce," which still has its representative in the "St. Louis Journal." 
The daily paper was started in June, 1871, the proprietors being 
W. V. Wolcott, the Messrs. Marmaduke, and George C. Hume, un- 
der the title of" The St. Louis Journal Company.'" but after a few 
months the Marmadukes went out, and since that time the paper 
has been owned and conducted by Wolcott and Hume. 

"The St. Louis Evening Dispatch" was started some ten years 
ago, succeeding the "Evening News." It has passed through several 
stages of management and proprietorship, and at present is owned 
in the main by Mr. W. R. Allison. It is democratic in politics, 
and is regarded as a sprightly, readable sheet. " The Auzeiger 
Des Westens" is both a daily and weekly. It was established 
in the year 1834 as a weekly, and has always been ably 
and successfully conducted. It is now owned by the "Auzeiger 
Association," Carl Daeuzer, editor-in-chief, and is an advocate of 
the policy of the democratic party. " The Westliche Post" is a 
dail}^ republican paper, established in 1857, and published by Plate, 
Olshausen & Co. It has a large circulation. " The Amerika " is 
a German daily, Sunday and weekly newspaper. It is published 
by the German Literary Society, and has a large circulation, not 
only in this country, but in Germany. Henry Spaunherst is presi- 
dent of the board of managers. "The St. Louis Courier" is another 
German daily, with a monthly edition, published by the St. Louis 
Courier Compan}', Henry Gambs, president. In addition to the able 
daily and weekly newspapers enumerated, there are in St. Louis, 
aljove fifty other periodicals of greater or less importance, covering 
in their literary productions, not only almost every shade of religi- 
ous belief, but the arts, sciences and education. 

St. Louis, lying along the right bank of the Mississippi river for 
fourteen miles, resting back upon two limestone plateaus, has a site 
at once grand and diversified. The lower plateau rises quite abrupt- 
ly to a height of twenty feet above high water; the second is more 
gradual, and is indented with frequent depressions, but attaining 
an elevation of some sixty feet. The central part of the city is 
twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri river, two hundred 
and eight miles above the mouth of the Ohio, and twelve hundred 
and seventy-eight miles from New Orleans. It contains at present 



450 AN ILLUSTRATED 

ail area of tvventj'-one square miles. It possesses man}' natural ele- 
ments of prosperity and growth. Like nearly all the great emporiums, 
ancient and modern, it is located on internal navigable waters, and 
is surrounded by a vast fertile and salubrious country, intersected 
•in all directions by many miles of broad navigable rivers. It is 
surrounded by states underlaid Avith coal, and studded with moun- 
tains of iron, filled with veins of lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and co- 
.balt, and is on the highway of the gold and silver from the moun- 
tain and Pacific states, to the marts of the world. There is no nat- 
ural reason why all these should not buy and sell in her markets, 
and none why she should not manufacture the iron and steel and 
the articles made from them, for all this tributary region. 

Stoddard county is in the(^orthHeasterippart of the State, south 
of Cape Grirardeau and Wayne counties. The surface is diver- 
sified. The uplands,- embracing about one third of the whole area, 
and which are situated in about the middle of the county from 
north to south, are' mostly rolling, with a clay loam, underlaid 
with yellow or reddish sandy clay, very fertile, and well supplied 
with springs. The Castor river, running through the county from 
north-west to south-east, is the principal stream; many other 
streams meander through it, which, with the immense number of 
springs, furnish all the necessary water for the use of the inhabi- 
tants. The county is almost entirely covered with timber — there is 
no lack for present and future demands. The mineral resources are 
not yet developed, but the county possesses large quantities of va- 
rious minerals, such as iron, lead, zinc, nickel, copper, plumbago, 
ochre, kaolin, barytes and silver; brown hematite of iron, bog or 
limonite iron ore, and lead, are prevalent. The climate is excellent, 
with short and mild winters. The land is unsurpassed for general 
farming purposes, and the yields are very large. Tobacco to some 
extent is grown in the western part of the county. Cotton is fast 
-becoming the leading product; sorghum and pea-nuts are grown 
profitably, and grapes are very successfully cultivated. The 
Cairo and Poplar Bluff Division of the St. Louis, Iron Moun- 
tain and Southern railroad, has twent^'-eight miles in the centre 
;of the county, and another road has sixteen miles graded in 
: the northern part of the county. The townships of the county 
are Castor, Dutch Creek, Elk, Liberty, New Lisbon, Pike, and 
Richland. The territory was first settled in 1823, at which time 
Cape Girardeau was the nearest trading point. The county was or- 




REUBEN P. OWEN. 




CHARLES E. PEERS. 



UitiTOKY OF Misaouiii. 451 

ganized in 1835. from portions of Wayne, Cape Girardeau and New 
Madrid. 

Bloomfield, the county seat, is situated in the central portion, 
seven miles north of Dexter, its nearest railroad station. It embraces 
a territory of a mile square, laid out in lots. It has a fine court- 
house, built to replace the one destroyed during the war. Dexter 
City, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad, is an 
important shipping point with good prospects. Lakeside is on the 
projected line of the Illinois, Missouri and Texas railroad. Buif- 
ington, Piketon, Essex, Castorville, and Gray's" Ridge, are small 
settlements. 

Stoxe county is situated in the south-western part of the State 
bounded on the south by Arkansas. The general surface of the 
country is very broken, hilly, and almost mountainous, and is well 
timbered with hickory, oak, elm, maple, hackberry, box-elder, syc- 
amore, ash, and excellent pine. About one-half of the tillable land 
is bottom, and the other half upland. The bottoms are verj^ pro- 
ductive, and the uplands well adapted to grazing and the gro\vth 
of small fruits. The county is well supplied with streams and 
springs. White river flows in a tortuous course from west to east 
across the southern part of the county. The James Fork of White 
river meanders through the county from north to south. These 
rivers and their numerous tributaries furnish all the needed water, 
and also excellent water-power. On some of these streams a fall 
of ten to twelve feet can readily be obtained, with level rock-beds 
and good banks. Both the White river and the James, are de- 
clared navigable by engineers. The county contains many caves, 
some of wonderful beauty, rivaling, in many particulars, the far- 
famed Mammoth cave of. Kentucky. Some twenty-five have been 
explored, and many more discovered. One mile from Galena is an 
extensive cave, from which saltpetre was procured by the early set- 
tlers. This cave and another some two miles distant, have become 
well known, and are visited annually by many tourists. The min- 
eral resources are almost entirely undeveloped, but there are indi- 
cations of iron, copper and lead, specimens of which lie scattered 
in many places over the surface, inviting development. A rich de- 
posit of pumice stone of good quality is found near Galena. The 
crops produced in this portion of the State, are successfully and 
very profitabl}^ raised. Stock-raising is the most profitable pursuit 
of the farmer, as there is yet an unlimited extent of fine range and 



452 ATf ILLUSTRATED 

abundant water. The county is in many parts extremely well ad- 
daijted to the growth of the grape. The Atlantic and Pacific rail- 
road runs through the extreme north-west corner of the countj'. 
There are six townships: Cass, Hat Creek, James, Pierce, Washing- 
ton, and Williams. This county was at one time the residence of 
the Delaware Indians. The first white settler came in 1790, and in 
183;-), emigrants from Tennessee and Kentucky settled near the 
confluence of the James and White rivers. Stone county did not 
suffer to any extent l)y the civil war, on account of its location and 
topography — the latter proving a formidable barrier in the way of 
guerrillas and marauding expeditions. Galena, formerly known as 
Jamestown, is the county seat. 

Sullivan county is in the northern part of the State, and is 
bounded on the north by Putnam, east by Putnam and Adair, south 
by Linn, and west by Mercer and Grundy counties. It had no per- 
manent settlers previous to 1835 or 6, when a Dr. Holland and his 
son, both with families, located near the present site of Setville. 
Others followed, and soon the bottoms along the creeks were dotted 
with cultivated plots, and the smoke ascended from the humble, but 
happy homes of the hardy pioneers. February 16th, 1845, the county 
was organized, and in May the first court was convened in the dwell- 
ing of A. C. Hill; William Doyle, Samuel Lewis, and Patrick Mc- 
Quown, being justices; H. T. Elmore, clerk; and E. B. Morelock, 
sheriff. The following September, J. A. Clark, circuit justice, held a 
court in a tobacco barn. The surface of the county is rolling in some 
portions, with quite abrupt ridges, amounting almost to hills. It 
is about equally divided as to timber and prairie. The soil is rich 
and deep on the prairie, and on the ridges it is a clay loam, well 
adapted to the grov/th of grain. It is watered by numerous creeks, 
affording Avater-power for mills and factories. The principal agri- 
cultural staples are Avheat, oats, rye, and all kinds of grasses. To- 
bacco is raised to a limited extent. Fruits of all kinds do finely; 
grapes, also, are cultivated with success. It is eminently a stock= 
raising district, cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep being raised 
for market and exported every year. Coal is mined on a small scale, 
but no other mineral develops are known. Fine sandstone, well 
adapted to building purposes, is plenty. The Burlington and South- 
western railroad has some twenty-five miles of track in the county, 
and the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, has been laid out through it 
from east to west, and when constructed will greatly improve its 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 45^ 

facilities for transportation. Milan is the county seat. It is sit- 
uated near tiie center of the county — was hiid out in liS45. Sulli- 
van is composed of the townships of Bowman, Buchanan, Clay, 
Duncan, Jackson, Liberty,Morris, Penn, Pleasant Hill, Polk, Tay- 
lor and Union. 

Taney county is one of the southern tier of counties, on 
the Arkansas state line. The first permanent settlement was 
made in 1827, or thereabout, by two brothers Youchuim, three 
Dentires and a McAdo, who located on White river, and com- 
meijced farming. Others soon followed, and a flourishing commu- 
nity sprung up during the next decade. In 1837 the county was 
organized and named in honor of chief justice Taney. The sur- 
face is rough and mountainous, in some sections presenting scenes 
of rare beauty, — verdant hills and smiling valleys, while the stately 
mountain peak towers over all. In the river bottoms, the soil is 
))lack alluvial; along the creeks more sandy, but fertile, while the 
table lands and ridges are a dark lime underlaid with a red clay 
formation. There is plenty of timber, the southern portion being 
abundantly supplied with pine, while oak, hickory, sugar-maple, 
walnut, and elm, together with all other kinds of Avood in- 
digenious to that latitude. White river is the principal stream, 
and with its numerous tributaries, winding down the hillsides, and 
traversing the valleys, affords an abundance of excellent water. 
The river is navigable at all seasons, and affords good water power. 
The crops grown with success are corn, wheat, tobacco, and cotton. 
Fine orchards are found here, and fruits of all kinds including the 
grape, do well. Rich deposits of lead and zinc are found in the 
south-western portion of the country. Forsyth is the county seat; 
it is situated upon the north bank of the White river. 

Texas county is one of the largest counties in the state. The 
earliest settlers were hunters, who came in 1815 and made some 
slight improvements, building a small mill, the tirst in this section 
of the country, on Paddies' Spring. They subsisted mainly by hun- 
ting and trapping, carrying their goods to St. Louis on ponys, 
following the Inaian bridle pailis. About 1887, a permanent settle- 
ment was made on Piney river, and the town of Ellsworth com- 
menced. The county was organized February 14th, 1845, and the 
following year the county seat was laid out. The surface is 
generally hilly, the Ozark divide traversing its entire width. The 



454 AN ILLUSTKATED 

hills are well timbered with oak, pine, aud other varieties of wood. 
The valleys are also heavily timbered with sycamore, walnut, but- 
ternut and maple, and along the Big Piney, there are many groves 
of pine. The hillsides are stony; the bottoms are a rich alluvial, 
though sandy soil. The valleys are fertile. Big Piney river, with 
its numerous tributaries furnish a good supply of water, and on the 
main stream are valuable sites for manufactories, several of which 
are already improved, by the erection of saw-mills. There are al- 
so steam flouring mills, and saw-mills, giving employment to many 
men. Iron, lead, and light indications of silver, are found in seve- 
ral localities. Texas county is a fine agricultural region — adapted 
for stock raising. Hogs and cattle in great numbers are annually 
exported; also wheat, hides, and lumber. Fruit succeeds well, and 
is being cultivated in increased quantities. Grapes of good qua- 
lity grow well in profusion, while cultivated varieties are raised 
with very encouraging results. The nearest shipping point is 
Rolla, in Phelps county. 

Houtiton is the county seat aud chief town. It has an Academy 
and court-house, several stores and some two hundred inhabitants. 
It was laid out in 1846, and is near the center of the county. Lick- 
ing is quite a flourishing town, some fifteen miles iiorth-east from 
Houston. It is surrounded by a fine farming district. 

Vernon county is situated upon the western border of the State. 
Its fertility, as well as its facilities for water power, gives 
promise of its becoming one of the wealthiest and most populous. 
Previous to about the year 1825 this section of the State was in- 
habitated only by Indians, who had considerable villages Avithin a 
few miles north and east of the now flourishing town of Nevada. 
Here White Hare, chief of the Big Osages, ruled his dusky braves, 
and was himself a noted warrior. The first white settlers, of whom 
we have any knowledge, were Allen and Jesse Soraers, Kentuck- 
ians, who settled on the little Osage, not far from the present site 
of Balltown. Others soon followed, among them Rev. Nathaniel 
Dodge and his three sons, Leonard, Samuel, and Thomas, who lo- 
cated also near Balltown. Dr. James White, a presiding justice of 
the county court, was also one of the earliest settlers. The first 
ferry across the Osage river was the work of an enterprising old 
soldier of the war of 1812, by the name of Johnson. Vernon 
county was named in honor of Miles Vernon, a citizen of Laclede 
county. It was organized February 17, 1851. Conrad G. Carr, 



UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 455 

Andrew Bill, and Jaraes Grace, were appointed justices, and July 
9, 1855, the first court wiis convened at the dwelling house of Noah 
Canton, near Nevada. The surface of the country is chiefly prairie, 
but timber is generally quite convenient, except in the southern por- 
tions and some parts of the county between east and west Dry wood, 
and the flat ridge and slope lying between the waters of Marma- 
ton and east Dry wood on one side and Clear creek on the other. 
The smaller streams are all tributary to the Osage, to seek which 
they preserve a general north-east course, and the main ridges have 
also a north tread. The two principal streams, the Marmaton and 
the Little Osage, drain the western half of the county, while Clear 
creek drains the south-east quarter, and Horse creek, a tributary of 
the Sac, first enters and passes out at the south-east corner. Coal 
lies in rich abundance beneath the fertile fields in almost every 
part of the county, and has been successfully mined in several lo- 
calities. Lead in limited quantities, and iron have been found. 
Wheat is the leading agricultural product. It is one of the finest 
fruit-growing counties in the State. Fine crops of apples, pears, 
and peaches, are produced. Grapes also are successful. The Mis- 
souri, Kansas and Texas railroad aflbrd the necessary facilities of 
transportation, 

Nevadu is the county seat and principal town and was laid out 
in 1855, D. C. Hunter erecting the first dwelling, and A. G. Ander- 
son opening the first store. Prior to the late war it had a pop- 
ulation of about four hundred. It was nearly destroyed by fire in 
the spring of 1863. Immediately after the close of the war it took 
a new start and is now a live and flourishing town. Montevallo, 
sixteen miles from Nevada, is a promising town. Virgil City is a 
pleasant place. 

Warren county is in the eastern part of the State, and is 
bounded on the north by Montgomery and Lincoln counties, east 
by Lincoln and St. Charles, south 1)}^ the Missouri river. In the 
very dawn of the present century, the territory now embraced in 
Warren county began to be settled by white men, the names of 
Ramsey, Byau, Kennedy, and Callaway, appearing among them. 
At the expiration of the first twenty years, only a few hundred in- 
habitants became residents of the county. From 1820, to the time 
of the organization of the county in 1833, immigration was con- 
siderable. The first judge, P. McBride, convened court in May of 
this year, at the house of one Mordecai Morgan; Absalom Hayes 



450 AN ILLUSTRATTD 

being sheriff, and Thomas Talbot, foreman of the jury. lu 1835, 
Henry Walton donated fifty acres of land for a county seat, and 
soon thereafter Mordecai Morgan added fifteen acres to the plat, and 
Warren ton was laid out, and the lots put in the market. Harry 
Ford and William Skinner acted as agents. The old court-house 
was built in 1838; the present one in 1870. 

The main ridge which separated the two great rivers, runs 
through the county, giving about one-fourth to the northern slope, 
and three-fourths to the southern. The northern portion is chiefly 
prairie, though there are some heavy belts of timber. The south- 
ern decline is timber land, with some fifteen to twenty thousand 
acres of Missouri bottoms, of alluvial soil, rich, and deep, and pro- 
ducing immense crops. The blutfs receediug from the river, some 
two to three miles in width, are crowned by a belt of rich soil. 
Beyond this belt is a rocky slope well adapted to the culture of 
the grape. Innumerable creeks wind down these slopes, while clear, 
cool springs of crystal water gush from their side in prodigal pro- 
fiisiun, affording water both excellent and abundant. The enter- 
prising husbandman finds every encouragement, the generous soil 
yielding in royal generosity. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, barley, 
and many other crops, are produced, while apples and pears abound 
in their grandest perfection. Grapes do extremely well on the 
higher lands, and wine of fine quality is manufacture'd. Very little 
has been done thus far to develop mineral wealth, though some 
coal is mined, and lead and iron are found. Several marble quar- 
ries are also opened in the county, producing some beautiful slabs. 
The subject of education has seemed to receive a fair share of at- 
tention. The St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad passes 
through the northern townships, while the Missouri river forms its 
southern boundary, afi'ording excellent means of transportation for 
its exports of tobacco, hogs, cattle, and grain. 

Warrenton, the county seat, is situated upon the St. Louis, Kan- 
sas City and Northern railroad, on the highest ground between 
the river and the western border of the State. It is noted for its 
healthfulness; has excellent schools, and is the site of Central 
Wesleyan College. Wright City, on the same line of railroad, six 
miles from Warrenton, is a smart business place of some three 
hundred inhabitants. Marthasville, in the south-eastern part of 
the county, is a pleasant town. It was near this place that the 
noted hunter, Colonel Daniel Boone and his wife were buried, and 



IIISTUKY OF MIStiOUKI. 457 

the rude slab indicating ilie sacred ^l)ot is still to be seen, although 
the remains were years ago removed to the " Dark and Jiloody 
Ground." 

Washington county is bounded on the north by Franklin and 
Jefferson counties, east b}' Jefferson and St. Francois, south b}' 
Iron, and west bj' Crawford. It was organized from a portion of 
the Ste. Genevieve district, August 21st, 1813, and in 1857 it was re- 
duced to its present limits. The history of this county runs back 
to the early part of the eighteenth century, when Crozat, Sieur de 
Lochon, Renault, La Motte, and others traversed its wilds and ex- 
plored its streams, hoping to find rich deposits of mineral wealth. 
Renault came to the country, with a force of men, artisans and 
laborers, and the implements necessar}^ for mining and operating 
ill ores. Traces of these early explorers are still visible; both im- 
plements and excavations. Mine La Motte, in Madison, Old Mine, 
and the mines of Potosi, were opened by Renault and his men. 
The first settlements of any permanency, however, were not made 
until about 1760, when a large number of French settlers arrived 
in the country; one Francis Burton, among them, who discovered 
the mine near Potosi, which still besirs his name. In 1765, quite a 
little settlement was begun here, and the settlers engaged in mining 
lead, which was transported to the river bj' means of oxen and horses, 
and thence to France. In 1783, a Virginian named Moses Austin, 
obtained a grant from the Spanish government, of a league of land, 
which is still known as '' Austin's Survey," the present site of the 
town of Potosi being embraced in the grant, and forty acres were 
donated by him for a town. Some of the mines still in operation 
were worked under French rule, previous to 1763, and after that 
date under Spanish rule, until 1803, when, by the purchase of 
Louisiana, this district came into possession of the United States. 
Many new discoveries soon followed, but it was the policy of the 
government to secure a revenue by reserving the mines. It is 
stated, that in 1811. five million pounds of ore were delivered at 
Shiboleth. In 1821:, the price of lead ore was only ten dollars per 
thousand, owing to the cost of transportation, which was done on 
horseback, and by rude carts; now, with the railroad facilities, 
thirty-five to fourty-five dollars are realized. 

For man}' years mining was almost the sole occupation of the 
people of this section, but about the year 1800, a few farms were 
subdued, and by degrees, an agricultural population took posses- 



458 AX ILLUSTHATKD 

sion of the rich bottoms and fertile uplands. The soil throughout 
the county is very productive, though the surface is broken, in 
some parts hilly. Timber is still plenty, although a constant draft 
is made upon it for market. Water is abundant, both from the 
numerous streams which find their way into every part of the 
county, offering not onl}^ a supply of water, but some good mill 
sites, but by many never failing, clear, cool springs. Lead, iron, 
copper, and zinc, are found in large quantities. Fine building stone, 
also stone for mill, and grind-stones are found. The manufactur- 
ing establishments consist of some dozen lead furnaces, about as 
many grist-mills, fifteen saw mills, and three tanneries. The prin- 
cipal occupation of the inhabitants is mining and farming; the 
leading agricultural staples are corn, wheat,oats, tobacco, and fruits 
principally grapes. Public schools are established in nearly all of 
the sub-districts. The Bellevue Collegiate Institute at Caledonia, 
and an Academy at Irondale, afford good facilities for obtaining a 
knowledge of the higher branches of study. The county is fur- 
nished with means of transportation by the Iron Mountain and 
Southern railroad, which skirts its eastern border for twenty-two 
miles, and branch road built from Potosi, the county seat, inter- 
secting the main trunk at Mineral Point. 

Potosi is situated in the midst of a group of hills, which are cov- 
ered with forests of oak and pine. It is among the oldest towns in 
the State, it being more than a hundred years since its first settle- 
ment. It was incorporated under its present name in 1828. Cale- 
donia, twelve miles from Potosi, was laid out in 1819, is a healthful 
localit}^, with an intelligent and enterprising population. Irondale 
is a growing town, centrally located in a good farming county, 
and is a rich mining district. It was laid out in 1857 by John 
G. Scott, who did much for its growth and development. Mineral 
Point, at the junction of the Potosi branch, sixty-one miles from 
St. Louis, was laid out in 1857. 

Wayne county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, 
and is among the oldest counties in point of settlement, having 
been granted, some portions of it, to settlers by the Spanish gov- 
ernment as early as the commencement of the present century. No 
considerable progress, however, was made in its cultivation and 
civilization for the first twenty-five j'ears of the century, and the 
aboriginal inhabitants, for the most part, were its undisputed pos- 
sessors. On the 11th day of December, 1818, the county was or- 



HISTOKY OF xMlSSOURI. 459 

ganized. Since that time, county after county has ])een organized 
from its original limits, insomuch that it has sometimes been styled 
the " mother of counties." Tlie first court was convened in 1819. 
Judge Parish presiding. It has no prairies, and the surface is hilly, 
even mountainous in some sections; the Ozark range extending 
through the northern part of it, which, although covered with rich 
treasures of the finest quality of pine timber, is not adapted to cul- 
tivation. But on the numerous rivers and creeks are bottom lands 
which are rich and productive. The St. Francois river runs through 
the central and eastern portions of the county, and the Black river 
the western. These with their numerous tributaries, and living 
springs, furnish abundant supplies of water for all farm pur- 
poses. Timber is aoundant and of good quality, of almost all 
the numerous varieties indigenous to this latitude. Little has 
been done in mining, but enough to indicate that the county 
is immensely endowed in this direction. Iron, the different hema- 
tites, lead, copper, and nickel have been unearthed, but no coal. 
Agriculture furnishes employment for most of the population; the 
principal staples are corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes. Tobacco is 
eminently a success in this county. Delicious grapes and fruits of 
all kinds flourish. It is well adapted to stock-raising, there being 
an abundance of wild pastures, covered with a luxuriant growth of 
grass. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad fur- 
nish a direct outlet to market at St. Louis, having some thirty 
miles of track in the county. 

Grreiwille is the county seat, and the oldest town. It is situated 
on the eastern bank of the St. Francois, fourteen miles from the 
railroad station at Piedmont, in one of the most beautiful and fer- 
tile valleys in this section of the State. During -the civil war it 
was nearly half destroyed by fire, but has recuperated. Piedmont 
is the largest town in the county, and is on the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain and Southern railroad, one hundred and twenty-six miles 
from St. Louis. It is an important shipping point. Otter Creek^ 
Patterson, and Williamsville, are growing towns. 

Webster county embraces what was formerly portions of Greene 
and Wright counties, and was organized in 1855. Its first settle- 
ment was made about 1830, by W. T. Burford who emigrated from 
Tennessee about that time, locating near the present site of the 
county seat, and afterwards layed off and gave to the county the 
land for the town. The surface of the county is generally uneven. 



460 AN ILLTTfiTRATKD 

The Ozark range of mountains extends through it near the centre. 
The soil is rich and produces Avell, even on the uplands, while the 
bottoms and prairies are considered excellent for farming purposes. 
Nearly two-thirds of the county is covered with wood and timber, 
principally the varieties of oak, hickory, walnut, and hackberry. All 
parts of the county are well watered by springs and creeks; those 
tributary to the White river flowing in a south-westerly direction, 
and those of the Gasconade in a north-easterly direction from the 
hills of the Ozark range. Its mineral wealth, so far as developed, 
is confined chiefly to lead, iron, copper, and sulphur. Not much 
has yet been done to utilize the mineral resources of the county, 
although lead, which is abundant, has been mined profitably in 
several places. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agri- 
culture; cattle, horses and mules are exported. The main staple is 
tobacco, the uplands being well adapted to its culture, producing 
from 1000 to 2000 pounds per acre. Fruits of all kinds common 
to southern Missouri do well and are being cultivated. The 
Atlantic and Pacific railroad traverses the country for about 
twenty-five miles. The system of public schools is being well 
carried out. Marshfield is the county seat, on the Atlantic and 
Pacific railroad, 220 miles from St. Louis. It is the oldest town 
in the county. 

Worth county is situated in the north-western part of the 
State, on the Iowa line, and was formerly a part of Clinton, and 
later, a part of Gentry county. It was occupied up to 1853, in part, 
by what remained of a once flourishing tribe of Indians, the Mus- 
quakies, who then repaired to their reservation in Iowa. White 
settlers began to come into the territory now embraced in Worth 
county, about 1840. Among the foremost appear the names of Lott, 
Fletchall, Yasser, Black, Freeman Smith, and Daniel Cox. These 
hardy frontiersmen endured many hardships, and overcame many 
obstacles, which to the easy going generation of to-day would 
seem insurmountable. There were none of the conveniences, not 
to say necessaries of life, to be obtained, beyond requisite food, con- 
sisting of hominy ground by hand, and wild meat, of which there 
was a bountiful supply. Immigration was slow, and the county 
had but few inhabitants until after 1855, when the government 
lands were opened up to settlers, and the tide of immigration 
commenced. The surface of Worth is gently undulating, about 
two thirds prairie, and the rest timber. The soil is a black, sandy 



IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 401 

loam, varying in depth from one to five feet, and very fertile. 
Along the nnmeroiis water courses, of which the principal ones are 
the East, Middle, and West Fork of Grand and Platte rivers, a 
heavy growth of timber of good quality is found, abundant for all 
purposes; varieties, white, burr and other oaks, walnut, hickory, 
hackberry, elm, maple, cotton wood, and others of less importance, 
in greater or less profusion. The upland prairies produce large crops 
of grass, and cattle are raised, fattened, and exported by thousands, 
without even consuming any other food than that furnished by 
these broad fields. 

The three forks of the Grand and Platte rivers with their tribu- 
taries, flow the length of the county from north to south, furnish- 
ing an abundant supply of water. The climate is mild and salu- 
brious, and the chief occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, 
the staples being wheat, corn, oats, and rye. In some parts of the 
count}^ tobacco, flax, and hemp, are raised with flattering success. 
Fruits of all kinds flourish finely, and many orchards are set annu- 
ally. Grapes are becoming a profitable crop to many of the farm- 
ers, and are being exported in increasing quantities each year. The 
mineral resources of the county have not been developed to any ex- 
tent, but the whole county is underlaid with coal and excellent 
limestone for building. Lime working is carried on to a consider- 
able extent. There are several good flouring mills, a carding 
machine, and a furniture manufactory. Brick and pottery of 
sueprior quality are also made, and the common schools of the 
count}' are well sustained. There is no railroad within its borders. 
The St. Joseph and Council Bluff railroad runs through Nodaway 
county', west of Worth, about twenty-four miles from the centre. 
Grant City, the county seat, is a town '' beautiful for situation,'' 
upon the blufl", and commands one of the finest views in the whole 
county. It was commenced in 1864. Denver and Allendale are 
also towns of considerable importance. 

Weight county was organized January 29th, 1841, and named 
in honor of Silas Wright, of New York The great portion of this 
county lies in the Ozark range, the ascent of which is so gradual 
as to be almost imperceptible. Its surface is agreeably diversified 
by hill and dale, whilst the sprightly water-falls, furnishing the 
best water power, perhaps, in the State, invite the attention both 
of the tourist and the emigrant. There are broad prairies and fer- 
tile bottom lands, both alike adapted to the needs of the agricul- 



462 AN ILLUSTRATED 

turalists. The bottoms are very rich, producing abundant crops of 
all kinds of tame grasses and grains. The valley lands are also very 
desirable, being easily cultivated, and also liable to an enriching 
process from the overflow by spring freshets. The largest body of 
level land is situated on the summit of the mountains in the south- 
eastern part of the county. The upland is productive. The Gas- 
conade is the principal stream, which is swelled by numerous 
branches coming down from the hills and winding among the val- 
leys, abounding with fish, while the woods are filled with game. 
The climate is regarded as healthful, though somewhat variable. 
Corn, wheat, oats, and hay constitute the chief agricultural pro- 
ducts. Tobacco is grown with the best of success. Cotton is 
raised for home use. Sweet potatoes are profitably raised. Apples, 
pears, peaches, and plums, do well. Grapes are well adapted to the 
soil and climate. Timber is abundant. Excellent stones for build- 
ing purposes are found in all parts of the county. The Atlantic 
and Pacific railroad furnishes the only means of transportation to 
market. The county has a population of about eight thousand, 
nearly all of whom are whites, and the larger part natives of the 
State. HartviUe is the county seat. It was almost obliterated by 
the ravages of war, but has been rebuilt to a great extent since the 
close of the war, and at present numbers about six hundred inhab- 
itants. It is twenty-five miles from Marshfield, the nearest rail- 
road station. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



HIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 

Washington Adams, of Booneville, Cooper county, Missouri, was born in 
Christiuu county, Kentuclcy, in 1814. His fallier and mollier were natives of 
Virginia, from which State they emigrated to Garrard county, Kentucky, 
where tlie}" were married. Tlie wife was a sister of Chief Justice Jolin Boyle, 
of that State. After tlieir mari-iage, they moved to Christian countj^ and from 
there, in 1816, to Howard county, Missouri, bringing with tliem tiie subject of 
this sketch, then but two years old. He was sent to such schools as were 
then to be found in Missouri, but was more indebted to himself, than to 
teachers, for his education, which, in addition to English, embraced the 
usual course in Latin and Greek. After completing his academical course, 
he entered the ofBce of Peyton R. Hayden, a distinguished lawyer at Boone- 
ville, where he remained for four years in diligent application to the stud}- 
of his chosen profession, assisted and encouraged by the kind advice of his 
able instructor; at the end of which time he obtained license (1835,) and at 
once entered upon a lucrative practice at Booneville. His professional career 
has been characterized by great ability, and an unspotted integrity, — securing 
the confidence of his clients, and winning for himself a w'ell-deserved success. 
December 27th, 1871, he was appointed by Governor Brown to fill the seat 
on the Supreme Bench made vacant b}^ the resignation of Judge Currier; 
and afterwards, at the election, in November, 1872, he was elected to fill the 
balance of the term. This position he held until October, 1874, when he 
resigned. His histor}' on the Bench will appear from his opinions con- 
tained in nine volumes of the Supreme Court Reports,* commencing with 
volume forfy-uine. He was a member of the Constitutional convention of 
1875, where his knowledge and research were fully recognized. Judge 
Adams is emphatic and positive in his opinions, kind in disposition, and a 
member of the Episcopal church. He was married in Booneville, in 1840, to 
El iza^, daughter of William Brown, of Cynthiana, Kentucky. They have 
three children living. 

De Witt C. AUiEN was born in Clay county, Missouri, November 11th, 
1835, and, with the exception of three years, has lived his entire life in his 
native county. His father was a native of New York ; his mother (who was 
a Miss Trigg), of Kentucky. Tlie former immigrated to Missouri, in 1817; 
the latter, with her father, in 1818. His family, on both paternal and mater- 
nal lines, has been settled in America more than one hundred and fifty years, 
and is of English-Welsh extraction. Having previously received the benefit 
of excellent primary schools, he entered, in 1850, William Jewell College, 



4(34 AN ILLUSTRATED 

and there graduated, with the first honors, in 1855. During the ensuing year, 
he was engaged in teaching, and held the position of Principal ojf the Pre- 
paratory Department, in the Masonic College, at Lexington. He then de- 
voted a twelvemonth to the study of historj^, literature, and the elements of 
law. From the summer of 1858, to May 1860, he pursued his legal studies 
in the ofl3ce of the late Richard II. Rees, at Leavenworth, Kansas, and occas- 
ionally appeared in litigated cases, lie then returned to his home in Lib- 
erty, and began the practice of law. Since then, he has, without interruption, 
labored in his profession, and has attained a high position. In November,. 
1860, he was elected Circuit Attornej', for the 5th judicial circuit, of the 
State. In January-, 1875, he was, without opposition, chosen to represent 
(in connection with E. H. Norton), the 3d senatorial district, composed 
of the counties of Clay, Clinton, and Platte, in the Constitutional con- 
vention, called to meet. May 5th, 1875. In that body, he bore himself with 
ability, and was a member of tlie Committee on Education and Legis- 
lative Department. In 1866 and 1867, he was an officer of the Kansas City 
and Cameron Railroad Company, and assisted in securing the construction of 
its road, (now known as the Kansas City branch of the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
R. R.,) from Cameron through Clinton and Clay counties, to Kansas City. 
For five or six years past, Mr. Allen has been one of the leading members 
of the Board of Trustees of William Jewell College, and has earnestly co-op- 
erated in the promotion of the interests of that institution. He is a staunch 
friend of free, popular education, and thoroughly alive to the necessity of an 
increase of the facilities for the acquisition of university and scientfic educa- 
tion in the west. In May, 1864, he was married to Emily E. Settle, of Ray 
county, and has three children. His moments of leisure are devoted to literarj^ 
pursuits; and, though he is not, in any sense, a professional writer, he wields 
a ready, graceful, and forcible pen. His style in writing and speaking, is 
logical, terse, elevated, — extremely clear, frequently impassioned, often elo- 
quent. As a worker, he is patient and unremitting in whatever he undertakes, 
and counts as worthless all knowledge that is not accurate. 
* 
IvKKSON Brook Alverson, well known in past years, on account of his 

active efforts in railroad construction in northeastern Missouri, and at pres- 
ent as tiie head of the banking interests of La Grange, in Lewis Count}-, 
was born on the 4th day of May, 1819, near Danville, in the Stale of Vir- 
ginia. His father, a farmer of limited means, was the head of a family of 
ten children; consequently, young Alverson had but small advantages for 
education, — only such as the county schools aftbrded, and was inured to toil 
and exposure during his boyhood days. In the fall of 1838, his father re- 
moved to Randolph county, Missouri, where young Alverson resided about 
four years, and during the time attended school one season. He was quite a 
hunter in those daj's, and often explored tlie wilds of northern Missouri, in his 
pursuit of game. On the 5th day of November, 1841, he married, and 
soon after settled in, what is now Schuyler county. In 1850, he crossed tlie 
plains to California, "a gold hunter," returning the following spring, and 
soon after was appointed Deputy clerk of the circuit and county courts. 
In 1853, he was elected to the oflBce of clerk of both tiiese courts for six 



H18TOKY OF MISSOURI. 465 

years. At the expiralii)ii of his term, he was re-elected to both offices. In 
1863, the country about Lancaster suftered extremely on account of the rav- 
ages of the civil war, and Mr. Alverson resigned his offices, and started to 
remove to Illinois, but stopped temporaril}^ in Lewis county, and finally de- 
cided to make La Grange his home, and has since resided there. He was ac- 
tive, at an early day, in aiding the construction of the North Missouri rail- 
road, and als>) the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska R. li., both of which run 
through the county where he formerly resided. For upwards of twelve 
years he has been more or less engaged in the practice of law, and on the 
organization of the La Grange Savings Bank, in 1866, he was chosen its 
president, and a little later was chosen to the same position in the First 
National Bank, being a stockholder in each institution. 

Mr. Alverson's residence at La Grange is finely situated just south of the 
college, on the blutfof the river, commanding a beautiful view of the " Fa- 
ther of Waters;" — Quincy and Mendon, in Illinois, are in full view. Hia 
family consists of wife and one daughter. He has for many j-ears been 
a Uuiversalist in religious belief, for twenty-five years a Mason, and an Odd 
Fellow for fifteen years. He is frank, free, and open in disposition, and has 
always been an example of the motto, "laugh and grow fat," weighing, at 
the present time, 240 pounds. He is benevolent toward all charities and 
public enterprises, and has been liberal toward other religious denomin- 
ations besides his own. He has many friends, and having been abundantly 
blessed in his financial transactions, is in condition to enjoy the evening of 
Ills life. 

Daniel AsuLKY, of Forest Green, Chariton county, Missouri, was born in 
Fauquier county, Verginia, on the 11th of October 1791. His father emi- 
grated to Kentucky when he was less than two years old, and after one or two 
brief stays in other places, finally settled down in Henderson county, where 
the subject of this sketch received the advantages of a common school edu- 
cation, and lived until he was about nineteen jears old, when on the breaking 
out of the war of 1812, he went to Indiana and enlisted in the United States 
army for two years. During his term of service he was a non-commissioned 
officer, and on his return to Kentucky, at the end of his term ©f enlistment 
he was commissioned major in the 76tli Battalion of State militia. In 1814 
he married ^liss Casander Leeper. When about twenty-two years of age, 
he was appointed Sherifl:' of Hopkins county, Kentucky, and held the office 
until his immigration to Missouri in 1818. He settled in Chariton (then a 
part of Howard) county, and on the formation of the new county in 1822 he 
was appointed one of the county Judges. In those days, however, they had 
but few laws, and but little use for what they had. For ten years subse- 
quenth', ^lajor Ashley represented Chariton county in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, and afterwards, for six years was State senator from the Senato- 
rial district, composed of Carroll, Ray, Caldwell, Daviess, Grundy, Living- 
ston, Linn and Chariton counties, resigning the position to accept the 
appointment of Receiver in the Land office at Lexington, tendered him by 
President Van Buren. This office he held with credit until removed by Presi- 
dent Taylor. In the legislature he was elected speaker of the House pro 



46G AN ILLUSTRATED 

iem. and also president of the Senate pro tern, while serving in that body. 
About the year 1837, a volunteer company was raised to go against the 
Indians, who liad been committing some depredations on the frontier settlers, 
up the Chariton river. Ashley was elected their Captain and served a short 
campaign under Colonel Ignatius P. Oweus, of Howard county, Missouri. 

Major Ashley has been four times married, and raised a large family 
most of whom are dead. When he first settled in the territory, his corn 
meal was ground in a mortar by hard pounding with a pestle. After a 
while he obtained a pair of hand stones, which served himself and his 
neighbors for about two years, when a horse mill was obtained, which 
caused no little excitement in the settlement. But few of those with whom 
Ashley associated whilst in his prime, are now living. He is almost the sole 
representative of the heroic band who first planted the germs of our present 
civilization in Missouri. 

David R. Atchinson was born in Frogtown, Fayette county, Kentucky, 
August 11, 1807. He was educated at Transylvania University, and after 
graduating from that Institution, he read law with Charles Humphreys, at 
the same time attending the lectures of the Law School of Lexington, Ken- 
tucky. He came to Missouri in 1830, and soon afterwards commenced the 
practice of his profession, at Liberty in Clay county. He was a bachelor,— 
a man of convivial and social habits, and became very popular with the 
early settlers in that region. In 1834, Mr. Atchinson was elected a member 
of the lower House of the General Assembly, from Clay county, and was 
re-elected in 1838. In 1840, he was again a candidate for the same office, but 
was defeated. In February, 1841, he was appointed Judge of a new circuit 
then just organized, and in the autumn of the same year, was appointed 
United States Senator, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Hon. 
L. F. Linn. He was afterwards elected for six years, and re-elected for 
the same term, which expired March 4th, 1855. He was frequently elected 
President of the Senate; and was ex-officio Vice-President of the United 
States, under the administrations of Fillmore and Pierce. Mr. Atchinson 
became especially prominent in the legislation for the organization of 
the territories of Kansas and Nt^braska, and claims to have originated the 
clause in the bill repealing the Missouri compromise. He was for many 
years prominently identified with the military service of his state, holdiug 
various commissions from Captain to Major-General. During the Kansas 
troubles in 1856-'7, he was a leader and chief adviser of the pro-slavery 
party. General Atchinson is a firm believer in the Christian religion ; and 
has been a Mason for upwards of thirty years. His present residence is 
Gower, Clinton county, Missouri. 

Charles C. Bassett was born in Harrison county, Kentucky, on the 4th 
day of October, 1838. After pursuing a liberal course of study at Cynthiana, 
in 1856 he emigrated to Missouri, studied law, and in 1859 graduated at the 
Louisville Law School, in his native State, aod returning to Missouri he 
located at St. Joseph, and commenced the practice of his profession. In 1866 
he removed to Butler, in Bates county, where he has since resided. Here 



IIISTOIJY OF MISSOUHl. 467 

he has built up a large practiee, not t)nly iu his own county, but extending 
intt) other counties, and throughout north-western Missouri. In 187;j, 
he was a uon-partizan candidate, selected by the bar of his circuit, lor the 
position of Circuit Judge, and was only defeated by a small plurality by his 
democratic competitor, Foster P. Wright. 

Mr. Bassett is thoroughly and essentially a lawyer — zealously and enthu- 
siastically devoted to his profession, and ranks among the ablest in his sec- 
tion of the State. He is always an earnest advocate for every project for the 
advancement of the material interest of his county. With politics he has 
had little to do, although his political convictions are clear and well defined, 
being those of the democratic party. But he has preferred thus far in life, 
to win whatever of success he might, in the fields of his chosen profession. 
As an advocehe is earnest and ettV-ctive, exercising great influence with juries; 
and in the discussion of legal principles before the courts he has few superiors. 
In 1860, he was married with Miss Harriet Grove, daughter of a farmer of 
Johnson county. By his energy and industry he lias gathered an adequate 
competentcy, and by his social, genial, kindly spirit, he has won for himself 
manj^ friends. 

Edwakd Bates, LL. D., was born iu Belmont, Goochland county, Virginia, 
on the 4th of September, 1793. His earliest education was received from a 
private tutor, a relative. A good knowledge of tlie classics, and the higher 
branches of English, was afterward obtained by him at Charlotte Hall, an 
academic institution in Maryland. At the age of twenty, he started for St. 
Louis, where he arrived in due season, and commenced the study of law 
with Kufus Easton. Two years after, he was admitted to the bar. In 1819, 
he was appointed Circuit Attorney by the United Slates, holding the office 
one year. The next year he was elected a member of the Constitutional ci>u- 
ventiou, to assist in framing the organic law for Missouri as a State, upon its 
admittance into the Union. After the latter event, he was appointed Attorne}- 
General for the State, but did not long remain in office. He returned to his 
profession, but frequently, afterward, Avas elected to the legislature of Mis- 
souri, serving in both Houses. In 1824, President Monroe appointed him 
United States District Attorney for Missouri, which office he held until 1826, 
when he resigned, and was elected to Congress. He was a candidate for re- 
election in 1828, but was defeated by Spencer Pettis. In 1834, he was again 
elected to the legislature of his state, where, in the House, he was a leader 
in all important issues. 

Upon the accession of Fillmore to the Presideucj^, in 1850, Mr. Bates was 
appointed, and immediately confirmed by the Senate of the United Slates, as 
Secretary of War. This office he declined. In 1853, he was elected Judge of 
the St. Louis Land Court, and gave himself earnestly to the duties of his 
office. He was much talked of as a candidate upon the Whig and Republi- 
can side, in 1856, for President. As an evidence of the esteem in which 
he was held b}' the country at large, it may be mentioned that in 1858, lie 
was honored by Howard University, with the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
At the Chicago convention, in 1861, his name w^as prominent as a candidate 
for President; but that body nominated Mr.Lincoin. After the election of 



408 AN IJ.LUSTKATJ-U 

the laiter, lie was tendered by him auy office in or out of the Cabinet, except 
Secretary of State, whic.ii had been accepted by Mr. Seward. He chose the 
position of Attorney-General. How well he filled the office until his retire- 
ment, in 1864, when he resigned, is a matter of record. He returned to hi& 
home in St. Louis, where he died on the 25th of March, 1869. He had "tilied 
high places of trust, both in the State and nation; and. following the maxim 
of Sir Matthew Hale, he discharged these trusts 'uprightly, deliberately, and 
resolutely,' so that no man could say that he did not confer more honor on 
the office, than the office did upon him." 

Thomas Hart Benton was born near Hillsborough, North Carolina, 
March, 14th, 1782. He was educated at a grammar school and at Chapel Hill 
University ; but, before completing his studies, he removed to Tennessee. He 
studied law and soon obtained eminence in his profession, locating at Nash- 
ville, in 1811. He served one term in the legislature, where he procured the 
passage of laws reforming the judicial system, and giving to slaves the bene- 
fit of a jury trial. In 1812, he became aid-de-camp to General Jackson, with 
whom he contracted a close intimacy, which was suddenly terminated by a 
quarrel, in which Jackson attempted to horsewhip him at Nashville. Jack- 
son was severely wounded with a pistol by Benton's brother. Benton was 
colonel of a Tennessee regiment from December, 1812, to April 1813; and 
lieutenant-colonel of the 39th Infantry from 1813 to 1815. Removing in 
1813 to St. Louis, he became interested in the "Missouri Republican." He 
also practiced law, and took an active part in favor of the admission of 
Missouri into the Union. He was elected a Senator of the United States, by 
the legislature of Missouri, in 1820, which position, by re-election, he retained 
thirty years. In that body, his energy, iron will, industry and self-reliance 
placed him in the front rank. He opposed the administration of Adams, but 
strongly supported those of Jackson and Van Buren. He distinguished him- 
self as an advocate of gold and silver currency, and received the sobriquet 
of "Old Bullion," and as the most distinguished exponent and guardian of 
the interests of the west, by persistent eff'ort succeeded in liberalizing the 
policy of the government in relation to the sale of public lands. The price 
was reduced to $1.25 per acre. He also procured the repeal of the tax on 
salt, and succeeded in throwing open for sale and occupation the saline and 
mineral lauds in the hands of the government, hitherto withheld. He sup- 
ported General Jackson in his hostility against the United States Bank. He 
was au early and untiring advocate of a railroad to the Pacific, and did 
much to open up and protect the trade with New Mexico, — to establish mili- 
tary stations on the Missouri, and to cultivate amicable arrangements with 
the Indian tribes. He was a political friend of President Van Buren, voted 
for the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845, and opposed Calhoun 
on the subject of nullification and State Rights. He opposed the boundary 
line of 54° 40', and caused tiie adoption of that of 49°. He supported the 
Mexican war, opposed the compromise measures of 1850, and in consequence 
of a division in the democratic party, he was defeated as a candidate for 
senator, in 1850, by the ultra slavery men, and retired from the Senate iu 
March, 1851. He was elected a member of the Nationiil House of Represen- 



HISTOKY OK MISSOURI. 469 

tatives in 1852; and, in 1856, was supported by one section of the democracy 
ascaudidate for Governor of Missouri, bul was not elected. Ho ndvocated 
the election of Buclianan to Hk' Presidency in 1856, in preference to Fremont, 
wliii was his son-in-law. Subsequently he devoted himself to literary pursuits 
and publshed a voluminous work entitled, "A Thirty Years' View ; or a 
History of the "Workings of the American Government from 1820 to 1850," in 
2 vols., octavo; and an abridgement of the Debates of Congress from liie 
foundation of the government to 1856; and a review of the "Dred Scott" 
case. He died at Washington city, April 10th, 1858. Benton was married 
to Elizabeth, daughter of James McDowell, of Rockbridge County, Virginia. 
The State of Missouri takes a just pride in the honorable public life of its 
distinguished Senator. 

Geouge C. Bingham, the present Adjutant General of Missouri, was born 
near Weir's Cave, Augusta county, Virginia, Marcli 20th, 1811. In the fall 
of 1819, his parents removed to Missouri, and settled in the town of Frank- 
lin, Howard county. They brought with them seven children — three daugh- 
ters and four sons — the subject of this sketch being the second son. The 
fattier, Henry V. Bingham, dying in December, 1823, the mother, Mary 
Bingham, removed with her familj^ to a small farm in Saline county, near 
tlx; present town of Arrow Rock. The estate of tlie father being swallowed 
up in an unfortunate tobacco speculation, this farm became the sole means 
of support for the family, and was cultivated entirely by the four sons, who 
thus early became inured to toil, calculated to strengthen them for the battle 
of life. Their mother, being an educated woman, had saved from the wreck 
of her husband's estate a miscellaneous library, composed of historical and 
other works, constituting the standard literature of the time. By the aid of 
these she was enabled to supply, to a considerable extent, the tlien want of 
scliools in the sparsely settled country in which her family was located. 
The exposures incidental to labor on a farm did not agree with the health of 
her son George. He therefore, at the age of sixteen, left the farm, and 
became an apprentice to a cabinet-maker, in the town of Booneville. 

It was the intention of young Bingham to embark in the legal profession, 
and as so<m as his apprenticeship expired, he commenced the preparatory 
studies therefor. A portrait painter, however, casually visiting Booneville at 
tliat time, turned his mind in another direction. He had ver}' early exhibited 
a talent for drawing, which continued to improve as he reached maturity. A 
sight of the productions of this painter fired his ambition to become distin- 
guished, as an artist. His first efforts in his newlj' chosen field were encourag- 
ing. In 1837, he visited Philadelphia, and studied, for some time, in the Penn- 
sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In 1840, he opened a studio in Wash- 
ington City, where he remained several years. During this sojourn at the 
ft'deral Caqital, he painted tlie portraits of a number of distinguished citi- 
zens and statesmen; among others of Ex-President John Quincy Adams, at 
that time a member of Congress. His reputation, as an artist, was now 
established. In 1845, he returned to his home in Saline county, Missouri, 
and in 1846 was induced to become the whig candidate to represent that 
county in the State legislature. The whig and democratic parties possessed, 



4"70 ^^ I J. LUST RATED 

at that time, about equal strength in tlie county, and lie was returned, as 
elected, by a majority of only three votes. His right to the seat in the legis- 
lature was contested, and it was awarded to his competitor by a strictly parti- 
zan vote. At the next election, he became a candidate against the same com- 
petitor, and was elected by a majority sufficiently large to place his right to 
his seat bej^md question. While a member of the house of Representatives 
pursuant to this last election, he was a member of the committee on Federal 
Relations, to whom were referred the far famed secession Jackson reso- 
lutions, and drew up the report in opposition thereto, which was signed by a 
majority of the committee. This report, being actually the report of the 
commitiee, was suppressed ; and, in lieu thereof, appeared a report signed by 
only two members ot the committee, and falsely styled the "Report of the 
Committee on Federal Relations." 

After the expiration of his term of service in the legislature, he again 
turned his attention exclusively to art, but not exclusively to portraiture. 
Indulgiug his pencil in a wider range than hitherto, he commenced the il- 
lustrations of life and manners, as exhibited in the conduct and pursuits of 
the free and untrammelled sons of the west, with whom he had been from 
childliood associated. His picture of the "jolly Flat boatmen," was the first 
fruit of this indulgence. It was purchased by the Art Union, of New York, 
selected as the subject of its annual engraving, which, being distributed 
among its members, gave the picture a wide celebrity. It was followed by 
the " Stump Speaking," " County Election," " Result of the Election," and 
other works of a similar character, several of which were engraved and pub- 
lished in Paris. In 1856, he went to Europe with his family, visited Loudon, 
Paris, Berlin, and the Art City of Dusseldorf, remaining in the latter place 
three years, devoting his entire time to the study and practice of his 
profession. • 

As an artist, Mr. Bingham possesses decided genius. The pictures which 
he has painted, illustrating western life and character, are works of much 
merit; and, in this line, for originality and accuracy, he has no superior, per- 
haps, in our country. As a portrait painter, he also stands deservedly high. 
The evidences of his genius and skill in this respect, are to be found in pri- 
vate residences in many parts of Missouri, as well as in other portions of the 
country. Nearly all the pictures which adorn the Capitol of the State at 
Jefferson City, are the works of his pencil. Amongst these are full-length 
portraits of Washington, Jefferson, and Clay, and also equestrian portraits of 
General Jackson and General Lyon. In the Mercantile Library at St. Louis, 
is a full-length portrait of Baron Von Humboldt, and Frank P. Blair; and in 
the State University at Columbia, a similar portrait of Hon. James S. Rollins. 
It is not alone in his profession, that Mr. Bingham has won an enviable 
fame. Wherever he is known his name is he'd in honorable mention, as a 
good citizen and an honorable man. As the Treasurer of the State during 
tlie dark and trying period of civil war, and when great opportunities were 
offered to make money, he discharged the duties of tlie office with scrupu- 
lous fidelity to his trust; coming out of it as he went in, a poor, but homsL 
man. In the discharge of the delicate and important duties of the office 




l!ili!l!i!lllii!iililS!!l;!llffiJiilill!i;Eili;Biili;!i!Siia^ 



GEORGE C. BINGHAM, 



HISTOKY OF MISSOITKI. 471 

which he now holds, he has acquitted himself with credit. Mr. Bingham is 
ii man of fine intellectual powers; he has read extensively, and is a gentle- 
man of wide intelligence. He is a terse, strong and vigorous writer. 

At the beginning of the late war, he espoused the cause of the Union •, 
and, raising a company of volunteers, lie joined tl»e Union army. As tlie 
force to which he was attached was surrendered at the capitulation of Lex- 
ington, he was tendered, by Governor Gamble, the position of Treasurer of 
the State, which he held until the close of the war. Having regarded tlie 
war on the part of the federal government, justifiable only on the grounds 
set forth in the well-known Crittenden resolution, tlie departure therefrom, 
in its conduct, associated him for the first time in his life with the demo- 
cratic party, to which he still adheres. His dwelling in Kansas City having 
been destroyed, during the war, by its use as a military prison, he remained 
for three years, after his retirement from the office of State Treasurer, in the 
neighboring town of Independence. While there, he painted his picture, 
entitled "Martial Law." At the beginning of Governor Hardin's adminis- 
tration, he was appointed to his present office of Adjutant-General. 

General Bingham was married in 1836 to Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Na- 
thaniel Hutchinson, then of New Franklin, Howard county, Missouri, by 
whom he had four children, only two of whom, are now living, a son and a 
daughter. He became a widower in 1848, and a year subsequent thereto 
was married to Miss Eliza, daughter of the late Rev. Robert T. Thomas, of 
Columbia, Missouri. His present wife has borne him one child, now a lad 
of fifteen years. Mr. Bingham is a member of the Baptist church. 

J.\MEs H. BiKCH was born- in Montgomery county, Virginia, on the 27th of 
March, 1804. His father, the Rev. Thomas E. Birch, emigrated from that 
State to Kentucky, and settled near Cynthiana, at an early day, where he died 
whilst the subject of this sketch was yet a youth. His mother's maiden 
name was Mary Miller, of whom it has been written — "she was a model 
Christian, wife, and mother." Soon after the death of his f.itlier, (which 
occurred in 1831 ), he left school, and for a time pursued the study of medi- 
cilie, but finaly abandoned that, and entered the law otlice of Hon. John 
Trimble, then a Judge of the Supreme Court, and in due time was admit- 
ted to the bar. In 1825 he was married to Sarah Catherine, daughter of 
Daniel Halstead, of Lexington, Kentuckj-, and resided the year afterwards 
near Louisville. In the latter part of 1826, he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, 
to take part in the editorial conduct of the "St. Louis Enquirer," a paper 
which had been founded and edited by Colonel Benton. He did not long 
remain, however, in this relation, but in July, 1827, removed, with the 
material of his paper, to Fayette, Missouri, where he established the " West- 
ern Monitor," which, at that time, was the most western paper j)ublished in 
the United States. In its columns, he supported Jackson and Calhoun in 
1828; and as condensing ail tiiat can be said of his political consistency or 
inconsistency, it may be stated that he has subsequently supported tlie 
national nominations of his i)arty, in every contest, save those wiiieli gave 
the leadership to Van Hureu, against whom he voted in 1886, and for Ilarri. 
son ill 1840, 



47:i AN IJ.LTJSTRATED 

He was elected clerk of the House of representatives, at the session of 
1828-9, and secretary of the senate, the sessi(jn following; and as soon as he 
was eligible to the office, he was chosen senator from the district comprised 
of the counties of Howard and Randolph. As he had been previousl)^ con- 
nected with the Senate, in another capacity, he entered upon his duties with 
superior advantages, and at once took a commanding position. Although the 
junior of all his brother senators, he was made chairman of the joint com- 
mittee to revise the laws, and was thus honored, to preside where such men 
as Barton, and Bates, had been charged with the revision of the statutes of 
the State. After serving one session, however, he resigned this office, and 
resumed the publication of his newspaper, and the practice of law. 

During the earlj' part of the administration of President T^'ler, he was 
selected for the office of Register of the new Laud Office, and, subsequently 
accepted the position, removed to Plattsburg, and established the office there 
in the spring of 1843. In 1849, he received the appointment of Judge of the 
Supreme Court, and held that office until the election of 1852, at which he 
declined to be a candidate. Shortly after this, he was again appointed Regis- 
ter of the Land Office, and subsequentlj'^ re-appointed. He was a member of 
the Constitutional convention, of 1861, and as such, was so thoroughly a 
Union conservator, as to bring him into annoying complications with the 
extremists of each part}^ by whose soldiery he was, at different times, 
arrested and detained, but, by each, set at liberty, without either final accu- 
sation or trial. In all matters of public improvement, and in the develop- 
ment of the resources of the State, he has been among the foremost to 
suggest such measures as were calculated to further those designs. He Avas 
one of the earliest advocates of a railroad to the Pacitic; became a stock- 
holder, to the extent of his means, in the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad; 
and advocated county subscriptions to the other roads, through his county, 
but openly opposed all extravagance and jobbery, in their construction. 

Mr. Birch has been twice married, his present wife being a daughter of 
Fitzhugh Carter, of Fairfax county, "Virginia. He has raised a family of 
four children, two of whom are married and settled in life. His homestead, 
for the last thirty years, has been at Prairie Park, near Plattsburg, where he 
owns a large body of fertile land, well watered, well improved, and well cul- 
tivated. "With this ample and beautiful estate, a large and well chosen 
library, and a household of the most elevated culture and affection, of which 
he is at once the patriarch and pride, this venerable citizen is quietl}' and 
peacefully enjoying the evening of an honored and useful life. To-day he 
stands perfectly erect, with unimpaired constitution and robust health, as in 
his prime; still in the elastic vigor of a well preserved physical manhood, 
and with powers of investigation, analysis, and address, " chastened by time 
— undimmed by age." 

Francis Pueston Bl.vir was born in Lexington, Kentucky, on the 19th of 
February 1821, being descended from historic ancestry, the Blairs and the 
Prestons of Virginia. He was a studious boy, and made fair progress in the 
rudiments of learning; when at the age of ten, he went to "Washington with 
his father, a devoted adherent of Andrew Jackson, who was instrumental in 



HISTOUY OF MiasoiJiti. 473 

placing him in charge of llie Admliiislratloii organ called "The Globe." 
After being about five years at the Capital, he entered Princeton College 
where he graduated with high honors. Returning to .Washington he 
studied law, and in 1843 was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court 
of Kentucky, at Lexington, his native town. Desiring a wider sphere for his 
abilities he removed in a short time to St. Louis, and was practicing his pro- 
fession with fair success, when the Mexican war broke out, suffusing the 
people with military ardor. Being in New Mexico at that particular period, 
for the benefit of his health, he enlisted, and joined Bent's command there as 
a private, and afterwards acted as attorney under Bent's provisional govern- 
ment, established by General Kearny. Returning to St. Louis, he entered 
public life as a Free Soiler in the Van Buren-Adams campaign of 1848, and 
during the entire three years was the leader of his party in Missouri. Mr. 
Blair was a member of the State Assembly from 1852 to 185G, and in these 
perilous days fearlessly asserted the principles of the minority which he 
represented. Closing for the time his legislative career in Missouri, he en- 
tered the House of Representatives in 1857, and from that year until 1865 re- 
presented the St. Louis district, being elected to each Congress, from the thirty- 
fifth to the thirty -seventh by large majorities over his democratic opponent. 

During this eventful period, Blair steadily supported the cause of free- 
dom, at the same time using all his influence to avert the dire calamity 
of war, then impending. Finding all such etForts futile, and war inevitable, 
he prepared promptly for the emergency. He foresaw the danger to his own 
State in the whirl of disunion, first inaugurated in South Carolina, and with 
all the strength of his nature determined to avert it, and to save tiie 
State from secession. Anticipating a movement upon the arsenal at St. Louis, 
which was well stocked with arms and munitions of war, months before the 
general call to arms which followed the firing of Fort Sumter, he had 
secretly enrolled 1000 volunteers, who were in due lime organized as the Ist 
Missouri Regiment. Commanding this force, subordinate to General Lyon, 
he aided in the capture of Camp Jackson, with three thousand Confederates 
assembled there, under the command of D. M. Frost. It is only just to Gen- 
eral Blair to record that this movement was undertaken at his suggestion, and 
upon him rested all its momentous responsibilities. It was so recognized by 
the government, and at the suggestion of General Scott, he was offered a 
Brigadier-Generalship, as a token of such recognition; but with his accus- 
tomed unselfishness and magnanimit}', he insisted that it belonged to Gen- 
eral Lyon who commanded on the field. 

This victory (one of the first of the war) roused the patriotic feelings of the 
people in the south-west, and stemmed effectually the secession movement in 
Missouri. When war had begun on a grand scale, Blair left his place in Con. 
gress with the rank of Major-General, and joined the army of General Sher- 
man, then advancing against Vicksburg. He led his brigade in the assault 
on the defences of that city, captured the works and for a time held his 
ground, but was finally driven out by the concentration of an overpowering 
force of the enemy, no suppnri being given him. Hih gallantry and skill on 
this occasion caused General Grant to declare him the "ablest volunteer 



474 VN ri.MlSTKATED 

officer in the service." Withdrawing his brigade from before Vicksburg^ 
General Blair joined General McClcrnand's expedition against Little Rock, 
Arkansas, and dontributed maltiially to the successes which were there 
achieved. Being invested with the command of the 3nd division of Gen- 
eral Sherman's corps, the historic fifteenth, General Blair took part in the 
109 days siege of Vicksbnrg. In the famous three days march in detour 
behind Vicksburg, his division was always in advance, and at the final 
assault he led General Mower's brigade in person, displaying which won for 
him the thanks of Generals Grant and Sherman. 

After a few months devoted to restoring his shattered health, General Blair 
rejoined General Sherman (Oct. 11th, 1863), who re-appointed liim his second 
in command. He marched with his commander from Vicksburg to Corinth,, 
and thence to Tuscumbia, routing General Lee's cavalry on the way. He then 
succeeded General Sherman, (appointed Commander of the Armj- of the 
Tennessee), in the command of the fifteenth corps, and followed his leader 
in tlie eventful march from Memphis to Chatauooga participating in the 
victories of Lookout Mountain and Missionarj' Ridge. Arriving at Chalanooga 
General Blair's corps was selected to march to the immediate relief of Knox- 
ville, where Burnside was surrounded by the forces of General LongstreeL 
Before reaching the place, however, the foe had retired, and the hard-w^orn 
troops and their brave leader enjoyed a season of repose. 

General Blair was sttcceeded (Dec. 7tli, 1868) in tlie coiiimand of the fif- 
teenth corps by General Logan, and the army being in winter quarters, he 
resumed his seat in Congress. At the opening of the fall campaign he was 
again in the field, commanding the seventeenth corps in General Sherman's 
army, then entering upon his march to the sea. His corps comprised the 
divisions of Generals Leggett, Mower and Smith, and formed tlie advance of 
the army's right wing. General Blair accompanied his troops through Geor- 
gia and the Carolinas; closing his military career with the advent of peace. 
His troops were disbanded at Louisville, July 11th, 1865. . Peace being achiev- 
ed. General Blair sought to restore goodwill between the recent combatants, 
but in this eftort he entertained, and boldly promulgated views, widely differ- 
ing from those of the political party with which he had heretofore afiiliated. 
Hence he soon became unpopular with that partj^ and although once and 
again nominated to important official positions by President Johnson, he was 
denied confirmation by the Senate. In 1858, he became fully identified with the 
democratic party, and his name was brought prominently before the people 
of the country in connection with the nomination for President; and in the 
National democratic convention held July 4th of that year, he received a 
handsome support. Mr. Seymour, however, receiving the nomination. Gen- 
eral Blair was placed on the ticket as candidate for Vice-President, on the 
first ballot. 

In January, 1871, Mr. Blair re-entered the State legislature of Missouri 
after an interval of fifteen years. The same month he was cliosen to fill the 
vacancy caused by the resignation of Drake in the United States Senate, and 
took his seat January 25th. During his term of two years, he took a leading 
part in the Senate in the discussion of the enforcement acts, and was a mem- 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 475 

ber of the Kii Klux committee, and wrote the minority report of that commit- 
tee. He also manifested great interest in all matters effecting his own State. 
Resuming his residence in St. Louis, he was appointed State Superintend- 
ent of Insurance, and held that position at the time of his death, which took 
place at midnight, July 8th, 1875. 

This brief sketch of one of the nation's noblemen, cannot be better 
closed than b}^ quoting these words ascribed to General Sherman: "I al- 
ways had a most exalted regard for Frank Blair. I always regarded him 
as one of the truest patriots, most honest and honorable of men, and one 
of the most courageous soldiers this country ever produced. I never lost 
sight of the services he rendered the country, in the outbreak of tlie war; and 
I full}' concede, and always have conceded that to his boldness, promptitude, 
and firmness, more than to anything else, the country is indebted for the pre- 
servation of St. Louis, as a strategic point, and for the salvation of Missouri 
from secession. Frank Blair was a noble, generous, honest man. He was 
brave, frank, sincere, and unselfish. His virtues will live forever, because 
they reflected good upon others; while his faults will be buried with him, 
because the}' harmed no one but himself." 

Henry Taylor Blow was born in Southampton, Virginia, July 15th, 1817. 
He received excellent early instruction. He graduated from the St. Louis 
University with distinction. He started in life a clerk to the drug establish- 
ment of Joseph Charless & Sou, in St. Louis, — being, after the retirement of 
the senior member, taken into the firm as a partner, by the son, — and the 
name changed to Charless & Blow. He continued actively in business, — 
his interests being largely in the manufacturing of white lead, after leaving 
the drug firm, in 1844. 

In 1800, Mr. Blow, as a republican, took an active part in the political 
campaign, which resulted in the election of Abraham Lincoln. The next 
year, he was honored with the appointment of Minister to Venezuela. The 
war at home induced Mr. Blow to tender his resignation at the close of 
nearly a year's service in Venezuela. Upon his return, he was elected, in 
the (then) second Congressional District, a member of Congress, upon the 
republican ticket. He was re-elected to the thirty-ninth Congress. Early 
in President Grant's first term, he was tendered the mission to Brazil, Avhich 
he accepted. He left St. Louis for his port, on the 16th of July, 1869. He 
returned to the United States in February, 1871, and actively resumed busi- 
ness. In June, 1874, he was appointed by Grant one of the commissioners 
of the government of the District of Columbia. He resigned the position in 
December of the following year. Mr. Blow was married to Minerva Grim- 
sley, daughter of Thorton Grimsley, on the 14th of July, 1840. She died 
on the 28th of June, 1875. Six children survive this most estimable wife 
and mother. 

Lewis Vital Bogy, one of tlie present United States Senators from Mis- 
souri, was born on the 9lh day of April, 1813, in the town of Ste. Genevieve, 
Missouri. His advantages for an education were very limited. In January, 
1832, he commenced the study of law with Nathaniel Pope, of Kaskat.kia, 
having, at the same time, an ambition for political preferment not unusual in 



4:70 ATSr TLLTT??TRATED 

American joutbs. He had even then, it seems, fixed upon the Senate of the 
United States as the goal of liis ambition, never once losing sight of the 
prize, until forty-one j^ears afterward, it was reached by him. This shows a 
remarkable tenacity of purpose. He enlisted as a private in Captain Jacob 
Feamun's company, which formed a part of the regiment commanded by 
Colonel Gabriel Jones, of General Henry's brigade, in the Black Hawk war. 
This brigade, at the battles of Wisconsin Heights and Bad Axe, did efficient 
service. On the termination of the war. Bogy resumed his study of the law. 
In December, 1830, he went to Lexington, Kentucky, to attend the law school 
of Transylvania University. Upon graduating at that school he returned to 
his native town, reaching there in the month of March, 1835. He immediately 
thereafter went to St. Louis, and opened a law office, after having been ad- 
mitted to the bar. He devoted himself to his profession until 1849. 

He was a candidate for the legislature of the State in 1840, and was elected- 
Being then but twenty-seven years of age, he was, probably, the youngest 
member of the House. In 1849, feeling no longer the necessity of devoting 
liimself to his profession, he moved to his native county, where he purchased 
a farm, near the town of Ste. Genevieve, and where subsequently he was, for 
the second time, elected to the State legislature. In 1848, he, with others, 
had purchased Pilot Knob, but the speculation proved disastrous to his for- 
tune. To retrieve which he again entered upon the practice of the law, which 
he continued until the commencement of the war of the Rebellion. He con 
tinned in private life until placed by President Johnson, in 1867, at the head 
of the Indian Bureau, as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He remained in 
office but a short time, again retiring to private life. 

On the 15th of January, 1873, Mr. Bogy was elected by the Missouri 
legislature. United States Senator, by a majority over J. B. Henderson, of 
fift3^-nine votes. At a called session of the Senate, soon after, he took his 
seat. His Senatorial career has been, thus far, a highly honorable one. Mr. 
Bogy married, in early life, a daughter of Bernard Pratte. He has three 
children,— one son and two daughters, — all married. 

James M. Boiiart was born in Buchanan countj^, Missouri, November 15th, 
1841, and is of a family of eight children, all of whom are living. He at aa 
early age became a pupil of that eminent educator. Prof. James M. Ewing, 
and remained under his instruction until he obtained a good education. 
When sixteen j'ears of age he commenced teaching, and followed this voca- 
tion until the war, when in response to the call of Governor Jackson, he enlisted 
in the "Missouri State Guards." With this corps he participated in the en- 
gagements at Blue Mills, and Lexington, and when his term of service expired 
ho rc-cnlistcd at Springfield, Missouri, in the Confederate service, and waa 
commissioned first Lieutenant in Gates' regiment, (1st Missouri Cavalry, a 
part of the old first brigade). He participated in the battles and marches of 
the first brigade, until he was captured, with his command, in the rear of 
Vicksburg, and was held as a prisoner of war at Johnson's Island, Point Look- 
out, and Fort Delaware. At the conclusion of the war, he went to Nebraska 
City, and engaged in trade and freighting, but in 1866, removed to Clay 
county, Missouri, where his occupation alternated between farming and 



HISTOKY OK MISSOUKI. ■* i i 

school teaching until 1S73, when hewus elected superintendent oftlie Liberty- 
public schools. In 1875, Mr. Bohart was elected a member of the lower house 
of the twenty-eightli General Assembly, from Clay, in which capacity he 
served as chairman of the committee on education, also as member of com- 
mittee on State University and Public Library'. In politics, Mr. Bohart is an 
ardent and earnest member of the democratic part}% faithfully adhering to- 
and defending its principles, but is never biased by political affinities in 
matters of public importance. He has been twice married. His present wife 
was Ada Field, daughter of Judge Joseph Field of Clay county, Missouri. 

B.\NTON Gallatin Boone is a direct lineal descendant of Daniel Boone, the 
Kentucky pioneer, and a grandson of Captain Samuel Boone, one of the 
earliest settlers of Callaway county, who was a grandson of the brave old 
hunter of the "dark and bloody ground." His father, Dr. B. G. Boone, died 
on the 23d day of October, 1838, a short time before the birth of his child. 
"Born to an inheritance of orphanage and a patrimony of poverty" Banton 
lived with his grandfather until he was ten years old. In 1854, he went to 
Troy, Lincoln county, Missouri, to learn the printing business, and soon 
became associated in the publication of the "Troy Gazette," the first news- 
paper published in that county. About two years after, he removed to Clin- 
ton, Henry county, which place has since been his home. Without money, 
without friends, or acquaintance, it was a dark hour for the young printer 
when he entered the strange city. But it was the darkness which precedes 
the dawn of a brighter day. Through the kindness of A. M. Tutt, a promi- 
nent citizen of Clinton, he received the appointment of deputy circuit clerk, 
which position he iilled with much acceptance for four years, improving- 
the few leisure hours of day, with the hours of night, in reading law. He was 
licensed to practice in 1860. In 1861, he espoused the Confederate cause, 
and after the war returned to the practice of his profession in Clinton, and, 
by his integrity and ability, has built up an extensive and successful business. 

During the canvass of 1874, his name was mentioned favorbly b}^ many of 
the democratic papers of the State in connection with the office of Attorney- 
General, and the same year a number of leading and influential democrats of 
his Congressional district, (the 7th) requested him by a public call, to allow 
his name to be used as a candidate for Congress; but he declined to run for 
either position. In 1874, he was nominated by the democratic voters of his 
county for representative, and at the November election, of the same year, he 
was elected to that office by the largest majority ever given to any candidate 
for the same office in the county. In January, 1875, upon the organization 
of the house of Representatives of the twenty-eighth General Assembly, he 
was nominated on the first ballot, in the democratic caucus, for speaker, his 
opponents being General James Shields, and M. V. L. McLelland. He was 
subsequently elected by a vote of ninetj'-six to twenty-four, J. L. Bittinger, of 
Buchanan, being his republican opponent. Possessed of quick perceptive 
powers, legal acumen of no common^ order, and a clear comprehension of 
parlimentary rules, he was well fitted for the position to which he was called^ 
whilst his courtesy and honor, his impartial and unpartisan conduct, together 
with his uniform fidelity to the public good, won for him the regard of the- 



478 AN ILLUSTRATED 

entire General Assembly. In politics, Mr. Boone nas always been a demo- 
crat, and from boyhood has taken an active interest in all political matters 
in the State. He is a close and laborious student, and fondly devoted to the 
profession of his choice, and yet has been able to devote considerable time to 
historical and literary studies. He has ever manifested a strong regard for 
all the public institutions of his country, for educational and religious 
purposes, and has been a liberal contributor to their support. 

Montgomery Bottom, M. D., of Breckenridge, Caldwell county, was born 
in Amelia county, Virginia, on the 4th day of November, 1828. His father, 
John T. Bottom, was a prominent lawyer, and an influential citizen in his 
count}', and immigrated to Missouri, and settled at St. Joseph about 1855. He 
commenced the study of medicine in 1846. Passing through the elementary 
grades under the instruction of Drs. Charles Bell Gibson, and Carter P. John- 
son of Richmond, Virginia, he entered Virginia Medical College from which 
institution he graduated in 1849. After spending some months in travel, he es- 
tablished himself in his profession at St. Marys, Pleasant county, Virginia, 
(now West Virginia) in 1851, and soon built up an extensive and lucrative 
practice. In 1853, Dr. Bottom was elected to the Virginia legislature, from 
Pleasant and Ritchie counties, in which capacity he served on several import- 
ant committees, and gave attention largely to measures for the developement 
of the mineral and agricultural resources of his section of the State. In 18G0 
he removed from Virginia, to Caldwell county, Missouri, where he has since 
resided. He has gained a wide spread reputation as a faithful and SKillful 
practitioner. In 1870 he was chosen president of Caldwell county Medical 
Societ}^ and in 1875 he was elected to the same position in the Grand Review 
District Medical Society. Always taking a deep interest in all that per- 
tained to educational mattei-s, he was called to preside as President of the 
Board of education of Breckenridge in 1871, and re-elected in 1872. 

Dr. Bottom has always given much time to reflection and study in the 
interests of the science of his profession, and has done much to elevate and 
purify the tone of medical practice in liis part of the State. Although many 
times solicited to accept political preferment, he has constantly declined, 
feeling that there was enough in the realm of his profession to tax his strength 
and occupy his time, and only in the interests of general eaucation could he 
be drawn from this strict devotion. His wife was Miss Lousinia Harrison, a 
daughter of Joseph F. Harrison of Mouongahela county, Virginia, who was 
for many years a well known and influential citizen of that State. He has 
five children ; three sons and two daughters. 

James Overton Broadhead was born in Cliarlotteville, Albemarle county, 
Virginia, on the 29th of May, 1819. His father, Captain Ardilles Broadhead, 
was a man of much influence in his native State, for many years ruling 
elder of the Presbyterian church, and judge of the county court. His family 
consisted of five children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the oldest. 
He pursued a careful preparatory course with his uncle. Dr. Frank Carr, and 
at sixteen entered the Universitj' of Virginia. Here he spent a year in dili- 
gent study, supporting himself wholly by his own eff'orts. After this, he was 



IIISTUUY OF MlSSOUlil. 479 

«nga.sred for a year or so in teaching near B;illiinore. He immigrated to Mis- 
souri in 1837, stopping tirst at St. Louis. Here he found employment as tutor 
in the family of Edward Bates, and at the same time persuing the study of 
law under that eminent jurist. In 1843, he was licensed and immediately 
commenced the practice of law at Bowling Green, Missouri. He soon 
acquired an extensive practice, and won for himself many friends. lu 1845 
he was chosen a delegate to the constitutional convention from the second 
Senatorial district, and in 1847 he was elected a member of the legislature 
from Pike county, running as a whig, and securing his election against a 
decided democratic majorit}', after an exciting canvass. In 1850, he was a 
<;audidate for the State Senate. The contest was warm and the debates 
spirited, but again he was triumphant. In all lhe.se positions of trust he took 
a prominent position, and by his faithfulness and ability, proved the wisdom 
of the people's choice. Iul859, Mr. Broadhead removed to St. Louis and 
formed a partnership with the late Hon F. C. Sharp which continued until 
the decease of the latter in 1875. In 18GI in the midst of the excitements 
preceding the war, he took strong ground for the federal government, and 
against secession, and in conjunction with Frank P. Blair, and other honored 
names, aided activelj^ to stem the tide of disunion, and resist the invading 
force which threatened his adopted State. As secretary of the committee on 
Safety, to whom was confided the guidance of all movements in the interest 
of the L^nion, he aided in the erection of a most efficient military organiza- 
tion, which alone, under the leadership of the gallant Lyon, prevented the 
capture of the St. Louis Arsenal. 

The legislature having provided by law for the call of a constitutional 
convention, the struggle for and against the Union was most exciting in the 
choice of delegates, but Mr. Broadhead and the rest of the Union ticket were 
chosen bj"^ a majority of nearly six thousand. As a member of that conven- 
tion he was chairman of the committee whose report the convention adopted, 
by which the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, 
and Treasurer, were declared vacant. During the sessions of this body. Broad 
head was one of the most prominent, active, and influential members, shap- 
ing its course and moulding the Union sentiment of the State. While a 
member of the body, he was appointed Provost-Marshal General of the de- 
partment, and in this capacity rendered inestimable service to the cause of 
the Union. As a member of the late constitutional convention he took an 
active and a leading part and aided in perfecting the present constitution. 
His great success as a legislator, public speaker, counsel, or Provost-marshal 
demonstrated great ability, and power. As a lawj'er, he stands in the fore- 
most rank. 

J.\MEs H. Britton is a Virginian bj' birth, having been born in Shenan- 
doah, now Page county, in that State, on the 11th day of July, 1817. His 
early opportunities for obtaining an education were somewhat limited, but 
were improved to the utmost extent, and were sufficient to give him such 
theoretical training, as, superadded to his natural aptness for business, and 
what practical knowledge he had acquired meanwhile, fitted him to enter 
npon his course of life with high hopes of success. At the earlj' age of 



480 AN" ILLUSTRATET) 

thirteen he entered a store in Sperryville, in his native State, and after 
serving an apprenticeship of four years, he was intrusted witli the care of a 
store in Thompsonville. Two years later he was taken into the concern with 
Mr. George Ficklen, its former proprietor. Tliis partnership continued for 
two years, during which time he was married. In 1840, Mr. Britton came to 
Missouri, and witli a small capital opcoed a store in Troy, Lincoln count}', 
where he resided for the seventeen years succeeding. Economy, energy, and 
fair dealing brought their proper reward, in a lucrative business, and many 
strong ties of friendship. In 1857, he closed out his business at Troy, and 
removed to St. Louis, accepting the responsible position of cashier of the 
Southern Bank, which position he filled until 1864, when he was chosen its 
president. His talents as a financier and as an active, honorable business 
man, soon called him to preside over the oldest, richest, and most powerful 
moneyed institution in the city — the National Bank of the State of Missouri. 
In this position he still remains. He has never been an office-seeker, but has 
been elected to quite a number of responsible, if not lucrative positions. In 
1848, he was secretary of the Missouri State Senate; in 1853, and again in 
1854, he was elected to the legislature from Lincoln county ; he afterwards 
served as chief clerk of the house of Representatives during the session of 
1856 — 57. For several years he was treasurer of Lincoln county, and post- 
master at Troy, the county seat. After the death of John J. Roe, he was two 
3'ears president of the Life Association of America. He enjoys the respect 
and esteem of all classes of society. As treasurer of the Illinois and St. 
Louis Bridge company, he has not only proved a safe custodian of its mil- 
lions of money, but lias been a most active and efficient member of the Board 
of directors. 

Henry C. Brochmeyer was born near Minden, Prussia, on the 12th of 
August, 1828. At the age of sixteen he left home, reaching New York in an 
emigrant ship, penniless, and with no knowledge of the English language. 
Out of means, and friendless, he at once sought employment. Accumulating 
enough money, he left the city and made his way westward. Finally, in 
August, 1848, he reached St. Louis, and was afterward employed in the tan- 
nery of John Howe for two months. Meeting with an old classmate he went 
with him to Memphis, Tennessee, finally stopping at Columbus, Mississiopi, 
where he obtained work at his trade. Saving his money, and becoming 
interested in religious questions, he went to Georgetown College, Kentucky, 
and finally to Brown University at Providence, Rhode Island, for the purpose 
of qualifying himself for one of the learned professions. 

In 1854, he returned to St. Louis. Taking his books and a gun, he went into 
the woods in "Warren county, where, providing himself with a few articles 
of household furniture, he moved into an abando;.ied cabin, where he re- 
mained nearl}' three years, reading and studying his books, with a faithful 
dog as his only companion. He made his own clothes and shoes, supnlied 
himself with game, and cooked his own meals. Having satisfied himself 
with this singular mode of life, and ambitious to do something which would 
insure him a comfortable independence, he returned to St. Louis, and found 
employment in the iron foundry of Giles F. Filley, and afterwards in that of 



U18TOKY OF MISSOUIII. 4S1 

Bridge, Beach & Co. After u time lie returned to Warren county, where lie 
bou.i,'lit a tructofSO acres of land, oil wliich once more he commenced the 
life of a recluse student. During the summer of 1801, he married Elizabeth 
Robertson, of St. Louis; enrolled himself in the Union militia; was elected 
captain of the company, and was subsequently commissioned as lieutenant- 
colonel with authority to organize a regiment. This he accomplished in 
three weeks, and the muster-roll, togetlier with a petition from officers and 
men, that he be appointed colonel, were presented to Governor Gamble. 
Both were declined, and in a few days after, he was arrested on a charge of 
disloyalty, and thrown into Gratiot street prison — a proceeding which it is 
said was instigated by General Lewis Merrill, then in command of the dis- 
trict, with headquarters at Warrenton. After an investigation of the facts, he 
was soon released, and at the next election (18G2) he was chosen as a Union 
democrat by a large majority, member of the legislature from Warren. 
During his term of office he exhibited marked ability, voted for Samuel T. 
Glover for United States Senator, and sustained the policy then advocated by 
the war democrats. At the close of his term, he removed to the city of St. 
Louis and entered on the practice of law; he was elected to the Board of 
aldermen in 1866; and to the State Senate in 1870. He served as chairman of 
the committee on the judiciary for two years, and chairman of the committee 
on wa}s and means during the last two years of his term. He was an earnest 
advocate for the calling of the convention to revise the c<mstitution of the State ; 
was elected a member of that body in 1875, and served as chairman of the 
committee on the legislative department, which contains many important 
changes made in that instrument. 

Chakles H. Brown, of Lamar, Barton county, was born in Albany, New 
Yoik, in 1842, and received a liberal education in that State. In 1861, he re- 
moved to Illinois, and in 1863 entered the law department of the University at 
(Chicago, graduating therefrom at the head of the class in 1863. He received 
his first license to practice from the Supreme Court of Illinois soon after. In 
1864, he located at Monmouth, Illinois, where he engaged successfully in the 
practice of his profession for about two years. In 1866, he removed to Bar- 
ton county, Missouri, where he has since made his residence, being appointed 
the same year to the office of county attorney. Although ever adhering to 
the principles of the republican part}', yet he never sought to enter the arena 
of political conflict, further than to use his influence for the promotion of 
the ablest men to local office; preferring, rather, to confine himself to the 
quiet routine of his professional duties. In 1874, however, he was called 
from this, his chosen way, and brought prominently before the people. The 
republican party being in the minority in his county, the leading men looked 
for the strongest man to head their ticket, and their choice fell upon 
Mr. Brown. His consistent course upon all matters of public interest, 
together with his prompt, straightforward business habits, had commanded 
the respect of thinking men of both parties. He was nominated for the office 
of representative from Barton county, and the result fully justified the selec- 
tion, for at the ensuing election, while all the other officers of the county were 
triumphantly elected by the democrats, Mr. Brown received the handsome 



4:b-2 AN [LLUSTRATKD 

complimeut of over two hundred majority. Notwithstanding he was a new 
member, and one who belonged to the minority side of tlie House, he at once 
look a prominent position, and was placed upon some of the most important 
committees of that body. As a legislator, lie showed himself possessed of 
unusual ability. As a debator, keen and logical, with quick perceptive 
powers, readily comprehending every movement made by his associates, 
and yet never resorting to ignoble means, to secure even a noble end. 
Altliough of decided political opinions, yet in all matters of public import- 
ance, where the direct political issues of the day were not involved, he was 
ever willing to lay aside his party lines, and act as he believed for the best 
interest of the whole people, and thus he won, not only the confidence and 
esteem of his own political friends, but also of his opponents. 

B. (tH.\tz Brown is of Virginian ancestry, his grandfather being Hon. 
John Brown, who was prominent in the early history' of the country, and 
represented a western district of Virginia, in tlie congressof the United States, 
and also, at a later day, having removed to Kent uck}', was a United States 
Senator from that State. His father. Judge Masitn Brown, was an eminent 
jurist of Kentucky, and was long held in great esteem by the people of that 
State. His mother was the daughter of Hon. Jesse Bledsoe, also an eminent 
advocate and jurist, and at one time United States Senator from Kentucky. 
The subject of this sketch was born at Lexington, Kentucky, May 28th, 1826. 
His early training was in the schools of his native State, and his classical 
course was begun at Transylvania University, Lexington, which he left in 
1845, to enter Yale College, from which institution he graduated in 1847. 
After studying law and receiving license to practice, in 1849, he immigrated 
to St Louis, where he commenced the practice of his profession, but after 
some years' experience abandoned it, and gave himself entirely to other pur- 
suits. About this time, Mr. Brown became identified fuUj^ with the Free 
Soil movement, which had gained some strength in St. Louis, and in 1852, he 
was honored with a nomination and subsequent election, bj'' the new party, to 
a seat in the legislature. In the early part of 1854, he became managing edi- 
tor of the "Missouri Democrat," that paper having but recently consolidated 
with the "Union." In this new field, the young editor found ample scope for 
bis talents, in discussing the exciting questions which came before the public 
at that time, and the "Democrat" soon became a power in the land. Mr. Brown 
was re-elected to the legislature, and took a bolder and more prominent posi- 
tion than at the previous session ; and so earnestly and intelligently did he 
and his associates advocate their principles, that their views were on more 
than one occasion indorsed b3^ the people of the State ; and although in a 
minority, there can be no doubt but the efl:orts of himself and friends, 
at this early daj', educated the minds and hearts of the people to an 
extent which a little later was instrumental in saving the State from seces- 
sion. When the civil war broke out, he was ready for the emergency, and was 
very soon prepared to oiler the government a regiment of three months' vol- 
unteers. Sliortly after the capture of Camp Jackson, in May, 1861, in which 
afl'air Mr. Brown was personally interested, he took the field at the head of 
his regiment, and throughout the campaign in southwest Missouri, he shared 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. liSii 

the dangers aiul privations of the camp and the field. At the session of tlie 
legislature in 1862-3, Brown was nominated for the office of United States Sena- 
tor l)\' the radical emancipationists, who were in minority; but so ardently 
did his friends advocate his claims, that no election was had that session. At 
the adjourned session in 1863-4, the contest was renewed with increased 
vigor and bitterness, and he was opposed by all means known to political 
science. Finally, however, a compromise was effected between the friends 
of Colonel Brown and those of John B. Henderson, by which both were 
elected, thereby filling the two vacancies then existing in the Senatorial office. 
While in the Senate, he served on tlie committee on Military Affairs, Indian 
Affairs, Pacific railroad, Public Buildings and Grounds, Printing, and as 
chairman of the committee on Contingent E.xpenses, after the death of Sena- 
tor Foote. When his terra of office expired, however, his health failed, and 
he was obliged to decline a re-election proffered him at the hands of his 
party, then dominant in the State. 

In the autumn of 1869, Colonel Brown accepted the nomination for Gover- 
nor of Missouri, and supported by a coalition of Liberal republicans and 
democrats, he was triumphantly elected b}^ a majority of more than forty 
thousand ; and although many republicans who supported him returned lo 
the republican party, the Governor did not go with them. At the meetings 
of the National Convention of Liberal republicans held in Cincinnati, May 
3d, 1872, Governor Brown was nominated for the Vice-Presidency on the 
ticket with Horace Greeley for President, which nomination was afterwards 
indorsed by the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore. He accepted 
the nomination and made a vigorous canvass, but with his associate, was 
defeated. Since his retirement from the executive office, he has devoted him- 
self chiefly to the management of his business interests, and in the indnlgence 
of his fine literary tastes. Recently, he has also re-entered upon the practice 
of the law, and is already engaged in some of the heaviest cases pending in 
the courts. His investments have been judicious, and he is in the enjoyment 
of a handsome income therefrom, at tlie present time. He is now in the full 
vigor of a well developed manhood, with powers of thought ripened and 
matured by years of careful study and observation. 

Aylett H.\wes Buckner was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1817, 
tlie eldest of six brothers, five of whom are now living. His father died when 
he was about fifteen years of age, leaving a widowed mother and an estate 
encumbered with debt. He went to scliool at Georgetown College, D. C, dur- 
ing the life of his father, and after that taught school, and was educated by 
his uncle. Dr. Aylett Hawes, who for the sixteen j^ears successivel}' repre- 
sented the Culpeper (Virginia) district in Congress; and who at his death, 
liberated one hundred and twenty slaves, and provided for their emigration 
to Liberia. In 1837, he immigrated to Missouri, settled at Palmyra, where he 
studied law at night, and performed the duties of deputy slieriff of that 
county in the day. He was licensed to practice law in 1838, by the Supreme 
Court of Missouri. He removed to Bowling Green, in Pike county, him- 
self and Judge Gilchrist Porter, then being the onl}^ lawyers there. In 1841 
he was elected clerk of the Pike county court, having previously purchased 



4S4 AX ILLUSTRATED 

and edited llic "Salt liivcr Journal," and supported Martin Van Bureu for 
the Presidency, in the canvass of 1840. While clerk of the county court, he 
devoted himself assiduously to the study of his profession, and at the end 
of his term, declined are-nomination. In 1850, he removed to St. Louis and 
opened a law office, and iu 1852, he was elected attorney for the old bank of 
the State of Missouri, and was subsequently appointed railroad commissioner 
by Governor Sterling Price, in conjunction with Claiborne F. Jackson and 
George W. Hough. In 1855, he returned to Pike county and located on 
a farm near Bowling Green, and in 1857, was elected Judge of the third Judi- 
cial circuit, composed of St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Warren, Montgomery, 
and Callaway counties. While judge, he was elected by the legislature, one 
of five delegates to represent the State of Missouri, in the Peace Congress at 
Washington, in February, 1861. Alexander W, Donjphan, John D. Coalter, 
Henry W. Hough and Waldo P. Johnson being his colleagues. 

In 1862, Judge Buckner removed to St. Charles, and engaged in the manu- 
facture of tobacco iu St. Louis. In 1867, he was selected to attend a conven- 
tion of tobacco manufacturers at Cleveland, and aided in establishing the 
present system of stamping the manufacturetl article. Iu 1868, he was ap- 
pointed a member of the democratic central committee of th'.; Stale, and iu 1872, 
was elected a delegate from the State at large, to the Baltimore convention, and 
in the same year was nominated for Congress from the thirteenth district, 
and elected— re-elected in 1874, and re-nominated for the third term. He was 
appointed on the committee of Private Land Claims in the forty-third Con- 
gress, and soon became the leading member of that committee. His speeches 
on the Civil Rights Bill, and on the contraction of the currency, in the forty- 
third Congress, attracted attention, and during the forty-fourth Congress he 
was made chairman of the District of Columbia committee — one of the 
most responsible committees of the House. During this session he prepared 
a most elaborate report on the aftnirs of the District, and his speech on the 
resumption of specie payment, and national banking, was regarded as one of 
the ablest delivered on thatsubject. Judge Buckner was married in 1841, to 
Mrs. Eliza L. Minor, daughter of James Clark, of Lincoln county, Missouri. 
He resides in the thriving town of Mexico, in Andrain county. 

G.wuN D. BuiiaEss, the present Judge of the eleventh Judicial Circuit of 
Missouri, was born iu 1833, in Mason county, Kentucky. After receiving a 
liberal education he commenced the study of the law in 1852, and com- 
menced practicing his professi(m in 1854, in his native county. Early in 1856, 
Mr. Burgess was married to Delia T.Trimble, and immediately left his native 
State, for Missouri, locating in Milon, Sullivan county, in June, 1856. He 
practiced law iu Sullivan, and adjoining counties, with marked success, and 
was elected in 1858, when but twenty-four years of age, to represent Sulli- 
van ciiunty in the legislature. Although he tilled the position with credit to 
himself, and with entire satisfaction to his friends, he has never filled or 
souglit a political office since, but d'^voted himself assiduously to his profes- 
sion. In 1865, he removed to Linueus, Llnii counlj', where he now resides. 
In 1868, he was the nominee of the democratic party for Judge of the sixth 
Judicial circuit, but in consequence of an overwhelming republican majority. 



IIISTOKV OF MlSSOUIil. 485 

was defeated. lu 1874, he was aLfuiii nominated hy his party to make the 
race lor Judge in the eleventh (formerly sixth) judicial circuit, and was 
elected hy a handsome majority. lie has but one child, an infant son. He 
belongs to no secret socict}, and to no church, though he entertains a pro- 
found regard for the church, and the Christian religion. 

A. II. Bl'UM.noiiam, D. D., was born February 18th, 1822, in Castile, 
"Wyoming county, New York. His fatlier was a farmer, — his mother was 
Hannah Yale, daughter of Aaron Hale, of Connecticut, of Revolutionarj- 
fame. Young Durlingham's earl}' education, was such as was to be obtained 
at the common schools of the day. After reaching his majority, he prepared 
himself for college, entering Madison University, at Hamilton, New York, 
where lie graduated, in 1848. He also graduated from the Theological Semi- 
narj' of the same institution, in 1850. He was afterward ordained pastor of 
of the Grand street Baptist church, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After 
remaining here one year, he was called to the pastorate of the Baptist church, 
at Oswego, New York, where he continued to labor until the autumn of 1852, 
when he received and accepted a call from the Howard street Baptist churcli, 
in Boston. In 1853, he was chaplain of the Massachusetts Senate. In 1856, 
he removed to New York, and became pastor of the South Baptist church. 
Here he remained nine years, when he resigned and sailed for Europe with 
his family. In Paris, Dr. Burlingham succeeded Dr. Sunderland as minis- 
ter of the American Chapel, where he officiated for several months. In 18G6, 
on his return from Europe, he accepted a call from the Second Baptist church 
of St. Louis and has resided in that city ever since, in charge of the same 
congregation. 

Asa lecturer, Dr. Barlingham never fails to attract select audiences. Pos- 
sessed of a fine flow of language, easy and graceful in his delivery, of good jier- 
sonal appearance, — with a fine voice, he is a facinating pulpit orator. His 
genial and sociable nature makes him ever welcome in the polite circles of 
society, while his devotion to the people, and his pure and upright life, 
endeared him to his congregation, and guarantee him the respect and esteem 
of his fellow-citizens. In 1871, while pastor at Oswego, lie was married to 
Emma L. Starr, of Hamilton, New York. His family consists of two chil- 
dren, — boUi sons. 

Theodore Spenceii Case, M. D., the present postmaster at Kansas City, 
was born at Jackson, Butts county, Georgia, January 2()th. 1882. He was 
educated at Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio, graduating at that institution in 
July, 1851. After spending two years in teacliing, he read medicine with 
Prof. S. M. Smith, M. D., at Columbus, and took the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine at the Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, in 1856. For a 
time, he was Professor of Mathematics in Esther Institute, and was engaged 
for a j-ear in the practice of medicine with Professor Smith, at the same time 
being visiting physician to the Ohio State Penitentiary. In May, 1857, Dr. 
Case removed to Mis.souri, and located at Kansas City, where he con- 
tinued the practice of his chosen profession, at the same time giving some 
attention to matters of public interest. In 1860, he was secretary of tiie 



480 AX ILLUSTKATED 

Board of Trade. He has lickl the office of alderman, and also has been a 
director of the Kansas City aud Cameron railroad. During these years, he 
was identified with tlie republican party, and in 1860, was secretary of tlie 
republican executive committee. He also assisted in editing the German 
republican newspaper, the "Kansas City Post," and the "Free State Republi- 
can," these being at that time the only newspapers of that political f.iith, 
west of St. Louis. In June, 1861, he volunteered as a private soldier In Van 
Horn's batallion of the 13th, afterwards the 25th Missouri volunteers. He 
was soon after elected 2d Lieutenant in the same command, and served in 
this capacity about a year, when he was commissioned Captain and Assist- 
ant Quartermaster, and served as District Quartermaster for the "District of 
the Border," in Central Mis.souri, under Generals Ewing, Brown, Pleasauton, 
Fisk, and liosecrans, until March 18th, 1865, when he resigned. Immediately 
tliereafter, he was appointed Colonel, and Quartermaster-General of Mis- 
souri, by Governor Tliomas C. Fletcher, and served as sucli until 18G6. 

Having been discharged from the military service at the close of the war 
Colonel Case returned to his home in Kansas City, and at once took ;.n active 
part in all that pertained to the growth and prosperity of the town. He was 
a director of the K. C, & Ft. S. li. R., and to his influence largely may be 
attributed the success of the enterprise. In 1873, he was appointed post- 
master at Kansas City, which position he still holds. Being of a decided 
literary turn, Mr. Case has written and publislied several papers on scientific 
subjects, besides editing a medical journal, and a work entitled, "Quarter- 
masters' Guide." He is a member of the Baptist church in Kansas Ci(y; 
is benevolent, open-liearted, and confiding in disposition, ardent in his 
attachments, and bearing malice towards none. He has been married three 
times. His present wife was Miss Fidda O. Wright, of Kansas City. He has 
three children. 

William Chrisman was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, November 23d, 
1822. His boyhood was spent on a farm, except when in school, wliere he 
was trained to habits of economy and industry whicli have been sources of 
success in later years. After enjoying the advantages of a thorougli classi- 
cal and collegiate education, he studied law and was licensed to practice in 
his native State. In 1848 he was married, and immediately thereafter, re- 
moved to Missouri, and located at Independence wliere he has since resided. 
Mr. Clirisman entered at once upon the practice of liis profession on coming 
into the State, and for more tlian twenty years gave undivided attention to it. 
During these years, he enjoyed an extensive practice aud the confidence of 
liis fellowmen. His private business becoming varied aud extensive, in 1869 
he found it expedient to retire from the bar, and devote himself to Iiis private 
affairs. He was one of the founders of tlie present banking-house of Chris- 
man & Sawyer, of Independence, and was, also, one of the principal stock- 
lioklers and a director in the First National Bank of the same city from its 
organization. Mr. Chrisman has always been a warm friend of education 
and an able advocate of every public improvement. To liis influence and 
liberality is due largely the establisliment of the Independence Female C.)l- 
lege, aud the erection of its costly and elegant buildings. In political affilia- 



iiisTouY OF .Missonu. 487 

tion, he has been a pronoiinceil democrat for many years, though in lornu'r 
times, an old line whig. He was a member of the hite conslitutional con- 
vention, and as chainnan of the committee, wrote the address to the voters 
of tlie State which was published with the constitution, and Avhich so plainly 
and full}' pointed out its excellencies as to commend it to the people. 

For many years, Mr. Clirisman lias been a member of the Presbyterian 
church, and most of the time has filled tlie office of ruling elder. His wilt- 
was Lucie A. Loe, with whom he was united in marriage in 1848, at Danville, 
Kentucky. They have two children, a son and daughter. His home is one 
of the most beautiful in the county. A large and liandsome cottage sur- 
rounded by ample grounds, ornamented with forest trees, evergreens and 
flowers, joined to a lot of forty acres, within the city limits — a picturesque and 
delightful situation. 

Wiij-iAM Cl.\1{K, originally a Virginian, was born the 1st day of August, 
1770, and removed with his father's family to Kentucky, in 1784, locating al 
the falls of the Ohio, the present site of the city of Louisville. Young Clark 
was early inducted into tlie mysteries of Indian warfare, and at the age of 
eighteen, he went into active service. He was first appointed ensign, and 
four years later we find him a lieutenant of infantry. In 17!)3, the President 
appointed him Adjutant and Quartermaster, in which position he remained 
inactive service until 179G, when he was obliged to resign on account of ill 
health. In the same year, he visited St. Louis where he soon after took up 
his residence, and in 1803, he was tendered by Mr. Jeff'erson, the appoint- 
ment of lieutenant of artillery to assume joint command witli Captain Meri- 
wether Lewis, of an exploring expedition to the Pacific ocean. This was 
accepted, and the party left St. Louis in March, 1804. On this perilous exp<'- 
dition he was the principal military director, while he also rendered material 
assistance to Captain Lewis in the scientific management. Clark then kept 
and wrote the Journal which has since been published. It was to his knowl. 
edge of Indian habits and manners, that the expedition owed its success. He 
was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in Januarj-, 1806. He officiated 
as Indian agent till he was made Brigadier-General for the territory of upper 
Louisiana, b}' Congress. During the war of 1812, he was oft'ered the appoint- 
ment of Brigadier-General in the United States arm}', and the command then 
held by Genera! Hull, but declined both. In 1813, President Madison ap- 
pointed him in place of Governor Howard, resigned. Governor of the terri- 
tory, and Superintendent of Indian affairs. He held both the offices until 
the organization of Missouri as a State in 1820, when being run as a candi- 
date for Governor, he was defeated. He remained in private life until May, 
1822, when he was appointed Superintendent of Indian aflfairs. He held this 
office until his death, and discharged its duties with great fidelity and suc- 
cess. He was the youngest of six brothers, the four oldest of whom were 
distinguished officers in the Revolutionary war. One of them fell in the 
struggle; another was killed b}' the Indians upon the Wabash, and his 
brother, Grorge Rogers Clark, is well known to the peoi)le of the West. Gen- 
eral Clark was a resident of St. Louis for more than thirty years, and died 
there in September, 1838. 



488 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Benjamin P. Cliffmid was bom in 1817, in Logan county, Kentucky. 
He moved to Missouri in tiie year 1825, with liis parents, where be resided 
on a farm until 1833, receiving a very limited education, owing to the fact 
of there being very few schools. Leaving the farm in 1833, he entered a 
dry-goods store as clerli, at Clarksville. By close application to business, he 
won tlie confidence of his employers and their palrons. In the spring of 
1838, he went on the river as clerk of a steamboat in tlie Missouri river 
trade. He was captain of a boat in the same trade, in 1840. From his 
youthful appearance, he was called the "boy captain." Among tlie last 
steamers commanded by him was the "Julia Chouteau," which he built and 
run in the St. Louis and New Orleans trade. In 1844, his health being some- 
what impaired, he quit the river, and located on a farm near Clarksville, 
where he soon after engaged in the mercantile business. He was actively 
employed in this pursuit until 1857, when he was elected cashier of the 
branch of the Bank of the Stale of Missouri at Louisiana, which was just 
tlien being established. The institution was very successfully managed by 
him for four years. On account of severe and close application to business, 
his liealth began to give way, and he resigned his position, returning to his 
fiura. He was afterwards engaged in the mercantile business until 1868, 
when he retired. In 1871, he established (he present Banking House of B. P. 
Clifford »& Co.,— H. S. Carroll being a partner. lu 1862, Mr. Clifford, at the 
call of his friends of all parties, became a candidate for the legislature, and 
was elected by a large majority. He served during the winter sessions from 
1863 to 1864, to the entire satisfaction of his friends. Mr. Clifford is a cau- 
tious and prudent business man ; in disposition, genial and warm-hearted; 
anil is devotedly attached to his family. In religious belief, he is a Metho- 
dist. He has long been a worthy member of the Masonic Order. In 1840, 
he was married to a daughter of Samuel Pepper, near Clarksville. His wife 
died in 1857, the mother of six children. In 1860 he was again married. His 
second wife was a daughter of James Alexander, of Louisiana, Missouri. She 
died in 1873, leaving three children. 

Fr.\.ncis Mauion Cockrell was born in Johnson county, Missouri, Octo- 
ber, 1834. He was reared on a farm, and attended the common schools 
until 1850, when he entered Chapel Hill College in Lafayette county, Mis- 
souri, wliere he graduated in 1853. He studied law, and having been admitted 
to the bar at the age of twenty-one, he located in Warrensburg for the 
practice of his profession. He was a democrat, but always declined solici- 
tations to become a candidate for office. He continued in the law until 
the beginning of the Rebellion, enjoying a fine practice and being very atten- 
tive to his business. Having joined the confederate army, he participated in 
the battle of Pea Ridge; then, with his regiment under Price and Van Doru, 
lie crossed to the east side of the Mississippi and proceeded to Corinth. In 
May, 1802, Cockrell was elected lieutenant-cohmel of the second Missouri; 
and a month later, he was promoted to the colonelcy. He participated in 
the battlcof Iiika; fought at Corinth and at Hatchic. He was was with Pember- 
ton's army in its retreat from Holly Springs to Grenada. He took part in the 
boiubardment of Grand Gulf, and in the battle of Port Gibson. He was in 



HISTORY OV MISSOURI. 4^^ 

the battle (if Champion Hiils, and in that of ihe Big Black. He took part 
in the det'euse i)f Vicksbuiir, and shared all the dangers and privations to 
■which the besieged were subjected. Colonel Cockrell had command of Fort 
Hill, the most important and conspicuous of the defenses of the city. Against 
this, the National forces directed their most strenuous efforts. It was tiie 
kc}' to V'icksburg; and three days after its destruction by the explosion of a 
mine, by which Colonel Cockrell was himself severely injured, Pemberton 
surrendered to General Grant. Cockrell was sent to the Parole Camp at 
Demopolis, Alabama, and was promoted to Brigadier-General. After his ex- 
change, he was with Lieutenant-General Polk's army in front of Sherman, in 
his movement from Vicksburg to Meridian, Mississippi. He joined General 
Joseph E. Johnston's army near Rome, Georgia, and was with it in front of 
Sherman, in his march to Atlanta. He w-as wounded at the battle of Kenesaw 
Mountain. He was with Hood's army on its march in the rear of Atlanta into 
Tennessee. He was in the battle of Alatoona, October 5lh, 1864, and in that 
of Tilton, Georgia, on the loth of the same mouth. He participated in the 
battle of Franklin, where he was three times wounded. On the transfer of 
Hood's army from Mississippi to North Carolina, General Cockrell was, in 
February, 18C5, left at Mobile in command of French's Division, and was 
captured on the evening of April 9ih, 1865, the day of Lee's surrender. He 
w as sent as a prisoner to Fort Gaines, on Dauphin Island, and was paroled 
on the 14th of May, 1865. He was elected a United States Senator by ihe 
Missouri legislature, in January, 1875, for a full term of six years, which 
office lie now holds. 

About 1851, Mr. Coclcrell joined the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and 
has ever since remained a member, — being an elder in the Warrensburg con- 
gregation for several jears. In July, 1853, he was married to Arethusa D- 
Stopp, of Lafajette county, Missouri, by whom he had three children — all 
sons. His wife died in December, 1859. In April, 1866, he was again married. 
His second wife was Anna E. Mann, daughter of James B. Mann, of Mercer 
county, Kentucky. She died of consumption in August, 1871, leaving no 
children. In July, 1878, he was married in St. Louis, to Anna Ewing, eldest 
daughter of the late Judge E. B. Ewing of the Supreme Court of the State. 
The)' have two children — a son and daughter. 

NoKMAN J CoLMAN was born in the county of Otsego, New York, on the 
16th day of May, 1827. Amid theromantic sceneiy which surrounded Otsego 
lake, the boy grew to manhood. His pastime was fi>ihiug and hunting; and 
but few of his age could luuulie a gun or rod with more skill. His father 
was a highly intelligent and respectable fanner, and many public trusts were 
-confided to him by his fellow citizens, which were always most scrupulously 
discharged. His mother was gifted with superior talents, and posessed great 
force of character. Norman grew up, as the sons of most farmers do, work- 
ing on the farm in summer, and attemliug the district school in winter. He 
early evinced a taste for reading. All the booKS within his reach were 
eagerly sought and perused. Every spare moment, even in the most labor- 
ious season of the year, was occupied in improving his mind. Books were 
borrowed from neighbors, and frequently the larger part of the night was 



490 AN ILLUSTKATED 

spent in reading them. At tlie early age of 16, lie had made sufficient 
advancement in his studies to apply for, and receive a license to teach a pub- 
lic school. He attended the AcadL'mj' in a neighboring town in summer, 
helped liis father on the farm in harvest, and taught school in the winter. He 
pursued this course until twenty j^ears of age, when, having acquired a good 
education, he determined to seek a field where he could get better remunera. 
tion for his labors. Accordingly, in the autumn of 1847, he left the parental 
roof, and went to Kentucky, locating at Owensboro, where he leased and fitted 
up the Seminary, and opened a school. After three weeks services, he was 
taken serious]}'- ill, and lay in that condition for several weeks. His physi- 
cians recommended a change of location, and hearing of a vacancy in the 
Seminary at Brandenburg, he determined to go there. He had but one dollar 
left after settling liis bills. This he paid for a deck passage to Brandenburg, 
leaving him without a cent, on his arrival at that place. Upon inquiry, he 
learned the Seminary had just been opened. He went to Judge Denton, who 
was a leading and influential citizen of the town, and told him his situation. 
Denton assisted him to establisli another school. He started with only seven 
pupils, but before the session closed, they numbered over eighty. He taught 
here one year, and then removed to Louisville, taking charge of one of the 
public schools of that city. He attended at the same time, the Louisville 
Law University, taking the degree ofBachelorof Law, and obtained a license 
to practice. Teaching in the public schools of that city at the same time 
and attending the Law Universitj-, was M. C. Kerr, late speaker of the 
National House of Representatives. Thej'- were occujiants of the same room 
while students and teachers, and finally became partners in the practice of 
the law, at New Albany, Indiana, whither Mr. Colman had gone immediately 
after his graduation, preceding Mr. Kerr one year. 

"Within three years after locating in New Alban}-, lie was elected to the 
office of District Attorney. But he had never intended to follow the law as a 
permanent profession. His father was a subscriber to the old "Albany 
Cultivator," and the boy read it with interest and determinc'd that at some 
future day he M'ould publish such a paper. He resigned his office of District 
Attorney in New Albany, and located in St. Louis, wiiich place he thought 
afforded the best inducements for the enterprise he had determined to enter 
upon. An agricultural paper had already been established here, called the 
"Valley Farmer." He began at once negotiations for its purchase, and, 
finally succeeding, in August 1855, he became proprietor of that paper. 
He tlien removed to the country, onto the farm, on which he still resides, that 
he might by experience better prepare himself for the profession to which 
the remainder of his life wras to be devoted. Not long after this, he estab- 
lished "The St. Louis Nursery," now one of the largest in the State. He 
also opened a large fruit farm, that he might test the different varieties of 
fruit and the various systems of culture, to ascertain which were best adapted 
to this climate. He also commenced breeding fine stock, and lias taken an 
active interest in disseminating the best breeds throughout tlie west and south. 
He was thoroughly impressed witli the idea that to teach agriculture, one 
must have a practical, as well as a theoretical, knowledge of the subject 



lUSTOKY OF MISSOURI. - 491 

Under the new mauai^cment, tlie "Valley Fanner," the name of which was 
afterwards changed to Colman's Ilnral World, grew rapidly in circulation 
and influence. 

Mr. Colmau was one of the lirsl to suggest and assist in the organiza- 
tion of a State Horticultural Society, now a large and flourishing organ- 
ization. He was elected f>)r two terms president of this society. He 
also was instrumental in organizing the St. Louis Horticultural Society. He 
took a lively interest in ihe organization and upbuilding of the St. Louis 
Fair Association, and for ten years served as one of its directors. His ad- 
dresses at county fairs and other agricultural gatherings, advance common- 
sense theories and thoughts. In his public speeches he never fails to inter- 
est and entertain his audience. He speaks A\ithout notes, and has an inci- 
sive, epigrammatic style peculiar to himself, which chains the attention of 
his hearers. With his brethren of the press he is popular, having been for 
two terms unanimously elected president of the Missouri State Press Asso- 
ciation. While his most enduring fame has been secured by bis earnest, 
ardent and able efforts to advance the interests of agriculture, he has taken a 
conspicuous part in other spheres of duty. Hi the winters of 1866-7 and 1868 
he was a member of the State legislature, and took a prominent part in the 
exciting contests of those sessions. Party feelings ran liigh, as it was just 
after the close of the w^ar, and the party to which he belonged — the demo- 
cratic — was in a minority. Colmau became a leader in his party, and 
did most affective service in its behalf. At the Slate democratic convention 
in 1868, he was nominated by acclamation for the office of Lieutenant- 
Governor. The democratic ticket this year was defeated. In 1874 the 
friends of Mr. Colraan, in various parts of the State, urged his nomination 
for Governor. His adherents in the convention made a gallant fight for his 
nomination. Being defeated for that ofiicc, his friends urged him to accept 
the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor, which he did, and was nominated 
almost unanimously for the position. The ticket was elected by nearly 
forty thousand majority. A writer of experience thus speaks of Lieutenant- 
Governor Colman, as president of the Senate: "He makes one of the best 
presiding olHcers that ever graced the Senatorial chair. His experience in 
participating in deliberative bodies, his clear insight into parliamentary 
usage and law, good judgment and quick perceptive faculties, give him a 
ver}- decided advantage. His rulings have alwaj's been satisfactory and to 
the point." Mr. Colraan is in the prime of life. He possesses a con- 
stitution which enables him to perform great pliysical and mental labor. 
He takes the management of his large and varied interests under his own 
control, and gives to each more or less attention daily. 

LuTiiKu Todd Collier, the subject of this sketch, is a native Missourian, 
having been born at Franklin, Howard county, in 1835. His father, Lewis 
Collier, was born in Madison county, Kentucky. His mother was the daugh- 
ter of Abner Cornelius. After their marriage, they came to Missouri, and 
settled in Howard county, and in 1829, they removed to Randolph county, 
where they lived until 18.")3, when they made Livingston county the place of 
their residence. The father is stillliving, the mother having died in 1865. 



4:92 . AN ILLUSTRATED 

Mr. Collier's boyhood was principiilly spent in the healtliful activity of a 
rural life. He received a liberal preparatory education, and entered the State 
University of Missourri ill 1842, taking a full course, and graduating in the 
summer of 1846. While a student in the University, he was distinguished 
for close application to stud}-, propriety of conduct, and for proficiency in 
scholarship As a result, lie graduated with liigh lionors, being valedicto- 
rian of his class After leaving the University, he commenced the study of 
law, under Hon. William L. Wood, of Lexington, Missouri, in the beginning 
of the year 1847, and in the fall of the same year, lie entered the law office of 
Messrs. Gamble & Bales in St. Louis, with whom he remained until the fall 
of 1850, when he was admitted to the bar and at once actively engaged in 
practice. His health having become impaired on account of too close appli- 
cation to study, lie left St. Louis in the Spriug of 1851, and located at Hunts- 
ville, Raudolpli county. In tlie fall of 1852, he removed to Chillicothe, Liv- 
ingston county, where he has been a resident ever since, engaged in the con- 
stant and successful practice of the law. In 1856, he was married to Lizzie 
A. Fuqua, daughter of Captain Samuel Fuqua, of Logan county, Kentucky. 
His home, in the suburbs of Chillicothe, bears all those signs of refinement 
and taste which mark the cultivated gentleman. 

In 1871, Mr, Collier was elected a member of the Board of Education, ^ in 
the city of Chillicothe, which position he faithfully and ably filled for a 
term of two years. In the spring of 1875, he was nominated by Governor 
Hardin, and confirmed by the* State Senate as a member of the Board of 
Curators of the Missouri University, which position he is now filling, and is 
chairman of the committee on Professors. He takes a just pride in his alma 
mater, greatly desiring to see her attain to still larger measures of usefulness 
and success. Religiously, he is connected with the Cumberland Presbyterian 
church; liberal, however, toward all other denominations and ever ready to 
become a co-worker with them in any movement which has for its object the 
interests of religion and morality. He is one of the useful and influential 
men in north-west Missouri. Besides his legal knowledge, both theoretical 
and practical, he is a man of extensive general information, taking a keen 
interest in whatever tends to promote the interests of the West. 

Ai-BAN Jasper Conant was born in the town of Chelsea, Orange county, 
Vei'mont, on the 24th of September, 1821. His early education was obtained 
at common schools; and he became a teacher of one, at the age of eighteen. 
He studied the classics at Randolph Academy; having, meanwhile, evinced 
a decided taste for literature. About this time, he also began to draw sketches 
and to paint the portraits of his school-mates. In June, 1844, determined to 
learn something of the mysteries of art, he started for New York Cit}-. In- 
man, the artist, gave him some good advice upon his arrival in the Metropo 
lis. Mr. Oouaut afterwards took up his residence in Troy, New York, where 
he lived twelve years, during wliich time he was married. In 1857, he visited 
St. Louis vvliere he resolved to settle. In 1860, the Western Academy of Arts 
was established in that city, with Conant as one of the principal managers. 
Its treasures, however, were scattered during the Rebellion. During that 
contest, and since its close, Mr. Conant has painted portraits of many distin- 



HlSTOltY OF MlStiUUKI. 493 

guished Americans, — a noted one is his Inist portrait of President Lincoln. 
He lias recently made a valuable contribution to the archaeology of Mis- 
souri, in a paper printed in the transactions of the St. Louis Academy of 
Science. 

Thomas T.Crittenden was born in Siiel by County, Kentucky, January 
2d, 1834. His father, Henry Crittenden, died while Thomas was. f. child, 
and subsequently his mother became the wife of David R. Muriay of Brcck- 
enridge County, Kentucky. Young Crittenden received such English educa- 
tion in the elementary branches as the schools of the county afforded, until 
1853, when he entered Centre College, at Danville, Kentucky, from which in- 
stitution he graduated in 1855. Soon after leaving college, Crittenden com- 
menced the study of law with J.J. Crittenden in Frankfort, Kentucky; after- 
ward studied with George W. Craddock and John Rodman, both of whom 
were men of eminent legal attainments. Upon finishing his studies, and 
having married, he removed with his young wife to Lexington, Mis.souri, 
where he was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice. Not long after 
he became a partner of John A. S. Tott. The Lafayette County bar was at that 
time (as it has ever since been), noted for its talent and brilliancy, being com- 
posed of able men. In the midst of a successful business, when the war broke 
out, Mr. Crittieuden at once entered the federal service, and was commissioned 
a lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Cavalry Missouri State Militia, with John F. 
Phillips as colonel. He remained iu the army until the regiment was mustered 
out of service at St. Louis, April 7th, 18G5, when he removed his family and 
office to Warrensburg, Johnson county, which has been his residence to tiie 
present time. After the death of Ackman Welch, Attorney-General of Mis- 
souri, Colonel Crittenden was appointed to fill out the unexpired term. In 
1873, he was elected to Congress from the 7th Congressional District of this 
State, over S. S. Burditt, by a majority of 1,571 votes, and in 1874 was a candi- 
date for renomination, there being three prominent candidates before the 
convention. After balloting 690 times, one of these candidates withdrew his 
name, and upon the next ballot, J. F. Phillips received the nomination. Mr. 
Crittenden is at present associated with Hon. F. M. Cockrell, U. S. Senator 
from Missouri, iu the practice of law, the partnership having been formed in 
1867. In politics he is a democrat, although of the conservative type, and in 
religious belief a Presbyterian of the old school. He has a pleasant home, and 
a family of four sons and one daughter. His wife was Carrie W. Jackson, 
with whom he was united in marriage at Frankfort, Kentucky, November 
13th, 1856. For one whose life has been spent in the laborious duties and 
responsibilities of an exacting profession, Colonel Crittenden is possessed of 
an unusually cheerful, genial nature, which, with his gentility of manner at 
once distinguishes him as a man and a citizen. 

Henuy Clay Daniel was born in Trigg county, Kentucky, July 15th, 
1843. Until he was about twelve years of age, he attended school but little, 
spending iiis lime chiefly in hunting and fishing. In 1855 or 1856, iiis par- 
ents left Kentucky, and immigrated to Missouri, settling in Audrain county, 
and within a lew months young Daniel entered the Academy at Mexico, the 



Vj4: aw illustrated 

Cduuly seat, wliicb at tliat time was coaduclei-l by Professors Pearce aud Rus- 
sell. There he remainded two years, and then entered the State University 
at Columbia, taking a regular course of study. For five successive years the 
young student toiled on, redeeming the time so well that he graduated with 
honor, in the class of 1865. Returning immediately on his graduation to 
Audrain county, he soon after commenced the study of law in the office 
of the jjresent Governor, C. H. Hardin, at Me.xico, with whom he remained 
nearly three years. During this time he was admitted to the bar, receiving 
his license to practice from Hon. William P. Harrison, at that time judge of 
the Circuit Court. In 1868, he was appointed Attorney for the city of Mexico, 
and in the same year he received the flattering compliment of being selected 
by the faculty of his alma mater, for the position of orator for his class, the 
graduates of 1865. Sometime in the year 1869, Daniel removed to Harrisonville, 
Cass county, Missouri, and opened a law office, and has since been a resident 
of that city. Since then he has attended to the revision and codification of 
the City laws, by appointment of the City council; has twice been elected a 
member of the City council ; and on the 2d day of January 1876, he was ap- 
pointed by Governor Hardin, judge of probate, and criminal court of Cass 
county, which position he still holds. Judge Daniel was married October 29, 
1868, to Lizzie G. daughter of Colonel R. A. Brown, of Harrisonville, Cass 
county, Missouri. 

Benjamin Devor Dean, of Union, Franklin county, Missouri, was born 
on the 7th of October, 1828, in Greenville, Darke county, Ohio His father, 
Aaron Dean, was born in New Jersey ; immigrated to Ohio, at an early day; 
and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was an intelligent farmer, and an 
officer in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch was brought up on a 
farm ; was educated at Greenville, — studying, at the age of twenty-two, 
dental surgerj^, which profession he practiced for several years. He then 
engaged in merchandising with marked success. In 1857, Dean came to 
Missouri; purchased a farm, and, in the following spring, settled upon it. 

In 1861, he raised a company for the twenty-sixth regiment of Missouri 
Volunteer Infantry, and was commissioned its captain. He was in the 
battle of luka, Mississippi, where he received three wounds. He was com- 
plimented by his colonel for his good conduct upon that occasion. "By 
your bravery aud skill," said that officer, "on the bloody field of luka, you 
have made the reputation of my regiment." General Rosecrans declared 
that the eleventh and twenty-sixth saved the day. On the 28th of May, 
1863, Dean was commissioned colonel by Governor Gamble — he having 
been promoted "for gallant conduct at Champion Hill, Mississippi, and at 
the attack on the fortifications at Vicksburg." He was the first of the three 
tliousand men who crossed the Tennessee river, at midnight, November 
23d, 1863, aud attacked the confederate forces on Mission Ridge, causing 
them to fall back from Lookout Mountain. Ou the 11th of July, 1864, he was 
assigned to the command of tlie third Brigade of the third Division of the 
fifteenth Army Corps. On the 10th of November, he moved forward for the 
Grand March with General Sherman to the sea. On the 9th of January, 1865, 
he was mustered out of the service with his regiment at Savannah, Georgia, 



HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 495 

and relumed to his home iu Missouri. In 1872, he was elected treasurer of 
Franklin county, and re-elected in 1874, by a large majority. Mr. Dean was 
on the republican ticket as Presidential elector for the fifth Congressional 
district, and has been twice elected mayor of Union. He was made a Mason 
in 1856, and was one of the charter members of Union Lodge, No. 173, estab- 
lished the next year. He married Sarah A. Harlan, daughter of Nathan 
Harlan, a prominent farmer and e.vteusive stock dealer, of Warren county, 
Ohio, and has three cliiidren — two sons and a daughter. 

Rezin a. De Bolt, the subject of this sketch is numbered among those 
whom circumstances have made tlie architect of their own fortunes. He 
was born in Fairfield county, Oiiio, January 20th, 1828. His life until his 
seventeenth year was passed upon his father's farm, where he received a com- 
mon school education, and from whence he went as a tanner's apprentice. At 
the expiration of his apprenticeship, he followed his trade a few years, read- 
ing law in his leisure moments, and iu 1856 was admitted to the bar. Two 
years practice iu his native state decided him in a resolution to seek a west- 
ern location where men and country were alike, young, vigorous and ambi- 
tious; and in 1858, he removed to Trenton, Grundy county, Missouri, his 
present home. He pursued his profession with flattering success, at the same 
time serving as commissioner of common schools for Grundy county, until 
the commencement of the civil war in 1861, when he entered the Union army 
with the rank of captain, in the 23d Missouri Volunteer Infantry. At the 
battle of Shiloh, April, 1862, he was captured and held as a prisoner at the 
South, until the following October, but to such an extent was his health im- 
paired by his imprisonment tliat he resigned his commission a few months 
after his release. In 1863, he was elected judge of the eleventh judicial 
circuit of Missouri; notwithstanding which, he again entered the service in 
1864, as major in the 44th Missouri Volunteers, and served until the close of 
the war, a part of the time being on detailed service as provost marshal of 
north Missouri. Upon the expiration of his second judicial term, he was 
elected a member of the 44th Congress. 

.Judge De Bolt is a man of sterling integrity, and unswerving fealty to his 
convictions of right, justice and purity, and as such has rendered good ser- 
vice to his adopted state and county, where in all local or general enterprise 
tending to public improvement he has taken a prominent position; while his 
thorough appreciation of the needs of the people, and genial manners give 
him great popularity with the masses. His oratory, either at the bar, or 
upon the stump, is forcible, clear and logical, and his knowledge of the law, 
strengthened by his eleven years experience upon the bench, extensive and 
thorough. 

George Deigkl, tiie present Register of Lands for Missouri, is .i citizen of 
CarroUton, Carroll county. He was born iu the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, 
Germany, in May, 1819. In early life, he was apprenticed as a carpenter's 
boy. In 1836, he migrated to America, arriving in New York in July, and 
from there went to Philadelphia to meet his two brothers who had preceded 
him two years before. In Philadelphia, he stayed about one year, and then 



496 AN ILLUSTRATED 

moved to Columbiana, Ohio, and lived with his uncle until the spring of 1839, 
when they removed to Henderson, Kentucky. In 1840, he married Miss Ann 
Martha Dietrich, an estimable lad}", also born in German}'. In 1843, the 
twain removed to Carroll county, Missouri, where he went to work at his 
trade, built himself a house, and grew up as it were, from boyhood to age, in 
that county; and accumulating a fair degree of worldly goods as a merchant 
and farmer. He is a democrat of the old school, and was commissioned 
major of the sixty fifth regiment, enrolled Missouri militia, in October, 1864, 
servmg in tiiat capacity with credit to himself and State, until mustered out 
the following year. 

In the fall of 1872, by a decided and flattering vote, he was elected repre- 
sentative from Carroll county, where his strong practical ideas and earnest 
logic, won for him a front rank among his colleagues. At the democratic 
State convention, held at Jefferson City, in the fall of 1874, he was compli- 
mented with the nomination of Register of Lauds, and was elected b}^ a 
majority of over 40,000. He has worked diligently in the discharge of his 
duties, and particular!}- in securing to the State a large amount of money and 
land from the so-called swamp land appropriation. Few State officers have 
won a prouder record than Major George Diegel. He is, and has been for 
years, an earnest member of the Protestant Lutheran church, in which he 
was reared, and also for many years an Odd Fellovv. In May, 1875, his wife, 
with whom he had lived pleasantly for nearly thirty-five years, died at Jeffer- 
son City. He is the father of seven children — three boys and four girls. He 
is ai'dently attached to his home and family. In business, he has been 
beyond the average, as to success. 

Louis F. Dinning was born in Jackson county, Missouri, on the 28th day 
of October, 1838. Four years after his birth, his father, a Kentuckian, re- 
moved with his family to Simpson county, of his native State; and there 
Louis F. was reared, and received the limited education with which he as- 
sumed the duties of active life. His father was a well-to-do farmer, but be- 
ing the head of a family of eight children, he gave them such educational 
advantages, only, as the old field country school afforded. His early train- 
ing was confined exclusively to the English branches; he owes his know- 
ledge of the languages and sciences, to his unassisted, individual eflorts. 
When twenly-three years of age, he left the home of his boyhood, and came 
back to Missouri to locate a permanent home. The piospects were very dis- 
couraging. All branches of industry were paralyzed, so that lucrative em- 
ployment could not be obtained. He accepted the position of teacher in a 
small school. After a few months, he moved to St. Francois county, where 
he had procured a situation as teacher with more lucrative salary. There he 
taught for three years, at the same time improving his education and study- 
ing law. By means of diligent and untiring application, he became quali- 
fied for practice, and at the May term of the Farmington Court, in 1865, his 
license was granted him. In the succeeding October, he located in Potosi, 
associating in the practice of his profession with Israel McGready, and soon 
developed the brightest promise of success. In a short time, his association 
with Mr. McGready was dissolved, and another formed with Hon. Davie E. 




J. G. DORMAN. 



HISTORY OF [MISSOURI. -l:i)7 

Ferryman, resulting in financial success and professional advancement. In 
the spring of 186G, he was appointed town counsel for Potosi, a position he 
soon resigned. About tiie same time he was appointed county Attorney, 
which office, after a brief period he also resigned. At tlie general fall elec- 
tion in 1866, he was elected circuit Attorney of the latli Judicial Circuit, but 
because of a charge of disloyalty made against him, failed U) secure a com- 
mission untillate in the following year. At that time the condition of his 
practice and private business was such as precluded him from a discharge 
of ollicial duties, and he resigned the position. Afterward, until the fall of 
1868, he devoted his entire attention to his practice, when he become the 
democratic candidate for circuit Judge of tlie 15th Circuit, an office to 
which he was elected by a large majority. Hon. J. H. Vail, his opponent, 
contested his election cm the ground of nonage, and dish)yaity during the re- 
bellion. The Governor issued to Mr. Vail a commission, establishing him in 
the office. Judge Dinning believing this was contrary to law ; and in defense 
of right, and as a duty to his constituents, he felt compelled' to test the leg- 
ality of the action of the Governor by appealing to the Supreme Court. In 
July 1873, the Court rendered its decision ousting the incumbent, where 
upon the Governor promptly issued a commission to Dinning, who immedi- 
ately qualified, and entered ujjou the duties of the office. So faithfully and 
well did he proform the duties of his office, that he was the following year 
again elected to the same position, without opposition. 

Judge Dinning has always been an ardent democrat in politics, having 
cast his first vote for John C. Breckenridge. He is a member of the Roman 
Catholic Church, aud'a firm believer in the truth of its religion, though tol- 
erant towards all who difl"er with him. He was married in 1864 to Miss 
Rushia M., daughter of John M. Tyler, of St. Francois county. They have six 
children, and own and occupy an unpretentious, though very comfortable 
home in Potosi, Washington county. 

Jerubal G. Dorman was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, July 17, 
1818. His father was a native of Virginia, a farmer by occupation. Soon 
after the birth of young Dorman, his father removed to Gallatin county in 
the same State, and there resumed on a larger scale, his business of farming. 
Here it was, the subject of this sketch learned the necessity of work, and 
early contracted tliose habits of industry and perseverance which have 
proved of so much benefit to him in the course of a useful and successful 
life. It may also be said that here, in those early days, removed from all the 
allurements and temptations of a "fast" life, his character was moulded to 
the measure of unswerving honesty and fair dealing with his fellowmeu. 
The monotony of his daily duties on his father's farm became irksome; and 
in a desire for change, he quit farming and for several years "run" the west- 
ern rivers. In February, 1849, when the California gold excitement came on, 
he caught the contagion, abandoned the river, and started from Quincy, Ill- 
inois, for the Pacific coast by water. Tlie party with whom he was associated, 
embarked ou the ship "Galveston" with every omen apparently in its favor; 
but while in the Curibbean sea, a storm wrecked the craft and drove them 
into the port of Balize Honduras. Recovering from this misfortune, they 



498 AN IIJ.ITSTKATED 

resumed their journey and finally arrived on the coast of the "Worlds Treas- 
ury-." Dorman reraalnod in California a short time, and then returned to his 
home in Quiucy. In 1852, he was married to Mrs. Udolpha F. Eagle. In 
.1855, he removed to Clinton, Henry county, Missouri, where he engaged in 
the mercantile business. For some time his was the only mercantile house 
in (he entire country, and his goods were freighted from the Missouri river, 
at Boonville, by ox teams, a distance of eight}' miles. 

In 1860, Mr. Dorman was elected county Judge. In 1872, he was called 
upon b}' the democray of the county, to accept the nomination for the posi-' 
tion of member of the lower House of the 27th General Assembly, which 
nomination he accepted, and was subsequently elected by a large majority. 
As a member of the legislatifre, he was industrious in the interests of his 
constituents; closely attentive to all business before the legislature; prompt 
in his attendance at each session; jealous of the interests of the people in 
the expenditure of the public funds; and honest in the discharge of every 
duty. P^ drew up, and secured the adoption of the present road law of the 
State, Besides his mercantile business, Mr. Dorman works a large farm, 
near Clinton, and is also president of the First National Bank of that place. 
In politica, he is a democrat, and is radical in his enforcements of the Jef- 
fers.onian test for otRce : "Is he honest? Is he capable?" He is a man of 
liberal vie\ys, and generous indisposition. ■ 

Alexander Wili<tam Doniphan was born in Mason county, Kentucky, 
July 9th, 1808, and is the youngest of a family of ten children. His ances- 
ters on both paternal and maternal lines were of English extraction. His 
father, Joseph Doniphan, was a native of King George countj-, Virginia, and 
immigrated with his family to Kentucky, in 1790. His mother's maiden name 
was Anne Smith. She was a native of Fauquier county, Virginia, and was 
an aunt of Governor William Smith, of that State. Joseph Doniphan served 
in the American army during the entire revolutionary struggle, and at its 
conclusion, being _as yet .unmarried, he spent several years with Daniel 
Boone in Kentucky, and is said to have taught the first school ever opened in 
that State. Doniphan's father died in 1813, and he was left under the watch- 
care of hls,moth;er, who .was a woman of extraordinary mental powers and 
sparkling wit.- When.he-was in his eighth year, she placed him under the 
instruction of Richard Kcene, of Avigufeti*,- Kentucky, a learned, though 
eccentric, Irishman, a gj'a.duate of Trinity .College, Dublin. At the age of 
fourteen, young Doniphan was entered, a student of Augusta College, Ken- 
tucky, •svhere he graduated at the early age of eighteen years, with dis- 
.tinction, especially in the classics. While there he had the benefit of the 
training of several able instructor^, particularly Doctors Bascom andDurbin. 
Upon quitting college, he devoted himself for nearly a jear to a sj-stematic 
study of history and general literature. He then began the study of law in 
the office of Martin P. Marshall, of. Kentucky, one of the most eminent 
jurists of tlie Marshall family. After a period of two years study willi that 
gentleman, he was. licensed to practice by the supreme Court of Ohio. In 
March, 1830, he came, to Missouri, and was licensed to practice bj'^ its 
Supreme Court, at Faj^ette, in the succeeding month. On the 19th of April, 




ALEXANDER W DONIPHAN. 



nitJTUKV OF MISSOURI. 41>9 

1830, lie settled in Lexington, Missouri, and began his long, successful and 
brilliant forensic career. The practice of law in the West was more labor- 
ious then than it is now. Law libraries were few and limited in extent, 
and the days of legal blanks had not come. At the age of twenty-two, with- 
out experience, Doniphan was placed in collision witli Abiel Leonard, 
Robert W. Wells, Peyton R. Hayden, and others; gentlemen eminent for 
ability and legal attainments, and who were older than lie, and already ex- 
pert in the management of cases. His maiden speech at the bar was made 
in 1830, in defense of a man indicted for murder. He assisted Mr. Leonard. 
This was the first murder case he had ever seen tried. His conduct in this 
trial was modest, and gave evidence of the dawning of that reputation as a 
criminal lawyer, which he afterward attained. 

In 1833, he removed to Liberty, Missouri, which he made his home for the 
succeeding thirty years. There he found, already established in the practice 
of law, those distinguished lawyers, D. R. Atchison, Amos Rees, and James 
M. Hughes. His experience at Lexington bad been preparatory; at Liberty, 
his reputation attained its zenith. Nor was the state of society there unfavor- 
able to the development of any of the manly, social, or mental qualities. Its 
business and leading men (as well as those of the county at large) were be- 
yond the average in capacity. They were young men of high, social position 
in their native localities in Virginia, Kentucky, or the East, educated, chival- 
ric and generous, and had come to the far West — the verge of civilization — 
to make their homes and fortunes. Liberty was the nearest town to Fort 
Leavenworth, and to it, to relieve the tedium of station life, resorted for jears 
the choice and prime young officers of the army — the Rileys, the Kearnjs, 
and Sydney Johnstons — who, from time to time, were stationed at that 
post. Hence society in Liberty was pleasing and exceptionally- brilliant. 
Doniphan was young, ambitious, highly cultured, and his mind expanded 
with ease to meet the magnitude of each new occasion. The faculty of 
ready, powerful, and tempestuous speech — the flashes of brilliant thought — 
had come to him, and the people of the State at once recognized him as an 
orator In 1836, he was elected to represent Cla\' county in the legislature; 
again, in 1840, and yet again in 1854, without opposition. In January, 1861, 
he was appointed one of the five delegates to represent Missouri in the so- 
called Peace Conference, which met at the city of Washington. During his 
absence in attendance upon that body, he was elected a delegate to represent 
his senatorial district in the State convention called by the legislature of 
Missouri, January 21st, 1861, and took his seat with its menibers on his re- 
turn fnrm the Peace Conference. In the convention he. maintained the posi- 
tion of a conservative Union man, and did not allow the cries of the moment 
to betray him into losing sight of the rights of the States. In 1846, occurred 
the war with Mexico. In Ma}', that year. Governor Edwards requested 
Doniphan to assist in raising troops for the volunteer service in the western 
counties of the State. He acceeded to the request. The enthusiasm of the 
people was high, and in a week or so the companies of men had volunteered, 
which, upon organization at Fort Leavenwortii, formed tlie famous 1st regi 
ment, Missouri Mounted Volunteers. As is known, the subject of this sketch 



500 AN ILLUSTRATED 

was elected its colonel, almost by acclamation. There never was in the ser- 
vice of the United States a regiment of finer material. It was composed of 
young men in the prime of life, and equal, physically and mentall3% to every 
duty of a soldier. They were mainly the sons of tlie pioneers of Missouri; 
they had the courage and manliness, and possessed the endurance and virtues, 
of their fathers. The regiment formed a part of General Stephen W. Kear- 
ny's column, known as the Army of the West. In June, 1846, the regiment 
began its long march to Santa F6, Chihuahua, Monterey, and the Gulf — a 
distance of near 3,600 miles. Tliis march is known in history as Doniphan's 
Expedition. In November, 1846, Colonel Doniphan, with his regiment, was 
directed to go info the country of the Navajo Indians, on the western slope 
of the Rocky Mountains, to overawe or chastise them. He completed this 
movement with great celerity and ability. His soldiers toiled through snow 
three feet deep on the crests and eastern slope of the mountains. Having 
completed the object of the expedition, concluding a satisfactory treaty with 
the Indians, he returned to the River Del Norte, and, on the banks of that 
stream, collected and briefly refreshed his men, preparatory to efl:'t'Cting what 
was then intended to be a junction wijh General Wool. He was here re-in. 
forced by two batteries of light artillery. In December, 1846, he turned the 
faces of his little column to the South, and put it in motion towards Chihua- 
hua. In quick succession followed his brilliant and decisive victories at 
Bracito and Sacramento, the capture of Chihuahua, the plunge of his little 
army into the unknown country between Chihuahua and Saltillo, and its 
emergence in triumph at the latter city. The laurels won by Colonel Doni- 
phan and his men, are among the brightest that grace the American arms; 
and the memory of them will be as enduring as the history of the Mexican 
war itself. 

In 1838, Mr. Doniphan was married to Elizabeth Jane Thornton, daughter 
of the late John Thornton, of Clay county, Missouri. She was a woman of 
much strength of character, of refined and gentle manners, . and of elegant 
literary taste. She was acute in her perception, and highlj'- religious in feel- 
ings. The domestic life of herself and husband was characterized by the 
utmost harmonj-. There were two children, both sons, born to them, but 
they died in youth. 

In 1863, — during the heat of the civil war, — Doniphan removed to St. 
Louis, where he remained until 1868, when he returned to western Missouri. 
He lost liis estimable wife in 1873, since which time he lias lived in retirement, 
devoting himself entirely to the amusements of reading, correspondence, and 
converse with his friends. During the existence of the whig pai"t3% he was 
an ardent and conscientious member of it, but since its dissolution he has 
acted with the democracy. His mind was always too broad to admit of his 
being a partisan in any restricted sense, nor did he ever seek a political oflice. 
He is a firm believer in the truth of the Cliristiau religion, and has been an 
active and consistent member of the Christian church since 1859. His per- 
sonal appearance is imposing and magnificent. A stranger would not fail to 
note him in any assemblage. In height, he is six feel four inches. His 
frame is proportioned to his height, and is full, without the appearance of 



niSTUliY OK lUlSSUUKI. 501 

obesity. His face approaches the Grecian iileal very closely, the essential 
variance being in tlie nose, which i:^ aquiline without severity. The fore- 
head is high, full and square; tlie eyes of the brightest hazel, and the lips 
symmetrical and smiling. When young, his complexion was very fair and 
delicate; his hair and beard (now mingled with gray) were sandy. 

In the varied circumstances of his life, Colonel Doniphan has exerted a 
great influence. In parliamentarj' bodies, he has done this mainly through 
social impress and personal cottact. He is fascinating in conversation, and 
his societ}' is sought wherever he goes. His mind acts with quickness and 
precision. He has excellent faculties of generalization, percei)tion and 
analysis. His temperament is poetic, even romantic, but is guarded by fine 
taste and the most delicate sense of the ludicrous. His mind is no well or- 
ganized, so nicelj' balanced, its machinery so happily fitted, its stores of infor- 
mation so well digested and so completely made a part of the brain, that its 
riches, without apparent effort, flow, or flash forth on all occasions, and 
it places each subject, or object, it touches in a flood of light. Nature has 
endowed him munificently. If the union in one mind of the highest 
intellectual qualities constitutes genius, he has it. 

George W. Dunn was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, October 15th, 
1815. His father died in 1828, and left his mother in limited circumstances. 
He labored for her on the paternal farm until he attained the age of nineteen 
years, in the meantime acquiring the larger portion of his early education at 
Cane Run Academj', in his native county. When nineteen years old, he 
went to Nicholasville, Kentucky, and entered into the emploj- of a merchant 
there, as clerk and salesman, in which he continued until the expiration of a 
year. During the succeeding three years, he devoted his time to teaching 
school and studying law. He also attended the law department of Transylva- 
nia Universit}-. and was a member of the class of 1836 — 7. In the spring 
of 1839, he immigrated to Missouri, and made his permanent home at Rich- 
mond, in Ray countj'. He there began the practice of law. In 1841, a 
vacancy happening, he was appointed circuit attorney for the 5th judicial 
circuit, and was elected his own successor in 1844. In 1848, upon the resig- 
nation of Hon. Austin A King, (who was in that year elected governor of 
the State), he was appointed judge of the 5th circuit. In 1851, he was elected 
his own successor in the judgeship, and again in 1857. On the 17ih of De- 
cember, 1861, he declined to take the test oath required of officers by the Con- 
vention called by the legislature, Januaiy 21st, 1861, and, retiring from the 
bench, resumed the practice of law in Richmond, Missouri. He was again 
■elected judge of that circuit in 1863, and remained in oftice until May 1st, 
1865, when he was thrown out of office by the ousting ordinance, adopted by 
the convention of 1865, and again resumed the practice of his profession. 
In 1874, he was again elected judge of tiie 5th circuit without opposition, 
■which position he now holds. He was elected a member of the State Con- 
vention called in 1861, and served in that body with much ability. He aimed 
to adhere to the old political landmarks; to avert a fratricidal war; and to 
mitigate its horrors after it had come. In politics, Judge Dunn has 
always been a democrat, but has never been a candidate for any political posi- 



502 AlS ILLUSTRATED 

tioti. He has only sought the honors of the law. In 1841, he was married 
to Susan M. Henderson, of Jessamine county, Kentucky; they have had 
five children, of whom only one, a son, survives. For many years, he has 
been a member of the Presbyterian church. As a judge, he has few supe- 
riors. His mind is broad, clear and comprehensive. In analytical faculty 
and the just wei^rhing of conflicting equities, he is eminently gifted. Tiie 
emotional nature never in him over-rides reason. In addition to learning, he 
has the three essentialrequisites of a judge: §potless integrity, tlie utmost 
impartialilj^ and perfect freedom from passion or prejudice. Judge Dunn is 
a man of extensive general reading, refined sensibilities, and poetic tempera- 
ment. His leisure hours have been devoted since youth to the cultivation of 
literature. His poetic effusions have been characterized by finish and deli- 
cacy of thought. One of his earlier poems, written forty yeai's ago, is a descrip- 
tion of a romantic scene on the Kentucky river. One of his latest, is the 
"Temple of Justice," here subjoined: 

There stood in Eden ouce, as legends tell, 

Aivijal temple bathed in heaven's own light; 
But when ourhajjpy parent.* sinned and fell, 

That temple felt the avenging cur.se and blight; 

And would have sunk in deep and endless night; 
But God in mercy had its fragments thrown 
■ Cer all the earth; and now Ihey greet our sight 
Where'er we go in every clime and zone: — 

Each fragment of that temple is a precious stone. 

In after ages on Moriah's brow. 

King Solomon a wondrous temple raised; 
Built as was shown upon the mount; and now 

Wo do not marvel that the nations gazed 

Entranced ; or that the Colleen of Sheba praised 
The master architert; for ne'er before 

Had earth's admiring millions stood amazed 
In view of such a structure ; never more 
Perhaps will such a temple greet us on time's sliore. 

But we are workmen on a temple too, 

A giorious temple shielding human rights; 
And if we labor as good men and true. 

Our consciences will bring us such delights 

As duty faithfully performed invites. 
Then bring for this grand temple precious things — 

Sapphires and Rubies, Emeralds, Chrysolites; 
We do not build on vain imaginings; 
We trace tlie streams of truth to their celestial springs. 

Through coming ages will our temple stand, 
The grandest product of man's mind and heart. 

Its dome and spire point to the better land ; 
Its walls and towers attest their builders' art, 
I only ask to bear an humble part 

In fashioning the work — to have my name 

Inscribed upon its w. lis ere I depai t; 
laskbutthis, and make no other chiim 
To that which heroes bleed for, and the world calls 
Fame . 



HISTORY OF MltSSOUIil. 50iJ 

Lemcel Dunn, <>(' Kiui^^ston, Crildwc-ll county, Missouri, was born in Mer- 
cer couuly, Kentucky, January 2d, 1820, being the fourth son of Lemuel 
Dunu, Sr. His early youlh was spent on a farm, where by diligent applica- 
tion during spare hours, he acquired a fair knowledge of the English branches, 
finishing his education at Cane Run Academy, which he attended two years. 
In the spring of 1841, he immigrated to Missouri, and settled on a farm in 
Grundy count}-, but his health having' been impaired by a long and severe 
illness, disqualifying him for hard manual labor, he turned his attention to 
the study of meilicine, and in February, 184G, he removed to Kingston, Cald- 
well county, and entered into practice as physician and surgeon, whicli he 
continued for several years. In 1850, he was elected to the legislature, and in 
1852, he was chosen clerk of the county court, which office he held until 
18G0. In 1854, he was also elected clerk of the circuit court, which office he 
held until 1867. In 1861, he was appointed judge of the probate court of 
Caldwell county, and in 1862, he was elected judge, from which office he re. 
tired in 1866. While in performance of his duties as clerk of the courts, he 
improved his hours of leisure in the study of the law, and perfected himself 
in the science to the extent that in 1867, he was licensed as an attorney, and 
since that time he has been actively engaged in the practice of this profes- 
sion, and has participated in mauj^ of the most important cases that have 
come to trial in his circuit. Dunn was an old line whig, and as such, took an 
active part in procuring the laud grants which secured the construction of 
the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. He is a member of the Masonic Frater 
nity, and an active member of the Christian church. In person, he is of 
commanding presence — six feet, one inch in height, and weighs two hundred 
pounds. He has been married twice, first to Sarah McCoy, Nov. 14th, 1839. 
who died in 1858, leaving seven children. In 1860, he was united in mar- 
riage with Emma A. Dodge, who has borne him three children. 

James B. Eads was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, May 22d, 1820. His early 
education was acquired in the schools of Louisville and Cincinnati. In Sep- 
tember, 1833, the steam-boat on which his father and family had embarked to 
seek a home farther west was burnt, and young Eads found himself in St. 
Louis with the urgent need of doing something to aid in the support of his 
parents. He commenced business as a peddler of apples; soon after tlii^, 
however, he succeeded in obtaining more congenial employment in a mer- 
cantile house. After a considerable term of service in that establishment, 
he passed two years as a clerk on a Mississippi steamer. While attending to 
his duties, he lost no opportunity of studying the mysteries of the great river. 
This, he afterward put to practical use, as he had already acquired an exten. 
sive knowledge of mechanics, machinery, and civil engineering. In 1842, 
he formrd a co-partnership with two boat-builders for the purpose of recov- 
ering steam-boats and cargoes, sunk or wrecked in the river. The firm was 
successful in business, and, in ten years, its operations had become very ex- 
tensive. Eads, on account of ill-health retired from business in 1857; but 
the opening of the civil war brought him f nth from his seclusion. On the 
7th of August, 1861, he signed a contiact with the general government to 
build seven iron-chuls, to be ready for their crews and armaments in sixty-five 



504 AN ILJ.LSTUATJiD 

da^s. The work was done according to contract and within tlie specified time. 
AVithout following in dciail the labors of Eads in the construction of ves- 
sels during the war, it is enough to say that lie created a navy especially 
adapted for service on our western waters, and differing entirely from any- 
thing that had before existed. Whatever its merits, it is sufficient to say that 
it accomplished its purpose, and that its builder was the man who made pos- 
sible its brilliant achievements. As a recognition of eminence in his profes- 
sion, the Missouri State University two years ago conferred upon him the de- 
gree of LL. D. He was twice elected president of the St. Louis Academy of 
Sciences, and has held positions of honor and trust in several of the most 
important corporations in the State, among which we may name the National 
Bank of the State of Missmiri, the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern 
railway, the St. Charles Bridge Company, and Third National Bank. 

The magnificent bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis is a notable 
landmark in the engineering progress of the age in which we live. It 
exemplifies that mechanical and engineering skill which belongs to this 
century. Eads was its chief engineei'. He was its head and front — its orig- 
inator and creator. Whatever its value, and it is already known to be greater 
than was estimated, its construction is mainly due to his unflagging zeal and 
energy. Linked with his, it is true, are the names of others, who performed 
their part of the work nobl}'. Bat his was the genius which conceived the 
plan upon a principle untried in the science of engineering. And he was the 
organizer who drew around him associates, and inspired them with some- 
thing of his own enthusiasm to erect a structure which should serve the uses of 
millions of people to the end of time. The bridge was formally thrown open to 
travel on the 4th of July, 1874. The event was duly celebrated. There was 
an immense procession extending fifteen miles in length, and in it every trade 
and calling of the city was represented. The stores were closed, and all bus- 
iness was suspended. Several distinguished gentlemen, including the Gov- 
ernors of Illinois and Missouri, spoke to a vast audience, and every incident 
of the day demonstrated that as long as the arches of tempered steel shall en- 
dure, so long shall the name of James B. Eads be remembered and honored. 
Even before the completion of that work, he had maturely considered and 
proposed a plan for obtaining, at the mouth of the Mississippi river, sufficient 
depth of water and width of channel to permit the unobstructed passage of 
the largest ocean vessels. Operations upon and beneath the surface of that 
river — lifting wrecks from its bottom, building war vessels to open, and keep 
open its communications, and finally building that bridge, which renders it no 
longer an obstacle to the transverse trade of the country — had filled the active 
period of his life, and peculiarly fitted him for the execution of the plan he 
had conceived. That plan was the C(mstruction, at some time of the passages 
at the mouth of the Mississippi, of jetties, which are simply dykes or levees 
underwater, and intended to act as banks to the river, to prevent its expanding 
and diffusing itself as it entered the sea. It is a notable fact that where the 
banks of a river extend boldly out into the sea, no bar is formed at the en- 
trance. It is where the banks, or jaws of earth, are absent, as is the case in 
delta-forming rivers, that the bur is an invariable feature. The bar results 



H18TOBY OF MlsaoUIil. ^^^ 

from the diffusion of the stream as it spreads out fau-like in entering the sea. 
The diffusion of the river being the cause, the remedy, lie claimed, lies in 
contracting it, or in preventing the diffusion. 

On the 3d of March, 1875, Congress passed a bill fully intrusting the im- 
provement of the mouth of the river to Eads. By its terms, adeplh of twenty 
feet of water was to be given to the the South Pass within two and a half years. 
He was then to press forward and increase the depth, within a specified time, 
to thirty feet. Upon the completion of Ihe work, he and his company were to 
receive from the Government the sum of five million two hundred and fifty 
tliousand dollars. The first installment of half a million was to be paid when 
he had obtained a channel two hundred feet wide and twenty feet deep, and 
the last when the channel had been made three hundred and fifty feet wide 
and thirty feet deep. After obtaining a depth of thirty feet, he was to receive 
one hundred thousand dollars per annum for twenty years for maintaining 
this depth. In 1845, Mr. Eads marrieil Martha N., daughter of Patrick M. Dil- 
lon, of St. Louis. She died in 1852. He subsequently married again. He has 
five daughters. In private life, he is one of the most estimable of men ; kind, 
courteous, and aflable to all who come in contact with him. His physical 
■constitution, intellectual activities, temperament, habits — all seem to mark 
him out as a man for great achievements. * 

LuciAN Johnson E.vstin was born at Nicholasville, Jessamine county, 
Kenluck}^ on the 3d day of December, 1814. He was the son of James W. 
Eastin. Wlieii quite j^iung, he was apprenticed to Jacob Creath, in Lexing- 
ton, Kentucky', and with him learned tl»e printing business He came to 
Missouri in 1834, and commenced his journalistic career in April, 1835, at 
Palmyra, Missouri, as editor and proprietor of the "Marion Journal." In 
1840, he started the first paper ever printed in Monroe county, at Paris, 
•called the "Missouri Sentinel." In 1844, he was editor of the "Glasgow 
Pilot." Here he continued about one year, when he went to Jefferson City, 
and soon afterwards weni in partnership with James Lusk in the publication 
of the "Jefferson City Inquirer." In 1846, while living at Jefferson City, he 
raised one of the first companies of Missouri Volunteers for the Mexican 
war, and was elected captain. Under the call for six months troops, he took 
his company to St. Louis, with the view of joining General Taylor's array, 
but as six months troops would not be received by General Taylor, his com- 
pany was disbnnd d. He joined another company, and was elected lieuten- 
ant in Captain Auguey's battali.in of infantry, and walked across the plains 
to New Mexico. He was in three battles in New Mexico, under General 
Sterling Price, the last one at Taos. While in New Mexico, he was ap- 
pointed judge advocate of court martials, which position he occupied until 
he left. In 1848, he returned to Jefferson City, and resumed his connection 
with the "Jefferson City Inquirer," William H. Lusk being a partner. In 
Cooper county, Missouri, May 13, 1849, he married Sarah F. Dale. Of this 
marriage were born three sons and one daughter. In 1853, he bought the 
"St. Joseph Gazette," and became the editor and joint proprietor with C. F. 
Holly. In the fall of 1854, ho sold out the "Gazette" to Pfouts & Cundiff. 



506 AX tMJTSTKATED 

In October, 1854, he went to Leavenworth, Kansas, where, w'ilh William H. 
Adams, he published the first paper ever printed in Kansas, the first number 
of which was printed under the shade of an elm tree, on the corner of Chero- 
kee street and the levee. He was a member of the Lecompton constitutional 
convention. He was also brigadier-general of Kansas, appointed by Acting- 
Governor Woodson, and confirmed by the Senate. In December, 1859, he 
went to Chillicothe, Missouri, and became the editor and publisher of the 
"Chillicothe Chronicle," formerly known as the "Grand River Chronic'e." 
He continued the publication of that paper, with a slight interruption at the 
commencement of the civil war, until 1866. In 1866, he went to Sidney> 
Iowa, and for one year published the "American Union." He then returned 
to Chillicothe, Missouri. Mr. Eastin became a member of the Christian 
Church in 1866. In 1868, he came to Glasgow, Missouri, and started the 
"Glasgow Journal," of which he was still proprietor up to the time of hi» 
death. In 1875, he was president of the State Editorial Association, and, at 
the lime of his decease, was president of the Mexican Veterans Association 
of Missouri. He died on the 24th of April, 1876. 

E. Livingston Edwards, of the City of Jefterson, Cole county, Missouri, 
was born in Rutherford county, in the State of Tennessee, on the 17th of 
March, 1812. He was raised on the east fork of Stone river, six miles north 
of Murfreesborough. His early life was divided, between labor on the farm 
and school. When in his nineteenth year, he was 'employed as an assistant 
teacher in a college, then recently established in Williamson county, at 
Hardeman's Cross road, but a restless desire for new fields of usefulness in- 
duced him to resign his position, and come West, in the fall of 1831. He 
came to Jefferson City in November of that year, and shortly afterwards he 
commenced the study of law with his brother, John C. Edwards, then Secre- 
tary of State. In February, 1835, he was licensed to practice law, but did 
not enter upon his profession until some years afterwards. The same year 
he became a candidate for the office of clerk of the circuit and county court 
of Cole county, — the offices being made elective then, for the first time, by a 
recent change in the State constitution, and was elected. In 1837, he was 
elected brigadier-general of the first brigade, 6th Division of the Missouri 
Militia, as then organized — but he shortly afterwards resigned. In the win- 
ter of 1838, he established, in connection with John McCulloch, "The Jeffer- 
son Enquirer," a democratic newspaper, published at the City of Jefferson. 
Its publication was suspended in the summer of 1840, for want of patronage. 
Thifi was the year of the memorable "Hard Cider and Log Cabin," campaign. 
The "Enquirer" supported Martin Van Buren for president, and Thomas 
Reynolds, the democratic nominee, for governor. In 1840, he was married 
to Ann Ivy Dixon, a daughter of Warren Dixon, a farmer of Cole county, 
fr(;m North Carolina, who came to this State some years previously. In 
1841, Governor Reynolds gave him the appointment of circuit attorney of 
the 14th Judicial Circuit — which office he declined for personal reasons. 
This was the only executive appointment he ever received. About the same 
time, he began the practice of law in the first Juilicial Circuit, and has con- 
tinued in it most of the time since. In 1846, he was elected a member of the 




lilllllilliiiiiililliiililiiiilliliBliliSiii 



q/^^ Ipo'yt^if^ 



HISTUHY OF MISSOURI. 507 

house of representatives — and in 1848 was elected to the senate, to fill a va- 
cancy. While in the senate, the great change in the civil practice in courts 
of justice was made. The bill was prepared by Robert W. Wells, then judge 
of the United States District Court for Missouri. At the request of Judge 
Wells, he introduced the bill in the senate — and it became a law, without 
material change, as it came from the hands of its author. The same session 
gave birth to what are known as the "Jackson Resolutions." They were in 
troduced in the senate by Claiborne F.Jackson, but it was not pretended by 
him, or any one else at the time, that he was the author. They were gener- 
ally supported by the democratic part}', and by Edwards, among others. 
After the adjournment of the legislature, he again turned his attention to his 
practice, and declined further connection with public life, although always 
an active supporter of the democratic party. About the year 1858, he gave 
up the practice of the law, and turned his attention to farming. In 18G0, 
he assumed the editorial control of the "Examiner," a leading democratic 
paper of the State. At the end of twelve months, he returned to his farm, 
where he was engaged when the war broke out. He was with the South in 
sympathy and in principle — but took no active part in the war. Broken up 
in his farming operations by the changes brought about by the war, he quit 
his farm in 1863, and resumed the practice of his profession, and has been 
thus actively engaged ever since, with the exception of the time that he was 
disfranchised by the test oath, which he refused to take. In 1873, he was 
again elected to the house-of representatives, to till a v.icancy then existing 
from Cole county. He has never been a member of any church, but is a well 
wisher of all religious organizations. He has always had a fair share of 
practice, and, by his industrious and frugal habits, has obtained a comfort- 
able competency, although not what would be esteemed a liberal fortune. 

John Evkks, the subject of this sketch, is among the oldest and most re- 
spected citizens of Washington county. He was born in Leicestershire, Eng- 
land, December 10th, 1799. At an early age he received an appointment as 
cadet in the service of the East India Company, and was educated for a mil- 
itary career. But on the surrender of Napoleon the 1st, in 1815, a general peace 
was declared, and young Evens, with many other aspirantsfor the excite- 
ments of foreign service, was dismissed and returned to his home. After 
laboring a few years on the farm with his father, he decided to seek his for- 
tune in the New World, and in pursuance of this cherished plan hesailtd from 
Liverpool in May, 1821, in the ship Hercules, Captain Cobb, and lamled safely 
in New York on the 20th day of the next month. From New York citj' he 
walked to Phillipsburg, Pennsylvania, where some parties resided to whom 
he had letters of introduction; and here he remained until the fall of 1822, 
when with three other j'oung men, he walked to Pittsburg, v. here they bought 
a family skifF, with which they descended the Ohio as far as Shawauoclowu, 
when they traded off their skiff and " footed it " across the country to Ste. 
Genevieve, Missouri, and thence to New Diggings, near Potosi, where they 
arrived about the middle of November. Securing a comfortable cabin, they 
adopted the then fashionable mode of housekeeping " Bachelor's Hall," 
and at once commenced mining operations. After purchasing the necessary 



508 AN ILLUSTRATED 

tools and household fixtures, their funds were well nigh exhausted, but pro- 
visions were cheap and the young miners were nothing daunted, and with 
stout hearts and strong hands thej^ went industrioulsy to work. Having saved 
a few hundred dollars, in 1825, he look a trip to Galena, Illinois, and on the 
way had what he esteemed the good fortune to be in St. Louis on the 
arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette, and was present at the reception tendered 
him at the mansion of Pierre Chouteau. 

The next fall Mr. Evens returned to Missouri, Without having increased his 
capital by his trip, and soon after commenced work at Valley Mines in Jeffer- 
son, and St. Francois counties. In 1827, he became engaged in the lead smelt- 
ing business, and in 1837 he built and put in operation a blast furnace, or as 
commonly known, a scotch hearth, under the name of Hopewell Furnace, 
which has been operated to the present time — being the oldest Scotch Hearth 
in the state; and the proprietor is believed to be the oldest lead smelter in 
Missouri. Between 1830 and 1840, Evens made several trips to Galena, and 
was in the smelting business there for some three years. During this time he 
twice volunteered in the service of the United States against the Indians un- 
der the famous Black Hawk, and the last time remained in the ranks until 
the noted chief of the enemy was captured and sent to Washington City, in 
irons. In politics Mr. Evans was an old line whig, an ardent admirer of 
Henry Clay, and he still claims to be of the same political faith. When the 
late war broke out, he took decided ground for the government, and with one 
of his sons raised a company at their own expense, which joined the 31st reg- 
iment, Missouri volunteers, and served until the close of the war. In 1862, he 
was elected representative from Washington county, and served in the ses- 
sions of 18G2-3. In religous belief he is an old school Presbyterian, having 
tmited with the church at Potosi, in 1836. Mr. Evens was married to Charlotte 
Ilaigh on the 12lh day of April, 1827, who is still living, at the advanced 
age of seventy years. They have had ten children, six of whom are still 
living, — four sous and two daughters. They also have fifteen grand-children. 
His present residence is Hopewell Furnace, in Washington county, where 
he owns a large tract of land, — the accumulation of many j^ears of industry. 
Naturally endowed with a superabundance of energ}-, excellent judgment, to- 
gether with good mechanical ingenuilj', he possesses the elements of success. 
Although he belongs to a past generation, being now eighty-nine years old, 
he is hale and hearty, and attends to his business with great assiduity. 

Epur.vi-m: B.vhnett Ewing, the subject of this sketch, although born in 
Kentucky, was brought to Missouri, when only a few months old, and all 
his life was identified with the growth and history of the State. He was the 
son of Rev. Finis Ewing, one of the founders of the Cumberland Presby- 
terian church, and Margaret Davidson, daughter of General William Lee 
Davidson, who distinguished himself in the war for independence. He was 
educated at Princeton College, Kentucky ; studied law, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1849, and soon won an eminciit position in the practice of his 
profession. In 1846-7, he was elected secretary of the State Senate, and in 
1848, he was chosen presidential elector of the democratic ticket, and the 
«ame year was elected representative from Ray county (then his home) to the 



1I18TOKY OF MISSOURI. 509 

General Assembly. The following year he was appointed Secretary of 
State by Governor King, and at the same time was ex f^/jcio Superintendent 
of common schools. In 1856, he was elected Attorney-Genend of the Stale 
for four years, but in 1859 resigned his office, and was eleclwd judge of llie 
Supreme Cnurt to fill tlie unexpired term of John C. Richardson, whichoffice 
he held until 1801, when the office was abolished by the action of the State 
convention. Judge Ewing then resumed the practice of his profession in 
Jefferson City, where he resided until 1864, when he became a resident of 
St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected judge of the circuit court of St. Louis 
county for six years, and was thereupon chosen its presiding judge. Af- 
ter holding tills ollice for about two years, he resigned, and in 1873, in re- 
sponse to a petition signed by more than two hundred and fifty members of 
the bar, irrespective of party, he consented to allow himself to be a candidate 
for the Supreme Judgeship, to which position he was subsequently elected 
hy a complimentary majority. Not long, however, did he hold this 
high position, for the following June, while in the glory of his man- 
hood, he was cut down by that fearful scourge, cerebro-spinal-meningitis, 
at the age of 52 years. He lived and died, bequeathing to his family and 
friends tlie rich legacy of an untarnished name. " There are few men in 
public life wliose withdrawal by death would leave a more deplorable gap 
in the ranks of eminence than is made by the death of Judge Ewing. Such 
characters as his are rare among men." 

In social life, he was as remarkable as in his professional capacity. 
No hospitality was less ostentatious and more genial than his, — no greeting 
was more hearty — no friendship truer or more unse]fi!^h. His fine sense of 
honor, his wide experience, his thorough culture, and his broad and liberal 
mind, all, fitted him to stand at the head of his profession and in the leader- 
ship of social life. Although not a member of any church, his sympathies 
were with the church of his father, the Cumberland Presbyterian. He loved 
the cause of morality and religion, and took a deep interest in the welfare 
of the church. He was a noble man and a model lawyer, and yet the bright 
shining qualities of his nature shone forth, as a husband, a father, and a 
judge. In every charge and trust with which he was honored he did credit 
to himself and to those who trusted him. Judge Ewing was married in 1845, 
his wife being Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Thomas Allen, and sister of the 
late Governor Henry W. Allen, of Louisiana. They had seven children, all 
of whom are living. 

RoBEKT C. Ewing was born in Todd counly, Kentucky, on the 26th of 
Marcli, 1816, and was the son of R?v. Finis Ewing, who immigrated to Mis- 
souri in 1821, and settled at New Lebanon, Cooper county, where the}' resided 
until lSo2, when Mr. Ewing was appointed to the office of Register of Lands, 
by President Jackson, upon which he removed to Lexington, the office being 
located at that* place. Robert was prepared for college in the common 
schools of the countj'. He pursued a collegiate course, first at Cen- 
tre College, Danville, Kentucky, under Dr. Young, and then at Cumberland, 
Princeton, in the same State, under Drs. Cossitt and Beard. In addition to 
the regular college course, he studied and learned to read with facility, the 



510 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Ffoncli, Spanish, and Italian languages. Leaving college in 1838, lie com- 
menced the study of law under liis oldest brother, the late W. L. D. Ewing, 
long a citizen of Illinois, and a United Stales Senator from that Slate. After 
a few months, however, he removed to Missouri, and finished liis legal course 
with Attorney-General S. M. Bay, and in December, 1840, was admitted to llie 
bar, and immediately' thereafter, settled and engaged in practice at Richmond, 
Ray county. In 1842, Mr. Ewing found his health so precarious as to imperi- 
tively demand relaxation, and accordingly, he sailed for South America, and 
spent the winter on the Spanish main, and in the southern West Indies. 
Returning in 1843, he resumed the practice of his profession, in partnership 
with his youngest brother, E. B. Ewiug, then but recently admitted to the 
bar. Removing his family to Lexington in 1844, he was tendered, and finally- 
accepted, the appointment of United States Marshal for the State of Missouri 
aud the then Territory of Kansas, by President Polk, which office he held 
until far into President Taylor's term. In search of health and adven- 
ture, in 1852, he crossed the plains to New Mexico, and still unsatisfied 
with the dull routine of office duties, the following year he went to Califor- 
nia, by water, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and spent a year in the Golden 
State. In 1856, Ewing was nominated for the office of Governor, by a 
convention held at St. Louis, — his competitor in the convention being the 
late Henry T. Bh.w. It was in this year that the triangular fight occurred 
between the Benton and Anti-Benton factions of the democratic part}-, and 
the opponents of both the old whig and the American parties. Benton" was 
himself, a candidate for Governor, on that side of the democracy which em- 
braced his views, but his strength was nearly gone, and he made but a feeble 
race — the real contest being between Ewing and Trustcu Polk, the latter 
being in the end elected by only a few hundred votes. This was one of the 
most memorable political campaigns ever fought in the State. Each candi- 
date for governor, as well as for other State offices, canvassed the entire field, 
— the excitement often running to extreme height. On the ticket with Polk 
was E. B. Ewiug, as candidate for Attorney-General, who made a most vigor- 
ous canvass against his brother; without, however, interrupting their fraternal 
relations. 

Soon after the close of the aforementioned political campaign, Mr. Ewing 
formed a law partnership with Ex-Governor King. In 1858, he once more 
crossed the plains in charge of government freight for General Johnson's army, 
then encamped at Salt Lake. Tlie succeding year, he again went to Utah in 
charge of a large business enterprise, but being a Gentile, aud not a Saint, he 
was essentially plucked, and returned much poorer than he went. From 1863, 
to 1808, Judge Ewing was in Montana territory, engaged in mining, and during 
that time, he was elected a delegate to a convention to form a constitution for a 
Slate government, and on the organization of that body, he was unanimously 
chosen its president. Returning to Missouri in 18G9, he located in Jackson 
counJy, and a few months thereafter, on the occurrence of a vacancy in the 
criminal branch of the court of the 24lh Judicial circuit, which embraced 
Jackson count}', lie was elected judge of that court, by an almost unanimous 
vote. This office he held for nearly four years. Finding the duties of this 




ROBERT C. EWING. 



IIISTOUY OF MISSOUKI. 511 

position too laborious for his feeble health, in September, 1874, he 
resigned to accept a law Professorship in Lincoln University, Illinois, but 
finding this was too much for his waning strength, after five months service 
in this position, he was compelled to surrender the position. Early in 1875, 
he left Missouri, and traveled in Texas, — spending the summer in that State- 
The next autumn, he accepted a Law Professorship in Trinity University. 
Texas, which position he now holds. Battling with disease nearly all his life, 
he has still achieved a large degree of real success. A handsome living went " 
down under the iron heel of the war, and he was left to commence life anew 
in his advanced age. While on the bench, he wrote "Historical Memoirs, " 
a book which was published by the B )ard of Publication of the Cumberland 
Presbyterian Church, of which he is a member. The judge has been an 
extensive traveler, having rambled into almost everj' part of this half of the 
continent, and into South America, besides many thousand miles b}' sea. He 
is now sixty years of age, with greatly impaired iiealth, but with spirits that 
never flag, and with energy that is only curtailed by feebleness of body. 

Thomas Clement Fletcher was born Jan. 22, 1827, in Jefferson county, 
Missouri. He descended from an old Maryland family. His father, Cle- 
ment B. Fletcher, came to Missouri in 1818, and was a merchant. Thomas 
was the second son. The want of the advantages of an early education 
very seriousl}' weighed upon him, and his success in overcoming that ob- 
stacle to his advancement, is one of the most encouraging ex.-.imples to young 
men of the efi"ectivcness of industry and resolute will. As deputy clerk of 
the count}' court of his native count}-, when yet a minor, he • mployed his 
time in study, and soon became famed as an excellent clerk. During this 
time, he applied himself studiously to his books, and acquired something 
of the learning of the schools. On attaining his mnjorit}-, the people of the 
county gave evidence of their confidence in his integrity and superior busi- 
ness qualifications, by electing him to the offices of clerk of the circuit, and 
count}- courts. Wliile serving in that position, he studied law, and went to 
the bar in 1856. About this time he began to take a part in the politics of 
the State, and was an ardent supporter of Benton. In 18G0, he was a dele- 
gate to the Chicago convention, and in the canvass of that year warmly ad- 
vocated the election of Mr. Lincoln. When the war came, he was a trusted 
friend of Lyon and Blair, and roused up the people of liis vicinity to a sup- 
port of the Union. He served for a time as Assistant Provost-Marshal Gen- 
eral at St. Louis, and subsequently recruited and organized the 31st Missouri 
regiment of infantry, and went to tlie front as iis colonel, and served with 
credit in the Army of the Tennessee, under Sherman. Subsequently he re- 
turned to Missouri, and recruited and organizxl tw-o other regiments, one of 
which (the 47lh Infantry) he commanded as its colonel. For his services in 
the army, he was commissioned a Brevet Brigadier-General. In 18G4, he was 
elected governor of the State of Missouri, and was tlie first native born gov- 
ernor, and the first republican governor of the State, as well as the first re- 
publican ever elected governor of a slave State. The thoroughness of his 
convictions always manifested itself l)y very decided and jirompt action. 
This made him a party leader, who drew to himself the concentrated fiie of 



512 AN ILLUSTRATED 

the opposing party. Under his four years of administration, there was the 
most unexampled progress made in all the material interests of the State, as 
well as its educational facilities. His policy for the restoration of the power 
of law, at the close of the war, and for the completion of the system of inter- 
nal improvements, drew upon him the most bitter and persistent assaults of 
the opposition, but did not make him swerve in his course. Some of his 
speeches and writings are remarkable for eloquence and force. Governor 
Fletcher was married in I80I, to Miss Clara Honej^, a lady whose good sense 
and many virtues have made her a favorite in every circle in which she has 
moved. Two children, a son and daughter, have been born to them, and 
have grown to manhood and womanhood. Governor Fletcher is a hale, 
hearty, and energetic man, enjoying in social life the esteem of a large circle 
of friends, and quietly pursuing the practice of his profession. 

Joseph Flood, of Clay county, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, on 
the 10th day of October, 1813. He was educated at Shurtliff College, Upper 
Alton, Illinois, and moved to Callaway county, Missouri, in 1846, settling 
near Fulton, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits, and in teaching, for 
twenty-two years. For a time he was professor in Westminster College, at 
Fulton, and subsequently a member of the Faculty of Stephen's College, at 
Columbia. He was successful both as farmer and teacher. Soon after his re- 
moval to Callaway county, he was elected school commissioner for the 
county; and in 1856, was chosen judge of the county and probate courts, be- 
ing re-elected in 1860. In 1861, he was elected a member of the consti- 
tutional convention, of Missouri, called to consider the relations of the State to 
the federal government. In this capacity he displa^'ed his usual ability, and 
was a faithful and conscientious member, and at all times a conservative 
Union man. In former times, he was politically associated with the whig 
party, and an active and earnest advocate of the national policy taught by 
Clay and Webster. In later years he has, however, acted with the demo- 
cratic party. In all the positions which he has filled in life, he has been 
regarded an honest man, and one who in all his official acts, scrupulously 
followed his conscientious convictions. In disposition he is very amiable, 
yet decided in his opinions, and bold in their announcement. He has been 
a member of the Baptist denomination for more than forty years, and has 
held various offices in the different churches with which he has been con- 
nected, and has also often been elected to preside over the deliberations of 
Little Bonne Femme, and North Liberty Baptist associations. Judge Flood 
was united in marriage with Miss Eliza A. Major, daughter of Rev.'John S. 
Major, in Franklin county, Kentucky, in 1839, and has five children, two sons 
and three daughters. 

, Nicholas Foi;d, of Rochester, Andrew county, Missouri, was born in Ireland 
in the year 1830. He arrived in the United States at the age of eighteen. He 
reached Missouri in 1854 He settled his family in St. Joseph, in 1859. Since 
1865, he has been a resident of Rochester. Mr. Ford was elected a represent- 
ative from Andrew county in the twenty -eighth General Assambly as a non-part- 
isan or " Independent." He has been for several years engaged in merchan- 



iiilllB » 




NAPOLEON B. GIDDINGS. 



IIISTOKY OF AUSSOUUI. .jl3 

dizing, devoting the most of his attention to liis business. His wife is a na- 
tive of Ireland. He is tlie father of two cliiklren — daugliters. Mr. Ford is a 
high-toned gentleman, possessed of fine talents and of excellent social qual- 
ities. 

Turner A. Gill, the present mayor of Kansas City, was born in Batli, count)', 
Kentucky, December 8th, 1841, but immigrated with his parents to Jackson 
county, Missouri, when about twelve years of age. After improving such op- 
portunities for schooling as his section atforded, he became a student in Col- 
umbia University in 18G0, where he was earnestly pursuing his studies at the 
breaking out of the rebellion. Young Gill soon became fired with euthusi- 
>ism and military ardor, resulting in his joining the confederate array, in 
1S61, when only nineteen years of age. He served as a private under General 
Price through the engagements which took place in Missouri and Arkansas; 
also in those about Vicksburg and Corinth in Mississippi ; was several times 
wounded, and while yet a minor was promoted to a lieutenantcy ; and being 
taken prisoner at Vicksburg, he was paroled as lieutenant of company A., 6th 
Missouri Infantrj\ Being exchanged shortly afterwards, he was assigned to 
duty as adjutant in one of General Shelby's regiments, and was by him as- 
signed to the command of a compan}-, and promoted on the field by Shelby to 
captain"for gallantry and merit." At the conclusion of the war, Captain Gill 
resumed his studies at the Kentucky Universitj-, Lexington, when he gradu- 
ated in 1868, only second in a chijs of seventeen. Having pursued the study 
of law, he commenced practice in Kansas city, in 1870. In the spring of 1875 
Gill was nominated, by the popular voice of his party, for mayor of 
Kansas City, and was elected. At the expiration of one year, he was 
nominated for re-election, and notwithstanding a wing of his own party 
bolted, and put another ticket in the field, he was elected by more than two 
hundred majority over the combined vote of his competitors. Mr. Gill was 
united in marriage with Lizzie Campbell, daughter of John Campbell, 
of Kansas City, March 9th, 1871. 

Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings was a native of Clark county, Kentucky, 
and was born in the year 1816. His parents immigrated to Missouri in 1828, 
and settled at Fayette, in Howard county. He here resided for quite a num- 
ber of years, and received the advantages of a common-school education. In 
1836, when Texas declared her independence of the Mexican government, he 
left his home in Fayette, and alone took his way to the " Lone Star " Repub- 
lic, and enrolled himself as a private in her army. Soon afterwards, how- 
ever, he was promoted to be sergeant major of the regiment, which position 
he held until the close of the war and the disbanding of the army. The seat 
of government then being at Columbia, he repaired thither, and soon received 
the appointment of chief clerk in the auditor's office; afterward serving as 
acting auditor under Samuel Houston. Whcnthe capital was removed from 
Columbia to Houston, Giddiugs accompanied Houston and cabinet oflScers to 
the new Capital, but soon after resigned his position, and, in 1838, returned to 
Missouri. The following j'ear, he was appointed captain in the state militia, 
and, about the same time, commenced the study of law in the office of James 



514 AN ILLUSTRATED 

W. Morrow, then an able lawyer of Fayette, Howard county. In 1841, he 
was licc'used to practice. When the war with Mexico broke out in 1846, he 
at once enrolled liimself for military service, and receiving a captain's com- 
mission in the regiment of Sterling Price, he acted in that capacity until the 
close of the war. On his return to Missouri, he established and for a time 
edited the first paper published in Franklin county, called the " Union Flag"; 
democratic in principle, and advocated the election of Lewis Cass to the Pres- 
idency, who at that time was a candidate. The same year, the gold excite- 
ment broke out in California, and he very soon became again infected with 
the spirit of adventure; sold out his paper, and in the spring of the follow- 
ing year, immigrated to the Eldorado, where he remained two years, travel- 
ing exteusively up and down the Pacific coast and in Central America. 

In 1851, he returned to the State of his adoption, settled in Savannah, 
commenced the practice of his profession, and has since resided at this place. 
In 1863, he was one of the delegation of 70, sent from Missouri to Washington 
to endeavor to induce President Lincoln to change his military policy in that 
State, and during the rebellion he served as lieutenant colonel of the 51st 
regiment of Missouri volunteers. In politics, Giddings has always been a 
democrat, but during the late war he acted with the party in power. Since the 
war, he has affiliated with his old political friends. Colonel Giddings is a 
Mason, has filled the first offices in each department of that order, and for 
more than thirty years has been a member of the Grand Lodge of Missouri- 
His wife was a daughter of Hampton L. Boone, who was a relative of the 
famous Kentucky hunter, Daniel Boone. His residence is a little east of the 
city of Savannah. 

C. L. GooDELL, D. D., was born in Calais, Vermont, in 1830. He comes 
of pure New England stock, and of a famil^^ which numbers eleven minis- 
ters in the line, including the celebrated Doctor W. G. Goodell, of Constan- 
tinople. The family in this country begins with Robert Goodell, who came 
from England in 1634 and settled in Salem, Massachusetts. The subject of 
this sketch enjoyed the advantage of a thorough education, having gradu- 
ated in a full classical course from Vermont University, in 1855, and from the 
Theological Seminary, of Andover, in 1858. He was converted during 
his senior year in College in 1855; and married Emily, daughter of Gov- 
ernor Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, in 1859. He was called to 
the pastorate of a church in New Britain, Connecticut, the same year, having 
been licensed to preach in 1858. He was pastor in this church 14 years, 
during which time there were more additions to its membership than to any 
other church in Connecticut. Their prosperity was equally marked in other 
respects, as their benevolent contributions increased from $420.00 to $14,000, 
and a new cliurcli edifice was built at a cost of $150,000. In 1872, Pilgrim 
Congregational church, of St. Louis, extended him a call to become their 
pastor. Accepting the position, he entered immediately upon his work. Ke- 
fusiug from the start to regard the limits of his congregaticm, or even those 
of the city, as the boundaries of his parish, he at once placed himself in 
connection with all the churches and ministers in the commercial vicinity. 
He scattered abroad and gave his hand in royal Christian fellowship to all 



HISTORY Of MISSOURI. 015 

the struiii^ling bauds of workers within his reach. In this missionary spirit 
his cliurcli has shared aud generously lield up liis hands, while by word, 
and letter and bodily presence, he has waiched over weaker churches in less 
favored localities. His relation to the educational interests of the State is 
indicated in the endowment secured for Walter Fairbanks' Hall of Drury 
College, Springfield, Missouri. In answer to "what is the secret of his suc- 
cess?" it may be said, he is a man who studies. Horace Bushuell said that 
the difference between a jackstatf and a tree was, that one had grown and the 
other was growing. Dr. Goodell is growing. He is a man of i)ositive ideas; 
his convictions are deep, clear and strong. He believes the Bible is the re- 
vealed will of God to meu, and he preaches the old doctrines of repentance 
toward God and faith in Christ. He gives the trumpet a certain sound, and 
men who hear him prepare for battle. He is tolerant to all honest opinion. 
He is a man of deep personal piety; whatever other impressions Dr. Goodell 
makes on a visitor, he is sure to leave with a feeling that he has been with a 
man who fears God and keeps his commandments. Without scorning the use 
■of good humor, or disregarding the pleasantries of life, he shows to all, that 
his real life is hid with Christ in God. His house is a house of prayer, well 
ordered and happy. Whatever failing Dr. Goodell may have, in common with 
his fellow meu, he most surely keeps his heart with all diligence and his 
body as a temple of the Holy Ghost. 

Odon Guitar was born in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1825. His father, a 
native of France, immigrated to this country wlien a youth, on account of his 
republican sentiments, — locating at the place named, where he engaged in 
mercantile pursuits, and soon after intermarried with Emily Gordon, the 
mother of the subject of this sketch, and daughter of the late David Gordon, 
Sen., of Boone county, Missouri, and a niece of Chief Justice John Bogle, of 
Kentucky. His father removed to Missouri, in 1829, and located at Col 
umbia, where Odon Guitar was reared and educated, graduating at the State 
University, in the class of 1846, and receiving his degree whilst a private 
soldier in the ranks of the federal army, in Mexico. Enlisting in " Doni- 
phan's regiment," a few weeks before the close of his collegiate term, he par- 
ticipated with credit in all its marches, battles, and romantic adventures. 
Returning from the war, he entered upon the study of the law with his uncle, 
the late John B. Gordon, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. Led by his 
love of adventure, and the gold excitement on the Pacific coast, lie crossed 
the plains to California, witli the great emigration of 1850. Spending some 
eighteen months in the mines, and mountains of that country; He accord- 
ingly appeared in the line of his profession before its "domestic tribunals," 
then almost the only forums of justice in that far off land. Returning to 
Missouri, in 1851, he resumed the practice of his profession. He has served 
his cr)unty twice in the legislature, and was the candidate of the whig party 
in 1868, for Attorney-General. In July, 1856, Guitar, in an oration delivered 
before the Alumni of the State University, foreshadowed the approach of the 
late civil war, and ils results. On the commenpement of hostilities, he took 
ground in favor of the preservation of the Uni(m. Guitar solicited, and re- 
ceived authority from Governor Gamble, to recruit a regiment of cavalry in 



516 AN ILLUSTRATED 

central Missouri. This he accomplished, giving lo the service " the Bloody- 
Ninth," of which he was commissioned colonel, on the 3d of May, 1863- 
During the summer of tliis year, he fought the battles of '-Moore's Mills," 
"Little Compton," and " Yellow Creek," besides a number of minor engage- 
ments, beating the confederates in every instance. For gallant and meritori- 
ous services in the field, Guitar was promoted to the rank of Brigadier- 
General. As district commander during the war, he had control, at diff rent 
times, of more than two-thirds of the entire territory of the State. And in 
this quasi civil and military position, the most responsible and delicate pos- 
sible, he acquitted himself with credit. At the close of the war. General 
Guitar resumed the practice of his profession; and, in 1866, married Kate 
Leonard, youngest daughter of the late Abiel Leonard, of Howard county. 
He has a comfortable home in the suburbs of Columbia, where, beneath the 
shadows of his own elms, with his amiable wife, and an interesting trio of 
children, he enjoys the competency afforded him by his professional labors- 

William A. Hall, of Huntsville, Randolph county, Missouri, was born in 
Portland, Maine, in 1815. His father moved to the Slate of Virginia in 1819, 
and thence to Missouri in 1840. Soon after coming to the State, the subject 
of this sketch commenced the practice of law, first iu Randolph county, and 
soon after at Fayette, iu Howard county. In 1844, he took charge of the 
democratic paper published at Fayette, and conducted it tlirough the presi- 
dential contest of that year. He, and his younger brother, Willard 
P. Hall, were chosen presidential electors the same year, on the democratic 
ticket. In 1847, he was appointed circuit judge, for the circuit comprising 
Howard, Boone, Callaway, Audrain, Randolph, and Macon counties, and 
continued to fill this office by re-election, without opposition, until 1861, at 
which time he was elected to Congress. In this capacity, he served until 
1865 (being re-elected in 1863), when he retired from public life, and resumed 
the practice of his profession. He was a member of tlie constitutional con- 
vention, called at the breaking out of the civil war, and took high ground in 
favor of the Union, voting for the deposition of Governor Jackson, and for 
placing Governor Gamble at the head of the State government. In 1861, he 
was tendered the appointment of United States Senator, by Governor Gamble, 
but declined the office. Althougli a democrat, he enjoyed the confidence 
and esteem of President Lincoln, who often consulted him with reference to 
the condition of affairs in Missouri. At the close of the war, he earnestly 
desired, and zealously labored to restore the country to its condition before 
the war. He co-operated heartily with Gautt, Glover, and Broadhead, in the 
effort to defeat the Drake constitution. For several years Judge Hall has 
taken very little part in politics. 

Wesley Halliburton was born in the county of Humphreys, Tennessee, 
January 4th, 1812. When he was ten years of age, his parents immigrated to 
Missouri and settled in what is now Randnlph county, then a wild waste, and 
the home of the red men. Here youug Wesley spent the boyhood days of 
his life, assisting his father on the farm. Schools were almost unknown at 
that early day. He had an ardent thirst for knowledge, and borrowed books 



HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 517 

as often as he could, jxmi devoured them with avidity. By such means, 
together with the meagre advantages afforded by tlic old log school-house, 
when twenty years of age lie was able to teach a small country school ; and 
from tiiis beginning, he for several years followed, alternately, teaching and 
laboring on tlie farm. Having married, in 1S34, he settled down to farming, 
but after two year.-^, finding his strength insufficient for the work, he sold 
his farm and commenced the grocery business whicli he finally changed to a 
<lry-gi)ods store. Wliilc attending to this business, he commenced and pur- 
sued the study of law, and in 1810, lie sold out his business, and moved his 
family to Bloominglon, the county seat of Macon county, and opened a law 
office. Shortly after settling in Macon, he was elected county judge, but 
after a few months, resigned that office and devoted himself again to practic- 
ing at the bar. In 1844, he was elected attorney for the 11th Judicial Circuit, 
and the following year he removed his residence to Lluneus, in Linn county. 
He was reelected to the same office in 1848. In 1851, he resigned and once 
more devoted himself to the practice of his profession. In 1853 he was 
elected a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from Linn 
county. After serving in that session with great fidelity and acceptance, he 
received the appointment from President Pierce of receiver of Public Money 
for the Chariton Laud District of Missouri. He retained this position until 
1857. Upon his retirement from the office, he was again elected to the lower 
branch of the General Assembly, and the following year to the State Senate. 
In 1864, he removed to St. Louis county. In 1873, he again returned to the 
scenes which had become dear by long association, to find his once comforta- 
ble home destroyed, and the broad acres of his possessions run to waste. In 
January, 1875, he was elected b}' the people of his old senatorial district to 
represent them in the constitutional convention, which conveneil in May of 
that year. In that convention, he took an active and prominent part 
throwing all his ability and energy into the important fvork before that body. 
Judge Halliburton has been twice married, and has eight children now 
living, six sons and two daughters. He is of a bright, cheerful nature. As 
a business man he has few superiors, — prompt, clear-headed, and honest, he 
has always had the fullest confidence of his fellow-men, and whilst he has 
not escaped the common lot of ali mankind, that of sometimes making 
enemies, he has striven to use them as stepping stones to a higher position. 
As a public speaker, he has been successful, both as an advocate at the bar, 
and on the hustings, — not what is usually termed eloquent, but clear, forcible 
and to the point. He is not a member of any church, but has always been 
a supporter of the ordinances of the gospel, and a firm believer in the truths 
of the Christian religion. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd 
Fellows. 

Wii.Li.\M H. HiTJ.MAN was born in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 1837, 
and immigrated to Missouri, with liis parents, when very young, settling in 
Gentry county, wliere his father soon after died. At sixteen years of age, 
young Hillman, with his widowed mother, removed to Harrison county, 
where he has since resided. Ho received, while a youth, such advantages 
as the common school afforded, and at an early age, was obliged to leave 



518 AN ILLUSTRATED 

school entirely, and enter upon the active duticb of life. In 1861, he was 
elected assessor of his county; in 1862, sheriff, and collector, to which po- 
sition he was reelected in 1864; and in 1869 was elected mayor of the city of 
Bethany. In 1872, he was the republican nominee of his county for repre- 
sentative, and was elected by a large majority. Although a man of few 
words, and seldom occupying the attention of the House, in debate, he, never- 
theless, proved himself a careful legislator; ever awake to the best interests of 
his constituents. He has been largely engaged in farming, and stock rais- 
ing, all his life, and more or less, of late, ia mercantile pursuits. He has al- 
ways manifested a deep interest in whatever public improvements were pro- 
posed, botli in town and county. He has been a liberal contributor to re- 
ligious and literary institutions; is a member of the Christian church, and 
of the Masonic fraternity. 

CH.A.RLES H. Hardin, who has occupied a conspicuous position in the pub- 
lic affairs of the State, was born in 1820, and brought in the arms of 
Iiis mother to Missouri, soon after his birth. His father was a 
Virginian, but immigrated to Kentucky at an early day, residing in the 
latter State many years, when he came to Missouri, locating in Boone 
county, where he lived until his death. His mother was Hannah Jewell, sister 
to Dr. William Jewell, of Columbia, Missouri, thefounder of William Jewell 
College. Governor Hardin is one of a family of five children, all of whom, 
except a sister, are dead. He is connected with the distinguished family of 
Hardins, of Kentucky, so well known in that State. He enjoj-ed the benefits 
of a liberal education, being raised at Columbia, where he had the privilege 
^of the best schools the State afforded. He subsequently graduated at the 
Miami University, receiving the degree of A. B. and A. M. After retiring 
from college, he studied law with James M. Gordon, at Columbia, was ad- 
mitted to the bar, and i^n 1843 began the practice of his profession at Fulton, 
Callaway county, and soon established an extensive and lucrative business. 
In 1844, he married Mary B. Jenkins, daughter of a prominent farmer and 
stock-raiser of Boone county. In 1848, Governor Hardin was elected circuit 
attorney of the third judicial circuit; about the first civil ofiice ever held by 
him. In 1851, he was appointed one of the managers of the State Lunatic 
Asylum, and acted as secretary of the institution for twelve years. In 1852, 
he was elected to the legislature from Callaway county, discharging his du- 
ties to the public satisfactorily, and displaying superior ability- as a legisla- 
tor. In 1854, he was re-elected, and in 1855 was appointed by the General 
Assembly, in connection with Hon. John W. Reid, of Kansas City, and the late 
Thomas C. Richardson, of Scotland county, to revise and compile the laws 
of the State. Hardin showed himself possessed of great legal learning and 
familiarity with the statute law in arranging and systematizing the code for 
Missouri. He was afterwards appointed by the General Assembly to super- 
intend the printing of the revised statutes, a position he filled with abilty. 
In 1858, he was again elected to the House of Representatives, and in 1860 
was elected to the State Senate from the district composed of Boone and Cal- 
laway counties, and was appointed by T. C. Reynolds, then president of the- 
Senate, chairman of the judiciary committee. In 1861, he lookup his resi- 



[IliSTUKY OF M18SOUIII. 519 

dence in Audrain count}-, where lie has since resided, devoting himself to 
domestic and private affairs until 1872, when he was elected again to the 
State Senate, serving as chairman of the judiciary comniittee and committee 
on asylums. He has alwaj's taken a deep interest in educational affairs and 
the cause of popular education, and his active public life has been inter- 
spersed with substantial efforts in this direction. He founded Hardiu College, 
and endowed it with thirtj'-seven thousand dollars in mone}' and lands. 

Governor Hardin retired from the practice of law in 1871, after occupying 
a front rank in the profession and at the bar for years. He was about to re- 
tire from active public life, when called upon by the democratic State conven- 
tion toaccept the nomination as candidate for GoverncM". He accepted the nom- 
ination tendered him, and was elected by nearly forty thousand majority. 
During a long and eventful public life, he has ever deported himself as an 
un.selfish champion of the people's interest. He is social and genial in the 
domestic circle, as elsewhere; plain and unassuming in style and bearing, 
and, in every respect, a man whom Missouri will ever be delighted to honor, 
as one of her best citizens. 

Andrew J.\ckson H.\.hlan was born in Clinton county, Ohio, March 
29th, 1815, where he spent the years of his minority, and in the latter part of 
the year 1836, he left home, and went to Evausville, Indiana. From this 
timetotiie autumn of 1838, he was engaged in teaching, chiefly, when he 
went to Marion, Grant county, Indiana; and soon after was appointed deputy 
clerk and recorder, and while in the di.scharge of the duties of this office, he 
read law, as he could command time, and in November, 1839, was licensed to 
practice. In 1842-3, he was clerk of tlie House of Representatives for the 
State of Indiana, and was several times run for important offices in his judi- 
cial district, but being a democrat, and the district strongly whig, failed of 
election. In 1846-7-8, he represented Grant county, in the legislature, and 
also in 1848, was elector on the "Cass and iiutler" ticket. In 1849, Harlan 
was elected to Congress, and re-elected in 1852. 

While in Congress, he voted in all important matters with his democratic 
friends, except when action was taken upon the repeal of what is known as 
the "Missouri Restriction," or " Compromise, " which he openly opposed. 
This action drew upon him much unkind criticism, and in a Congressional 
convention, held in his own town, in June, 1854, he was openly and literally 
"read out" of the part}', since which time, he has affiliated with the repub- 
licans. In the spring of 1861, Mr. Harlan left Indiana, and settled in 
Dakota Territory. He was appointed by Governor Jayne, treasurer of the 
Territory. In 1862, he was chosen to the House of Delegates, from the county 
of Clay, and upon the organization of that body, he was chosen speaker. 
In Fcbruar}', 1863, Mr. Harlan left the Territory, and became a resident of 
Savannah, Missouri, where he has since resided, engaged in the practice of 
his profession, jwliticsand trade. In 1864, he was elected to the lower House 
of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 1866, being also chosen speaker 
of that body. He was a delegate to llic Baltimore convention in 1864, and 
aided in the nomination of President Lincoln, and in 1868, was chosen one 
of the delegates at large from Missouri to the national convention at Chicago 



520 AN ILLUSTRATED 

which nominated Grant for President. In 1870, he was the candidate of the 
republican part}', for Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Mr. Harlan was 
married to Delilah llondrix, of Marion, Indiana, on the 18th day of Septem- 
ber, 1839, and has two cliildren. a son and daughter. 

WrLM.\M Selcy H.uiNEY was born in Davidson county, Tennessee, August 
22d, 1800, and is the youngest of eiglit children. When a boy, he contem- 
plated entering the navy, and, to that end, studied navigation, and fitted him- 
self so far as circumstances permitted, for that arm of the service. But his 
destiny was cast with the army instead of the navy. His first appointment 
was second lieutenant in the first regiment of Infantry on the 13th of Feb- 
ruary, 1818. The next year he was made first lieutenant. He was afterwards 
transferred to the first artillery, but was subsequently re-transferred and 
made a captain in 1825. In 1832, he was appointed pay-master by the Presi- 
dent, with the rank of major. In 1833, he participated in the Black Hawk 
war. He was afterward — August 15tii, 1836 — promoted to lieutenant-colonel 
of the second dragoons, he having resigned his position as pay-master. He 
greatly distinguished himself in the Florida Indian war. On the oOth of 
June, 1846, he was promoted to the colonelcy of the second dragoons, and 
was sent to the frontier of Texas upon the commencement of the Mexican 
war. He was subsequently in command of his dragoons on the march from 
Vera Cruz, under Scott, to Mexico. Some preliminary fighting brought the 
army to Cerro Gordo, where lie performed one of the most brilliant and des- 
perate feats of the war, by capturing under the eye of tlie General-in-chief, 
the key to the enemy's position, by assault. It was a most fiery onset, and 
required great resolution and daring. For this, he was brevetted brigadier- 
general. After the war, he was ordered to Austin, Texas, with his dragoons, 
where he remained until 1852. He subsequently made a flying trip to France, 
wliere his family was sojourning; — returning thence to the frontiers where 
the Indians were troublesome. On the 3d of September, 1855, he foughta battle 
with the Sioux on the north fork of Platte river, completely defeating the sav- 
ages. He was made brigadier-general on the 14th of June, 1858, and put in 
command of the department of Oregon. While upon the Pacific coast, he took 
possession of the island of San Juan, which was claimed by tlie English. 
General Harney was recalled, but the island has since been yielded to the 
United States. At the commencement of the civil war, he was in command 
of the Department of the West, head-quarters at St. Louis. On the 14th of 
May 1861, he issued a proclamation warning the citizens of Missouri against 
secession. On the 21st of May, he entered into an agreement with General 
Sterling Price, commanding the State militia, to make no military movement 
so long as the peace of the commonwealth was preserved by its authorities. 
He was soon after relieved of his command. On the 13th of Much, 1865, 
he was brevetted major-general. He was a member of the Indian commis- 
sion in August, 1867. In the military annals of our country, the name of 
General Harney stands deservedly high. The State of Missouri is proud of 
his record, as it is of liis citizeusliip. 

John W Haukis, M. A , the subject of this sketch, is descended from Vir. 
ginia stock. His grandfatlier, John Harris, migrated from Albemarle 



UiSTUUY OF MiSbOUlil. 521 

county, and settled in Madison county, Iveniuck}', where he raised a large 
family, and was a leadiiii:, and prominent citizen. His fat lier. Judge Over- 
ton Harris, emigrated, about the year 1817, from Madison county, Ken- 
tucky, and settled in Boone county, Missouri. He was the first sherifl'of the 
county after its organization, and, during his life, he held many other posi- 
tions of honor and trust. John W., the eldest son, was born in Madison 
county, Kentucky, on the 31st day of August, 1816, the year prior to his 
father's removal to Missouri. In his early youth the educational advantages 
presented in Missouri were limited. He was placed in the counting-house 
of a merchant of Columbia, at the age of fourteen, where he served a faith- 
ful apprenticeship of tliree years. Enjoying some further advantages of 
education, and travel, developing into a strong youtliful manhood, and feel- 
ing himself competent, he embarked in tlie business of merchandising, 
which occupation he followed with great energy, industry, and success, for 
thirty years. During this long period, he was one of the leading merchants 
of Central Missouri, and was known, and recognized as an active, enterpris- 
ing, and public spirited citizen. Having accumulated an independence, 
Mr. Harris purchased a farm in the western part of Boone county, on which 
he now resides. For manj- years he was a director of the Bank of the State 
of Missouri, and held many other r)ffices connected with similar institutions. 
He has ever been an ardent friend of popular education, and internal im- 
provements, and all those liberal policies, calculated to encourage immi- 
gration, increase the wealth, and add to the intelligence of the State. He 
was one of tlie pioneers in the agencies wliich have given to Missouri her 
present position among the States of tlie Union. He was twice elected a 
member of the General Assembly of Missouri, serving from 1860 to 1865, and 
during the most critical and trying time in the history of tlie State. It was 
a time when the most prudent and sagacious counsels were needed in order 
to hold Missouri true and steady to her National Constitutional obligations. 
Mr. Harris did not hesitate. Taught in the patriotic school of such eminent 
statesmen as Clay and Webster he was a firm, and decided Union man, and 
was opposed to secession as against the letter and spirit of the Constitution, 
and the wisdom and advice of the fathers of the republic. In and out of the 
legislature, he opposed the secessiim of Missouri. It was by the resolution 
and firmness of such patriotic men as Mr. Harris that Missouri was anchored 
to the Union, and to remain in it forever a "briglit, particular star." In 1865, 
he was appointed by the Secretary of the Navy, one of the Board of E.xamin- 
ers to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, which position he ac- 
cepted. In addition to fostering the cause of popular education, and lending 
a helping hand to the building of churches, and in otherwise promoting the 
social well-being of his county, and neighborliood, he has acted for many 
years as a member of the Board of Curators of the State University, of 
which institution he has ever been a warm and zealous friend. 

Still enjoying unimpaired and vigorous healili, Mr. Harris is a man of 
great activity in pushing forward the various schemes of business in which 
he has been successfully engaged. For tlte past few years he has given 
special attention to the improvement of the splendid landed estate of 1,800 



~)-22 AT^ ILLTTSTRATED 

acres, on which he resides. In all its appointments, including convenience, 
fertility of soil, grazing facilities, water, substantial improvements, it is re- 
garded as the "model stock farm of Missouri," and for which a premium was 
awarded to him a few years since by the "St. Louis Agricultural, and Me- 
cnanical Association," in competition with the best farms in the State. On 
this farm Mr. Harris gives special attention to the raising, and improvement 
of tlie best breeds of stock. He has been for many years an active 
member of the State Board of Agriculture, and is at this time president of 
that society. He is also an active member of the Grange organization. A 
few j'ears since the Board of Curators of the State University conferred upon 
him the honorary degree of "Master of Agriculture," the only instance in 
which the degree has ever been given by the institution. Mr. Harris was 
married on the 27th day of February, 1854, to Annie, daughter of Dr. Wil- 
liam McClure, formerly of Pike county, in this State. By this marriage 
there were four children, two sons, and two daughters. The mother died in 
the spring of 1876. Mr. Harris lias never united with any church. He is 
an upright man, a believer in the Christian religion, and contrilnites liber- 
ally to all those agencies calculated to advance the cause of true religion. 
He sincerely believes that human happiness is best promoted by prac- 
ticing the precepts, and imitating the example of the Master. Surrounded by 
every comfort, living on his beautiful estate, ornamented and improved by 
his good taste and industiy, with vine3'ards and orchard, and splendid parks, 
he lives the life of an independent farmer and citizen, dispensing a generous 
hospitalit}^ and enjoying the confidence and respect of his neighbors and 
friends. 

William Brice Hays, of Lancaster, Schuyler county, Missouri, was the 
sou of Zachariah Hays, who was born in 1797, at Holiday's Cove, in the 
"Pan-handle," now West Virginia. William was born on the 2d of Febru. 
ary, 1838, in Franklin county, Ohio. His mother was Rebecca Sands, born 
in Baltimore, in 1800. At the age of eighteen, the subject of this sketch 
went to Cincinnati, where he arrived in 1846, and was emjiloyed until 1855, 
in a wholesale Ciry goods house. After this, he returned to Franklin county, 
and went iuto the mercantile business. On the 1st day of January, 1861, he 
was married to Celina Perin, daughter of Darius Perin, of Ck-nnont county, 
Ohio. Hays was elected a justice of the peace in 1861, and served three 
years. In 1863, he was commissioned major of the 5lh llegiment, O. V. I. 
He came to the State of Missouri in March, 1865, where he engaged in the 
mercantile business. In 1872, he was elected county treasurer of Schuyler 
county, and reelected in 1874, — still an incumbent of that office. In 1868, in 
connection with Dr. George W. Wilson, and L. Coe, he laid out the town of 
Queen City, now a flourishing village on the St. L., K. C, & N. R. R. In 
1874, he assisted in organizing the Citizens Bank of Memphis, in Scotland 
county, and is a director in that institution. Mr. Hays has five children liv- 
ing. He is an odd fellow, and a mason. 

William Hertford, of Forest Green, Chariton county, is a native Mis- 
sourian. He was born April 14th, 1818, and has been identified, as boy and 



lf!|l|!f!l||||ij;|||!|||||||||j|^ 




WILLIAM HERYFORD. 



illSTOUY OF MISSOURI. 523 

man, with the entire histor}' of the Stale. His father was Captain James 
Her^fford, a Virginian, who served in the war of 1812, under Jackson. He 
immigrated to Cliariton county, (then Howard) Missouri, in 1817. He was 
for many years captain of a company of settlers, organized for mutual pro- 
tection from their Indian neiglibors, and was also lieutenant in the Black 
Hawk war, serving his country without fee or reward. These brave pioneers, 
husband and wife, lie buried a few miles east of Keyterville. Tiie son's op- 
portunities for education were very limited, for his parents were poor and 
uneducated themselves, and the only school was a subscription school of a 
few weeks in each year, in a school-liouse three miles distant; and the family 
library, consisted only of Bible, hymn book, and spelling book. To mas- 
ter Webster's spelling book, and cypher to the single rule of three, was re- 
garded as ample learning. Here young Heryford graduated, "at the head of 
his class," and hence entitled to the first honors. He had also acquired a 
good knowledge of some of the languages, for tlie j'ouths of the Sacs and 
lowans were his playmates, and he often visited them in the log houses of 
White Cloud and Wahocha, and many times in later years he acted as in- 
terpreter for the squaws, in selling their moccasins to (he wiiites, or their 
peltries to the traders. At thirteen he was placed in a grocery store, and a 
year later in a dry goods store. For twelve years he was thus employed, 
when he commenced business on his own account, continuing for nearly 
two years with excellent success. But the fifteen years confinement w.as 
telling upon the health and constitution of the young merchant, and he was 
compelled to leave the store, and in out-'door employment find renewed 
vigor. During the winter of 1845-6, he built a log cabin upon the farm 
wnere he now resides, and tlie following spring entered vigorously' upon his 
new vocation. Success crowned his efforts, and he soon laid tiie foundation 
of that fortune which he has since amplj' realized. In 1854, his log cabin 
gave place to a fine farm house. The same year he was chosen to repre- 
sent Chariton county in the legislature. From 1859 to 1874, Mr. Heryford 
was engaged in shipping tobacco to Europe, but in the latter year he turned 
his attention to silver mining in Colorado, sqme seventy miles south-west of 
Denver, where he now owns several mines. 

As a farmer, ]\Ir. Heryford has been successful. Having secured about 
one thousand acres of unimproved land in 1845, he commenced to improve 
it, and gradually increased his possessions year by year. In 18G3, wiien the 
slaves were emancipated, he owned forty-tlnee, for whom he was ofi'ered, in 
1865, thirty thousand dollars. Although impressed that war would ensue, 
and great changes come to the State, he declined to sell his servants, believ- 
ing that the faith of the nation had been pledged to Missouri as a slave State, 
and that the constitution of the State expressly declared that no man should 
be divested of his property in slaves without full compensation, and that l)e 
would trust implicitly to those pledges, the only security that any man could 
have for either life, liberty, or property; and lie yet believes that such 
changes will take place in the political status of the nation, and in the 
minds of the people, as will insure remuneration for los.s of property by 
emancipation. In 1864, deeming it as unsafe to remain in his county, he 



524 -^^ TI.IjrsTItATKD 

■went to Carrollton, Illinois. His house was burnt, his slock driven otf, and 
his properly generally sacked. The following winter, his old servant, 
"Jim," visited him, and to his care he confided the premises, upon shares, 
and Jim raised a good crop, for which, on Mr. Heryford's return in the fall 
of 1865, he paid him 1,450 dollars. He brought back his family, and took 
quarters in one of the negro cabins, and set down to calculate his losses by 
the war, and found them to be from sixty to seventy thousand dollars. He 
soon had rebuilt his house at an expense of some six thousand dollars, and 
went at once to work to repair his shattered estate. In politics Mr. Hery- 
ford is a democrat, and in religious belief a Baptist. 

Russell Hicks was born in November, 1799, in the town of Barry, 
Worcester county, Massachusetts. In February of the following year, his 
parents emigrated with him to Oneida county, New Yoik, where he remained 
until seventeen years old. At the early age of four years, he was sent to 
school about a mile distant from his home, which was kept for a term of 
three months during the winter. He continued to attend this school, work- 
ing on the farm in the summer, until about fifteen years old, when he was 
employed to teach the school, and taught it during the two following winters. 
Afterwards, he attended an Academy some twelve miles distant, at a place 
called Pompey Hill, during two terms. When eighteen j'ears of age he left 
home, going to Pennsjivania, where he engaged for two years to teach 
school. Afterwards he went to Virginia and taught two years, at the end 
of which time he left and went to New Orleans. Returning north a short 
time after he stopped at Ste. Genevieve in this State, where, for a few months 
he found employment at manual labor. Thence he went to St. Louis; 
and accumulating a few dollars he left St. Louis for Saline county and 
contracted to split rails and cut cord-wood, that being more profitable at 
that day in Missouri than teaching. About the year 1826, he commenced 
reading law in the oflice of Judge Todd, at Old Franklin, Missouri, at the 
same time teaching school to defray his expenses. In the year 1832, he went 
to Independence, the then newly established county seat of Jackson countj', 
and opened a law office — the first one opened in the place. Soon after, he settled 
in Independence. Colonel Samuel Owens was elected to the office of Circuit 
and County Clerk, and appointed Hicks his deputy and put the oflBces in his 
charge, rarely visiting them. Owens was elected the second time, and Hicks 
was continued in charge of the office. Having filled out Owens' second term 
as deput}', the county court appointed him county treasurer, which office he 
held by appointment for twenty-seven years. 

In 1840, Mr. Hicks took an active part in the canvass and made some very 
eff'ective speeches for the Harrison ticket. Afterwards he became a whig 
candidate for the State Senate, but was defeated by seventy-six votes. He was 
a candidate for circuit judge of the 6th judicial circuit, in the year 1856 to 
fill the unexpired term of Judge William T. Wood, resigned, and was elected 
without opposition ; and commissioned to the office on the 19lh of Septem- 
ber. At the next regular election he was again elected over the opposing 
candidate by a large majority. Upon the bench he displayed great legal 
erudition, and during the time he occupied the bench, only eleven appeals 



HISTOIJY OK MISSOUKI. o25 

were taken to the Supreme Court, aud of these only two cases were reversedfor 
error in the court below. He resigned his Judgeship in the summer of 1859^ 
After retiring from the bench, he emplo3'ed himself in superintending his 
fine estate, situate in the southeastern portion of Jackson count}', near the 
site of Hicks City, a small town laid out by him. He was thus employed 
when the late civil war broke out. Being an outspoken Southern man he 
was soon compelled to leave home for safety, and removed to St. Louis 
and resumed the practice of the law. Here he engaged in the management 
of many important suits, but the adoption of the constitution of 1805 forced 
liim from the bar. Going to Sedalia he formed a partnership with John 
F. Pliilips. A year or two afterwards, George G. Vest, became a member 
of the firm which partnership continued for several years. Quitting Sedalia, 
he returned to Independence, and was employed mostly in tlie Supreme 
and United States Courts. In the fall of 1875, he removed to Warrensburg 
and formed a partnership with S. P. Sparks, at whose residence, on the 19th 
day of April, 18T6, he died. 

Bkitton Armstrong Hill is a native of New Jersey, where he was born 
about the year 1818. He was educated at Ogdensburg, New York, and admit- 
ted to the bar at Albany. After practicing his profession for two years in the 
former place, he immigrated to Missouri, arriving at St. Louis in August, 1841. 
Here he formed a partnership in the law with John M. Eager, which continued 
until 1848, when the latter returned to his native State, New York, and Mr. 
Hill continued the business alone. In 1850, he took his brother, David W. 
Hill, into his office, and gave him an interest in the business. In 1854, 
William N. Grover was added to the firm, under the style of Hil],Grover 
and Hill, which continued until 1858, when the co-partnership was dissolved, 
and Hill devoted himself exclusively to the land practice, and important in- 
surance and railroad cases. Finding the labors of his profession onerous, 
he formed a co-partnership witli D. T. Jewett, in 1861, which continued for 
about ten years, when it was dissolved by mutual consent. In the spring of 
1873, he formed a co-partnership with Frank J. Bowman, under the style of 
Hill and Bowman, which was dissolved on the 15th of May, 1876. In 1863, 
Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, and Orville H. Browning, of Illinois, formed a co- 
partnership witii Mr. Hill, in the citj- of Washington, under the style of 
Ewing, Hill and Browning, for tlie transaction of important legal business 
in the Supreme Court of tlie United States, in the court of claims, and before 
the departments of the federal government. Mr. Hill still continued his 
business in St. Louis, but devoted most of his time to the more important 
cases arising in Washington. This firm continued until the spring of 1865, 
when Hill retired and returned to St. Louis. 

In August, 1873, Mr. Hill published his first work, "Liberty and Law." 
It has received a widespread attention. He has also published another 
book — "Absolute Money." He has recently written a review of Newcomb's 
"A. B. C. of Finance," and a pamphlet entitled, "Specie Resumption and Na- 
tional Bankruptcy Identical and Indivisible." As a lawyer, political econo- 
mist, and author, Mr. Hill has a fine reputation. He is a man of large stat- 
ure, of intellectual and physical vitality,— strong and robust in body and 



526 AN ILLUSTRATED 

mind. ' Of the important suits Mr. Hill has gained in his practice be- 
fore the Supreme Court of the United States, — that of the State of Missouri 
against the railroads, may be given as an example. For two years he kept 
battling with the railway monopolies in this case, and at last obtained a 
decree authorizing states, counties and cities to tax railroad property, and 
declaring that their charters did not exempt them from taxes. This was one 
ot the most important cases ever argued before the federal Supreme Court, 
involving, as it did, power to tax a large amount of railroad property and 
the future increase thereof. This is looked upon as one of the causes celebres 
of the United States. 

John A. Hockaday was born in Fulton, Callaway county, in the year 
1836. His parents were native Kentuckians, and immigrated to Missouri 
m 1820. He was educated at Westminster College, concluding his course 
of study in 1856. After leaving college, he wrote in the office of Judge 
Bartley, circuit clerk, for two years, when he entered the office of Thomas 
Ansel, and pursued the study of law. In 1859, he was admitted to practice 
at Fulton; the same year he was elected city attorney of that place, and as 
such drew its first code of ordinances. In 1864, he was appointed to the 
position of attorney for Callaway county, which office he held for two years, 
when he was elected to the State senate. Serving ten days in that body, he 
was ousted at the instance of his opponent, whom he had defeated at the 
j)olls, on the alledged grounds of his not having reached the constitutional 
age In the same year, Mr. Hockaday was appointed one of the delegates 
from Missouri, to the National Peace Convention held at Philadelphia. In 
1868, he was the candidate of the democratic party for attorney-general of 
the State, but with the rest of the ticket was defeated at the polls. In the 
Presidential canvass of 1871, he became an elector on the Greeley and Brown 
ticket, from the 13lh Congressional District, and the next year was ap- 
pointed upon the Board of Managers of the State Lunatic Asylum, located in 
Fulton. In 1874, he was again the nominee of his party for attorney-general, 
and was this time elected, receiving the largest vote of any candidate on the 
ticket. Mr. Hockaday is a young man in the prime and vigor of life. He is 
genial and companionable in nature, yet decided and firm in his convictions. 
In religion, he is a Presbyterian, and is also an active member of the masonic 
fraternity. His wife was Edith M. Cox, of Vicksburg, Mississippi, to whom 
he was married in 1867. They have one child ; their home is a most romantic 
and picturesque spot on Hockaday Hill, over-looking the city of Fulton. 

Warwick Hough was born in Loudon county, Virginia, on the 26th of 
January, 1836. In the fall of that year his parents removed to the county of 
St. Louis, Missouri, and thence, in 1838, to Jefferson City, where the subject 
of this sketch resided until the civil war, in 1861. His father, George W 
Hough, took a prominent part in the politics of Missouri, from 1842 until 
the war. Young Hough graduated at the University of Missouri in the year 
1854, and three years thereafter, received the degree of A. M. In 1854, he 
was selected from his ciass, to make some barometrical observations and 
calculations for Professor G. C. Swallow, then at the head of the geological 



MISTOIIY OK MIS-^OUKl. 527 

survey of Missouri, siud \v:is iil'lerwards, m Uu! same year, commissioned by 
Governor Sterling Price as assistant State geologist, of Missouri. His work 
in this field was embraced in the reports of B. F. Shumard, and A. B. Meek, 
to be found in the published Geological Reports of the State. Having, 
at the lime of his graduation, determined to follow law as a profession, he 
devoted all the time to its study which was not occupied with field labors 
and office work, for the survey. In 1857 and 1858, he devoted himself ex- 
clusively to the study of law with E. L. Edwards, of Jefferson City. He 
was admitted to the bar in January, 1859. In the winters of 1858 — 59, 
1859— ()0, and 1860—61, he was secretary of the State Senate. In 1860, he 
formed a partnership with J. Proctor Knott, then attorney-general of Mis- 
souri, which continued until the spring of 1861. He was then appointed 
adjutant-general by Governor C. F Jackson, and went South with him, when 
he deserted his post as governor of the State. Hough was then appointed 
Secretary of State by Thomas C. Reynolds, who, as lieutenant-governor, suc- 
ceeded Governor Jackson. In December, 1863, he resigned this position, 
and in February, 1864, was assigned to duty on the staft" of Lieutenant- 
General Polk. After Polk's death, lie served with General D. Lee, and aftei- 
wards on the staff of Dick Taylor, with whom he surrendered in May, 1865, 
Being unable to practice law in Missouri at the close of the war, on account 
of certain provisions in the Drake Constitution, he opened a law office in 
Memphis, Tennessee, in August, 1865, where he remained until the abolition 
of the test oath for attorneys, in 1867, and in the fall of that year returned to 
Missouri, and settled at Kansas City, where he practiced his profession until 
1874. At the general election, in the fall of that year, he was elected judge 
of the Supreme Court for the period of ten years, to succeed Hon. Washing 
ton Adams. In May, 1801, Judge Hough was married to Nina E. Massey, 
daughter of Benjamin F. Massey, then Secretary of State. Thej- have live 
children. 

Thom.a^s Fkanklin Houstom was born in Houstonville, Iredell county, 
North Carolina, July 80, 1818. His father was Captain Placebo Houston. 
The family is of Scotch origin, having originally come to this country 
from Scotland about 1725. The father of Thomas F. was an extensive 
farmer of his day. His sons were educated at an academy in the neigh- 
borhood, taught by a Frenchman named Ney. Under the personal instruc- 
tion of Ney, he studied the English, Latin, and Greek languages, and mathe- 
matics, including surveying; and what v/as littlf taught then, shorthand 
writing. At the conclusion of his academical course, he read law at Mocks- 
ville with Judge Pearson, now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North 
Carolina. He was licensed to practice in the courts of the State in June, 
1841. He then located at Statesville, the county seat of his native county, 
where he devoted himself to the study and practice of his profession until 
1845, when he married Maiy M. Hampton, of Lawrence county, Alabama. 
In the fall of 1845, lie removed to Alabama, and in the fall of 1846 came to 
Missouri, and located near the present site of the town of Bunceton, in 
Cooper county, and engaged in farming In a short time, lie wa recognized 
as an enterprising, intelligent young farmer, and a competitor with thosti of 



528 AN ILLUSTRATED 

long experience. His occupation for life was now clianged from law to 
agriculture. He found it pleasant, profitable, and healtliful; and resolved to 
pusli Iiis new avocation witli industry and energy. In the spring of 1851, he 
bought a half section of laud in the northern part of Pettis county. During- 
tlie next two or three years, he bought and entered about 6,000 acres of land 
in a body, the greater part of whicli constitutes the estate on which he now 
resides. He ovyns, at tliis time, about 5,000 acres, and is the largest farmer in 
central Missouri. In 1875, he grew about 2.500 acres of corn, and sold, in 
one contract in St. Louis, 50,000 bushels. He was one of the prime movers 
in inaugurating the first "Pettis County Agricultural, and Mechanical As- 
sociation," and was the first president of the association. Tliis office he held 
for several years until lie declined to serve in that capacity'. In 1860, when 
the Lexington and St. Louis railroad was chartered, he became a stockholder, 
and was an active advocate of the road, and by his zealous efforts, contrib- 
uted largely towards securing the means for building it. When the civil 
war came on, he espoused the Southern cause. He went South, in 1861, with 
Governor Jackson, and General Price, and was present and participated in 
the battle of Cartlinge, at Wilson's Creek; was engaged in the pursuit of 
Siege], present at the capture of liis battle-flag. He was also engaged in 
the battle of Lexington when General Price captured that place, with 
Colonel Nelligan's regiment in September, 1861. He was captured at Mil- 
ford iu December, 1861, but escaped, after the terms of surrender had been 
agreed upon. He was subsequently authorized by General Price to raise and 
equip a regiment for the service, and was engaged in doing so in the spring 
of 1862, in Pettis, Johnson, Lafayette, and Salme counties, when he was cap- 
tured. He was held under parole for a number of months, and all eflforls for 
his exchange having been emphatically rejected, leave was granted him to 
go to Colorado, where he engaged in mining. 

Soon after the close of the war, he returned to his home in Pettis county^ 
rebuilt his burned and ruined fences, made large inclosures of his unbroken 
prairie, and went seriously to work to repair his crippled fortune. As soon 
as the people had somewhat recovered from the disastrous effects of the war, 
measures were taken to revive the work of completing the St. Louis and Lex- 
ington railroad, and he was elected a director, and vice-president. By his 
energy, influence, and earnest advocacy, the vote was reconsidered, and the 
location changed, and the success of Sedalia, the county seat, and principal 
county town, secured; when it became at once the focal railroad point 
in central Missouri. After settling the location at Sedalia, he retired from 
the board to devote his time to his private business. He is of a modest and 
retiring disposition; enterprising, public spirited, and liberal. He is the 
fathei' of six children, — two sons and four daughters. 

Stilson Hutchins is a native of New Hampshire. He was born at White- 
field, at the base of the White mountains on the 14th of November, 1838. He 
was educated in the public schools of Boston and Cambridge, but was pre- 
vented from taking a collegiate course, by the removal of his parents to Iowa 
in 1856. When a mere youth, he became a contributor to the leading Boston 
newspapers, and commenced the active business of life by becoming the 



niSTuKY OF Mi860L'i:i. 529 

editor of a democratic weekly journal, at the rather inadequate compensation 
of $0.00 per week, in gold. This sum, though promised to him, was not paid, 
and as an alternative, he became the proprietor of the paper himself, changing 
its name to that of "The North lowan," and continuing its publication until 
attention was attracted to his force as a writer, when he was offered the charge 
of the central organ of the democracy — the "Iowa Slate Journal," which was 
published at Des Moines. This paper he took hold of when in very reduced 
circumstances, and consolidating it with one of its rivals, succeeded in build- 
ing up an influential and money luaking newspaper. In 18G0, he stumped the 
southern district of Iowa for Douglas, but holding pronounced views, not ex- 
actly in accord with ihe prevailing sentiment relating to the war, he was led to 
dispose of his interests, and join in the publication of the "Dubuque Herald," 
then, as now, the leading democratic journal of the State. Here for four years, 
he applied himself with unremitting industry, and at the end of that time, 
came to St. Louis, and established the "St. Louis Times." On the 22d of 
June, 1866, the "Times" was started with less than |3,000 capital, and in 
six years was sold at the rate of $200,000. In the tall of 1872, Mr. 
Hutchins was nominated by the democrac}' of the 6th district of St. Louis, 
for election to the General Assembly, and after a very bitter canvass was 
elected, and served with credit at the head of several important com- 
mttees. In 1874, he was again elected to the same position, after a canvass of 
almost unexampled virulence, which attracted the attention of the party 
of the whole State, and dwarfed in interest, all other contests below 
that of Governor. In the 28ih General Assembly, he was chairman of the 
ways and means committee, and as such, rendered most signal service to the 
State, by the support and adoption of a financial policj% which has brought 
the credit of Missouri on a par with that of New York. He also took high 
ground in tavor of the public school, and against any division of the Slate 
fund for any purpose. In 1868, he was elected a district delegate to the na- 
tional democratic convention, and in 1876, a delegate at large to the St. Louis 
convention, where he made himself prominent in his support of Mr. T.lden 
as the presidential nominee. Mr. Hutchins is a man of great force of char- 
acter and untiring energy. Such a man makes strong friends and bitter 
enemies, and Mr. Hutchins h is a satisfactory' number of each. As a speaker, 
he is forcible, incisive, and convincing. Some of his speeches in the legisla- 
ture have been very highly commended as models of directness and compact 
argument. As a debater, he took the highest rank, being acknowledged by 
all parties as merciless in retort and thoroughly self-pussessed. There are few 
persons who are more highly esteemed for their social qualities, or who have 
the faculty of making more devoted friends. From 1873, to 1875, Jlr. Hutchins 
was the chief owner and editor of the "Evening Dispatch." At the close of 
the last named year, he disposed of his interest in tlie "Dispatch," and again 
purchased a controlling share in the "St. Louis Times," of which paper he 
is at present the managing editor. 

J.VMES E. Hughes, was born in Howard county, Missouri, in the year 1822. 
He received his early education at Mount Forest school-house, near his fath- 
er's residence and at the Fayette high school. In the year 1847, he entered 



5B0 AX IM.dSTIJATKD 

Georgc'lowu College, Keuluck} , graduating la 1853. He afterwards studied 
at the Baptist Tlieological College iu Covingtou. Returning home at tlie ex- 
piration of a twelve-month, Mr. Hughes entered the Baptist ministry, laboring 
with success for two years, when lie was obliged to retire fr()m the pulpit on 
account of ill health. In 1855, he removed to Clinton county where he now 
resides. In 1858, he was elected Commissioner of schools for two years, and 
was re-elected iu 1860. During the war, he was engaged in farming. He 
was elected in the fall of 1872, to the Assembly of the State, which position 
he filled with honor and credit. He was a candidate for Congress in the 9th 
district in the autumn of 1874, but was defeated by one vote. Mr. Hughes 
has strong attachment to his leligious faith, and is noted for his advocacy of 
popular education. His reputation is that of an honorable man. He is a 
member of the masonic fraternity. In 1854, he was married to Paulina T. 
Carpenter. He has six children now living, — two sons and four daughters. 

Charles.]. Huohes was born in Bourbon count}'^, Kentucky, June 27th, 
1832, and when a child came with his father to Boone county, Missouri, 
where the family resided until his father's death. Ciiarles received his educa- 
tion at an institution known as Columbia College. When nineteen years of 
age, he entered upon the study of thelaw in the office of John B. Gordon, a 
lawyer of high reputation in central Missouri; for more than two years, he 
sedulously devoted himself to preparation for the bar. He located at Kings- 
ton, Caldwell county, where he resided continuously up to the summer of 
1863, enjoying a large and lucrative practice. During that portion of his life 
si)ent in Caldwell county, Mr. Hughes was called to fill many oflBces of trust 
and responsibilitj'. He was at different times road overseer, county site com- 
missioner, school-director, countj' school-commissioner, county attorney, four 
times representative in the General Assembly, and for a short time, circuit 
attorney in the fifth Judicial Circuit. Since his residence iu Richmond, he 
lias been maj'or of the city, and from the organization of the graded schools 
in Richmond iu 1871, has been secretary of the Board of Education. In 1872, 
he was electiad judge of the Ray countj- Court of Common Pleas, which 
office he held until it was abolished in 1874, at which time he was elected 
County and Probate Judge, which position he now holds. Mr. Hughes is of 
a positive nature, and has always taken a decided stand upon all public ques- 
tions, advocating zealousl}- all measures looking to the welfare of the State. 
He took a prominent part in the effort made by the late Governor R. M. Stew- 
art and others to build the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. He has given 
mucli time and labor to perfecting and carrying out the common school sys- 
tem of the State, of which he has been an ardent supporter, and did much 
towards procuring by acts of tlie legislature, the setting aside of the 500,000 
vtcre and swamp land grants of the general government to the State and 
county school-funds. He was married to Serena C. Polland, of Rdy county, 
June 9th, 1850, a most estimable lady. They have had six children, five of 
whom, — three sons, and two daughters, — are living. 

Henry S. Kelley was born on the 18lh day ot December, A. D., 1832, near 
Cincinnati, Hamilton county, Ohio, and was the fourth child \n a family of 




iiiiliiiiiiiBiiiiii^iiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 



HISTUKY OF MISSOURI. Tj.Sl 

•eleven children, eight of whom are still living. His rather lived on a small 
farm, and at the same time carried on coopering, until lH-40, when he 
immigrated to the Miami Indian Reservation, then open lor settlement, and 
located on the head-waters of the Wildcat, in Grant county, Indiana. Here 
in the midst of a heavy forest, the family soon opened a comfortable farm, 
noiir which the father and mother are now living, at the advanced ages of 78 
and 74 years respectively. There were no schools in the newly-made settle- 
ment, but the older children had enjoyed up to this time the advantages of 
the usual country schools, and having made a fair start in the elementary 
branches of education, young Henry now devoted what time he could spare 
from labor to study. He had no teacher, but when he found a problem or 
question which he could not solve, he called on any person for instruction, 
who chanced to stop at his father's house, and in that wa}, with about six 
months in a public school, when in his eighteenth year, he obtained a fair 
knowledge of the common English branches; but the want of a more liberal 
education has greatly embarrassed him, in his career of usefulness. As a 
boy, he was industrious, resolute and persevering in all his undertakings. 
When only nineteen years of age, he was appointed deputy county Auditor, 
•which place he held for about two years, employing a portion of the time in 
studying law, and reciting to the Auditor, who was a well-read lawyer. In 
October, 1854, having been previously admitted to the bar, he was elected 
prosecuting attorney for the district composing the counties of Blackford, 
Delaware and Grant; and, in October, 185G, was elected judge of the Court 
of Common Pleas in the same district, being then a little less than 24 years 
of age. At the close of his term of office, he returned to the practice of the 
law, as a matter of choice. 

The natural and prospective advantages offered at the close of the war, for 
settlement in Missouri, induced him to take up his abode in this state, and 
we fir.d him in the; fall of 186G. located at Savannah, in Andrew county, where 
he now lives. He is the author of "Kelloy's Treatise for Justices," pub- 
lished in 1869, and of " Kelley's Probate Guide," published in 1871. At a 
special election in April, 1872, he was elected judge of the 29th Judicial 
Circuit, by a about 400 majority over Thomas S.Collins, of Oregon; and 
in 1874, at the solicitation of men of all parties, he ran as an independent can- 
didate for re-election, and received nearly two-thirds of the votes cast in his 
circuit district. For the past four years, he has delivered a course of lect- 
ures annually before the law school of the State University, on Criminal 
Law and Practice. He is a ready writer, but not a fluent speaker, yet is 
happy in the use of suitable words to express his ideas. He is industrious, 
temperate, and a man of good intellect, clear perception, and sound judgment. 
He is not a member of any secret or religious society. In 1855, Judge 
Kelley was married to Adelia Harlan, daughter of Andrew J. Harlan. 
They have six children, four boys and two girls. 

George Knapp, known to the people of Missouri, and nearly as well to 
the people of the Mississippi Valley, as the leading proprietor of the "St. 
Louis Republican," the oldest news journal published in that Valle}-, is a 
native of New York, having been born in Montgomery county, in that state, 



532 a:^ illustrated 

on the 25th of September, 1814. At the early age of six years, he was 
brought by his parents to St. Louis, neither he nor they foreseeing^ 
liow great a part the lad would take in building the city, that is now the 
centre of the West. His father died in 1823, and his widowed mother was 
tlius thrown upon her own resources. She had no great advantages to en- 
dow lier son with; the best they could do was to start him, and leave him to 
himself. This she did by securing for him the humble position of ap- 
prentice as printer in the " Republican" ofBce. He was then less than twelve 
years old, but he began, at that early age, the career in which he afterwards 
became so eminent and useful. His industry, fidelity, good deportment, and 
intelligence, furnish the explanation of his success; they won the confidence 
of his employers, and he was promoted from one position to another, till, in 
1837, although only twent3--lhree years old, he was taken in as a partner by 
Messrs. Chambers and Harris, who had succeeded Joseph Charless in the 
ownership of the paper. He brought to his new position habits of patient 
and persistent industry, popular and urbane manners, and a far-seeing sa- 
gacity, that took in the future of St. Louis, aud adjusted his enterprise to it. 
Though unobtrusive in his manners, and greatly averse to public exliibitiong 
of his name and person, he has ever been noted for his public spirit, and 
liis readiness to assist in patriotic and useful enterprises. In 1835, he took 
part in the organization of the admirable volunteer militia, that for twenty- 
five 3'ears prior to the late civil war, was an object of pride to the cit}' ; and 
in 1846, he enlisted in the Mexican war, and served as second lieutenant of 
the St. Louis Grays, of Colonel Easton's regiment, St. Louis Legion, witli 
high credit. His labors and sacrifices in securing the erection of the 
Southern Hotel, the great steel-arched bridge that sp-ms the Mississippi at 
St. Louis, and the Chamber of Commerce, one of the stateiiest edifices in the 
West, are part of the history of these structures, and of the city of St. Louis, 
and proof of the almost reckless liberality wfth which he has fever been rei-idy 
to spend his fortune for the adornment and benefit of the city. In 1810, at 
the age of twenty-six years, Colonel Knapp was married to Eleanor iVIcCar- 
ter, a lady to whose good management and prudent counsels he owes much 
of his success in life. This union was blessed with a large family of chil- 
dren, and a household exemplary for its hospitality and happiness. Mr. 
Knapp thorough!}' understands the importance of personal attention to busi- 
ness; he acquired the habit in his youth, aud he maintains it still. He visits 
his room in the "Republican" building, when he is in the cit}', and remains 
there all da}' long, to hear aud answer questions, give advice, and directica 
when needed, and keep a watchful eye on public questions. 

John Knapp was born in the city of New York, June 20, 1816. In 1819,: 
his parents removed to St. Louis, bringing their children with them. la. 
August, 1825, when John was but nine years old, he began to cast about 
him, with the object of turning his energies to useful account. He went to 
BlufiUule, Illinois, and lived on a farm until March, 1831, when he returned 
to St. Louis, and went into a tailor's shop to learn the trade ; having mastered 
it, he traveled, during the years 1837 and 1838, through Illinois, Indiana, 
Kentucky and Tennessee, teaching the art of cutting and fitting, and estab- 



uisroijv uF MissouKi. 533 

lisliing himself at Jarkson, Tennessee, lill 1839. In Febrnar}', of tliat year, 
lie returneil to St. Louis, founded the firm of Knapp and Shea, and devoted 
liimself iudustriously to the business, with success, till his establishment was 
burned in the great fire of 1849. He did not return to his trade after that 
misfortune, but kept a livery stable till the year 1851. after which he went 
into the wholesale grocery business; this he followed till Sejitember, 1854, 
when he bought an interest in the "St. Louis Republican." Here lie found a 
vocation to which his rare enterprise and business capacities were adapted; 
and lie devoted himself to it with a zeal and intelligence that contributed 
materially to the huge measure of success and influence, which that journal 
possesses. A daily newspaper is dependent, to a greater degree than the out- 
side world imagines, on good business management; indeed, the possession, 
or lack of this, is usually the explanation of its success or its failure, inde- 
pendentl}- of the abilitj' and skill of its editorial conduct. John Knapp 
gave to the "Republican'' the advantage of such a management. He made 
the practical art of newspaper publishing — the purchase of supplies, the 
qualit}' of paper, ink, type and other materials, the capacity and execution 
of presses, the organization of associations for procuring telegraphic dis- 
patches, the cost and profit of advertising, and the management of finances — 
a sul'ject of careful study and comparison, visiting the best printing estab- 
lishments in the LTnited Slates and Europe, in the prolonged prosecution of 
the task; and the good discipline and completeness of arrangement, that 
mark the 'Republican" oflice, are the result of his labors. 

Although Colonel John Knapp devotes himself assiduously to the work of 
maintaining the business organization of the "Republican" in effective con- 
dition, he takes an active interest in public matters, and finds time to give 
them a share of his attention and influence. His patriotism prompted him to 
respond to the call for volunteers when the Mexican war broke out, and he 
served with honor as captain of a company in Colonel Easton's regiment of 
the St. Louis Legion. He was an active promoter of the militia organizations 
that St. Louis possessed before and after the Mexican war, and was captain of 
the St. Louis Grays, adjunct of the first regiment, and in 1860, was made lieu- 
tenant-colonel. When General Stewart sent the southern expedition to protect 
the border from forage from Kansas, he left his regiment, in the absence of 
Colonel Easton, and had command of the brigade on the march, while the 
commander. General Frost, went ahead to superintend operations in advance. 
He was in command of the first regiment at Camj) Jackson, near St. Louis, in 
May, 1861, when that camp was captured by General Lyon, and it was then 
that he broke his sword, rather than surrender it to the captors. The first 
regiment was composed of militia companies that had been in existence for 
years, and the camp was established under a law of the Stale passed in 1859, 
without any legard whatever to the peculiar condition of the country in 
1861. Colonel Knapp was a Union man then, and afterwards, aud the morti- 
fication he felt at what he regarded as a wanton aud unnecessary act of 
violeqce, was deepened when he heard that the captured officers were to be 
deprived of their side arms. He would not submit to the ignominy of yield- 
ing up his sword, a very tine blade presented him by his old company of 



584 AN ILLUSTRATED / 

Grays at the time he was elected lieuteuanl-colonel, and therefore broke it 
and threw the fragments to the ground. Subsequently, when a number of the- 
Camp Jackson prisoners were exchanged for an equal number of the Union 
soldiers captured by General Price, Colonel Knapp resolutely refused to be 
released from his parole, as to do so would involve an admission of disloyalty. 
He afterwards went with Governor Gamble, the unionist governor of Missouri 
to confer witli President Lincoln in Washington, regarding the re-orgauiza- 
tion of the Missouri militia. The plan afterwards carried out, was arranged 
at this conference, Colonel Knapp subsequently taking an active part in 
its execution. He was commissioned colonel of the 8th enrolled Missouri 
militia, and afterwards colonel of the 13th Provisional Regiment, and ordered 
to Madrid in command of a brigade, but was compelled by business embar- 
rassments to resign. All the time of the expedition to repulse Sterling Price's 
raid, he accompanied Governor Hall as aide-de-camp. Colonel Knapp was 
married to Virginia Wright, April 32d, 1844, and the union has been blessed 
with several sons and daughters. 

Arnold Krekel, was born March 12, 1815, near Coeln, on the Rhine, in 
Germany, and came with his parents to the United States in 1833, and 
settled near Augusta, in St. Charles county, Missouri. He was engaged on 
the farm until twenty-five years old, the last two years being on his own ac- 
count. During the last year, he received instructions from Professor Mallln- 
chrout, in Latin, French, and mathematics. At twenty-six, he was elected, 
and served as a justice of the peace for two years in the township of his resi- 
dence, after which he attended St. Charles College for two years. He then 
entered the office of Mr. Bird, a practicing attorney at St. Charles, and was ad. 
mitted to the bar in 1844. His practice extended to the counties of St. Louis, 
Franklin, Gasconade, Montgomery, Warren, Lincoln, and St. Charles. From 
1846 to 1850, he held appointments as attorney for both the county and the 
city of St. Charles. In 1850, he established, and for a time edited, the "St. 
Charles Democrat." In 1852, he was elected a representative for St. Charles 
county. He was nominated as attorney-general on the Benton ticket in 1856. 
At the breaking out of the rebellion, he organized the St. Charles, Warren, 
Montgomery, and Lincoln county Home Guards, and was the commander of 
this body. He served as m:ijor and colonel of the active force organized out 
of the Home Guards, and was stationed in north Missouri during the war. 
In 1863, he was a candidate forjudge of the Supreme Court. In 1864, he was 
elected a delegate from St. Cfcarles, Warren, and Montgomery counties, to the 
constitutional convention, was elected its president, and as such signed the 
ordinance of emancipation, by which the slaves of Missouri were freed. 
While presiding over the convention, President Lincoln appointed him 
United States judge for the Western District of Missouri,* which caused him 
to remove from St. Charles county to Jefferson City, where he now resides, 
and is discharging the duties of his office. In politics, he acted with the 
democratic party, having voted for every democratic presidential candidate 
from Jackson, including Buchanan. When the slavery question became the 
dominant issue, he changed his party relations, and was a delegate to theClii- 
cago Convention whicli nominated Abraham Lincoln. He became a Lincoln 



HISTORY OF MlStiUUlil. .■),•};■) 

elector, in 1860. Up to tlieir death he enjoyed the friendship of Cohjnel Bin- 
ton, and Attorney-General Bates, to botli of whom lie was ardently attaclieil. 
The earnestness and determination of the former, and tlie gentle and humani- 
tarian spirit of the latter, attracted him. He never fails to present them as 
worthy examples for imitation. 

Edwin James Languon, of Dunklin count}', Missouri, was born in 
Mlddleberry, Addison county, Vermont, on the 7th of August, 1819. His 
motlier, whose maiden name was Mary Doud, died when tiie subject of tliis 
sketch was six years of age. In the spring of 1832, young Edwin, with his 
father, removed to Licking county, Ohio. In the spring of 1840, having 
nearly reached his majority, he started for Missouri, settling in Dunklin 
count)', on the 19th of May of that year. He had previously learned the 
carriage-making trade, and for the first seven years in Missouri, was en- 
gaged partly in farming, and partly in working upon wagons and car- 
riages. He was married on the 22d day of June, 1847. Two years after, 
he commenced merchandising in a small way, and has followed the same 
business pretty steadily ever since, except during the war. In 1855, Mr. 
Langdon put up a cotton-gin and press, and probably shipped the first cotton 
from Missouri. He sent cotton to Memphis until the war. In 1862, he 
shipped twenty.four bales to St. Louis, the first Missouri cotton, it is believed, 
put upon that market. It was sold for oOJ^ cents per pound. Mr. Langdon 
was elected county surveyor in 1847, and held the office until the war. In 
1857, he was elected school commissioner, holding that position, also, until 
the Rebellion. He was appointed superintendent of Public Works under the 
Swamp-Land llcclamation law, to hold the office uulil the general election. 
Mr. Langdon is a member of tlie Methodist Episcopal church. He is also a 
member of the masonic fraternity. 

John Hiram Lathrop, LL. D., son of John Latiirop, one of the original 
settlers of Sherburne, New York, a town lying in the beautiful valley of the 
Chenango, was born on the 22nd day of January, 1799. While yet very 
young, tastes and tendencies were detected in the boy prophetic of tlie schol- 
arly graces and profound learning of the man. Recognizing his early 
promise, his parents decided to give him every educational advantage; and 
in due course, he was entered as a freshman at Hamilton College. He iit 
once took front rank in his class, which was steadily maintained until he 
left the school. Leaving Hamilton at the close of the Sophomore year, he 
entered the junior class at Yale, — sustaining here his scholarly reputation. 
After graduation he determined to study law; but, being without means he 
was obliged to employ himself in teaching. In 1822, he was elected a tutor 
in Yale; which position he held until 182G, and, at the same time, pursued a 
course of law in the law department. Resigning his tutorship, he opened a 
law oflBce at Middletown, Connecticut. He did not continue long at the bar, 
but dropped the weapons of the legal profession, and enlisted heart and soul 
in the cause of education, fully impressed that there was his mission. After 
teaching at vurious points in New PJugland, he became principal of the 
Gardiner Lyceum at Gardiner, Maine, an institution supporled by Robert 
Hallowell Gardiner, one of the large landed proprietors of the time. 



5ii6 AK ILI.USTUATKD 

At this beautiful village on the Kennebec lie remained some years, gaining 
distinction as a teacher, at the same time stimulating his natural growth by a 
system of constant and severe study. In 1829, he was called to Hamilton 
College as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. From this time 
began his career as a University officer, continuing without interruption until 
his death. At Hamilton, ho sustained tjie reputation of an efficient teacherj 
and an excellent administrative officer. He peculiarly won upon the hearts 
of his pupils, among whom he was known as the -'Black Prince" on account 
of his dignified bearing and bronze complexion. In 1833, he was married to 
Frances E., d;iughter of John H. Lothrop, of Utica, New York. Thus the 
daughter of John H. Lothrop became the wife of John H. Lathrop, a slight 
change in name; nevertheless a change. Her mother was a daughter of the 
Rev. Samuel Kirkland, prominently identified with the early history of central 
New York, and founder of Hamilton College. The marriage was a congenial 
one. In every position Mr. Lathrop occupied, iiis wife abl3r seconded him, 
and by her charm of manner, and engaging social qualities, endeared lierself 
to every society she was called to adorn. In 1835, Mr. Latlirop was advanced 
to the Mayuard professorship of law, civil polity, and political economy. In 
1840, lie was elected first President of the University of the State of Missouri, 
at Columbia. Accepting the trust, he left for his new field of labor,. in the 
then far West, in the year 1841. He entered zealousl}' upon his new work, a 
pioneer in the cause of higher education in Missouri and in the west. 

The early j'eara of the University were murked by a steady and substantial 
growtli. The central idea was to make thorough scholars of those in attend- 
ance, never suffering the standard of scholarship, or the requirements of the 
curriculum, to be in any way degraded or limited; and the thoroughness of 
training at that early day in the University bore fruit in some of the master- 
minds of the State, in after time. Sectarianism, political jealousy, pecun- 
iary embarrassment, and a public opinion presented a formidable front, in 
the face of which Mr. Lathrop labored for the life of the University, with 
that unpretending heroism and quiet self-sacrifice, that could only be fully 
appreciated by those who knew him best. His dearest object was not only to 
maintain the institution, but to preserve to if that cliaracter and standard, 
which approached his lofty ideal of -a State universit}-. 

Superadded to tlie adveise forces before mentioned, against which Dr. 
Lathrop had to contend, was the growing agitation of the slavery question. 
Though not concealing his position as an unequivocal supporter ofthe declar- 
ation, that "all men are created free and equal," his policy was to refrain 
from any participation, or even unnecessaiy reference to the contest, as 
prejudicial to his charge — "To know among you," as he was wont publicly 
to express it, " only the University ami its interests." But the progress of 
the slavery conflict was such as to bring iulo prominence and power the 
most aggressive class of ultra pro-slavery men throughout the states, and the 
liability of the State institutions to political interference, wa;} soon demon- 
strated by the active presence of this element. The fact of the president's 
known position on Jhe all-important question, aflforded a basis on which 
to build a bitter opposition to hiin. Dr. Lathrop's course was such as 




^.^%m-^. 




lliSTOltY OF M1S80UKI. 537 

he uniformly followed Ihrouijhout his professional career. As long as oppo- 
sition was directed to the insliiiition over wiiicli he presided, its existence, its 
character, its scope, he was read}' to do and sutler all things for, and to labor 
on, at any self-sacrifice, that he might convince the understandings and win 
the hearts of all to favor the great work in which he was so enthusiasticall}' 
enlisted. But when attack was levelled at him personally, he resigned 
the presidency. The same year, 1849, he was elected Chancellor of the 
University of Wisconsin. His labors in this new field were manifold, involv- 
ing the superintendence of the University buildings, overseeing the sale of 
lands, and maturing plans for a complete and thorough course of study. 
Chancellor Lathrop's ten years' career in Wisconsin's beautiful capital, at 
tlie head of an institution which his self-sacriticing zeal, indefatigable 
industry and large experience had firmly established and brought into suc- 
cessful operation, admired and beloved by a large circle of friehds, and 
receiving constant and gratifying evidences of the loyal devotion and appre- 
ciation of his students, was an enviable one. 

For a series of years, he was president of the African Colonization society, 
an organization looking to an amelioriation of the condition of the colored 
race, and the suppression of the African slave-trade. In 1851 he was a mem- 
ber of the Board of Examiners at West Point, and was clioseu its secretary. 
In 1852, upon invitation of the citizens, he delivered, at the Capital in Wash- 
ington, an eulogy on the life and character of Henry Clay. Retiring from 
his position in Wisconsin, he accepted a call to the presidency of the Indiana 
State University, and removed to Bloomington, taking charge of that insti- 
tution in the autumn of 1859. In 18G0, upon a reorganization of the Mis- 
souri University, the curators tendered Dr. Laihrop the professorship of 
English Literature. Clierisliing a peculiar fondness for his first western 
home, and the devoted circle of friends lie had left there, and believing in 
the brilliant future of the great State of Missouri, the idea of returning to 
spend the evening of his days at her famous institution of learning, to 
whose founding and learning he had already given the best years of his life, 
«eemed to take a strong hold upon him; and, meeting with the encourage- 
ment of his family, he accepted the call, and took up his second residence at 
Columbia, in the fall of 1860. An enthusiastic "Welcome Home " greeted 
him on liis return to Missouri — participated in, even by those who liad been 
his most determined opponents, at the time of his departure, eleven years 
before. The installation of the new faculty occurred under auspicies 
apparently more favorable to the University than it bad yet known. In 
Mr. Lathrop's address on the occasion, he said: "In the republic of letters, 
however it may be in other politics, I am an administration man, and I 
take occasion tlius publicly, in advance, to pledge to the honored 
President my counsel and advice at call, my co-operation and support 
always, — the practical fealt}', which, when in place, I have assumed 
to be due from colleagues, that I shall cheerfully render to the head 
■of the Institution, as a privilege, rather than a duty." But the bright pros- 
pect, promising stead}' advance in all University interests, was soon dis- 
pelled, by the culmination of our national troubles in war. The rare quali- 



538 AN ILLUSTRATED 

ties of Dr. Lathrop, so conspicuous in preserving the infancy of the 
University, were again exerted to save it, in its maturity. He was officially 
confirmed president, for the second time, in 1865; and with his few 
faithful colleagues, despite the hostile factions, the military occupation of 
University property, and the utter prostration of finances, he labored on, and 
the University was preserved. He was loyal to the general government, 
enjoying the confidence of its officers, and fully believing the cause, then 
subjected to the arbitrament of arms, involved the dearest hopes of humanity 
and the highest aims of civilization. He never doubted the issue; but none 
felt more keenly than he, the desolation of hearts and homes, both north and 
south, nor hailed with greater longing the prospect of peace. 

In the autumn of 1865, tlie President's Mansion in the University 
grounds was burned. He published a short "In Memoriam" of the old home, 
expressing therein his gratitude to the generous people of Columbia for their 
substantial aid, when his household goods were thus ruthlessly swept away. 
His loss included the remnant of his library, the bulk of which he had given 
several years before to the Wisconsin University. The depression suffered by 
all interests, during the national troubles, was yielding to a glorious re-action. 
The University was on the eve of results toward which Mr. Lathrop had bent 
his unremitting energies through so many years of trial and discouragement. 
But at this propitious moment, when he seemed about to enjoy the fruition 
of his life-work, he was suddenly prostrated by fatal illness, and died 
August 2d, 1866. The funeral services were held in the chapel of the Univer- 
sity, and a large concourse of citizens followed him to his last resting place, 
in the beautiful cemetery at Columbia. Mr. Lathrop had seven children. 
His eldest son died in California in 1857, at the age of 23. His second son 
died at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1858, aged 22. A daughter and son died in 
infancj'. His three j^oungest children survive him. 

WiiiLiAM Hamilton Letcher was born in St. Louis, Missouri, September 
14th, 1824, being the second son of Isaac Addison Letcher. His father was a 
Virginian, his mother a native of Pennsylvania. In early life, he was one of 
Elihu H. Shepard's many pupils, and spent six years in the grammar school 
and Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ), at Lexington 
Virginia. After this he studied law and history with Edward Bates, and 
later in the office of William M. Campbell. He was licensed to practice 
in the summer of 1845, and located at Marshall, Saline county, Missouri. In 
1856, he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly. While a 
member of that body, he served as chairman of the committee on education, 
and opposed the bills granting Slate aid to railroads, and providing for an 
increase of banks. In 1860, he was nominated by the whigs for the office 
of State Senator, but declined to be a candidate. In the same year he 
removed to California, where he resided and practiced his profession until 
1864. When the civil war broke out, he took ground against secession. In 
1868, Letcher returned to Missouri, locating at St. Louis, where he resumed 
the practice of his profession. In 1873, he again establislied himself at Mar- 
shall, Saline county, wliere he still resides. In 1875, he was elected by the 
people of thel7tli District, delegate to the Constiiutional Convention, in the: 



TIISTORY OF MISSOURI. 539 

prnrcedings of which, he took an aclive unci prominent part. In legislative 
affair.--, lie has taken a, deep interest, being the author of several important 
enactuienis — among them one passed in 1874, relating to misrepresentations 
in life insurance. Mr. Letcher is now in the full vigor of life and manhood. 

Meriwether Lewis was born on the 18th day of August, 1774, near the 
town of Charlottesville, Albemarle county, Virginia. His father, William 
Lewis, was the youngest of Ave sons: Colonel Robert Lewis of Albemarle 
county, the fourth son, commanded one of the regiments first raised in Vir- 
ginia, and placed on the continental establishment. John Lewis, one of his 
father's uncles, was a member of the King's council before the revolution; 
another of them, Fielding Lewis, married a sister of General Washington. 
Meriwether lost his father when he was quite young. He continued some 
years under the care of his mother. At thirteen years of age, he was placed 
at a Latin school, where he continued for five years, when he returned home 
and took charge of his mother's farm. At the age of twentv, he enlisted as a 
volunteer in the body of militia called out by General Washington, on occa- 
sion of the discontents produced by the excise laws in the western part of t'he 
United States. From this, he was removed to the regular service, and received 
appointment as lieutenant in the line. At the age of twenty-three, he was pro- 
moted to a captaincy, and was soon after made paymaster of his regiment. 
In 1793, Mr. Jefferson conceived the idea of setting on foot a subscription to 
employ some competent person to ascend the Missouri river, cross the Rocky 
mountains, and descend the nearest river to the Pacific ocean. At this time, 
Captain Lewis was stationed at Charlottesville, Virginia, on recruiting ser- 
vice, and he solicited Mr. Jefferson for the appointment. It being important 
that the person engagedshould have a single companion only (it being thought 
that a large number would excite alarm among the Indians), Mr. Andre Mich- 
oux, a botanLst and author of the ''Floni Borcali- Americana,'''' and of the "i/i«- 
toire des Cheiies d' Atnerique, " was employed as his C(jmpanion. Captain 
Lewis, having received his instructions, set out in company with Mr. Michoux 
and had proceeded as far as Kentucky, when Mr. Michoux was overtaken by 
an order from the French minister to relinquish the expedition, and the at- 
tempt for exploring that region was defeated. In 1803, the act of Congress 
establishing trading-houses with the Indians being about to expire, President 
Jefferson, in a confidential message to Congress, recommended some modifi- 
cations of the law, and its extention to the Indian tribes on the Missouri. 
The message recommended that an exploring party be sent out to trace the 
Missouri river to its source; to cross the highlands, and follow the best water 
communication to be found thence to the Pacific ocean. The proposition met 
the approval of Congress, and a sum of money was voted to put it into execu- 
tion. Captain Lewis had been serving for two years previous to the passage 
of this act, as private secretary to President Jefferson, and immediately on its 
passage he applied to the President for the appointment of director to the expe- 
dition. "Knowing him from long and intimate association" (quoting the lang. 
uage of Mr. JelTerson) "to have courage undaunted, possessing a firmness and 
perseverance of purpose which nothing but impossibilities could divert from 
its direction, careful as a father of those commiiied to his chai'ge, yet steady 



540 ^^ ILLTT^^TIlATED 

in the maintenance of order and discipline, intimate with the Indian charac- 
ter, customs and principles, * * * * I could have no hesita- 
tion in confiding the enterprise to him." Mr. Jefferson, thinking it necessary 
that Captain Lewis should have associated with him some person of known 
compcicnce, and to whom in the event of any accident to him the direction of 
the enterprise might be confided, William Clark, brother of George Rogers 
Clark, was appointed, and received the commission of a captain. 

Fully equipped and instructed for his arduous undertaking, Captain 
Lewis left Washington on the 5lh of July, 1803, and proceeded at once to 
Pittsburgh, where many of the articles prepared and fitted for the use of the 
expedition had been forwarded. Tlie men to accompany him were to be 
selected from the military posts on the Ohio river. Many causes conspired 
to retard the movement of the expedition, among which not the least was the 
difficulty of navigation down the Ohio. Hence the party did not arrive at 
Caliokia until the season was too far advanced to enter the Missouri with 
safety, and the movement was delayed until the succeeding spring. Accord- 
ingly, in the early part of the spring of 1804, due preparation having been 
made, fhe party started forth on their arduous and hazardous expedition. It 
consisted of Captain Lewis, Captain Clark, nine young men from Kentucky, 
fourteen United States soldiers, two Canadian boatmen and a negro servant of 
Captain Clark's. The little party commenced their journey by slowly ascend- 
ing the then unexplored Missouri river; and, after the severest labor and 
many sufferings and dangers, reached the country of the Mandans, where 
they spent the second winter in latitude 47 deg., 21 miu. N. On the 2d of 
April, 1805, they resumed their movement up the Missouri, and reached the 
great falls about the a point of June. Above the falls, toward the last of 
July, they reached middle where three streams, nearly equal in size, con- 
verged into one. These they named Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin, in honor 
of the President, Secretary of State, and Secretary of the Treasury. From 
this point, they ascended the Jefferson, the largest of the three streams, and 
the northern branch, to its source. Procuring horses and a guide from the 
Shoshone Indians, in the month of August, they struck for the mountains and 
traveled through them until the 22d of September, when they entered the 
plains of the great western slope. On the 7th of October, they embarked in 
canoes on the Kooskoo^ky, a left branch of the Columbia river, and, on the 
15th of November, reached the moutli of that great river. In their journey- 
ings, they had now traveled over four thousand miles from the confluence of 
the Mississippi and the Missouri. They passed the third winter in an 
entrenched camp on the south bank of the Columbia river; and, on the 23d 
of March, 1806, broke up camp and began to re-ascend that river. Find- 
ing the ascent of the river perilous and very laborious, they left their boats 
on the 2d of May, and traversed the country across the mountains on 
horseback, with the greatest difficulty, suffering many hardships and pri- 
vations, and subject at all times to great danger. They at last succeeded in 
roachiug the Missouri river, on the 12th of August, and reached St. Louis on 
tlic 23d of September, after an absence of two years and four months. Mr. 
Jefferson, in his sketch of Lewis, speaking of the return of the expe- 



1116TOKY OF MISSOURI. 541 

dition, said : " Never did a similar event excite more joy through tiie United 
States. Tiie liumblest of its citizens had taken u lively interest in the issues 
of this jfiurney, and looked forward with impatience for the information it 
would furnish. Their anxiety, too, for the safety of the corps, had been kept 
in a state of excitement by lugubrious rumors, circulated from time to time 
on uncertain authorities, and uncontradicted by letters or other direct infor- 
mati(>n, from the time they had left the Mandan towns, on their ascent up the 
river in April of the preceding year, 1805, until tlieir actual return to 
St. Louis." 

In the month of February, 1807, Messrs. Lewis and Clark reached Wash- 
ington city, congress being then in session. An act was soon passed granting 
to each of them and their corap.inions the donation of lands which had been 
promised them, and which they so richly deserved from their country, as a 
reward for their toils and dangers and in recognition of the great service they 
had rendered the government. Captain Lewis was soon after appointed Gov- 
ernor of the Territory of Louisiana. It was some time after before Governor 
Lewis reached St. Louis. On his arrival there he found the Territory 
almost in a state of anarchy, distracted by feuds and quarrels among the 
officers, and the people greatly discontented. Mr. Jefterson says: "He 
determined at once to take no sides with either party, but to use every 
endeavor to concilitate and harmonize them. The even-handed justice he 
administered to all soon established a respect for his person and authority, 
and perseverance and time wore down animosities and re-united the citizens 
agiiin into one family." 

Governor Lewis had been subject from early life to fits of despondency or 
melaucholy, a disease which he had inherited from his father. His affixirs 
rendering it necessary for hhn visit Washington, he proceeded down the river 
to the third Chickasaw Bluff, the present site of the city of Memphis, Ten- 
nessee, with a view of continuing his journey on to New Orleans, and thence 
by a coasting vessel. Mr. Neely, who was the agent of the United States with 
the Cliickasaw Indians, having arrived at the bluff about this time, found the 
Governor quite indisposed and showing evident occasional symptoms of de- 
rangement of mind. Rumors of a war with England were then prevalent, 
and fearing the loss of his papers, among which were the vouchers of his 
accounts with the government, and the Journal of his western expedition, he 
changed his determination of proceeding down the river, and started westward 
through the Chickasaw country, accompanied by Mr. Neely and his French 
valet. After passing the Tennessee river, about one day's journey, two of their 
horses were lost, which c;:.used Mr. Neely to halt. Governor Lewis proceeding 
on his way, with a promise to stop and await Mr. Neely's arrival at the house 
of the first white inhabitant he should find on the road. Leaving Mr. Neely, 
the remainder of the party proceeded on their journey, and stopped at the 
residence of a Mr. Grinder. That gentleman being absent from home, his 
wife became alarmed at the symptoms of derangement she discovered in Gov- 
ernor Lewis, and for some time refused to give her consent to allow him to 
pass the nigiit there, but he finally prevailed on her to give her consent. The 
house was a double log-cabin, with a hall between the two rooms. Lewis. 



542 AN" ILLUSTRATED 

occupied one of the rooms, the hostess the other. About three o'clock in 
the night Mrs. (Jriuclcr heard the sound of the discharge of a pistol, and very 
soon afterwards Governor Lewis called to her to bring him some water. Al- 
though the request was made in a pleasant and polite manner, she was afraid 
to Ic'Hve her room, and did not go. Very soon the sound of another pistol 
shot was heard, and on entering the room he was found dead in his bed 
with a bullet-hole under his chin, and leading up to and through the 
skull. This sad event took place on the 11th of Oclober, 1809. Thus passed 
away Meriwether Lewis, a man of culture, bravery and integrity; and to 
Mhose energy and determined bravery the countrj'^ is indebted for the first 
reliable information respecting the greatest and most prosperous parts of this 
domain — destined to be the site of the arts and sciences, and to contain 
within a short period a people happy and prosperous, and out-numbering in 
population some of the oldest and grandest empires of the world. 

About the centre of the county of Lewis, in Middle Tennessee (named in 
honor of Governor Lewis), in the midst of an uninhabited country, surrounded 
only by the native growth of the forest, and wdiere but few travellers pass, on 
tjie Hue of tlie old Natchez trace, thei'e stands a gray stone monument com- 
posed of native rock, with a shaft of limestone in imitation of a giant of the 
forest, untimely broken, erected to the memory of Meriwether Lewis by the 
General Assembly of Tennessee. The monument was put up in the year 1848. 
It stands on the crest of a broad, high ridge, with deep gorges running east 
and west, and near the spot where he came to his dca;h by his own hands. 
Its entire height is twenty-five feet, and the whole is suiTounded by an iron 
railing. 

Nathaniel Lyon was born at Ashford, Connecticut, on the 14th July, 
1819. He graduated at West Point in 1841, and entered the second regiment 
of infantry as second lieutenant, serving in the Florida and Mexican wars. 
For meritorious conduct, under General Taylor, he was made first lieutenant, 
in February, 1847; and, joining General Scott, was present at Vera Cruz and 
Cerro Gordo. For gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, lie was breveted 
captain, and was wounded in the assault of the Belen Gate, city of Mexico. 
He was, after the war, ordered to the Pacific coast, receiving his commission 
as captain on the 11th of June, 1851. He was afterward ordered to Kansas, 
where he was on active duty during the troubulous times in that State. When 
the civil war broke out, Captain Lyon was in command of his company at 
Fort Riley. He was ordered thence to the command of the Arsenal at St. 
Louis. This he made secure against surprise, and on the 10th of Ma}^ 1861, 
with the aid of several thousand "Home Guards," commanded by Colonels 
Blair and Sigel, broke up the rendezvous of the secessionists at Camp 
Jackson. He was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers on the 17th of the 
month, and on the first day of June put in command of the department. He 
broke up a Confederate force at Potosi, and caused several important seizures 
of war materiel destined for Camp Jackson. Governor Jackson, having 
called out 50,000 militia to repel the invasion of the State, left for Booneville. 
General Lyon followed him, defeating the militia on the 17th, when he 
marched to Springfield. On the 2d of August, Lyon defeated the Confeder- 



UiaTOKY OF M18S0UK1. 548 

ates under McCulloch, at Dug Spring. The latter having being joined 
subsequently b}' General Price, determined to risk another battle. Wilson's 
Creek was the result. General Lyon, after being twice wounded in that 
conflict, was leading into action a regiment, when he was struck by a minie 
ball and killed. He died, surrounded by his victorious comrades. Great 
honors were paid to his memorj'. 

Johnston Lykins, M. D., was born in Franklin count}-, Virginia, April 
loth, 1800. When eight years old, his parents immigrated to Kentucky, 
thence in 1816 to Wabash Valley, in the Slate of Indiana. After following 
farming for a time, he engaged in teaching, at the same time taking up and 
pursuing the study of medicine. In June, 1822, he united with the Baptist 
Mission Church, at Fort Wayne. In the summer of 1822, he w'as appointed a 
laborer in the "Indian Mission" rtcid hy the Board of the Triennial Baptist 
convention for Foreign and Domcslie Mis5>ions, and located among the 
Pottawattamies about Lake Michigan, where he remained in charge of a large 
manual labor school, until appointed by the government as teacher of the 
Ottawas, and was located at the rapids of Grand River, in Michigan. On the 
27th day of February, 1828, he was united in marriage with Miss D. McCoy, 
eldest daughter of Rev. Isaac McCoy. The next fall he went to Lexington, 
Kentucky, where he pursued his medical studies through the winter, and in 
the spring of 1829, with his family, he set out for the Indian Territor}-, local- 
iug in July, 1831, at the Sliawanoe and Delaware Agency, situated near the 
State line, and within two miles of the present site of Westport. His special 
■work for which he was commissioned was the locating of mission families, 
and manual labor schools among the various tribes of Indians, and through 
his efforts, schools were established among the Oniahas, Otoes, Sliawanoes, 
Delawares, Pottawattamies, Ottowas, Creeks, Cherokees and Choctaws. A 
printing press was also establ ished at the Sliawanoe Baptist Mission ; and sub- 
sequently he translated a large portion of the New Testament, hymns, and 
other useful books into the Shawanoe, Pottawattamie and Choctaw lan- 
guages; and also published a small monthly paper in Shawanoe, called "The 
San-win-the Kesan-thuan" — the "Sliawanoe Sun." In 1842, on petition of 
the Pottawattamies, he was appointed as their physician, agreeable to treaty, 
and was located at Pottawattamie Creek. In 1844, Mrs. Lykins, who had 
during the long years been a faithful christian helper, fell a victim to pulmon- 
ary phthisis, and died. In 1847, Lykins was ordered to the Kansas Valley. 
and located with the Pottawattamies. He erected a large mission and school- 
building (near the present site of Topeka) which was immediately occupied. 
He continued in the Indian field until 1851, when he retired from these 
labors. In October of the same year he again married to Miss Martha 
A. Livingston, of Lexington, Missouri. In the spring of 1852, he perma- 
nently located in Kansas City, and at once entered upon the practice of his 
profession. He has two children living. 

Hugh Dennis Marsu.\li>, of Unioiiville, Putnam county, Missouri, was 
born November 18lh, 13o0, in Franklin county, Virginia. In 18^8, he re- 
moved, with his parents, to Warren county, Mississippi, where he remained 



544 AN ILLUSTRATED 

until 1842. He; with his father and family, moved thence to the southeast 
corner of Putnam (ihen Adair) county. During his residence in Mississippi, 
he spent the year 1840 in school, in Trigg county, Kentucky; the residue of 
his education was received in the county where he now resides. Although, 
at an early age, by the death of his father, charged with the support and 
care of his mother, brothers and sister, he was, nevertheless, equal to the 
emergency, — developing an energy, and business ability, which are but seldom 
exhibited by any, save those called self made men. At the age of nineteen — 
with no other worldly possessions than his clothing — he, in company with 
others, made the over-laud trip to California. He was about two years in the 
gold region, mining and laboring by the month; when, with a small fortune 
for that era, he returned, by the way of Panama, to his home in Missouri. 
He made the journey again, in 1854, but with little success. In 1859, he was^ 
appointed District Assessor, and, during the same year, elected clerk of the 
county court of his county, and re-elected in 1866. Mr. Marshall, in 1870,. 
was elected a member of the legislature; but, in 1872, was defeated for the 
same office by a small majoiity. In 1874, he engaged in banking — under the 
name of "The Putnam County Bank." In 1875, the Bank was organized 
under the general law. It retained the same name — Mr. Marshall being 
elected it^ president, which office he still holds. In 1874, he was admitted 
to the bar, and now devotes a portion of his time to the practice of the law.. 
Mr. Marshall was married to Martha Brasfield on the 4lh day of February, 
1858. He is the father of six children. In disposition, he is generous and 
companionable; in religion, conservative, but liberal; in character, firm, 
deliberate and cautious. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity. He is a man 
whose word is an ample assurance of his intentions and actions. 

Samuel C. Major, Sen., the subject of this sketch, was born in Franklin 
county, Kentucky, August 2Gih, 1805. His father, John Major, of Culpepper 
county, Virginia, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, under Washington. 
Mr. Major was raised on a farm, but left the old homestead at the age of 
sixteen, to learn the trade of cabinet-making, with a brother, near Frankfort,. 
Kentucky. In October, 1826, in company with his three brothers, John, 
Weeden, and James, he immigrated to Missouri, arriving in St. Louis — then a 
town of about five thousand inhabitants — about November 1st, 1826. Here 
he spent several daj's, in doubt whether to settle, or to proceed to the Boones 
Lick countiy in the central j^art of the State. He finally decided to leave 
St. Louis, and locate in Fayette, Howard county — arriving there in Novem- 
ber of the same year. Howard was then the second county in the State, and 
Fayette the head-quarters of politics, law, literature and learning in Mis- 
souri, and the home of Judges Leonard, Ryland, Napton, and Governors 
Reynolds and Jackson, and many other noted men, who have figured in the 
history of the Slate. Mr. Major soon found his new home a most congenial 
clime, and his sterling qualities of head and heart endeared him to the 
people. He was appointed receiver of tlie United States land office, by 
President Taylor, which office he held for four years; he has also held the 
office of Public Administrator of Howard county for thirty years. Mr. 
Major joined the Baptist church in 1842, and has been a faithful, earnest and 



HlSTOliY OF MISSOURI. 545 

devoted member ever since ; was, for several years, treasurer and correspond- 
ing secretary of tlie Baptist Association; and Ills liome Las ever been a liome 
and place of welcome to the Baptist ministry. He is a member of the Masonic 
fraternity. Mr. Major married Elizabetli Daly in 1829, who still lives. They 
have been blessed with eleven children — six living. 

David Rice McAnally was born in Grainger county, Tennessee. His 
parents, Charles and Elizabeth McAnall}', had been early settlers in that 
county, and, by industry and frugality, they amassed what was, for those days 
a considerable fortune; they also securj'l by their integrity and uprightness, 
the respect and confidence of all with whom they had to do. David Rice, was 
sent from home to attend school at the early age of six years. lie continued 
at school until sixteen years of age. The intervals between the school ses- 
sions were spent at home, on the farm, and in hunting and sporting. By this 
labor and recreation, he built up a constitution remarkable for strength and 
vitalitj^ which in after years enabled him to undergo great mental labor. At 
the age of fourteen, he experienced religion, — the course of his future life was 
changed, and instead of the law, which profession he had intended to follow, 
he made preparation for the ministry. At the age of seventeen, he started out 
as an itinerant minister of the Methodist church. The first years of his min- 
istryiwere spent in Tennessee, Virginia, North and Soutli Carolina, and Geor- 
gia. While laboring in Virginia, he was married to a niece of General Fran- 
cis Preston, with whom he lived until the beginning of the late war, when 
she died. In 1840, while living in Asheville, North Carolina, he edited a 
secular paper called the "Highland Messenger," in which he continued until 
near the close of the year 1843, when he accepted a call to preside over Ihe 
East Tennessee Female Institute, in Kuoxville. Here, for eight years, he 
remained, devoting his time and talents to the welfare of the school. During 
all iliis time, though constantly eYnployed in teaching, he also performed the 
duties of a regular minister. In 1851, McAnally received an invitation to go 
to St. Louis, Missouri, and assume the editorial charge of the "St. Louis Chris- 
tian Advocate." He accepted the invitation, and at once entered upon his 
labor in this new field. In addition to his regular work, he edited numerous 
books, which were publisiied, laboring many more than the ordinary work- 
ing hours of other men. il<i was a fearless man, hesitating not to rebuke what 
he regarded as oppression and wrong-doing. When the war came on, and he saw 
his bretheru in tlie Cliurch enduring imprisonment, he sternly criticised the 
government, which led to his arrest and the suppression of his paper. After 
being confined in -prison for about one month, he was released on parole. 
This parole was continued for three years and seven months, when his case 
was submitted to General Rosecraus, and never heard of afterwards. Dur- 
ing this period he remained quietly at home, ministering to the Mill Church 
at Si. Louis, which he had founded in 1857, and had in charge ever since. 
In 18G5, he resumed the publication of the Advocate, editing it for tliree 
years, after which he resigned and again engaged in teaching. He was 
recalled to the editorship of the paper in 1872, and is now devoting his talents 
to the church of his choice through the medium of the Adv.icate. 

This is but a brief outline of the life and labors of D. R. McAnally. Of a 



546 AN ILLUSTRATED 

remarkably stroug will and great torce of character, he early in life assumed 
the position of a leading man in church affairs. He has been twice married. 
In his family relations, he is firm, true, gentle and affectionate. His literary 
and ministerial labors have been remarkable for their extent, their varied 
character, and the good results accruing therefrom. He has organized four 
churclies during his residence in St. Louis, all of which are now in a pro- 
sperous condition. 

Edwakd Ckesap McCarty, of Henry count}', Missouri, was born in 
Hampshire county, Virginia, on the 4th day of July, 1805. He is in direct 
line from the best of old Revolutionary stock. His paternal grandfather was 
a captain in the Virginia militia, and participated in the battles of Brandy- 
wiuc, Germantown and Trenton, and was under the command of La Fayette, 
at the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. His maternal grandfather was 
also a commissioned officer in the Maryland line. On the death of his father, 
in 1828, he being the oldest of a family of eight children, became the head of 
the household, and, the following year, with his mother, five brothers and two 
sisters, removed to Missouri, locating on a tract of land in Saline count}', 
where he remained until 1846. He then sold his farm, and for several years 
was engaged in freighting government stores, and in the Santa F6 trade. In 
1850, his brother died, when Mr. McCarty gave up the business, removed to 
Jackson county and engaged once more in farming. In 1857, he engaged in 
the commission and forwarding business, in Kansas City. Soon after, he was 
elected cashier of the branch of the Mechanics' Bank of St. Louis, located in 
that city. This position he filled until 1863, when he resigned and removed 
to Saline county, where be resided until after the close of the war. He then 
removed to Clinton, in Henry county In political aflfiliatiou, Mr. McCarty 
was formerly an old-line whig, and as such, was elected a member of the 
lower House of the General Assembly of the State, from Jackson county — 
Captain J. W. Reid at the same time being elected upon the democratic 
ticket. 

In later years, Mr. McCarty has acted with the democratic part}', and is 
at the present time chairman of its central committee for Henry county. He 
is not a member of any cliurch, but inclines toward the church of his mother, 
who was a Methodist. For almost half a century he has been a member of 
the Masonic fraternity, and was appointed by the Grand Lodge to superin- 
tend the erection of the building for the Masonic college at Lexingtcm. 
Mrs. McCarty was a daughter of Judge B. Brown, of Saline county. They 
have had thirteen children, eleven of whom are still living. 

David McGaughey was born near Mount Carmel, in Franklin county, 
Indiana, August 26th, 1826. His father was a farmer, of Scotch-Irish decent. 
In early life, the subject of this sketch attended the common schools, and in 
1845 entered Miami University, where he remained three years. On leaving 
the University, he devoted himself for several years to teaching in different 
localities south and west, and in June, 1854, entered the law office ot David 
Wallace, at Indianapolis. In the summer of 1855, he emigrated to 
Des Moines, Iowa, and engaged in locating land warrants for eastern parties, 



HlST()i:V OF MISSULTRI. 547 

And in surveyiner. In 1858, he removed from Des Moines and located at 
Hackberry Ridge, in Audrain county, Missouri ; taught school a few months, 
and the next, year commenced the practice of his profession at Albany, the 
county-seat of Gentry county. In 1860, he was elected county Superin- 
tendent of Public Schools. For a time, during the war, the judge resided at 
Falls City, Nebraska. While there, he was elected prosecuting attorney for 
the county of Richmond, and was appointed Superintendent of Schools by 
the county court. After the close of the war, in August, 1865, McGaughey 
removed from Nebraska to Bates county, Missouri. He has for several 
years served the county as Superintendent of Schools, and been president 
of the Board of Directors of Butler Academy. On the organization of 
the 22d judicial circuit, in 1869, he was elected the first Circuit Judge. In 
religious belief, Judge McGaughey is an old-school Presbyterian, and is an 
elder in the church in Butler. He is a Mason, and for many ycais has been 
an active member of the various temperance organizations. He is a republi- 
can in politics; was an officer in the first republican club organized west 
of tlie Mississippi river, in Iowa. In October, 1875, he was married to Miss 
Dorcas Tuttle, of Bates county. 

Michael K. McGrath, the present Secretary of State, was born at Bally- 
martle, a small village located about eight miles from Cork, Ireland, Septem- 
ber, 1833. His parents were farmers, and his educational facilities were such 
as could be obtained in the parochial schools of the country. His father in- 
tending hipi for a teacher in the national schools, educated him with that end 
in view, sending him to the city to get an insight into the national school 
system. About this time, the tide of emigration had strongly set in toward 
this countr}', and young McGrath, who had already formed a great desire to 
go to the New World, and escape the oppressions of his own country, when 
only seventeen years old, obtained the consent of his parents to accompany a 
number of his school-mates to America. He landed at St. John's, New 
Brunswick, in 1850, and readily obtained employment as a clerk in a clothing 
establishment, which he retained long enough to enable him to obtain means 
to come to the United States, as he had a longing desire to get beyond the 
limits of the British dominions and breathe the pure air of civil and political 
freedom. He went to Bangor, Maine ; remaining there a short time, he started 
for the Western States, but liis limited means compelled him to stop at New 
York, where he found employment in the well-known clothing house of 
Devlin & Co. During his stay in New York he passed his leisure hours in 
the reading-room, familiarizing himself with our institutions, and filling his 
mind with a good stock of practical information. He was attracted to St. 
Louis by the glowing description given of it by the newspapers. Upon his 
arrival in St. Louis, in 1856, he had only enough money to buj^ himself a 
night's lodging, and did not know an individual in the city. He, however, 
was fortunate enough to obtain a position as clerk the second day after his 
arrival, in the county recorder's office, a position he held until 1861, when he 
was appointed deputy clerk of the criminal court; he ran for the clerk-ship 
of the Criminal Court in 1860, but the radical party being in the majority, he 
and all others on the democratic ticket were defeated. He was then 



548 AN ILLUSTRATED 

appointed deputy clerk of the United States District Court, and took charge of 
the bankrupt business of the office. In 1869 iie was elected clerk of the City 
council, and in 1870 was elected clerk of the St. Louis Criminal Court, a 
position he held until nominated by the democratic Slate convention, for the 
office he now occupies, receiving the largest m;ijnrity on the ticket at his 
election. During the late war Mr. McGrath's sympathies were with the 
South. In 18C5 lie married a daughter of Colonel Kelley, the well-known 
confederate officir of St. Louis. Mr. McGrath is a lawyer by profession, but his 
many public positions have debarred him from practicing. He has, in every 
sense of the word, carved his own fortune, aided by nothing but his untiring 
and unflagging energy. McGrath is in religion a Catholic. As Secretary of 
State, he is chairman of the commission of public printing; member 
of and secretary of the State board of education; vice-president of the 
State board of immigration, member of the State board of equalization, 
and member of the board of regents, State normal schools. 

Mortimer McIlhany, of Audrian county, Missouri, was born in Loudon 
county, Virginia. He was educated at Hillsborough Academy, in his native 
state; and, at the early age of nineteen, removed with his parents to Mis- 
souri. Having studied law, he commenced his professional life at Mexico, 
where he has since resided. On the seventeenth day of December, 1857, he 
was at St. Charles, Missouri, married to Mary E. Davenport, of that city. In 
1858 he was elected to the General Assembly from Audrain, and re elected in 
1800. At the commencement of the civil war he joined his fortuned with the 
South, and served in the confederate army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel 
through several campaigns. He was tinally captured and remained from 
that time until the close of tlie war either in confinement, or as a prisoner on 
parole. When hostilities had ceased he returned home; but, being debarred 
from the practice of his profession by the constitution of tlie State, he lived 
upon his farm near Mexico, until the Supreme Court of the United Slates re- 
instated him. 

A member of the 27th General Assembly of his State, — Mr. Mcllhauy was 
elected speaker of the House, he being the secimd democrat to hold that of- 
fice since the rebellion. As an executive officer he won a fine reputation for 
parliamentary knowledge and impariialit}'. His quiet, pleasant, and affable 
deportment attached to him many friends. In April, 1875, he was appointed 
by Governor Hardin, one of the State Board of Railroad Commissioners, his 
associates being John S. Marmaduke, of Si. Louis, and John Walker, of 
Howard county. He was elected president of the board, and has acted in 
this capacity ever since. 

Joszi'U L. McCuLL'iuaii, of Gentryville, Gentry county, Missouri, was born 
near Knoxville, East Tennessee, in the year 1833, his ancestors having emi- 
grated from the northern part of Ireland. His parents were in very moder- 
ate circumstances, and young McCullough was obliged to labor almost unre- 
mittingly, and hence enjoyed but limited privileges for schooling. After at- 
taining his majority, however, h(! gave himself ardently to stud}', working his 
way, and attending Ewiug and Jefferson Colleges, Kentucky. After leaving 



U18TOliy OF MISSOURI. 549 

college he studied law until 1861, when he removed to Missouri, and not long 
afterwards was licensed ti) practice. In 1861 he went to the mines of Col- 
orado, remaining about a year, when he returned to Missouri, and almost im- 
mediately thereafter he started for the ricli mining (it'lds of Montana, arriv- 
ing at tlie place of his destination in the autumn of 1804, and at once become 
actively engaged in digging for gold. In the fall of 1865 he was chosen a re- 
presentative to the Montana legislature, and was re-elected in 18G6, by a largely 
increased majority, from Madison county, serving in this capacity as Ciiair- 
man of the Committee on Incorporations, and of the judiciary, was also 
elected Judge of the criminal court at Virginia city, in 1865, being re elect- 
ed in 1866, which position he resigned in 1867, when he returned to his 
adopted Stale. While in Montana he was also a member of the Territorial 
convention, and was elected its president. During tiie winter of 1867 he re- 
turned to his present home, Gentry county, and engaged in the practice of 
the law. In the fall of 1874 he was elected by an unusual majority to the 
lower House of the General Assembly. McCoUough is a Mason of high de- 
gree, being a Knight Templar; is a protestant in religious belief, and in pol- 
itics a democrat of decided views. He was married in 1872. They have one 
child, a son. He resides upon his farm, a mile and a lialf west of Gentry- 
ville. 

Joseph W. Mercer, of Independence, Jackson county, was born on the 
25th of February, 1845, in Platte City, Platte county^ Missouri. His father 
moved to Jackson county in 1846, and engaged in farming and stock-raising. 
The subject of this sketcii, at the age of thirteen, went to attend College at 
Chappel Hill, where he remained three years. He then enlisted in the con- 
federate army, and lost an arm at the battle of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 25th of ' 
October, 1863. He was afterward appointed commissary, with the rank of 
captain. At the close of the war he returned to Jackson county. He subse- 
quently attended Jones' Commercial College, St. Louis, where he graduated 
in commercial law and book-keeping. For a while after returning home, he 
taught a public school. In 1868 he opened a real estate and insurance office 
in Independence. He was married on the 18th of May, 1870, to Laura Greene, 
of Jackson county. In 1871, Mercer was elected treasurer of his county. He 
was elected State Treasurer in 1873, which office he now holds. Mr. Mercer 
is the father oi three ciiildren. He is believed to be the youngest man ever 
elected to a State office in Missouri. 

J.xMEs L. Minor was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, on the 9th of June, 
1813. On receiving an academic education in his native town, young Minor 
became in 1833 a private tutor in the family of Captain Reuben Grigsby, of 
Rockbridge county, Virginia. He was tendered by Mr. Forsyth, Secretary 
of State, the position 'of United States Attorney for the eastern district of 
Florida, which office he declined, and in May, 1835, came to Missouri. He 
practiced law for three years in Palmyra, and in November, 1838, he was 
elected secretary of the State Senate. At tlie conclusion of the session of 
that body. Governor Boggs tendered to him the position of Secretary of State, 
and in February, 1839, after the confirmation by tlie Senate, he entered upon 



550 AIM TLLTTSTRATEB 

the discharge of the duties of that office, whicli he lield until April, 1845. He- 
became ex-officto superintendent of common schools. In 1840, he received 
the appointment of adjutant-general. Upon his retirement from public office 
in 1845, he chose the life of a farmer, and in the cultivation of the alluvial 
lands of the Missouri river in hemp and tobacco, found an occupation both 
agreeable and profitable. The routine of his agricultural life since then has 
been diversified by several public trusts, among others. Curator of the State 
University, and manager of the State Lunatic Asylum. The greater portion 
of his life in Missouri has been spent in the cultivation of the soil, in which 
occupation he takes an honest pride. General Minor was first married in 
1844 to Sallie C. Goode, of Cole county, who only lived a few months 
after her marriage. In 1846 he was married with Miss Louisa M. Smith, also 
of Cole county. He has but one child living, the wife of Colonel Hamilton 
Gamble, of the firm of Hampstead and Gamble, of Salt Lake City. In re- 
ligious belief, Mr. Minor is a member of the Episcopal church, and by his 
faithfulness in all the positions of trust to which he has been called, as well 
as by his upright life as a private citizen, he has honored his profession. His 
present residence is upon his farm near to Jefferson City, where in the enjoy- 
ment of excellent health, and a contented mind, he is spending the evening of, 
life in his favorite pursuit, cultivation of the soil. 

John Monteith, the present secretary of the Missouri State board of agri- 
culture, was born at Elyria, Ohio, January 31, 1833; graduated from Yale 
College in 1856, and took Master's degree in 1859. He pursued the study of 
theology under Dr. N. W. Taylor, of New Haven, and entered the ministry, 
which calling he followed, located successively at Plymouth, Connecticut; 
*Jackson, Michigan ; Cleveland, Ohio; and St. Louis, Missouri, until 1870, when 
from broken health, he retired from the ministrj^ severed his ecclesiastical 
connections, and became a farmer in South Missouri. From this retire- 
ment he was called to the position of superintendent of public schools, to 
succeed Ira DivoU (deceased), June 29th, 1871. Mr. Monteith comes of true 
educational stock. Ilis father, Professor John Monteith, was one of the found- 
ers, and the first President of Michigan University. Subsequently, he will 
be recognized as a resident of New York State, having occupied for eight 
years, tiie chair of Latin and Greek in Hamilton College. Superintendent 
Monteith brought to his office no inconsiderable benefit from his father's 
experience, together with a practical experience of his own,extendiugthrough 
several years as a teacher at the East. Mr. Monteith has been a careful student 
of the advanced methods of education, and may be classed rather with the 
liberal than with the most conservative educators. He was married to Miss 
L. Maria L)omis, of Sandusky, Ohio, July 16th, 1861. They have four chil- 
dren. His residence is Glenwood Station, (Sulphur Springs P. O.), Jefferson 
county. 

Michael Davidson Mokgan was born in Lincoln county, Kentucky, Octo- 
ber 17tli, 1824. He was raised on a farm. At the age of seventeen, he Avas 
entered as an apprentice to the blacksmiths' trade, serving three years. He 
continued to work at his trade, afterwards, for thirteen years: fcmr years of 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 551 

the time, he worked in Howard county, this State. He was married in 1847, 
to Sallie C. Alverson, of Madison county, Kentucky. He emigrated to How- 
ard county, Missouri, in 1848, and moved to Randolph county in 1852, to wiiat 
was then known as "Long Arm Prairie," carrying on farming and black- 
smithing. He moved to Clinton county, near Ha^-nesville, in the spring of 
1854. The same fall, he moved to St. Joseph where he has (except one year 
in St. Louis), continued to reside. Morgan is a democrat, and for more than 
a quarter of a century', has given his time to active participation in the poli- 
tics of the country, frequently writing various articles for newspapers, that 
gave etfect and force to the democratic party of the State. During the 
darkest days of disfranchisment, he did much with his pen and purse to revive 
and keep in organization the democratic party. In 1855, he was appointed 
deputy county collector. He collected the entire revenue of the county for 
two years, amounting to some two hundred thousand dollars, not being 
requested to give either receipt or bond. 

In 1858, he was elected Sheriff of Buchanan county, and re-elected in 1860, 
both times by large majorities. He was, during the same time. Deputy 
United States marshal. In 1866-7, he was deputy treasurer of the city of St. 
Joseph. He was, in 1868, nominated b}' the democratic county convention 
for count)' collector, receiving on the first ballot 55 votes out of 69. In 1871, 
he was tendered by Governor Brown, the office of chief clerk in the adjutant- 
general's office, but declined it. In 1872, he was appointed by the Governor, 
judge of the county court of Buchanan count}', but this he also declined. In 
1874, Governor Woodson appointed him Inspector of petrolium oils for the 
city of St. Louis, in which position he acquitted himself with credit. Mor- 
gan has always supported all public enterprises which have materially 
at'sisted the rapid growth and prosperity of St. Joseph, in which city he now 
resides. He was one of five who caused to be made a preliminary survey of 
the St. Joseph and Topeka, now the St. Joseph and Denver railroad. He was 
prominent in his efforts to secure the Lunatic Asylum at St. Joseph. He has 
ever been the friend of education. Although he is not a member of any 
church, he has contributed liberally to the building of every church in St. 
Joseph. Morgan, with Hon. A. Beattie, the present mayor of St. Joseph, 
spent the entire winter of 1802 — 3, in collecting provisions for the destitute 
of St. Joseph. Colonel Morgan is a self-made man. In every position of life 
he has proven himself trustworthy. 

William H. Morgan was born in Olden county, Kentucky, in the year 
1840, from whence his parents removed to Cass county, Illinois, while he was 
achild. After a few years stay in Illinois, the family again removed in 1858, to 
Grand River county, Missouri, where tiie}^ remained but a few years. Again, 
pursuing their way westward, finally halted on the east bank of the Mis- 
souri river, in Atchison county, and near the site of the now flourishing town 
of Watson. Here the family located permanently, and the father, P. G. Mor- 
gan, a bold and ambitious man, soon became noted in political circles as the 
leader of his party in that section of the state, unti! his death in 1873. The 
subject of this sketch enjoyed only the educational advantages to be derived 
from the common schools; but being a youtii of unusual force of character 



552 AN illusthat?:d 

and a strong thinker, and an active worker, lie soon took a foremost place 
among men, and has frequently been called to positions of honor and trust. 
In 1874, he was elected by a large majority of the popular vote to the position 
of one of the judges of the county court for a term of six years, which 
oflBce he now holds. Judge Morgan is an exemplar}^ christian in his life; 
and is a member of the masonic fraternity. He has been twice married, 
first with Miss Mary Bushong, who died two years subsequent to her mar- 
riage. His present wife was Amanda L., daughter of John Goode, of Atchi- 
son county. Starting in life, with no other capital than his own strong 
arms and brave heart, he has by steady habits of industry and frugality, 
become possessor of a fine and valuable estate adjoining the town of 
Watson. 

John McNeil was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 4th of February, 
1814. When quite a lad, he was sent to Boston, Massachusetts, to learn the 
hatter's trade. After learning the trade, he engaged in the business in the 
city of New York. In 188G, he came west, and selected St Louis as the place 
of his future residence. His place of business was on Main street, where he 
won for himself the reputation of an honest and successful merchant, and 
continued it during twenty-five successive years. 

Early in May, 1861, orders were received in St. Louis, from Washington city, 
to muster into service forces for the defence of the Union. In a few days ten 
regiments were mustered into service by tiie proper oflicers stationed at the 
Arsenal. McNeil was elected captain of a company, and at the eleciion of 
regimental officers was chosen colonel of the third regiment of what was 
called "United States Reserve Corps," consisting of men enlisted for three 
months service, and made up from the tliird, fourth and fifth wards of the city. 
With his commandite moved into North Missouri to protect the railroad and 
to check the operations of General Harris, who was aiding the plans of 
General Price. Colonel Harding, in a letter to General Lyon, then at Spring- 
field, says: "You can imagine my anxiety and afterwards my relief, wlien 1 
heard from that brave fellow, McNeil, tliathehad fought, and had routed the 
rebels." During the summer of 1861, Colonel McNeil was post commandant 
and provost-marshall of St. Louis, under Brigadier-General McKenstry. 
He was next appointed Colonel of a cavalry regiment, and in 1862, opened 
a vigorous campaign in Northern Missouri, which terminated with the battle 
of Kirkville. 

In December, 1862, McNeil was ordered into south-eastern Missouri to pro- 
tect the State from invasion from Arkansas. In the spring of 1863, General 
Marmaduke moved up from Little Rock with four brigades estimated at 
abo'it 10,000 men. General McNeil moved into Cape Girardeau with twelve 
hundred men and six guns. The garrison there augmented his force by five 
hundred men and six guns. Marmaduke summoned the place to surrender 
giving half an hour for consideration. McNeil replied promptly, that he 
required notimefor consideration, that he should hold the place. Adesperate 
figlit followed in which the garrison succeeded in resisting the assault, and 
Marmaduke withdrew. The next fall, Shelby came into Missouri, passing 
rapidly through Arkansas, and advanced to the river at Booneviile. General 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 553 

Brown encountered him at Arrow Rock, when a desperate fight ensued that 
lasted till dark. General McNeil was in St. Louis, having been detailed there 
as presiding officer of a court martial. Setting out at ouce for his post at 
Lebanon, he gathered such force as he could, and advanced on Bolivar where 
he hoped to intercept the retreat. Shelby was ahead of him, but he followed 
on, taking prisoners, but not overtaking the main body, until at last, af(er 
reaching Arnansas, he gave up the pursuit and moved up the river to Fort 
Smith. This movement closed operations for the year 18G3. He was desig- 
nated to the army of the frontier, vice General Blunt, relieved. 

The next season he reported to General Banks, and was assigned to the Dis- 
trict of Lafourche, which extended from New Orleans to Texas, and was 
menaced by that wily and dangerous foe, Dick Taylor. Early in August, he 
returned to Missouri and reported to General Rosecrans, who had taken 
command of Missouri. Coming upon the steamboat Empress, she was fired 
into and placed in a desperate position. The passengers who were military 
men, assisted the officers of the boat in extricating her from her perilous con- 
dition. Foremost among these was General McNeil. On his arrival, General 
Rosecrans complimented him highly in an order referring to it; but he de- 
clared the chief credit was due to the pilot, and the engineer, and other 
officers of the boat. Soon after, he was appointed to the command of the dis- 
trict of Rolla, with headquarters at Rolla. From thence he marched to Jeffer- 
son City, and saved the Capitol when endangered by the movements of Price. 
He afterwards joined his force to General Brown, and participated in the 
series of active pursuits, which ended in the destruction of Gen. Price's 
army. After this campaign, the last of the serious fighting in Missouri, he 
was appointed to the command of central Missouri, which he retained until 
his resignation in April, 1865. After the acceptance of his resignation, he 
was appointed clerk of the criminal court, which office he held for twenty 
months. In 1866, he became acandidate for the sheriffalty of St. Louis, and 
was elected. In 1868 he was re elected to the same position. At the expira- 
tion of his two terms he retired to private life. In politics he has always 
been a liberal republican, and led the movement which resulted in the elec- 
tion of Carl Schurz to the United Stales Senate. He is a man of high cour- 
age, prompt and persistent; he displayed an aptitude and genius as a soldier, 
not usually found in men cliosen from civil life. In the social circle, he was 
always genial and comiKinionable. His neiglibors, without distinction of 
party or creed, esteem him warmly — those who differ with him, honor his con- 
victions because of his open avowal of them. General McNeil impresses an 
audience favorably by means of pointed and earnest sentences. He is firm 
in his friendship; no changes of fortune influence him to abandon a friend. 
Few men are more highly blessed in the affectionate surroundings of his 
family relations. Holding, with General Slierman, that war is cruelty and 
cannot be refined, he sought to enforce all its rigor, and to conquer an early 
peace. In his apparently severe treatment of prisoners in North Missouri in 
1862, he acted by the orders of Generals Hallcck, Curtis, and Schoficld. Wiien 
iu August, 1865, McNeil sent in his resignation. General Schofield returned it 
indorsed: "The services of Colonel McNeil are too valuable to the State, to ad- 



554 AN ILLUSTRATED 

niit of the approval of his resignation at this time ; it is therefore hoped thathe 
will withdraw it until Ihe peace of north-eastern Missouri shall be restored." 
The people of North-east Missouri did not know how General McNeil was 
esteemed at head-quarters, and eight thousand of them signed a petition to 
President Lincoln, asking to have him sustained in what he did. When he 
was notified that ten colonels of the Union army were held as hostages at 
Richmond, for his rendition to the confederate government to answer its 
charges of illegal warfare, he wrote to President Lincoln, asking a safe con- 
duct to Richmond, provided his brother officers were not released or were 
likely to suffer on his account. At the close of the war General McNeil 
came forward among the first men to offer, in the spirit of the brave man 
who would not harm a fallen foe, full and free pardon to all who were willing 
to obey the constitution and laws of the country. 

Charles H. Morgan was born in Alleghany, New York, July 5th, 1842. 
Whilst he was j^et quite young, his parents immigrated to Wisconsin and 
settled on a farm; here young Morgan spent his early years, receiving such 
educational advantages as were afforded by the common schools, and at a 
later day attending the high school at Fond du Lac. At the commencement of 
the war, in response to the first call of I'resident Lincoln, he left school and 
enlisted as a private in the 1st Wisconsin infantry, where he served for about 
sixteen months, as private, sergeant, and sergeant-major of the regiment. In 
the latter part of 1862, he was promoted to 2d lieutenant of the 21st Infantry, 
and, soon after, followed his commission as 1st lieutenant, and then captain 
in the same regiment. He was in all the principal battles of the army of the 
Cumberland, until he was taken prisoner at the battle of Chickamauga, Sep- 
tember 20th, 18G3. Four times he escaped from his captors, but only to have 
his hopes of freedom and the sight of the old flag disappointed by re-capture- 
A short time before the close of the war he made an effort for the fifth time 
to obtain his freedom — and then with success. After passing a course of 
preparatory study, he graduated from the Albany, New York, law school in 
1866, and immediately thereafter, removed to Missouri, and settled at Lamar,. 
Barton count}-, where he still resides. In 1868, he was appointed attorney for 
the county, and filled that office with acceptance for about three years, when 
he was elected to the legislature. Whilst a member of that body, he served 
as chairman of the committee on elections, and as a member of the com- 
mittee on criminal jurisprudence, and also took an active part in all the 
legislation incident to the session. In 1875, Mr. Morgan was elected mem- 
ber of Congress from his district, and is serving in that capacity at the 
present time. Captain Morgan is active and zealous in all matters of public 
importance, and wholly devoted to the development of the mineral and agri- 
cultural resources of his section of the State. He is not a member of any 
church, but has great respect for religion. He is a member of the Masonic 
fraternity; he is unmarried. 

T. J. O. Morrison is of Irish descent, his father liaving been a native of 
the county of Cork, Ireland, and who came to the United States in 1798, 
settling in West Wareham, Massachusetts, whence he immigrated to 



HISTOKY OF MIS.SOlJltl. 555 

Missouri, and settled in Cape Girardeau county, in 180:], where the subject of 
this sketch was born, on tlie 24th day of July, 1815. At the age of ten years, 
he was left an orphan, his parents having died within a few days of each 
other. When eighteen years of age, he attended St. Mary's College, at 
Perryvillc, ^lissouri, for two years. For the succeeding three j-ears after 
leaving college, he was engaged in various capacities on the river, first, as 
steatnboat clerk ; then in superintending flat-boat expeditions along the river 
for purposes of trade; and afterwards, in rafting timber from the Yazoo 
country to the New Orleans market. Leaving the river in 1838, he spent some 
time in teaching in New Madrid county ; and, in 1841, he was married to 
Caroline Bogliolo, daughter of a well-known merchant and land-owner of 
that county. In 1848, Mr. Morrison left his school, and went into mercantile 
life, which business he continued until 1856, when he closed out his store 
and retired to his farm, of eleven hundred acres, on the Mississippi river, 
near New Madrid, where he still resides. For the last thirty years, he has 
not been entirel}^ relieved from the cares of public ofl3ce; justice of the 
peace for his township, clerk of the county, county treasurer, commissioner 
of public works, county superintendent of public schools, and county 
assessor. In 1862, he was elected to a seat in the lower house of the General 
Assembly, and re-elected in 1864 ; elected State senator from hfs district in 
1868, and re-elected in 1872. He is a faithful representative, possessing 
ability well qualifying him for the position; is a fine and terse speakef, a 
good parliamentarian, and a recognized leader in legislative work. In poli- 
tics. Senator Morrison is a sterling and active democrat. He has a family of 
seven children, all grown. 

William Wallace Mosbt, M. D., of Richmond, Ray county, Missouri, was 
born in Scott county, Kentucky, on the 1st day of June, 1824. His parents 
removed to the State of Mississippi when he was only two years old, whence, 
after a temporar^^ stay of some two years, they immigrsUed to Callaway 
county, Missouri, and settled on a farm. Here the sou received his edu- 
cation in the common schools, attending only in the winter mouths, laboring 
with his father in summer. Notwithstanding these meagre advantages, he 
succeeded in obtaining a good English education, and also some knowledge 
of the Greek atul Latin languages. At eighteen years of age, he decided to 
adopt the medical profession, and the following year entered the office of Dr. 
Franklin Dillard, where he spent two years in close application to study; 
after which he entered the Transylvania Medical School, Lexington, Ken- 
tucky. In the spring of 1845, he returned home, and applied himself to 
study until fall, when he went to the Louisville Medical College, graduating 
in the class of 1846. Soon thereafter he commenced the practice of medicine 
at Richmond, in Ray county, where he still resides. The young physician, 
by his great skill and integrity of character, succeeded in building up a 
large practice, which he has continued to enjoy. In 1861, he was elected to 
the State Senate. This position he held during the four darkest years of the 
history of the State. He was a firm and uncompromising advocate of the 
Union of all the states, believing that in union alone was there stability and 
prosperity; and yet he was mild and pacific, and discountenanced radical 



550 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 

union views, as being unsafe and unwise, and on a par with the other ex- 
treme, secession. He made a strong speech against tlie constitutional con- 
vention tliat framed tlie celebrated Draconian code, and opposed tlie regis- 
tration law at its inception, and diil all in his power to defeat the measure. 
In 1874, he was agr.in nominated i"or the State Senate, b}^ the democratic vot- 
ers of his senatorial district; and, after a sharp canvass, during which Dr. 
Mosby stumped the entire district, he was elected bj" a majority of over 900, 
over the combined votes of his republican and liberal opponents. He has 
ever been intimately associated in all matters of public improvement, as well 
as of education, having been for six years president of the Board of Direc- 
tors of the Richmond College, and was for five years director in the Union 
Bank of Missouri. He has always contributed liberally to the churches of 
his own city and county; has himself been a member of the Christian 
church for many years, and for more than a quarter of a century he has held 
the office of elder in that bodj-. 

Rev. Thomas Jeppekson Musgrove, the present head of Alexandria Col- 
lege, was born in Mason county, Kentucky, January 30th, 1837, but his 
parents removed to Clark county, Missouri, in 1840, and settled upon a 
farm. The subject of our sketch finished a college course at the age of 
twenty-four years. Soon after his graduation, he w^as married witli Marga- 
ret Ann Smith, of Lewis county, and the five succeeding years of his life 
were spent as a farmer. On the first Sabbath in May, 1861 , Mr. Musgrove was 
ordained to preach. In 1867, he took the charge of the public schools of 
the city of Alexandria. After acting in this capacity for a few months, he re- 
signed, and established an institution of learning in Clark countj'', known as 
Pleasant Hill Academj^ where he taught for two years. Being solicited by 
the trustees of the Alexandria public schools to once more resume the man- 
agement of the schools of that city, he gave up his academ}^ and entered 
upon his duties in Alexandria. After laboring two years in this capacity, he 
established Alexandria College, of which he is owner and president. Mr. 
Musgrove is a Baptist in religious belief, and a man of much energ}"^ of char- 
acter, and of large success as an educator. 

Joseph Nacke was born in Wewelsburge, Prussia, September 23d, 1806. 
His parents were in humble life, but connected by blood relationship with 
men of " high degree " in the land of His birth. After serving his " coun- 
try and his king" for six years in the Prussian army, he was honorably 
discharged, and soon after, in 1835, he made his way to "the land of the free 
and the home of the brave." The city had no charms for the young Prussian ; 
he desired the free, liappy, though laborious life of the farmer. After land- 
ing in this country, he pursued his way west, crossing the Mississippi river 
at St. Louis, when the town was only a small one; and, having reached 
Osage county, he settled there, near the present town of Westphalia, which 
received its name from the Province of Westphalia in GerraanJ^ Through 
his instrumentality, tiie G^-rman settlers came to this countr}-^, and ere long a 
frugal, industrious and happy community of some two thousand inhabitants 
had grown up around him. He has often been solicited to accept of civil 




liiiiiliiiiliililiiliiiiiliililililiiliiiliiiiiiiilii 




<rp:):r^/^ .yvr^f 



HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 55 T 

oflBcc, but invariably declined; but in matters of public improvement, and 
especially lii ethicational matters, he has always been a leader of the people. 
In political affiliation he was formerly a democrat, then a Benton democrat, 
and for many years has been a republican. He was one of the first to raise 
his voice in favor of freedom to all, and after years of toil and persistent 
effort, he has enjoyed the proud satisfaction of seeins^ his views prevail, and 
all men go free. He loves his adopted country, and has always been ready to 
join in any and all gatherings of a patriotic character. In religious belief, 
Mr. Nacke is a Catholic; and is an example of a genial, benevolent, Chris-tiau 
m<in. He was married in 1827, in his native town, his wife having been Maria 
Bucker. They have had four children; one born in Germany. 

William li.vucLAY Napton was born 1808, in Princeton, New Jersey; 
graduated at Princeton College when quite young, and went from there to 
the University of Virginia, at which place he graduated in law. He taitght 
school for a while at Charlottesville, and came to Missouri about the year 1833. 
He first located in Howard c )unty, and was the editor of the '• Booueslick 
Democrat," and practiced law at the same time. He sold his interest in the 
paper after he had been connected with it but little over a year, and was then 
appointed by the Governor, Attornej'-General of the State. In 1839 he was 
appointed Judge of the Supreme Court, and delivered his first opinion at the 
April term in that year. His first opinion appears in the 5th Missouri Re- 
ports at page 113 — being in the case of Flournoy against Andrews. From 
1839 to 1851 he held this position. From '51 to '57 he was not on the bench. 
In 1857 he was again elected, and remained on the bench until in 1863 when 
he was ejected with the other judges because of their sympathy with the 
South. He practiced law in St. Louis from 1863 to 1873, when, at the death 
of Judge Ewing, he was again appointed till the next election to his old posi- 
tion by Governor Woodson. At the democratic convention in 1874, he was 
re-nominated for a term of six years by acclamation, and received the next 
highest majorit}' on the ticket. His opinions appear in the Missouri Reports 
from volume V. to XV., from XXV. to XXXI., and from the 53d on. He has 
alwa^'s been a democrat ; was at first a friend of Benton, but after Benton's free 
soil tendencies became manifest, he was one of the principal anti-Bcntonites. 
He is the author of a certain political document known as the "Jackson 
Resolutions." He was chairman of a large pro-slavery convention held at 
Lexington, Missouri, about the time of the Kansas troubles. He married in 
1839, Malinda Williams, a daughter of Chancellor Thomas L. Williams 
of Tennessee, and in that year began to improve a farm in the southern part 
of Saline county, to which he moved in 1840, and there reared a large family. 

Edmund A. Nickerson, of Warrensburg, Johnson county, Missouri, was 
born in Baltimore, Maryland, August 31, 1835. He was the youngest of a 
family of four children, and descended from one of the oldest families of that 
State. His parents gave him the best education their means would admit, 
and at an early age he was placed as a student in the same office of 
Charles J, Lucas, of Baltimore, when after a studious course of legal 
study he was admitted to the Bar of the Superior Court, of Baltimore City. 



558 AN ILLUSTRATED 

Confinement to study had made serious inroads upon the health of the 
young student, and it was found necessary, although much against the wishes 
of his family, that he should seek rest and recreation in travel. He himself 
had other desires besides those. His parents were poor, and he could not 
look for material help from them, and he looked beyond them and the great 
city to the Far West for a competence and a home. While spending a short 
time with his brother at Parkersburg, Virginia, he became junior partner in 
the law office of Benjamin W. Jackson of that city, where he remained un- 
til the latter part of 1856, when he returned to Baltimore. In June of the 
following year, he removed to Missouri, settling at Union, in Franklin county. 
In 1858 the famous Gordon murder was committed in Warren county, Mis- 
souri. Mr. Nickerson, then a mere boy, was appointed to defend Brufl", a sup- 
posed accomplice of the murderer. After a protracted and exciting trial, Bruff 
was acquitted, a result due largely to the ability and sagacity of his youth- 
ful counsel. With the notoriety arising from this trial, Nickerson found 
his services in demand in other sections of the State. He was employed in 
many of the important criminal trials, such as Rufus Hopkins, Le Grand 
Hall, Nelson Cross, Nicholas Hart, and others of less note. In 1863, Mr. 
Nickerson married Huldah A. Tyler, the youngest daughter of Henry Tyler, 
Sr., of St. Louis county, and devoted himself to agriculture on his farm in 
that county, occasionally attending to the practice of his profession. In 1866, 
Nickerson removed to Warrensburg, Johnson county. At that time 
Warrensburg was in embryo, the place having the aspect of an advanced 
frontier settlement. In common with other resolute and public spirited 
men, he believed in the future growth and success of the place, and 
proceeded to act upon this faith. Selecting a beautiful site, a little retired 
from the centre of the town, with ample grounds, he at once erected a com- 
modious brick residence, and laid out, adorned, and beautified the park, by 
which it is surrounded. The main street of the town now passes it. Houses, 
orchards, and vineyards are on all sides; and no means have been spared 
to adorn and beautify the place itself, — an orchard containing all the choicest 
varieties of fruits, a vineyard containing thirty varieties of grapes, from the 
size of a pea to a large plum, and in color all the shades from white to jet 
black, are under careful culture. Mr. Nickerson continued to devote himself 
to the practice of the law, which he made successful and lucrative — also be- 
ing chiefly instrumental in organizing the Warrensburg Savings Bank. He 
was the first president of the bank, and as such was instrumental in build- 
ing a fine and stately banking-house, which is an ornament to the town. In 
1874, he was elected a delegate to the constitutional convention. He 
took an active part in the formation of the present constitution. Mr. 
Nickerson has never been actively engaged in political life. He is a 
democrat, and has never in the most trying hour lost faith in his principles. 
He never held an office, nor sought one; he has placed a higher value on 
that independence which a pecuniary competency alone can give, and having 
by long and persevering attention to business realized this, his choice is to 
pursue his professional and private business. His family consists of a 
wife and three daughters. 



iiisToiJY OF Misaouui. 559 

Redben p. Owen was born in Hopkins county, Kentucky, on the 26lh of 
August, 1814. His father and family moved to Hickman (now Fulton) county, 
that State, when the subject of this sketch was eleven \ cars of age. He there 
received an ordinary English education, with a view to mercantile pursuits. 
He was for awhile employed as clerk in a store in May field ; afterwards, at 
the town of Hickman, where he remained until 1841. In September, of that 
3'ear, lie removed with his family to Stoddard county, Missouri. In June, 
1842, he was employed by the clerk of the circuit and county court of that 
count}' to occupy his place. The clerk resigned in 184(5, and Owen was ap- 
pointed to fill the vacancies. At the general election in 1847, he was elected 
to both offices, and again in 1853. In 1859, he declined to run for the county 
clerkship, but was elected to that of the circuit. He continued to discharge 
the duties of his office until December, 1861, when all official business was 
suspended on account of the war. He read law during the time he was clerk 
and was admitted to the Bar in 18G0; but did not enter upon the practice un- 
til the fall of 1863. In November, 1870, he was elected judge of the twenty- 
third judicial circuit, to serve for four years; and was re-elected in Novem- 
ber, 1874, for the term of six years. Mr. Owen is a member of the Baptist 
churcli. He, also, belongs to the masonic fraternity. He was married at 
Hickman, Kentucky, to Mary H. Lewis, on the 7th of January, 1835. He 
has four daughters now living, who reside in Stoddard and Dunklin counties. 

Samuel H. Owens, son of John Owens, a native of Hardin county, Kentucky, 
was born at Springfield, Illinois, on the 8th of May, 1835. In 1837, his father 
removed with his family to Missouri, and settled on a farm near JeflFerson 
City, in Cole countj-. Owens was educated at Jefferson City, and at the State 
University, at Columbia. After leaving college, he studied law under J. Proc- 
tor Knott, now a representative in Congress from Kentucky, and Warwick 
Hough, one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Missouri. He was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1860, and commenced the practice of his profession at 
California, in Moniteau county. He took high rank at tlie bar of the 
first judicial circuit, which then, as now had among its members some of the 
most eminent lawyers and jurists in the State. Soon after his admission 
to the bar, he was married lo Ella Thorpe, a daughter of Mr. Elihu 
Thorpe, of Illinois, and sister of the late Alonzo V.Thorpe, an eminent phy- 
sician of Moniteau county, Missouri. He is a forcible arid fluent speaker; has 
never been a candidate .before the people foroflSce; in politics, a democrat, 
devotedly attached to the principles of the party. He is president of the 
Moniteau National Bank. He is a warm friend of popular education, and 
aided in the organization of the library building, and other associations de- 
signed to advance the moral, intellectual, and financial interests of the peo- 
ple among whom he lives. He is better known in his conncctltm with the 
fraternity of free-masons. He was initiated into the order at Jefi"erson City in 
1856. In 1863, he was appointed Deputy Grand Master for the district lying 
between the Osage and Missouri rivers, and extending west to the Kansas 
line. He was elected Gsand Master of the State for 1872-3. At the meeting 
of the Grand Lodge at St. Louis, October 1873, the committee of Past Grands 
to whom was referred Grand Master Owens' annual address, concluded their 



560 AN ILLUSTRATED 

report thereon in the following deservedly complimentar}' terms : "After a 
careful review of his very able and business-like address, we cannot help tak- 
ing occasion to congratulate our Grand Master upon the success which it 
proves for his administration. He has done a great deal of work and done it 
well ; and, of necessity, he must have devoted much time and thought to tlie 
duties of his office. The Grand Lodge of Missouri has been particularly for- 
tunate in having so able a man, and so zealous a Mason at its head during the 
past j^ear." Mr. Owens is social and genial in every position in life. 

William Q. P.\xton was born in Wayne county, Ohio, September 17th, 
1837. His jjarents emigrated from tliat State when the subject of this sketch 
was only three years old, settling in Hickory county, Missouri. At that 
early day, this part of the State was nearly an unbroken wilderness, and no 
schools or churches were to be found. As a consequence, young. Paxton 
never enjoyed even the advantages of a common school for more than twelve 
months in his life. He was a boy of much thought, and what opportunities 
were oflFered were well improved, and followed up with careful reading and 
study at home, so that when he came to man's estate, he had formed habits 
which in later years have enabled him to grasp the intricate questions of the 
times, and work out good results. With patriotic ferver he espoused the cause 
of the Union at the commencement of the late war, and helped organize the first 
company of Home Guards in Hickory county, and subsequently became at- 
tached to the Missouri State militia as a private, and afterward was promoted 
to a lieutenancy of company H., fourteenth regiment, Missouri volunteers, 
in which capacity he was serving at the close of the war. He w-as assigned 
to duty on the plains, whither liis regiment was ordered in 1865, to protect 
the frontier against Indian incursions, and he participated in several active 
campaigns against the red men, who were compelled to sue for peace, a treaty 
being made with them, at the mouth of the Little Arkansas river, in Octo- 
ber, 13G5. Soon after, Lieutenant Paxton was mustered out of the service at- 
Fort Leavenworth, and returned to his home in Hickory county. He was 
elected county and circuit clerk in 1860, and re-elected in 1870, which posi- 
tion he filled until 1874, when he was elected Senator from the twentieth sen- 
atorial district. During the last session, he served on several important com- 
mittees — agricultural, mines and mining, manufactures, and deaf and dumb 
asylum. Mr. Paxton is a thorough-going republican in politics, but does 
not allow party prejudice to enter into his official duties. He has been twice 
married, and has a family of four children, lie resides at Humansville, 
Polk county, where he has a pleasant home with well-improved grounds, and 
a flourishing mercantile bhs-iness. 

Charles E. Peers, of Warrenton, Warren county, Missouri, is of both Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky parentage. His father was Major E. J. Peers, a graduate 
of West Point, and in early days commander of the Missouri militia in Lin- 
coln, Pike, Montgomery, and St. Charles counties. The son Charles E., was 
born in Troy, Lincoln county, Missouri, Ma}' 2d, 1844. His parents were poor 
and could ill}' afford to give him a good education. Indeed, the only educa- 
tion he received in early life, was at odd times, in the districtschool. At thir- 




WILLIAM Q. PAXTON, 



HISTOKV OF MISSOURI. 561 

teen years of age, he was apprenticed to the printing business, and on the fail- 
ure of bis eraploj-er, he commenced work on a farm at four dollars per month. 
Meanwhile, and during odd hours from labor, he commenced the study of law, 
having formed an attachment therefor. In 18(J4, he entered the oflice of the 
"Missouri Republican," in St. Louis, as a journeyman printer. In the follow- 
ing > ear he removed to VVarrcnton and commenced the publication of the 
Warrenton "Banner," a democratic paper, still occupying his leisure time 
studying law. He was admitted to practice in 18G6, and shortly after was 
elected to the office of circuit attorney in the district composed of Pike, Lin- 
coln, Warren, and Montgomery counties. The district, radical as it was, gave 
him a majority of seven hundred. In the fall of 1872, he was elected to the 
legislature on the liberal democratic ticket from Warren count}^ by a fair 
majority, that county giving 500 majority for Grant. Shortly after his elec- 
tion, he sold out the " Banner " office, and has devoted his time since to the 
practice of his profession. He is liberal in his views, independent and manly, 
candid in argument, gentlemanly in deportment, energetic, and is a live repre- 
sentative man. He has several times filled the office of city attorney, and 
also served as a member of the town Board of Trustees. He is a Mason, 
and an Odd Fellow. Mr. Peers was married in 186(5, his wife being Miss Mary 
C. Humphreys of Brooklyn, New York, an accomplished lady, to whom he 
ascribes much of his success in life. 

WrLLi.\M H. Phelps was born at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county. New York, 
October lUlh, 1845. His earlier years were spent on the farm with his parents 
untilhe was of sufficient age to enter the academy at Olean, where he acquired 
a good education. Soon after leaving the institution, he commenced the study 
of law with M. B. Champlain, Ex-Attorney-General of New York, and after- 
wards attended the law-school at Albany, whence he graduated early in 1867. 
In the spring of the same year, he located at Carthage, Jasper county, Mis- 
souri, where he has since resided. Being a democrat, there seemed little pros- 
pect of political preferment for the young lawj^er in the strongly republican 
county, and he applied himself most diligently to the interests of his profes- 
sion. In the canvass of 1874, his name was brought forward as a candidate 
for the twent^'-eighth General Assembly, and being duly nominated, he was 
elected by a majority of more than 400 votes, in one of the strongest republi- 
can counties in the State. As a member of that body, he was chairman of 
the committe on local bills, a member of the committee on criminal jurispru- 
dence, and also of the judiciary committee. During thesession it was written 
of him, "he is at his post at all times, lending his dignified presence and for- 
cible logical and concise arguments in favor of that which he thinks is just 
and necessar}', and against that which he considers impolitic and wrong. " 
Mr. Phelps is not a member of any religious society, but aids liberally the 
Presbyterian church in Carthage, of which his wife is an esteemed member. 

John Finis Puilips was born in Boone county, Missouri, on the 31st day of 
December, 1834. His early years were spent upon a farm, and meanwhile 
receiving the privileges of the common schools of his county, and two terms 
at a private school in Rockport. When seventeen years of age, he engaged 



562 AN TLLirSTRATED 

as clerk in the dr>-goods store of bis brotlier-in-law, at New Bloomfield, 
wliere he remained about one year. In 1853, he matriculated as student in 
the University at Columbia, Missouri, but left that institution at the end of 
one year, and entered Centre college, Kentucky, graduating with high grade 
in the class of 1855. Immediately upon leaving college, he entered the law 
office of John B. Clark, at Fayette, whence he was admitted to the bar, 
and at once commenced to practice at Georgetown, Pitts county, Missouri. 
In 1860, he was an elector on the Bell and Everett ticket, for that Congression- 
al district; and, during the canvass, he made considerable additional reputa- 
tion as a dashing, popular platform orator, always drawing large audiences, 
After a most exciting canvass, in 1861 he was chosen delegate from his 
senatorial district to the State convention of Missouri, called to consider the 
relations of the State to the federal Union. Of this venerable body, he was 
among the youngest members, and participated with becoming modesty, yet 
with activity and credit, in its deliberations and debates, being present at all 
its sessions, which did not close until 1863. The civil war having broken, 
he espoused the cause of the Union, recruited a regiment of cavalry, and led 
to the front — sharing the dangers and privations incident to the life of a 
soldier, until the declaration of peace. Some portion of the time while he 
was in the army, he commanded a brigade, and in 1864, for gallant conduct 
in battle, he was commissioned brigadier-general by the Governor of Mis- 
souri, but was not confirmed by a radical Senate. After the close of the war, 
in 1865, Colonel Philips resume the practice of his profession at Sedalia, 
and in 1867, he formed a co-partnership with George G. Vest. In 1866, he 
was elected mayor of Sedalia, and, in 1868, chosen delegate to the national 
democratic conventiou, held in New York. On his return, he was nomi- 
nated by the democratic party for Congress, from his district. One of tlie 
most earnest canvasses ever known in the district followed, but owing to the 
disfranchisement of democratic voters, he was defeated. In 1874, after the 
most memorable contest in the nominating convention, on the 691st ballot he 
was again nominated for Congress, which nomination was ratified by the 
people, being elected by a large majority, a member of the forty-fourth 
Congress, which position he is now filling. Colonel Philips is a man of 
great earnestness of purpose, a close student, both of law and literature. He 
is possessed of a strong, sj^mpathetic nature — ardent in his attachments and 
true to his convictions. In politics, he is a democrat. He is a member of 
the Presbyterian church, and a Mason of the highest order. He is married 
and has two children. 

Philip Pipkin was a native of Tennessee, and was- bora near Nashville in 
that State on the 6th day of November, 1814. His father was Colonel 
Philip Pipkin, for some years an officer in the volunteer service of the 
United States, and served in the Indian wars of Alabama and Tennessee, 
who emigrated from North Carolina at an earl^'- day. His mother was a 
Morris, daughter of Lester McutIs, a revolutionary soldier, and a native of 
Virginia, from which State he immigrated to Tennessee just after the war of 
Independence, and died in Giles county at the age of ninety-six. In boyhood, 
Pipkin received such advantages as were furnished by the winter schools 



HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ~>^'^'i 

of his county, while in summer he was obliged to be busily engaged in tlie 
cotton and corn tields. B3' making the most of these privileges, and by stu- 
diously improving his leisure hours, however, he was enabled to enter Cumber- 
land College while yet quite young, where he tinished his education at the 
age of twenty. His father immigrated to Missouri in 18;J0, while young Pip- 
kin was at school. On leaving college the son followed the father, and for 
the next few years engaged in farming and teaching, for the support of him- 
self and family, being married in 1836. During these years of toil, however. 
Pipkin was not wasting his hours of leisure : he was industriously pursuing 
the stady of law, and in 184G was admitted to the bar in Jefferson county, 
and with some slight interruptions has continued to follow his professional 
labors to the present time. After holding several minor offices in his county, 
in 1840, he was elected to the House of Representatives, and in 1845 was 
chosen from the senatorial district, of which Jefferson county was a part, a 
member of the constitutional convention which met at Jefferson City in the 
fall of that year. In 1858 he removed to Ironton, in Iron county, and opened 
a law office, and in the following year was appointed justice of the county 
court. At the breaking out of the rebellion. Pipkin was elected a member of 
what is known as the Gamble Convention, called for the purpose of taking 
into consideration the relations which the State of Missouri bore to the fed- 
eral goverment and to her sister states of the Union, growing out of the se- 
cession of some of the states of the South. He was an active and hard- 
working member of that bodj-, being in his seat at every session; taking con- 
servative ground, and in all his speeches and votes opposing the radical 
measures which were finally adopted. He was a delegate to the Chicago 
democr."»ic National Convention of 1864, and as such cast his vote for Gen- 
eral McClellan for the Presidential nomination. During these years of bit- 
terness Judge Pipkin was much persecuted as a Southern sympathizer, being 
thrice arrested and imprisoned, and in 1864, just after Price's raid into Mis- 
souri, he was banished by order of General Thomas Ewing; but before the 
time fixed for the order to take effect had arrived, the order was revoked : he 
was, however, compelled to leave his home in Arcadia valley, from which 
his family was expelled, and which was appropriated and used as a hospital 
until the close of the war. We next find Mr. Pipkin engaged in develop- 
ing a fruit-farm in the northern part of Jefierson county, near the St. Louis 
and Iron Mountain railroad, and at the same time doing such other business 
as came to hand. In 1874, he abandoned the farm and gave himself exclus- 
ively to the practice of his profession. In 1872, he M'as elected to, and held 
for a short time the office of judge of the 26th judical district, and in 1875 
was a member of the Constitutional Conv^ention which formed the present 
constitution of the State. Mr. Pipkin has been twice married, and has nine 
children living, all of whom he has liberally educated. In religious belief 
he is a Methodist, and has at different times in his life been connected with 
the free-masons, odd-fellows, and sons of temperance. From a poor boy 
he has worked his way by industry and economy to competency, and now 
enjoys a comfortable liome at Windsor Harbor, Jefferson county. 



564 ^-^ ILLTTSTR/\TED 

Tbusten Polk was born in Sussex countj^ Delaware, May 29th, 1811, be- 
ing a son ofWilliam N. Polk, who, though a farmer, was a man of line at- 
tainments, and of great popularity and influence. His ancestors are of revo- 
lution stock, and some of them bore a conspicuous part in the revolutionary 
struggle. His parents designed him for a professional life from the first, and 
gave him superior educational advantages. In boyhood he lived on the farm 
and attended the common school. Later he attended an academy at Cam- 
bridge, Maryland, where he was thoroughly fitted to enter upon a collegiate 
course, whence he entered Yale College. Here he graduated in 1831, with 
distinguished honors, at twenty years of age. On leaving college it was 
his own desire to enter the ministry, but his father had other plans for him, to 
which he finallj^ yielded, and after pursuing a preparatory course of study with 
James Rogers, at that time Attorney-General of his native State, he returned 
to Yale and spent two years in the law school. In 1835, at the age of twenty- 
four, he went to St. Louis to establish himself in his profession. He was 
comparatively unknown, with but limited means, and beginning a profes- 
sional life at a time when such men as Napton, Bates, Geyer, Rylaud, Scott,. 
Darby, Spaulding and Gamble were the leading spirits of the day. Jhere can 
be no better evidence of the thorough education, energy, industry and persever- 
ance of Mr. Polk than to know that he rose to eminence at the bar amid such 
lights of the profession. In 1844 his health failed to such an extent as ta 
cause his friends great fear lest he was in a consumptive decline. It became 
necessar)', therefore, for him to suspend labor in his profession, which he did 
and went to Cuba, where he remained several months, and in the following 
year traveled extensively in the northern part of the United States and in 
Canada. While absent on this trip, he embraced the opportunity to examine 
the system of public schools then prevailing in those states. As these systems 
were at that time all on trial, and comparatively new, he examined into them 
with the greater diligence and care; and, while absent and thus engaged, he 
was elected a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the State. 
He returned in time to attend and perform his proportion of the labor of 
that occasion in connection witb such men as Broadhead, Wells, Campbell, 
Leslie, Wright, Green, and others equally noted in the history of the State. 

In 1856, Mr. Polk was nominated for the chief magistracy of the State by 
the democratic party, to which position he was subsequently elected over the 
combined vote of the know-nothing and free-soil party. He entered upon the 
office, and discharged the duties of it until in the winter of 185G-7, when he 
was elected to the United States Senate as the colleague of Hon. James S. 
Green. He remained in the Senate until in 1861, when, in the then troubled 
condition of the country', he resigned his office and cast his fortunes with 
those of the Southern Confederacy. Soon afterwards he entered the military 
service of the confederacy, and during the war held the position of presiding 
military judge of the department of the Mississippi. At the close of the war, 
he returned to St. Louis and again entered upon the practice of his profession, 
which he followed in partnership with his son-in-law, William F. Causey, 
with great success until his death. 

Mr. Polk often declined nominations for public office, choosing rather to 



IIISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 505 

give himself entirely to his professional work. His death was very sudden; 
in a moment, at midnight on Easter morning, April 16th, 187G, he died. 
Mr. Polk made a profession of religion while in his junior year in college, 
and the current of his Christian life ever after was strong, deep, and ardent. 
As a member of tlie M. E. Church South, of the Annual Conference and of 
the General Conference, he was always active, earnest and faithful. In the 
social circle he was dignitied, even courtl}', but ever genial and kind. Few 
men combined the suaviter in modo, with the fortiter in re more happily than 
he. Mr. Polk Avas married December 26th, 1837. His wife was Elizabeth N. 
Skinner, second daughter of Curtis and Annie Skinner, who had been resi- 
dents of Missouri for many years, having emigrated from New Windsor, 
Connecticut. 

Truman Makcellus Post, D. D., was born at Middlebury, in the State of 
Vermont, on the 3d day of June, 1810. He was the youngest son of Martin 
Post, an ablelaw^-er of that State, who died when the subject of this sketch 
was less than a year old. His grandfather, Roswell Post, was a soldier in the 
continental army, and was with Colonel Ethan Allen in the attack upon Ticon- 
deroga, also at the re-capture of that !-tronghold after its surrender. He was 
also present at the battle of Bennington, August 6th, 1777, and served subse- 
quently under Washington in the revolutionary war. In his boyhood, the 
subject of this sketch attended the common schools of his native State, and 
when only fifteen j^ears of age, entered Middlebury College. The j'ouug stu- 
dent was left entirely to his own guidance and resources, and was dependent 
largely upon his own exertions for support; and during his four years course, 
he was compelled to incur expenses which were not liquidated until after his 
graduation. On leaving college he accepted a position as principal of the 
academy at Castleton, Vermont, where he remained one year, when receiving 
an invitation to become tutor in the Middlebury College, his Alma-Mater, he 
left Castleton, and entered upon his new field of usefulnesss. During his 
stay at Castleton, and also while tutor at the college, he pursued the stud}' of 
law, although his original design had been to enter the ministry. In 1832, he 
resigned liis position in th-e college, and spending a few months at the Theo- 
logical Seminary in Andover, Massachusetts, in an inaffectual endeavor to re- 
move theological difficulties which embarrassed his entering the church and 
ministry, he took his departure thence for Washington citj', where he remained 
during the winter of 1832 — 3, pursuing liis studies, and attending the sessions 
of the Supreme Court, and Congress. 

In the spring of 1833, young Post left Washington, and going over the 
mountains to Wlieeling, took passage by boat for Cincinnati, and thence by 
boat to St. Louis, where he arrived in April. At that time, the city was 
confined to the area between the river and Third street; beyond that point, all 
was wild and unsettled. In coming to St. Louis his object was to engage in 
the practice of the law, but before his plaus had become fully matured for 
commencing business, he received an urgent call from the Illinois college at 
Jacksonville, to the chair of ancient languages, and in connection therewith 
the chair of ancient history in that institution. Rev. Dr. Sturtevant and Rev 
Edward Beecher, were then professors in that college. He accepted, entered 



5(>6 AN ILLUSTHATED 

upou li is duties immediately afterwards. In 1835, he was married to Miss 
Frances A. Henshaw of Middlebury, Vermont. 

In 1840, he entered the ministry and was called to the pastoral cai e of the 
Congregational church in Jacksonville, in which church he had made his 
profession of religion and by whose request he was ordained. In 1847, having 
received an urgent call from the Third Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, he 
wrote in reply defining his position as on principle a Congregationalist, and 
as opposed to slavery, with the statement that unless he could be "guaranteed 
in freedom of speech thereon, he did not think that God required him to add to 
the number of slaves in Missouri." He received in reply, a still more earnest 
reiteration of their call ; he consented to come for a term of four years, and in 
the same year removed to this city. In 1852, the church adopted the Congrega- 
tional form of government, and was the only church of that order in the slave- 
states until about the time of the war. Over its spiritual afi'airs Dr. Post 
has ever since presided. In closing this brief sketch, it is only just to say of 
its subject that he possesses talents of a high order. Profound in scholarship, 
independent and manly in his views, earnest in his delivery, with a graceful 
and polished flow of language, he is at once an entertaining and instructive 
preacher; whilst his deep sympathies, his sincere and affectionate manners, 
commend him to the love of all who know him. 

John Ralls, of New Loudon, Ralls county, Missouri, was born November 
18th, 1807, near Sharpsburg, IJath county, Kentucky; and with his father, 
Daniel Ralls, emigrated to the territory of Missouri, in October, 1817 ; set- 
tled in St. Louis county, and resided there until October, 1818, when he 
moved to the county of Pike, and settled upon and improved a farm near 
New London. In April, 1822, having been left an orphan, young Ralls re 
turned to his native State, and in 1824, his friends apprenticed him to General 
William M. Sudduth, to learn the business of a clerk of a court of record,, 
whom he served for more than three years. In June, 1828, he returned to 
Ralls county, and has since resided there. 

After having served as door-keeper to the State senate, and assistant clerk 
of the house of representatives (being the first man ever elected to that office), 
in 1855, he was journalizing clerk of the house at the adjourned session. At 
different times in liis life, he held the oflices of assessor of the revenue, and 
clerk of the circuit and county court. In 1832, he was commissioned by 
Governor John Miller as captain of the volunteer militia, to protect the 
northern frontier of the State during the time of the "Black Hawk War," and 
in 1837, Governor Boggs commissioned him as aid-de-camp with the rank 
of lieutenant-colonel. In 1846, he held a commission as major of the extra 
battalion of mounted volunteers, and by vote of the battalion their sei'vices 
were tendered to the Governor for service in the Mexican war, but were not 
accepted, the requisition being full. In the spring of 1847, he was author- 
ized by the Governor to raise and organize a company under the requisition 
of March 31st, 1847, to serve during the war with Mexico. He was elected 
colonel of the corps, commissioned on the 13tii of July of the same year, 
and mustered into the United States service. After a short visit to his family 
he rejoined his command, and they proceeded across the plains on the old 



IIISTOKY OF MISSOITKI. 



567 



route to Sante F6, arriving there in September. Soon after, his regiment was 
ordered to occupy El Paso, in llie State of Ciiihuahua, Mexico, wliere 
he spent the winter. On the IGtli of March, folh>wing, he participated with 
General Price jn the attack of Santa Cruz De los Kosales. The town was 
captured, and Colonel Ralls had the honor to receive the sabres of the Mexi- 
can officers. The next day the General commanding appointed Colonel Ralls 
to the command of the post, and he remained in this capacity until the 
close of the war, when he returned to Missouri with his regiment by the same 
route passed over in going out, and was mustered out of service, October 
25th, 1848. 

In 1850, Colonel Ralls was admitted to the bar, and has been in the success- 
ful practice of his profession since. He is a member of the Baptist church, 
having joined in 1833; is also a member of the Masonic fraternity ; passed 
the higher degrees of the Chapter and Order of High Priests, and held the 
highest office of the master mason, that of Great Worthy Master of the 
Grand Lodge of Missouri. Colonel Rail's first marriage was with Lucinda 
Silver, in July, 1833, who died in 186G, leaving six children — three daugh- 
ters and three sons. His present wife was Mrs. Nancy Bennett Alexander, a 
native of Winchester, Virginia, to whom he was married October, 15th, 1866. 

Thomas C. Reynolds was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on the 11th 
day of October, 1821 ; but moved, while quite young, to Virginia, where he 
studied at the University, and afterwards, went to Germany to complete his 
education. In 1842, he graduated in law at the University of Heidelberg, 
and, during the next winter, pursued a literary course at the University of 
Paris, and returned to Virginia in 1843. The following year, he was ad- 
mitted to the bar. From 1846 to 1848, he was Secretary of United States 
Legation to Spain; and, soon after his return to this country, in March, 1850, 
he removed to St. Louis, and resumed the practice of his chosen profession. 
From 1853 to 1857, he was United States District Attornej% when he resigned 
the office. In 1860, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Missouri, and, at 
the commencement of the civil war, he took sides with the confederacy, and 
used his influence to secure the adherence of the State to that government. 
At the close of the war, he went to Mexico, where he resided until the pass- 
age of the act of "universal amnesty," in 1868, when he returned to St. Louis, 
and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession; and, in 1874, 
he was elected a member of the lower house of the General Assembly. 

David Rea, the subject of this sketch, was born in Ripley county, Indiana, 
on the 19th day of January, 1831. He was the son of Jonathan Rea, who, 
with his family, immigrated to Missouri in 1842, settling in Andrew county, 
taking a claim near Savannah, where he resided until his death, in 1854. 
David was the oldest of the family of ten children, there being but one other 
son, who is now a lawyer in Savannali. His boyhood days were spent in 
hard and incessant labor on the farm with his father; his means of education 
were limited to the common schools — and, in that early day, these were short 
and of inferior order, confined to the winter season, except one term of three 
months, which he attended at Savannah. The young man, however, was fond 



568 AN ILLUSTItATKD 

of books, and gave much time to careful study, insomuch, that at eighteen 
years of a?e, he was qualified to teach in the schools of the county; and, for 
the succeeding five years, he taught a portion of the time each year. During 
these years, Rea commenced the study of the law. In 1852, he was mar- 
ried to Nancy E., daughter of James C. Beattie, who had lately migrated 
from Virginia. His early years of married life were years of toil and care. 
Whatever he then, or has since possessed, came of his own honest efforts 
and industry, except a small patrimony inherited from his father's estate. 
After residing on the farm a few years, in 1863 he removed into the town of 
Savannah, and having received license to practice law, he entered upon his 
professional life soon after, and has steadily followed it since. In politics, 
Mr. Rea has always been a democrat, and was a warm supporter of Stephen 
A. Douglas for President, in 1860. When the civil war commenced, he took 
decided ground for the Union, and supported warmly the provincial govern- 
ment of Missouri. Mr. Rea has held several civil offices, and has ever been 
a true friend of every enterprise for the public good, and has done much as a 
private citizen, as well as a public official, to promote the cause of education 
in his own city of Savannah, and throughout the county. In 1874, the 
people of his Congressional district (the 9th district) elected him to the lower 
House of the Congress of the United States. He is temperate in habits, and 
diligent in business. His residence is in Savannah, where he owns a modest, 
unassuming residence, with well-improved grounds surrounding it. He has 
a family of six children; four sons and two daughters. 

Daniel Read, LL. D., late President of the ~State University of Missouri, 
belongs to Puritan stock ; and to the particular line, the progenitor of which 
was John Read, of Rehoboth, who came to America in the "great fleet," so 
called, of 1630. Daniel's father was from Worcester county, Massachusetts, 
and his mother from Chelsea, a suburb of Boston. His parents immigrated at 
a very early age to Marietta, Ohio, where they became acquainted, and were 
married, and settled near b}^ on a farm, afterward known as Cleona, at which 
place the subject of this notice was born, June 24, 1805. The family (that of 
Ezra Read, the father) afterwards removed to Cincinnati, and, after a time, to 
Champaign county, in the same State, a few miles from Urbana, where was 
the family homestead. The family of children, consisting of nine sons and 
one daughter, was noted from the fact that they were all educated in a very 
superior manner, most of them receiving college degrees; and also for their 
distinguished ability and force of character, which gave them prominence. 
Daniel, the eldest son, was the president of a State University; Nathaniel C. 
Read, a judge of the Ohio Supreme Court; Dr. Ezra Read, an eminent phy- 
sician of Terr e Haute, Indiana; Amasa Read, a lawyer of Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana, a member of the State constituticmal convention, and State sen- 
ate; Abner Read, captain in the United States navy, killed when commander 
of United States ship of war Monongahela, in the war of the rebellion; Col- 
onel S. P. Read, killed in the battle of Stone River; and Mrs. E. J. McFer- 
son, principal of the Glendale Female Seminary. Upon the removal of the 
family to Cincinnati, in 1815, Daniel Read, then a boy of ten years of age, 
was placed as a pupil in the old Ciucmnati Academy, and subsequently he 



HltiTOKY OV MISSOURI. 569 

studied at the Xenia Acadt'iuy, then considered oHe of the best classical 
schools of the uorth-wesi, aud early iu 1819 entered the Academy of the Ohio 
University at Alliens, preparatory to entering the University the following 
year. Here it was his good fortune to enjo)' the instruction of Professor Jo- 
seph Dana, the author of the Liber Primus, the Latin Tutor, and otuer ele- 
mentary books of a Latin course. No one could have been more aiubitious 
than young Read; and he bore off many prizes in English and Latin com- 
position, and, upon his graduation, iu 1824, though the youngest in the class, 
was awarded its first honor. Returning home, he entered upon the study of 
the law, the very next week, after his graduation, under James Cooley, who, 
being soon afterwards appointed Charge d'af aires to Peru, invited his young 
pupil to go with him as his secretary. This otter he declined, thereby prob- 
ably saving his life, as Mr. Cooley and his secretary died of scarlet fever 
soon after reaching Lima. 

His plans being now broken iu upon, he was induced to accept the position 
of preceptor of the Academy of the Ohio University, (which position was 
oftered him through the influence of Professor Dana), aud, under this title, he 
became a member of the facultj- before he was twenty years old, and from 
that time to the 4ih of July, 1876, had never been out of commission as a Uni- 
versity officer. By holding up before his pupils examples of high effort, and 
by his own constant presence and assistance, he inspired them with enthusi- 
asm in their studies. Tlie motto of the school-room, which he had couspicu- 
onsly posted, was, '■'■Labor ipse voluptas." It need not be said, that this vigor 
of administration at once gave him a high reputation. Not yet having given 
up the idea of the law as his profession, amidst all these labors, and by allow- 
ing himself the least possible time for sleep, he completed his law studies, and 
was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court, after the vigorous examination 
then required in Ohio. Dr. Read has often been heard to say, that the most 
valuable intellectual discipline which he ever gave himself, was the master- 
ing of Blackstone iu a manner so thorough that he was able to present an 
analysis of the whole work, of each of the volumes separately, of every chap- 
ter, and of every title, and to give an exact definition also of every legal term, 
and to repeat every maxim, and its application. Becoming more and more 
interested as a college officer, he relinquished the idea of entering upon the 
practice of the law, and devoted himself with increased energy and enthusi- 
asm to the building up of the University'. Indeed, upon some vacancies oc- 
curring in the faculty, and others being declared, the whole charge of the 
University was given over to him, and one other officer, wlio, on account of 
age, was able to take little share of the burden. Upon a re-organization of 
the faculty, the presidency was oftered him, but he cordially and earnestly 
urged the election of William H. McGuffey, which was made, himself being 
at the same time chosen vice-president, and he became tlie professor of politi- 
cal economy, and constitutional and public law; and in the discussions 
which then divided the parties of the day, (1836-42) sided with the democ- 
ratic party in their views of tariff and banking, butlield himself entirely aloof 
from party organization. In 1840, he was appointed a government visitor to 
West Point ; and as secretary of the board, prepared the report of that year, 



570 AN II.MJSTUATED 

which was favorably reviewed in the "North American." Preceding his resig- 
nation in tlie Ohio University, he was elected professor of ancient language* 
in the Indiana Slate University, (1843). Here, as in Oliio, he was not only 
the able and earnest professor, but was prominent in educational movements;, 
and not this only, but his influence in all State matters was that of a leading 
citizen. ■ In 1850, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention 
of Indiana, from the Senatorial District in which he resided ; and the promi- 
nent part assigned him in the business of the body, suflBiciently showed the 
estimate in which he was held. In the year 1856, he was elected to the chair 
of mental and moral philosophy in the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, 
which he accepted. Here, in this new field, as a college officer, as a citizen, 
as active in all matters pertaining to educational advancement, as a writer on 
subjects of general interest, he soon became known throughout the State. 
In all the concerns of the University, and in all ways for promoting its ad- 
vancement, and especially in measures relating to the concentrating of funds 
to make a single strong State institution, he was a leader. In 1866, Dr. Read 
was elected president of the Missouri University at Columbia, which was, at 
the time of his election, from debt, from want of endowment, from dilapi- 
dation of buildings, from party prejudice and general neglect, in a most un- 
favorable condition. He at once proposed to the Board of Curators a plan 
of recreation of the University, taking the constitution of the State as the 
basis of the organization; not, howevfer, definitely accepting the position un- 
til April, 1867, after the legislature had acknowledged the University as the 
State University under the constitution, and largely increased its endow- 
ments, which he had made a condition of acceptance. The progress of the 
institution since Dr. Read's advent as its president, is well known. It has in 
its endowment, in its departments of instruction, in the number of its in- 
structors and students, in its libraries and equipments, become one of the 
leading institutions of the country. 

Dr. Read is an extensive writer, especially on educational subjects; in 
memorials, essays, pamphlets, addresses and other forms of communication 
with the public. In the review of such a life, what a phenomenon, that a 
man of acknowledged ability, great force of character, indefatigable indus- 
tiy and enterprising spirit, should for so long a period, here in the west, have 
adhered to one line of life — and that one likely to generate habits of inac- 
tion, if not of absolute indolence. In it he has manifested all the zeal, en- 
thusiasm, untiring labor, and intensity of purpose which leads to success in 
law, in politics, or business enterprise. He has never spared either labor 
or money in his work ; he has employed almost every vacation of his pro- 
fessional life in visiting colleges and universities, libraries and polytechnic 
institutions, and in consultation with leading American educators, in educa- 
tional associations, and especially the National, in which he has been largely 
a participant. His punctuality in the routine of college duty has been well 
nigh perfect, and his preparations for the class-room never omitted or remit- 
ted. His pupils are now scattered abroad in every state, and almost every 
country, from "China to Peru." A distinguished gentleman, wishing for a. 
reason to know the estimate in which Dr. Read was held by his old pupils,. 



HliSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 



57! 



wrote to a considerable number of tiic most distinguished of them. The 
response was invariably of (he same tenor — that, of all others, he was tiie 
professor who had taught tliem how to study, and Iiow to learn, how to clas- 
sify their knowledge, and how to use it; and inspired them with high and 
ennobling ambition. 

Dr. Read, since he received his first appointment April 8th, 1825, has been 
constantly engaged in the daily routine of lecture or class examination. He 
has not abated one jot or tittle of his former vigor and intensity of purpose; 
his health remains well nigh perfect; in study, in' writing, in teaching and 
lecturing, he is as intent and earnest as ever. He was married when barely 
twenty one years of age, to Alice Brice, the daughter of a merchant well 
known in that part of Ohio, and found in her truly "a helpmeet." To her 
prudence and management, taste and encouraging influence, he attributes 
largely, whatever of professional success he has been able to achieve. Her 
death occurred in Maj^ 1874. He had a large family, four of whom survive. 
His oldest son, General Theodore Read, the Adjutant-General of the armj" of 
the James, fell in the final contest in the war of the rebellion, before the 
Appomatax bridge, mention of whose heroic ccmduct and death is made by 
General Grant in his final report. At the meeting of the Board of Curators, 
in December, 1874, Dr. Read gave notice of his determination to close his 
labors as President of the University with the National Centennial, July 4th, 
1876, stating that he gave the notice thus early to remove all embarrassment 
in securiug a suitable successor; and when subsequently urged to reverse 
his decision, he declared his decision final ; on that day, therefore, his con- 
nection with the University ceased. 

John W. Reid, of Kansas City, Missouri, was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, 
June 14th, 1830. His father was a well known educator in that State, who 
with other Virginians removed to Indiana when the subject of this sketch 
was about twelve years old. When he was twenty years of age, he immigra- 
ted to Missouri, and for some years was successfully engaged in teaching in 
Saline county, and in the meantime improving all spare hours in reading law. 
In 1846, he was admitted to the bar. In the meantime, the troubles with 
Mexico had culminated in a declaration of war, and the young lawyer closed 
his office and volunteered in the service of his country, and soon after was 
chosen captain of the company from Saline county, in the regiment of Colonel 
A. W. Doniphan, and served with great bravery throughout the famous expe- 
dition of that regiment, and until discharged at the close of the war. After 
being mustered out. Captain Reid entered upon the practice of law at Inde- 
pendence, in Jackson county. In 1855 and 6, he was a member of the legisla- 
ture and was the author of the constitutional amendment, by which the State 
indebtedness shall never exceed thirty millions of dollars. In 1855, he, 
in connection with Charles H. Hardin, and Thomas C. Richardson, was ap- 
pointed to revise the statute laws of the State. In 1860, Mr. Reid was elected 
to the Congress of the United States, and attended the called session, which 
met July, 1861. He was opposed to secession, believing that in a war between 
the sections, the seceding states were working " an issue of defeat." Still, 
when war came, he followed his sympathies, resigned his seat in Congress 



bi'2 \N ILLUSTRATED 

after occupying it only one month, and allied his fortunes with the confed- 
eracy, but his judgment being against it, he never joined the military force. 
Mr. lieul is a descendant of the old Scotch-Irish Presbyterian stock, but is 
himself extremely liberal in his views, believing that it matters little to society 
what a man's religious belief is, so long as he entertains honest intentions, and 
gives his neighbors the priveleges which he claims for himself; and in refer- 
ence to the unknown world he claims to have no knowledge or fixed theorJ^ 
Keid first married in 1850, at Independence, of which marriage he has one 
son. His second wife, he married in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1865, and of 
this union he also has one son — a boy of ten years. He has met with more 
success in business than is common to men; he ascribes it chiefly to the influ- 
ence of his domestic reJations. He believes that as a rule marriage is a con- 
dition of success to a young man. 

Samuel A. Richardson was born July 26, 1826 in Anderson county, Ken- 
tucky, and was the second sou of Colonel John C. Richardson, who was a na- 
ti%'e of Virginia. His father, early in life, moved to Anderson county, Kentucky, 
near Lawrenceburg ; thence, in the spring of 1831, to Missouii, bringing with 
him Samuel — among other children — who was then quite young. He settled 
first in the Missouri bottom, above Camden, in Ray county ; but, after an inter- 
val of a few years, moved to (or near) Lexington. He belongs to the numer- 
ous family of Richardsons from Kentucky and Virginia. His grandfather, 
Judge Nathaniel Richardson, of Lewis couut3r, Missouri, — a native of 
Virginia, afterwards, a citizen of Kentucky — many years ago came to 
Missouri, and died at a very great age, as did his grandfather, Arbuckle — 
both leaving large families in north-east and north-west Missouri. He was a 
robust, healthy boy, and was inured to all the hardships of a pioneer life in 
Missouri. He assisted his father, with his oldest brother and four negro 
boys, to open up and improve three farms in the Missouri bottom, and be- 
came proficient as a prairie-breaker and ox-driver — often having to drive six 
yoke. He was fond of plowing, and hard to beat, which was an honorable 
distinction in the early days of farmer life in Missouri. He broke hemp and 
made rails; he accompanied his father hunting, who was passionately 
aUached to that sport. The principal game at that early day was deer^ wild 
turkeys, and, subsequently', geese and ducks, which for man}' years were the 
principal meals that graced the pioneer's table. Samuel was very fond of 
his books early in life, and devoted the greater portion of his spare time to 
study. His days spent at school were few, — his father needed his labor. In 
the beginning of 1845, his father sent him to Columbia, Missouri, to the State 
University where he acquired the greater part of his early education and 
completed his school life, having received a very good start in the elementary 
branches, as also in Greek, Latin and higher mathematics, at the Richmond 
high school. In consequence of his father's financial condition, and his own 
age, he took a select couise of study, completing it in about two years— at 
the close of which, he launched out into the busy world. He then com- 
menced the scenes of life, trading for a while, then teaching— the latter 
at Richmond, in the same house where he had been taught: then reading 
law; first, under Philip L. Edwards, then under Edward A Lewis, recently 





^/ 



^^^^ .^^-l^^^ 



^ 




UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI. oT.'i 

a member of the Supreme Court of ^lissouri; and lastly, under George W. 
DuDD, of Riciiiuond, Missouri — his period of preparatory legal study com- 
prising nearly three j-ears. From the time of his admittance to the bar, 
September, 1852, up to 1873, a period of twenty years, he continued closely 
and laboriously the practice of law iu Ray, Clinton, Carroll, Caldwell, 
Daviess, De Kalb, and Harrison counties. In 1850, he was married to Julia 
A. Woodward, daughter of Major George W. Woodward, of Richmond, 
Missouri. In Ma\-, 1859, he moved from Riclimond to Gallatin, Daviess 
county, his present home. Oa the forming of the 28lli judicial circuit, after 
a short but heated canvass, he was elected judge of said circuit, having run 
as a nonpartisan candidate against Judge I. P. Caldwell, republican. In the 
fall of 1874, he was re-elected, witliout opposition, to a term of six years, as 
judge of the same cii'cuit, which position he now holds. 

Charles Valkntixe Riley, the State entomologist of Missouri, was born 
iu London, England, on the 18th of September, 1843. He early developed 
a taste for natural history and especially for entomology. From the age of 
eight years until eleven, he went to private schools in Chelsea and Bayswater. 
Three years were then spent at the College St. Paul, Dieppe, France, where 
he went through severe classical discipline, mastered the French language, 
and carried oflF most of the prizes in drawing. His talent in that line 
has ever since greatly helped him in his natural history studies. From Dieppe, 
he went to Bonn, Prussia, where he spent nearly three years at a private 
school in general study, but more particularly iu acquiring a knowledge of 
the German language. Here, al<o, and at the neighboring village of Pop- 
pelsdorf, he came in contact with many eminent naturalists, who stimulated 
in him the love for natural history, the study of which he continually in- 
dulged in during his leisure hours. At seventeen, a love of travel and free 
government brought him to the United States. Once here, he soon de- 
termined to devote his time to practical agriculture in its various departments. 
To this end, he settled on a farm in Kankakee county, Illinois. At the end 
of about four years, his health began to fail and he left the farm ^nd went to 
Chicago, where he became connected with the "Prairie Farmer." Here, by 
his energy and versatility', he not oul}- made himself useful, but he became 
widely and favorably known as a writer on natural history, particularly on eco- 
nomic entomology; — the fondness for the study of insect-life which had not 
been neglected on the farm, being stimulated by the demand that was made 
for the information he possessed. He traveled much while connected with 
the "Prairie Farmer," and became personally acquainted with the leading 
naturalists and agriculturists of the west. In May, 1864, he enlisted as -a 
private in the 134th Illinois volunteer regiment, serving until it was dis- 
banded in November, when he resumed his connection with the "Prairie 
Farmer;" the proprietors, to mark their appreciation, paying his salary for 
the months he was absent. In the spring of 18G8. Professor Riley resigned 
his position on tiie "Prairie Farmer," and accepted the otfice wliich he now 
holds, and which was immediately tendered him upon its creation. It is in 
this position, more particularly, that he has earned his wide reputation. 

The importance of entomology has become apparent to every tiller of the 



574 AN ILr,Tr>;TKATED 

soil. Pew persons who have not had experience, have any conception of the 
amount of damage inflicted on the agriculture of the United States, by in- 
sect pests. It lias been estimated, by those who have given most attention to 
the subject, at from two to three million dollars annually. Upon this subject 
Professor Riley, in a lecture delivered before the Washington universitj', says: 
"The United States, above all other countries, needs to consider seriously the 
best means whereby to protect her agriculture against its insect enemies, and 
to legislate, if need be, to that end. In no other country are insects so numer- 
ous in species and individuals, and in no other country do they commit such 
fearful depredations. The cotton-worm, in 1874, cost the Southern states 
$20,000,000 in a single week. The Colorado potato-beetle almost vetoed the 
growing of potatoes in some of the western states, until we learned how to suc- 
cessfully manage it. The chinch-bug every few years saps the life from our 
small grains until they are hardly worth harvesting. In 1871, it kept, at the very 
lowest estimate, $30,000,000 out of the pockets of the farmers of the North- 
■western states, and in 1874, twice that sum would not have paid for its injur- 
ies in the same territory. The Hessian-fly often ruins our wheat fields over 
immense areas, and $50,000,000 would not cover the country's loss from the 
Rocky Mountain locust plague in the j'ears 1873, 1874 and 1875, to say noth- 
ing of the suffering it entailed. The army worm last year again, very gener- 
ally, marched through the wheat and oat fields of the countrj', as it not un- 
frequently does. The fruit-grower is beset on all sides with insect pests that 
diminish the profits of his business, and not unfrequently oblige him to 
abandon it. And so the catalogue of insects injurious to agriculture might 
be lengthened almost indefinitely, but enough has been said to give an idea 
of the losses continually sustained from them." It is not possible by any pre- 
ventive measures to save the whole of this immense sum, but it is perfectlj- 
practicable to save a large percentage of it. A knowledge of the habits and 
transformation of insects frequent!}' gives the clue to their easy eradication 
and destruction, and enables the farmer to prevent their ravages in the fu- 
ture. It likewise enables him to distinguish between insect friends and insect 
enemies, and guards him against the impositions of the numerous quacks and 
nostrum venders, who, with bigh-sounding words are constantly putting 
forth every energy to sell their vile compounds. Such a knowledge of insects 
the average farmer has not time to acquire; it is only obtained by an im- 
mense amount of hard labor in the field and tedious investigation in the closet. 
Professor Riley has published eight annual reports; the information 
contained in them is of benefit to the producers of the State. They show not 
only a large amount of research and much labor, but profound scientific 
attainment. By a judicious arrangement, with the assistance of illustrations, 
the facts are made clear to all. The reports are divided into three parts, 
treating severally of noxious, beneficial, and innoxious insects. The first 
points out that class of insects that are destructive, and also the remedy to 
be applied in destroying them or checking their ravages. The second indi- 
cates those that are useful and beneficial. The ijiird part treats of such as 
cannot be considered either injurious or beneficial, and in developing this 
particular branch of the natural history of the State, has an important edu- 



IIISTOIIY OF MISSOURI. 575 

cational bearing. The illustrations are made by himself from nature, and at 
his own expense. They liave added much to the popularity of his writings. 
Aside from the eight reports, Professor Riley has written quite a number of 
fugitive articles on natural history; and though he writes more particularly 
on entomology, he has plead eloquently for greater attention to the natural 
sciences in our system of educatiou. Enthusiastic and energetic by nature, 
Mr. Riley has accomplished in his chosen specialt}', what few accomplish at 
his age. He has shown how to contend with most of the insect pests of our 
country, giving remedies and suggesting preventive measures. He was the 
first to recommend Paris green mixture for the potato-bug, as it is now used; 
and in 1873, first recommended its use for the cotton-worm in the cotton fields 
of the South, where it has since proved a perfect remedy, and of great value. 
His discoveries regarding the grape-root-louse, or phylloxera, have been 
more particularly important. In 1873, the French government, in apprecia- 
tion of Professor Riley's services, especially to French grape-culture, pre- 
sented him with a gold medal, cast for the occasion. Professor Riley, feeling 
from the first, that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to discover a sat- 
isfactory remedy for a pest like the phylloxera that dwells underground, and 
finding that some of our native American vines naturally resisted its attacks, 
while others, and more particularly the European varieties, succumbed, recom- 
mended the grafting of the latter onto the roots of the former. This preven- 
tive measure has come to be looked upon as the only practicable way of 
fighting the insect; and there has been such a demand from France for Amer- 
ican grape-cuttings of the varieties he recommended, that over fourteen mil- 
lions were exported in 1875. 

In 1868, in connection with Benjamain D. Walsh, State Entomologist of 
Illinois, Professor Riley started the "American Entomologist, " published bj' 
R. P. Studley & Co., of St. Louis. In November, 1869, his associate met 
with a sad and sudden death, and Professor Riley took sole charge of the 
journal during the second volume. This so increased his labors that at the 
close of the volume he suspended the journal with the intention of starting it 
again at some future time. In 1872, the degree of M. A., was conferred upon 
him by the Kansas State Agricultural College; and in 1873, he received the 
degree of Ph. D , from the Missouri State Universit3\ He is at present, the 
President of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, and honorary or corres- 
ponding member of a large number of societies, both at home and abroad, 

Mathew H. Ritchey, of Newton county, Missouri, was born the 7th of 
February, 1813, in Overton county, Tennessee. His father died in 1817, leav- 
ing his mother and three children, he being the youngest. The two older 
children married, but Mathew remained with his mother. In 1830, the two 
emigrated to the west, arriving in October, 1832, in south-west Missousi,whero 
they built a rude log cabin on the laud now owned by him. His mother died 
in the fall of 1834. On the 10th of May, 1835, he married Mary, eldest daugh- 
ter of Sanford King. His wife died twenty years after, leaving nine children 
— three sons and six daughters. Mr. Rilchey, after holding several minor 
oiiices, was, in 1854, elected to represent Newton county in the legislature of 
Missouri. Two years afterward, he was married to Mrs. M. E. Clark. In 1861, 



576 AN ILLUSTRATED 

he was chosen a delegate to the State convention from the 18th senatorial 
district. This body was called together by the legislature to determine the 
question of secession of the State from the Union. Mr. Ritchey was a Union 
man. The convention did not adjourn sine die until 1863. The year previous, 
he was elected to the State Senate for four years. He soon after received from 
Governor Gamble a commission as paymaster of State troops, with rank of 
Major. At the termination of his official duties in connection with that office, 
he made a satisfactory settlement with the State. 

Since the year 1851, to the present time, Mr. Ritchey has been in connec- 
tion with other parties, continually engaged in mercantile and milling pur- 
suits. He has been for many years, an elder in the Presbyterian church, and 
a member of the masonic fraternity since 1852. 

Kev. W. W. Robertson, who, for many years, has been a prominent 
preacher and educator in the Presbyterian denomination, was born of Scotch 
parentage, December 6th, 1807, in Lincoln county, Kentucky. He received 
his early educational training at Central College, Danville, in the same State, 
finishing the course at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. While there he 
studied for the ministr}^ and was for several years professor of the grammer 
school of that University. He was married to Mary Bishop, daughter of 
Rev. Robert H. Bishop, so long known and loved as the President of Miami 
University. In the year 1841, he came to Missouri, and decided to make this 
State the scene of his labors. He may very justly be considered one of the 
pioneer Presbyterians of Missouri. After preaching in various portions of 
the State, he finally settled in Fulton, now one of the most attractive places 
of the State; then an insignificant village. Presbyterianism was almost a 
by-word and a reproach. Only a few faithful ones composed the little band 
who were nobly striving to keep alive the church of their fathers, and of 
their choice. Destitute of a house of worship, they felt sorely the need of it. 
Mr. Robertson immediately set vipon foot a plan for the erection of a church, 
which seemed an undertaking arduous in the extreme, owing to the fewness 
of their number and lack of warmth. But they " had a mind to the work," 
and gave of their substance as God had prospered them. Though often 
wearied, and sometimes discouraged, he toiled on in the enterprise until suc- 
cess crowned his efforts, and a commodious house of worship was erected for 
the use of the band of worshipers over which Mr. Robertson had the pastoral 
oversight. For thirty-two years it has stood, a monument to the Christian 
zeal and fidelity of pastor and people ; and the amount of good which has 
been accomplished, through the sacred influence which has emanated from it 
as a spiritual centre, eternity alone can unfold. As a minister, his labors 
have been abundantly blessed. As a revivalist, his fame is commensurate 
with the State. Full of enterprise and public spirit, he is ever ready to assist 
with his means and influence, any plan that will contribute to the public 
good. To Fulton, Mr Robertson brought the strength and zeal of early man- 
hood, and has ever been loyal to the town of his adoption. In 1850, feeling 
the great necessity for an institution for the education of young ladies, he 
commenced a school in a rented house, which, proving a complete success, 
in the following year he erected, at liis own expense, a frame building of 



HISTOUY OF MlSiSOlJKI. 577 

six larp;e rooms; gathered together an able corps of teachers, and inaugurated 
the Fulton Feinilo S.'niiniry. This institution acquired a fine reputation, 
and was continued with eminent success until tiie war paralyzed all sucii 
enterprises. Westminster College owes much to him. From its very incip- 
iency he has labored unceasingly for its good; saerificing ease, liealth, and 
the enjoyment of iKune, that ho miglit place it upon a sure f )undation. Ful- 
ton is chiefly indebted to him for tiie Female Synodical College; for it was 
through his instrumentality, in connection with a few others, that it was 
located here, and after contributing liberally himself, and finding the sum 
still insufficient, he was one of eight who obligated themselves to pay the 
remaining several thousand dollars to complete the work. 

James Sidney Roi.ijns, LL. D., was born at Richmond, Madison county, 
Kentucky, on the lOtii day of April, 1813; his paternal ancestors were of 
Irish origin. His father. Dr. Anthony Wayne Rollins, was a distinguished 
physician in Kentucky, and his mother, whose maiden-name was Kodes, 
came from good Albemarle county, Virginia stock. Of tlie seven children 
in his father's family, onl}' two are now living — Mr. Rollins and his youngest 
sister, the wife of Hon. Curtis F. Burnam, at present assistant secretary of 
United States treasury. Young Rollins commenced an academical course at 
Richmond Academy, continuing his studies at that institution until fifteen 
years of age, when he went to Washington College, Pennsylvania, and com- 
menced a regular classical course — entering the sophomore class. At the 
close of the junior year, the president, Rev. Dr. AVy lie, w.as called to take 
charge of the State University of Indiana, at Bloomington, several of his 
more advanced students — Mr. Rollins among the number — accompanying 
him, entering the senior class, and graduating in September, 1830. at the age 
of eighteen years. After graduating he came to Missouri, to which Slate his 
parents had previously immigrated, and took up his residence in the county 
of Boone, which has ever since been his home. The monotony of farm-life, 
which, at this time, had been adopted by his father, did not harmonize with 
his ambition, and he sought the law as a profession belter suited to his tastes. 
Entering tlie law office of Hon. Abiel Leonard, afterwards one of the Supreme 
Judges of the State, he spent two years in study, and then went to Kentucky, 
spending two years at the Transylvania law school, Lexington, graduating 
in the spring of 1834; he then returned to Missouri, and commenced the 
practice of his profession at Columbia, Boone county. At the breaking out 
of the Black Hawk war, Mr. Rollins volunteered, jmd served six months, 
being assigned to duty as an aid-de-camp on the staff of Major-General 
Richard Gentry. On returning home at the expiration of the Indian trou- 
bles, he engaged actively in his professional labors; and, not long aflerward.s, 
was married to Mary E. Hickman, a native of Howard county. The mar- 
riage was on the Clli of June, 1837. Of this union, eleven children have 
been born, eight of whom are now living. 

In politics Mr. Rollins was originally a whig. He entered public life by 
accepting a nomination from the whigs of Boone county, when twenty-six 
years of age, as a candidate for representative in the General Assembly, and 
was elected by a handsome majority. During the sessions of 1838 and 1839, 



OiS AN TLLTJSTRATED 

he distinguished himself as the friend of popular education ; and the first 
bill he ever drafted was one providing for the location and establishment of 
the Slate University of Missouri ; and the first speech he ever made in a legis- 
lative body, was in support of this bill, which was passed, and the University 
was located in Boone county, to the great joy of both the young representa- 
tive and his admiring constituents. In 1840, he was again elected to the 
legislature by the whigs of his county, and with an increased majoritj'. 
During tliis session, he continued his labors in behalf of education and 
internal improvement; and, at its close, returned to the practice of his pro- 
fession. In 1846, he was nominated and elected to the State Senate, by the 
whigs of his senatorial district; and during the ensuing session of the legis- 
lature, he continued his labors in the cause of education, and aided in found- 
ing the benevolent policies of the State. In 1848, he received the nomination 
of the whig party for governor — Austin A. King, of Ray county, being his 
democratic opponent. A joint canvass was agieed upon, and a most vigor- 
ous campaign commenced. It was also the year of the Presidential election, 
and political enthusiasm ran high. Mr. Rollins advocated the election of 
General Zachary Taylor, while Mr. King urged the claims of Lewis Cass. 
Large crowds of people attended these discussions, and the excitement was 
intense. Rollins devoted his attention chiefly to educational questions and 
internal improvement; and, there is no doubt, the words of fervid eloquence 
thus spoken, did more to influence the public mind in behalf of those 
important measures, which have since laid a foundation for the growth and 
enlightenment of the State, than any other one thing. The State of Missouri 
was democratic, however, and Mr. King was elected, though by a greatly 
reduced majority. At the session of the General Assembly in 1848^9, 
he was supported for the United States Senate by the whigs; but the demo- 
crats being in a majority, David R. Atchison w^as elected. 

In 1850, Mr. Rollins was appointed by President Fillmore one of the 
board of examiners for West Point, which position he accepted, discharging 
the duties with his accustomed ability. In 1852, he was nominated an 
elector on the Scott ticket, and made an active canvass of the State. In 1854, 
he was again nominated by the whigs of his county for the legislature, with 
Odon Guitar as his colleague. Their opponents were P. H. McBride, for- 
merly Supreme Judge of Missouri, and A. O. Forshey. The chief question of 
the canvass was the extension of slavery, the democratic candidates contend- 
ing for its establishment, and Mr. Rollins and his associate taking the 
position that Congress had the right and ought to prohibit its extension. 
The whig ticket was successful, and the election of Rollins and Guitar was 
hailed as a great triumph in a part of the State whore slavery had such a 
strong hold. The session of 1854-5 was memorable in the history of Mis- 
souri, on account of the excitement caused by the slavery agitation, and the 
troubles in Kansas. An exciting senatorial contest also took place, Mr. Benton, 
Mr. Atchinson and A. W. Doniphan being the chief opposing candidates. 
Mr. Rollins earnestly advocated the election of Doniphan, and it was in the 
discussion growing out of this contest, that the celebrated conflict took place 
between Mr. Rollins and Mr. Goodc, a prominent and able member from St. 



U16TOKV OF MISSOURI. 579 

Louis, wliicli altiactecl great attention, iiutl gave tlie fonuer justly llie repu- 
tation ol' being one of tlie most polished and forcible speakers in the State. 
In 1850, Tiusteu Polk, having been elected Governor, and immediately 
upon liis inauguration having been elected to the United Slates Senate, a 
vacancy occurred in the gubernatorial office which required a new election. 
Mr. Rollins was again nominated by his political friends as candidate for 
Ooveruor, Robert M. Stewart, of Buchanan county, being the candidate of 
the democracy. These two gentlemen made a joint canvass of the State in 
1857, which was exciting in the liighest degree. At its close, after great and 
unusual delay in getting the returns, it was finally announced that Stewart 
was elected b}' a majority of some 230 votes. It was claimed, however, by 
the friends of Rollins, that he was fairly elected, and that in justice he ought 
to be sworn into office. It was the first time in the history of the State, that 
the large democratic majority had been even nearly overcome, and the 
triumph of Mr. Rollins was regarded as great as if he had gained the office. 

In 18G0, he was nominated by a convention of his political friends to 
represent the ninth district of the State in Congress. This district was com- 
posed of eleven counties lying in the forks of the Mississippi and Missouri 
rivers. It was the year of the presidential campaign, and Mr. Rollins sup- 
ported Bell and Everett, while his opponent, J. B. Henderson, supported 
Douglas and Johnson. After a heated campaign, in which the entire district 
was canvassed in joint debate by the candidates, Rollins was elected by some 
oOOmajority. lie took his seat at the called session of the thirty-seventh 
Congress, in July, 1861, announcing himself on the side of the government 
and the Union. He denounced the war as causeless and secession as wrong, 
both in theory and practice, and without warrant or justification in the fed- 
eral Constitution. Throughout the session he sustained the government by 
voting for every war measure. He deprecated the war "forced upon the 
country by the dis-uniouists of the South," and whilst he had done all in his 
power to avert the direful calamity, and to prevent collision between the two 
sections of the country, the storm having broken, he felt that the only means 
of meeting the issue was by overthrowing the rebellion by force of arms. 
He was also the advocate of the Agricultural College bill, by which appro- 
priations of the public lands were made for the endowment of agricultural 
and mechanical colleges in the diirereut states, and he has ever since earn- 
estly advocated the policy of donating every acre of the public lands re- 
maining unsold for the education of the children, male and female, of the 
difl'erent states, reserving the rights of the homestead and the pre-emptioner. 

In February, 1862, Mr. Rollins introduced a bill "to aid in constructing a 
railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri to the Pacific ocean, and to 
secure to the government the use of the same for postal, militar}' and other 
purposes," which bill, after reference to the appropriate committee, was 
recommended for passage, with very few amendments, and finally became a 
law in July, 1862. It was under this law that the Union Pacific, Kansas Pacific, 
and Central Pacific railroads of California were constructed. In the midst 
of the war, Mr. Rollins was renominated for election to the thirty-eighth 
Congress. Arnold Krekel, now United States district judge for the western 



580 AN ILLUSTRATED 

district of Missouri, being liis competitor. Kiekcl was in t lie military ser- 
vice of the goveruineut, and was a firm and decided patriot. Mr. Kullms 
was elected by a majority of some five to six thousand votes. It was during 
the succeeding session of Congress, that Rollins delivered what President 
Lincoln pronounced one of the ablest speeches of the time, in favor of tlie 
thirteenth amendment to the Constitution (of which Senator J. B. Henderson, 
of Missouri, was the author), aud touching the general question of emanci- 
pation. The rule of the House was, that no member should consume mcu'e 
time than one hour in speaking to a question before the body, and ordinarily 
this rule was rigidly enforced, but on this occasion, involving as it did the 
abolition of slavery in tlie United States, when the speaker liad coui^umed 
his allotted time, Mr. Ashley, of Ohio, moved the unanimous consent of the 
House that he bo permitted to proceed with his remarks, which was promptly 
granted. Another hour having been consumed, the same motion was again 
repeated, that he be allowed to proceed, and this unusual courtesy was again 
extended, aud he was permitted to go on. In the peroration of his speech, 
he said • " I have but one other thought to express, and I pledge the House 
I will then conclude these remarks, not liowever, without thanking all the 
members for the great and unusual courtesy which has been extended to me, 
as well as for the attentive hearing, which I have received alike from the 
House and from these crowed galleries. Mr. Speaker, if we can get through 
this wicked rebellion satisfactorily; if we can go safely between Charybdis 
on the one side and Scylla on the other, of the dangerous passage through 
wliich we are now steering, if we can survive the storm and strife which 
imperils our country, and march safely through the dark and dreary 
wilderness of civil war; and if we can come out of it with the American 
Union, as formed by Washington aud his compatriots, unbroken, and 
our free aud matchless Constitution maintained substantialy in ail its parts; 
if we can come out of it aud still preserve our American nationalit}-, aud 
with the further boast that thougli we have passed through these trials and 
dangers, we have not only saved the Union and tlie Constitution, but we have 
caused the bright sun of freedom to shine on an additional four millions of 
human beings; aud if the old ship can once more be righted, and set sail on 
calmer seas, smooth and trauquil, where is the man who feels a just pride 
of countiy and who cannot realize the great influence which the Ameri- 
can republic with freer institutions and a broader Christian civilization shall 
exert on down-trodden humanity in every land and bejond every sea. A3'e, 
sir, let ours be the chosen land; let ours be the land where the weary wand- 
erer shall direct his footsteps, and where he can enjoy the blessings of peace 
and freedom. Let ours be the "bright, particular star," next to the star that 
led the shepherds to Bethlehem, which shall guide the down-trodded and 
oppressed of all the world into a harbor of peace, security, and happiness. 
And let us, kneeling around the altar, all thank God, that whilst we have 
had our trials, we have saved our country; that, although we have been guilty 
of sins, we have wiped thera out; and, that we, at last, stand up a great and 
powerful people, honored by all the eartli, ' redeemed, regenerated, and dis- 
enthralled, by the genius of universal emancipation.' " 



IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 581 

In 1864, Mr. Rollins decliiu'd a renomination; jind at the close of ihe sc-s- 
sjou, ix'turued to his homo and devoted himself lo his private afl'airs, which 
had been greatly disairauged during the long and bloody civil \v;;r. In 
18GG, he was again chosen to the lower Ijouseof the General Assembly, receiv- 
ing nearly the entire vote cast at the election. During the term of his ollice, 
lie devoted himself assiduously to revising the laws of the State, so as lo re- 
adjust Ihem in harmony with the new constitution which had been adopted 
in 1865, and also in assisting to perfect the common school system of the 
State, and in placing the State University upon a firm basis. He was the 
author and eloquent advocate of a bill which became a law establishing a 
normal department in connection with the University, and also for appropri- 
ating ten thousand dollars for the rebuilding of the president's house, and 
for appropriating also one and three-fourths per cent, of the State revenues 
annual!}-, after deducting therefrom twenty-five per cent, for common school 
purposes, to the support and maintainance of the State University. He intro- 
duced a bill during the first session of the 2oth General Assembl^^ establish- 
ing the Agricultural and Mechanical College as a department of the State 
University, and turning over to the Curators the 330,000 acres of land granted 
to the State of Missouri by the general government, for the purpose of endow- 
ing the same, thereby advocating the policy of concentration by connecting 
the Agricultural college with the State University. Tlie measure had its ar- 
dent opposers, as well as warm friends, but was ultimately barely defeated, 
and that upon technical grounds. Its failure was a sore defeat to its author 
after his long and severe labor running through two entire sessions in its be- 
half. In 18G7, President Johnson appointed and commissioned him one of 
the government directors of the Union Pacific railroad, Avhieh office he held 
until the following year when he resigned, having been chosen to the State 
Senate from his district by a decided majority, notwithstanding the fact that 
four fifths of the voters of the district had been disfranchised, and their 
names stricken from the registration list. The seat of Mr. Rollins was con- 
tested by his competitor, but, after a long and bitter contest, and a thorough 
iuvestigaticm by a Senate, a majority of whom were politically opposed to 
Mr. Rollins, he was unanimously declared elected to the seat. During the 
ensuing session he again brought forward his measure for the locating of 
the Agricultural and Mechanical College as a department of the State Uni- 
versity, and after another fierce struggle it passed the Senate by a majority 
of two votes, and at the second session, it also passed the House, and thus be- 
came a law, after being so amended as to give one-fourth of the jji-oceeds of 
the sale of tiie lands to the School of Mines and Metallurgy, located al Rolla, 
which was also made a department of the State University. By another 
measure introduced by Mr. Rollins, an old acccmnt existing between the 
State and the University was adjusted, and thereby the sum of $106,000 
was added to the permanent fund of the institution, and $35,000 was 
given to the School of Mines and Metallurgy, to be expended in the erection 
of liuildings at Rolla. Having thus accomplished the work of endowing the 
University, he introduce.l into tlie Senate a bill cutting down the tuition, and 
making the institution practically free to all the sons and daugliters of Mis- 



582 AN ILLUSTRATED 

souri. Tljis bill also passed both houses of the General Assembly, and be- 
came a law of the State. Besides these important services in the cause of 
education, Mr. Rollins has for the past six years been president of the Board 
of Curators of the University, and has given a large portion of his time in 
advancing still further its best interests. 

Anthony Wayne Rollins was a native of Pennsylvania, born in the county 
of Westmoreland, on March 5th, 1783. Hi-s father, Henry Rollins, was a 
native of Ireland, born in the county of Tyrone, who, with his family, and 
several of his brothers, immigrated to America, shortly before the breaking 
out of the war of the revolution, and settled in the' State of Pennsylvania. 
He espoused the cause of the colonies, and served in the American ranks at the 
battle of Brandy wine. Anthony Wayne was the youngest of a large family. His 
early life was passed upon a farm in the then wilderness of western Pennsyl- 
vania, and his christian name was given him in consequence of the respect 
and veneration felt by the plain people of that region, for the renowned Indian 
lighter, and subsequent hero of the American revolution, General Anthony 
Wayne. His mother, whose maiden name was Carson, was a woman of 
strong character, and a life-long member of the Scotch-Presbyterian church. 
To her example, and teachings in his very early youth, the son felt that he 
was indebted mainly for those sterling principles of integrity and morality 
which controlled and guided him ever afterwards in the rugged pathwaj' of 
life. 

Without the inheritance of fortune, and reared surrounded by the disad- 
vantages of poverty, he was thrown at an early period upon his own resources 
to fight the battle of life. Possessing a firm physical constitution, and good 
native intellect, he went resolutely to work, and with a strong purpose to 
achieve success and to win a respectable position amongst men. By alter- 
nately working on a farm, and attending such primitive schools as were at 
that early day to be fouad in the country, he gained the rudiments of a good 
common school education, which enabled him to become a school-master him- 
self, in which useful and honorable employment he was engaged until he got 
sufficiently ahead with ready means to enter Jefferson college at Cannonsburg, 
Pennsylvania, and where he was enabled to complete his education. Hearing 
of Kentucky, a new State but recently admitted into the Union, described as 
a land "flowing with milk and honey," and of great future promise, he de- 
termined to seek his fortune in that then far off country, and adopted about 
the only mode at that day of reaching it, by descending the Ohio river in a flat 
boat. His trip was not without disaster, but arriving at Limestone, then culled, 
(now the city of Maysvillc), he disembarked, a "stranger in a strange land, " 
not having the advantage of a single personal acquaintance in the whole 
State of Kentucky. TIiil; was about the year 1803 or 1804. From Maysville, he 
wended his way on foot into the interior, and arriving in the county of B!)ur- 
bon, he there "pitched his tent" and again embai'ked in the then humble, but 
most useful and honorable employment of teaching a country school. He 
had no difficulty in finding friends wlierever he went; upright and moral in 
his habits, having a high purpose, honorable and gentlemanly in his deport — 
ment, possessing the advantage of graceful manners, and a splendid presence. 



IlISTOHY OF MISSOURI. 58;J 

he was soon admitted to the coufidence and I'rieudsliip of the best people of 
Kentucky. He was a gre itlj' prized teacher. From the county of Bourbon 
lie went to the adjoining county of Fayette, where he continued to prosecute 
his profession of teaching school. Whilst here engaged, it was his fortune 
for a period, to have for his pupils, a number of persons who afterwards be- 
came distinguished in that State; amongst others, Robert J. Breckenridge, the 
eminent Presbyterian divine and patriot, and Benjamin O. Peers, subsequently 
president of Transylvania University. 

At that time Lexington was the largest town in Kentucky, possessing many 
advantages of literary and professional culture, the Transylvania Seminary 
being located there, and the society of the place being intelligent, and settled 
by many well educated and refined families. Having already chosen the 
medical profession, it was his good fortune to meet here the elder J)r. 
Wartield, who, attracted by the good address and intelligence of Mr. Kollins, 
became his warm and steadfast friend, inviting him into his family, and 
tendering to him the use of his medical and miscellaneous library, and all 
the advantages which a large and lucrative practice afibrded to a young man 
just entering upon the study of his profession. He remained with Dr. 
Warfield a number of years, and was regarded by him as a young man of 
much promise. Completing his professional studies and receiving some aid 
from his friend and preceptor, Dr. Warfield, he embarked in the practice of 
medicine, and settled permanently in Richmond, the ccmnty seat of Madis<m 
county, twenty-five miles south-east of Lexington. Although yet j'oung, lie 
liad learned much of the world by his association with men. He felt strong 
in his professional attainments and in his ability to serve the people. 
He possessed tact, energy, and ambition, and intent upon success, he was 
ready in forming acquaintances, and it was not long before he found himself 
surrounded by friends, and in the midst of an excellent and profitable 
practice. 

After several years of professional labor, he went to Philadelphia and en- 
tered the medical department of Pennsylvania University, where he became a 
pupil of the distinguished Dr. Benjamin Rush, a professor in that institution, 
and one of the signers of the Declaration of American Independence. Com- 
pleting his prescribed course of studies there, he returned to Kentucky, and 
made Richmond his permanent home, devoting himself exclusively to the 
practice of his profession. On the 18th day of April, 1811, he was 
united in marriage with Sallie Harris Rodes, the second daughter of Judge 
Robert Rodes, a prominent and distinguished citizen of Madison county 
She was a lady of refined and excellent character, and the union was <me 
which brought great contentment and happiness to the parties. By this 
marriage there were seven children, of whom only two are now living, — the 
eldest, Hon. James S. Rollins, of Columbia, Mi-ssouri, and the youngest, Mrs. 
Sarah H Buruam, the wife of Curtis T. Burnain, a distinguished lawyer of 
the State of Kentucky. The health of Dr. Rollins failing, he determined 
to emigrate to Missouri. Having purchased a large body of land, partially 
improved, in the western portion of Boone county, about four miles north 
of the Missouri river, he came here and took possession of it in the 



584 ATSr TLLFSTKAT-KD 

spring of 1830, and pursued steadily' thereafter the profession of agricul- 
ture, until he died. 

His ccttlemcnt at that early day, in the county of Boone, was a great ac- 
quisition to tlic society of the count}-. Being a man of general intelligence 
and liberal culture, and possessing great activity and encrg\-, he soon be- 
came a model farmer, and set an example in the conduct of his business, of 
good order, industry, aud thrift, which stimulated the latent energies of the 
neigliborhocd, and awakened a spirit of enterprise and improvement, which 
had never before been felt in the county. He took great interest in the 
establishment of schools, building churches, and in all other enterprises cal- 
culated to improve the social and physicial condition of the people at that 
early day. He made large importations from Kentucky, and other states, of 
the best breeds of cattle, horses, and other stock, and agricultural imple- 
ments, which, prior to that time, had not been thought of here. He in- 
duced men of education and intelligence to come aud settle around him, 
and with his devoted wife, dispensed a pleasant and delightful hospitality to 
all intelligent new comers, in this then frontier, and almost wilderness 
c mntr}'. 

Waiving all calls upon him to embark in public life, which he was so well 
fitted to adorn, he devoted himself to his farm, and to the education of bis 
younger children, spendiug much of his time in his well-selected library in 
reading, aud reflection. With him "the post of honor w'as a private station." 
H;3 was remarkabl}' fine looking; near six feet in height, and weighing usu- 
ally two hundred pounds, with a kindly and benevolent disposition, always 
neat in his dress, and social, but dignified in his intercourse with men. 
In his political sentiments he was liberal, and conservative; a personal and 
political friend of Henry Cla3^ He placed him at the head of American 
statesmen ; and being a whig, endorsed cordially the doctrines of that party: 
he acted and voted with it as long as he lived. He had an utter abhorrence 
of the doctrines of nullification and secession, and his constant prayer was 
for the perpetuity and glory of the American Union. He was a decided ad- 
vocate for the establishment and support of a public system of education by 
the State, so that every son and daughter of the commonwealth should have 
the advantage of a good common school education. 

In 1839, when the law was passed by the general assembly, providing for 
the location of the State University, although living in a remote part of the 
county, with no interests near the county seat to be subserved, he was a warm 
and active advocate for its location at Columbia, and was one of the largest 
contributors to secure that object. He was subsequently one of its early Cu- 
rators, aud aided in laying its foundations, and as far as he could do so, mak- 
ing them firm and solid. A fine portrait of Dr. Rollins is seen in the library 
of the University. Although always a firm advocate of the doctrines of 
Cinistianity, it was not until a few years before his death that he united with 
the Baptist church. There was no bigotry or superstition in his nature. 
Although not a man of large wealth, Dr. Rollins manifested the right spirit, 
and set a noble example, in making a bequest for educational purposes in 
his will. " Having," he says, " felt the great disadvantages of poverty, in the 



HISTOIIY OF MISSOURI. JJb^S 

acquisition of my own education, it is my will that my executors herein- 
after named, shall as earl}' after my deaili as tiicy may deem expedient, raise 
the sum of ten thousand dollars, by the sale of any lands of which I may 
die, seized, and which I have not specifically bequeathed in any of the fore- 
going items, which sum I desire may be set aside for the education of such 
poor and indigent youths of Boone county, male and female, as are unable 
to educate themselves." 

The principal of this sum, by careful management under the direction of 
the count}' court of Boone county, has increased to thirty thousand dollars — 
three-fourths of the annual interest upon which is annually expended in giv- 
ing aid to such young men and women who desire to obtain an education at 
the State University, and the remaining one-fourth of the interest is added 
regularly to the principal. Under the wise and prudent management of this 
fund, some one hundred and fifty pupils, male and female, have received 
substantial aid from this source; and without which they would not have 
been able to prosecute their studies. It is known as the "Rollins Aid Fund." 
He died at Richland, his residence in B tone countj% on the 9th day of Oc- 
tober, 184:5, in the sixty-third year of his age. He was buried at the family 
cemetery with masonic honors, of which ancient order he had been a life- 
long member, but his remains, with those of his wife, were subsequently re- 
moved to the Columbia cemetery, where they now rest. 

John F. Rtl.\xd was born in the county of King and Queen, Virginia, 
November 2d, 17LI7, being the son of Joseph and Rosanna Motley Ryland, 
who moved, while he was yet a child, to Essex count}- ; and subsequently, in 
1811, to Jessamine county, Kentucky, where, soon after, his father died leav- 
ing a widow and seven children, of whom he was the oldest. In spite of the 
burdens thus providentially laid upon one soj-oungand inexperienced, (and 
which doubtless had much to do in forming tliose habits of patient study 
and investigation for which he was remarkable through life), Judge Ryland 
spent several years at Forest Hill Academj-, at that time one of the best clas- 
sical schools in the State, where he was the associate and classmate of boys 
who, afterwards, became leading and distinguished men in tlieir State; among 
them the Breckenridges, the Harrisons, the Todds and others. He continued 
to reside wilh his mother till 1820, when he came to Missouri, and settled at 
Franklin, Howard county. His life commenced here before Missouri had an 
existence as a State. He witnessed her first strugijle for admission into the 
Union — when St. Louis was a French village of 4,000 inhabitants; and long 
before the first steamer had plowed the dark waters of the Missouri. 

In 1820, he entered upon the practice of the law, at Franklin; and as the 
compeer of Tompkins, McGirk, Gamble, Leonard, Todd, Hayden, French, 
and others of equal note and eminence in the profession, he rose rapidly to 
the front rank of that band of active, noble, and talented men in the profession, 
all of whom he survived. From a successful and lucrative i)ractice, he 
was, in 1832, elevated by the appointment of the governor, to the pos- 
ition of circuit judge of a large circuit, embracing many counties on 
both sides of tiie Missouri river, including Lafayette county, which position 
was filled by him with marked ability for some seventeen years, when, in 



586 AIS" ILLUSTRATED 

March, 1849, he was appointed by Governor King as a judge of the Supreme 
Court of the State, which position he filled till 1857, to the satisfaction of the 
people and the bar throughout the State, adorning the judicial ermine, during 
all that time with constant and almost unremitting labor, profound learnings 
great research, iniiexible integrity, probity, fairness and impartiality, and con- 
tributing, in the able and lucid opinions written by him contained in the 12th 
to the 25th volumes of Missouri reports, largely to the elevation of the judi- 
cial standing and history of the State to that high eminence which has com- 
manded the respect and admiration of courts and judges throughout the 
United States. 

Retiring from the old bench in 1857, when near the limit in age then. pre- 
scribed by the constitution for a judge, after so long serving the State for an 
inadequate compensation, he was forced by his limited fortune and the 
claims of a large family, to resume the practice of the law for a livelihood; 
which he pursued with great energy, industry, and succcess, with a mind 
rich in legal learning, refined and polished by classic culture, till age and 
failing health, a year or so before his death, compelled him to desist from 
appearing in that forum he so much loved, and which he so highly honored. 
After the close of the late war, he was a member of the twenty-fourth General 
Assembly of the State, and proved as eminent in making as he had before been 
in the administration of laws. Possessed of a remarkable memory, his mind 
became, in his long career, a store-house of legal and classic lore. He was, 
indeed, the finished scholar, profound jurist, able advocate, incorruptible 
judge, polite and cultivated gentleman. In all the relations of life, as citizen, 
husband, father, mason, and friend, he was true to his duties and obligations, 
and esteemed and honored by all with whom he was associated. Earnest and 
zealous as an advocate, he was, nevertheless, courteous and respectful to his 
brother-lawyers, and especially considerate, both as a judge and attorney, to 
the younger members of the bar. In a word, he was a good man and true. 
He filled well his position in life. The criminal law of the State was 
moulded and controlled by his opinion on the Supreme Bench, and as added 
to it by able hands in later years, furnish for him a "monument more lasting 
than brass." He was a finished scholar; carried in his pocket to the last his 
copy of Horace, with not an English note in it. He was a master mason 
and twice made Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Missouri — 1849 and 
1850 — and Grand High Priest of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Missouri 
in 1852, the highest honors his masonic brethren could give him. He died 
on the 10th of September, 1873. 

Samuel L. Sawyer, who has been known to the legal profession of Mis- 
souri for nearly forty years, both as lawyer and judge, was born in Mount 
Vernon, Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, in 1813; he graduated at 
Dartmouth College in 1833; he studied law in New Hampshire and Massa- 
chusetts, and was admitted to the bar at Amherst, in 1836. In 1837, he 
removed to Ohio, and taught school in Cleveland during a part of 1837 and 
1838. In June of the last mentioned year, he removed to Missouri, locating 
at Lexington, in Lafayette county, where he commenced the practice of law. 
In 1839, lie formed a partnership with Charles French, then one of the oldest 



HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 587 

and ablest meinbors of the bar iu upper Missouri. This parlnersliip cou- 
tiuued until French retired from the practice, in 1855. In 1856, he as- 
sociated himself with F. C. Sharp, which continued until the removal of 
the latter to St. Louis, where he recently died, oc(nipying the position of one 
of the leading members of the St. Louis bar. In 1857, Mr. Sawyer was asso- 
ciated with L. J. Sharp, at Lexington, and continued until 1862, which 
partnership was dissolved by the removal of his partner to St. Louis. In 
1861, he was elected a delegate to the constitutional convention from the 
counties of Lafayette, Saline and Pettis, which assembled in JeflPerson City, 
in February, 1861, and subsequently adjourned to St. Louis. In that con- 
vention were some of the leading men of Missouri. Although born in the 
Xorth, and opposed to secession, his sympathies were with the southern 
people. His speeches and votes were almost unanimously approved by his 
constituents. In 1848, he was elected circuit attorney of the sixth judicial 
circuit; and so well did he perform the duties of the office, that he was 
re-elected in 1852, without opposition. In 1866, he removed to Independence, 
Jackson county, having formed a partnership with William Chrisman in 
1863, in the practice of his profession. In 1871, Jackson county was made a 
judicial circuit, and Sawj'er was elected judge, and re-elected in 1874, having 
received the nomination of both political parties, but was compelled, by 
failing health, to resign in March, 1876. He was one of the original found- 
ers of the banking house of Chrisman, Sawyer & Co., which still exists. He 
has, by industr\', energy and honesty, acquired a competency. Mr. Sawyer, 
in 1841, married the daughter of Thomas Callaway, one of the oldest and 
most respected citizens of Lafayette county, formerly a citizen of Campbell 
county, Virginia, whence he removed to Missouri, many years ago. He has 
three children living, having buried two. At present, he resides in the 
suburbs of Independence, in a pleasant home, where at all times his friends 
and acquaintances find a kind and hospitable reception. The Kansas City 
"Journal of Commerce," in an editorial published immediately after the 
resignation of Judge Sawyer, pays him this tribute: " It is rare that men in 
any station in life succeed in commending themselves to such universal 
favor with their fellow-citizens as has Judge Sawyer. And .when the quali- 
ties, that call for so exceptional a popular estimation is found on the bench, 
where the issues of life, property, and reputation are passed upon, such a 
man becomes a possession of society, whose value is beyond all calculation; 
and the loss of such a man from position, is a public loss." 

KiCHARD Dudley Sir.\NNON was born in Athens, Clark county, Georgia, 
in 1843. His father. Dr. James Shannon, was a native of Ireland, and at the 
time of the birth of this son, was President of Bacon College at Harrods- 
burg, Kentucky (now Kentucky University), where the family removed when 
the subject of this sketch was only six weeks old. In June, 1850, his par- 
ents removed to Columbia, Missouri, his father having been elected to the 
presidency of the State University. Entering the primary department of the 
University in 1854, he passed through it, and to the freshman class with uni- 
formly higii standing. In 1857, his father having been elected President of 
Christian University at Canton, Missouri, he went to that institution, wliere 



588 AN ILLUSTRATED 

he remained for about eighteen months, when President Slianuon died. 
Soon after his father's dealli, he returned to Columbia, re-entered tlie Uuiver- 
sitj-, graduating in 1863. Immediately after liis graduation, he entered Pope's 
Medical College in St. Louis. In the fall of 1873, he commenced teaching as 
joint principal of a High school in Montgomery City, Missouri. In 18G5, he 
was elected President of Christian Female College, of Hustonville, Kentucky, 
where he remained until 1867. In the latter part of that year he entered 
the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, graduating in March, 1868. 
The same month, he commenced the practice of medicine in Buchanan 
county, Missouri, and continued there until 1873, when he accepted the posi- 
tion of private secretary' to Governor Woodson. The following year, he was 
elected superintendent of public schools for the State of Missouri. Mr. 
Shannon has given some attention to the study of law, and his present inten- 
tion is to make himself proficient in that science. As a public officer, he 
is faithful and etficient. During the eighteen months which he has been 
at the head of tiie school affairs of the State, great enthusiasm has been 
instilled into the cause of education. Mr. Shannon became a member of 
the Cliristian church at the age of eight years. He is always tolerant, be- 
nevolent and charitable, and yet, tenacious and firm in what he be- 
lieves to be right. He is a ripe scholar, a forcible and fluent writer, and 
thoroughly informed in matters of general intelligence. He was married 
in June, 1863, to Mary E. Loj'd, eldest daughter of Rev. Moses Lord, 
an eminent preacher and writer. His home is in the City of Jefiersou. 

Pines H. Shelton, of Windsor, Henry county, Missouri, was born in Henry 
•county, Virginia, in 1809. His father died in the United States army in the 
war of 1812, and he was under the care of his mother and step-father until 
seventeen years of age, when he was indentured by the order of the county 
court to his guaradian, Benjamin Watkins, with whom he resided until he 
was of age. In 1830, young Shelton together with two sisters and a 
younger brother, immigrated to Missouri, making for himself a home in 
an old log school-house in St. Charles county. The following spring, he 
entered 320 acres of land, married, and settled down to farming. In 1835, 
he was elected constable. In 1836, he commenced the manufacture of to- 
bacco. In 1841, he served as assessor of St. Charles county, and in the 
same year, was appointed tobacco inspector of the county, but declined 
to serve, and was also appointed county judge, which office was likewise 
declined. In 1842, Shelton was elected representative to the General As- 
sembly, on the Benton ticket, in which capacit}^ he voted for the repeal of 
the law imprisoning debtors, and for the bill of Sterling Price authorizing 
the sale of real estate for non-payment of taxes. In 1844, he was elected Stale 
Senator ou the Benton ticket, defeating J. B. Wells, which oflice he resigned 
in 1845, and was appointed inspector of tobacco for the State, by Governor 
Edwards; also re appointed by Governor King, but this he declined, and re- 
turned to his farm in St. Charles county. Afterwards, Mr. Shelton resided 
some years in Texas, engaged in stock raising. He served in the Texas legis- 
laiure, warmly supporting Governor Lubbeck in all his war measures, but 
vopposed all interference and violence with peaceable union men. At the close 




PINES H. SHELTON. 



HISTOKY OF MTSSOUKI. 589* 

of the war, ho leiiKivt'd to Waco, Texas, and in 1868, returned to Missouri, 
and located at; Windsor, Ilenrj- county, whore he has since resided. Mr. Shel. 
ton has been an ardent advocate of the loniperance cause since 1840, when he 
joined the "reformed drunkard's society," and has been an active member for 
many years of the sous of temperance, and g-ood templars. He became a^ 
mason, in 1840. 

Emiiu IIotchkiss Siiepard was boru on the 15th of October, 1795, at 
Halifax, Windham county, State of Vermont. Duriui^ the early years of his 
boyhood, Ehhu received such instruction as could then be obtained at the 
common schools of New England. He afterward read law, — serving, however^ 
in the war of 1812, and teaching in the public schools aud academies three 
years. During the years of 1820, and 1821, he taught in the State of Illinois. 
In February, 1823, he was offered and accepted the position of professor of 
languages in St. Louis college, a position he held until 1826. Having great 
contidence in the growth of St. Louis, Mr. Shophard lost no opportunity of 
investing his surplus earnings in real estate — a foresight which has made his 
estate a very valuable one. In 1846, he volunteered in the St. Louis Grays, to 
take part in the Mexican war. He afterwards raised a company of his own 
for the same service, which did good work during the balance of tiie contest. 
He took an active part in the \v:u" of the rebellion ; but suffered much in the 
destruction of property from both sides, under the pleaof "military necsssit}'." 

Mr. Shephard is the author of his autobiography, published in 18G9, and of 
"The Early History of St. Louis and Missouri," published in 1870, a work con- 
taining a fund of information and reliable dates. He died on the 19th day of 
March, 1876. He was twice married: the last time, in his seventy-second 
year. His first wife died in June, 1864. She was his faithful companion for 
many years. His widow is also' a lady of excellent qualities of heart and 
mind. 

Chakles H. Sloan — son of Robert Sloan, a distinguished Cumberland 
Presbyterian minister — was born December 24th, 1842, in Lafayette county, 
Missouri. His mother was the daughter of Rev. Finis Ewing, whose 
name is so closely identified with the Cumberland Presbyterian church, 
and who came to Missouri about the year 1820. The fiither of Charles, while 
the latter was yet a boy, bcc;ime a resident of Cass county. From Novem- 
ber, 18G0, to April, 1863. the subject of this sketch acted as deputy clerk of 
the common pleas court of Kansas City, and prosecuted at the same time the 
study of his profession. During the year 1863, he removed to Jetferson City, 
to continue his legal reading under the supervision of his uncle, E. B. 
Ewing. In the latter part of the same year, he was appointed to the chief 
clerkship in the oflice of the Secretary of Slate, where he remained until 
January, 1865. In June, 1806, he engaged permanently in the practice of 
law at Harrisonville, Cass county. He is a democrat of the Jeflersonian 
type. In religious sentiment, he is of the faiUi of his fathers, and in the 
masonic order he has ascended lo the degree of Knight Templar. Mr. Sloan 
was married in April, 1875, to Alice, daughter of Colonel Robert Patton, of 
West Virginia. She died December 10th following. 



590 AN ILLUSTRATED 

George Rappeen Smith, whose name is inseparably associated with 
central Missouri, was born in Powhatan county, Virginia, in 1804. His 
father was George Smith, a Baptist divine, who removed to Kentucky soon 
after the birth of this son, and settled in Franklin county, where he died, 
in 1820. After his father's death, the subject of this sketch went to reside in 
Scott county, where he finished his education, under Elder Boston W. Stone, 
of Georgetown, and soon afterward, at the age of twenty-two, was appointed 
to the office of deputy sheriff of that county. In 1827, he married Mileta 
Ann, a daughter of David Thomson. With the latter and his family, in 1833, 
Smith came to Missouri, and settled in Pettis county. Having studied law, 
he engaged in the practice for a few 3^ears, but not finding sufficient en- 
couragement for this branch of business among the few honest people of 
Pettis, he soon abandoned his profession and gave his attention to other 
matters. From 1848 to 1852, he was engaged in the transportation of stores 
from Fort Leavenworth to Santa F^, under a contract with the government. 
In 1843, he was appointed receiver of public monies for the land office at 
Springfield, in which position he served until the commencementof President 
Polk's administration, when he was removed and ordered to turn over the 
office to his successor, and to deposit funds on hand in the State Bank of Mis- 
souri, at St. Louis. On full. examination of his accounts, he was notified that 
he was owing the United States twelve dollars, which sum he immediately 
forwarded, and thereby squared his account with the land office. In 1849, 
the legislature chartered the Pacific railroad, and Smith at once became 
deeply interested in its location, and in securing funds for its construction. 
He made speeches in every township in the county and at other points in the 
central part of the State. His personal influence, to a great extent, may be 
attributed the contribution to its stock, b}- Pettis county, of the sum of 
$100,000, which was ultimately raised to $400,000 bj' the counties in central 
Missouri. In 1854, Mr. Smith was a member of the General Assembly, and 
bore a conspicuous part in the transactions of that session. In 1855, he 
bitterly opposed the effort that w^as made in Missouri, and elsewhere, to 
colonize Kansas in the interest of slavery. As a consequence he was gener- 
ally denounced as JXu abolitionist; but he had suv,li tenacity of purpose, that 
he could not be shaken. Almost alone, in his vicinit}', he stemmed the tide 
of opposition, until the excitement so far gave waj^ .to reason, that he liad the 
pleasure to be warmly congratulated, by many who before had furiously 
denounced him. 

Comprehending tlie capabilities of the central portion of Pettis county, and 
foreseeing the rapid strides wiiich were about to be made in the devel- 
opment of them, in 1856, he purchased eleven hundred acres of land where 
the city of Sedalia now stands, for which he paid thirteen dollars an acre. 
In 1860, while some of the people were thinking it was a duty to have a 
guardian appointed over him to keep him from wasting his property, he 
was quietly laying out his 'beautiful domain into lots, and offering them 
for sale. Buildings soon began to spring up as if by magic, and a few 
months served to quiet all apprehensions as to the soundness of his calcula- 
tion, and that he was fully qualified to take care of both himself and his 




GEORGE R. SMITH. 



HitiTUKY OF MISSOURI. 591 

property. lu 1861, he was appointed adjutant-geueral of ihe Stale by 
Governor Gamble, which position he held until sometime in 1862, when he 
resigned his commission, and tiie Governor immediate!}^ appointed him 
to the position of paymaster-general of the State; but he soon afterwards re- 
signed this position, and returned to his home. General Smith ran for Con- 
gress in liis district in 1858 as a whig, but he was only brought out some 
three weeks before the election, hence was unable to canvass the whole dis- 
trict, which was large, and was beaten by a small majority by his democratic 
competitor. In 1870, he again ran for Congress; this time as a liberal repub- 
lican. He was put on the ticket to fill a vacanc}', about two weeks before the 
election. He was beaten by S. S. Burdett. In 1864, he was chosen State 
Senator, and after taking an active part in the vexed questions of the session, 
he resigned in 1865, when President Johnson appointed him assessor for the 
fourth and fifth districts of the State. A few months afterwards, having used 
language, in reference to that functionary's political action, which "savored 
more of strength than of meekness," he promptly received a " leave of ab- 
sence," and once more retired to private life. 

In political principle. Smith was an old time whig, but, on the demise of 
that party, he became identified with the republicans, with whom he has been 
an ardent worker. An enthusiastic Union man, positive in his convictions, 
and frank in announcing his opinions, he has sometimes made enemies, but, 
at the same time, by his frieudl}^ sympathy, and high integrity, he has made 
"even his enemies to be at peace with him." Such is a brief outline of the 
career of George Rappeen Smith. It was recently written of him: "The im- 
press of his genus and enterprise is visible all around us, and our beautiful 
*queen city' is his proudest monument." 

General Smith has two children — daughters — living, Martha Elizabeth 
and Sarah Elvira. They reside with their father in Sedalia. A son — David 
Thornton — died in infancy'. Mr. Smith has been a member of the Christian 
church for the last twenty years. His religion is not of the ostentatious 
kind, but takes a more practical form, manifesting itself in its integritj^ of 
purpose, and in acts of charity to the needy. He is, at least, a good theoreti- 
cal Christian, with broad, comprehensive views, and good deeds. While in 
the State senate, in advocating a resolution introduced by himself, requesting 
the constitutional convention, then — February, 1865 — in sessional St. Louis, 
to pass an ordinance vacating all the civil offices of Missouri, the incum- 
bents of which were elected, or appointed previous to the 8th of November, 
1864, and also requesting the governor to have dismissed from the military 
service of the State all persons who sympathized with the South, in 1861, — 
General Smith used this language: "In the spring of 1861, just previous to 
tlie outbreak of this rebellion, our State was never in so prosperous a con- 
dition. Her wealth was founded upon the most productive agriculture; her 
commerce was daily enlarging its dominions'; her manufactures were ad- 
vancing to place and influence; her mountains of iron, her beds of other 
minerals and coal, enough to supply the demands of the whole world, were 
being rapidly developed; her railroads progressing rapidly to completion; 
her universities, colleges, seminaries, and schools were filled with the youth 



59:2 ATT ILLUSTRATED 

of the country; her churches, for the worship of the only true and living 
God, were increasing in numbers and influence; every branch of industry 
met a proflluble and rich reward. In a word, all was peace, contentment, 
and happiness. But in an evil hour, an ambitious and unscrupulous gover- 
nor issued his proclamation for tifly thousand troops to make war against 
the general government. No grievance was complained of — none could be 
specified. The citizens of Missouri had received from that government 
nothing but kindness; they had abundant cause to be grateful — ^none what- 
ever for enmity. But O, ingratriude! stronger than traitors' arms. I need 
not hesitate to tell the truth; the world knows our dishonor. Wiih pain and 
mortification we must confess that thousands of our citizens responded to the 
call of the arch-traitor, and locked bayonets in deadly strife with those who, 
for their country, ' dared to do and die.' From thence dates the work of 
death and devastation. Union men were tortured and shot in the presence of 
their wives and children. Many of us were compelled to leave our homea 
and seek safety among strangers for our lives, our only crime being devotion 
to that Union our fathers had bequeathed, 'as a rich legacy unto their issue.' 
I will not attempt to depict, if I could, the horrors that ensued, and are 
still perpetrated upon Union men. You all know them. Did every wrong 
have a tongue, the melancholy story of violence and blood, and 'bitter, 
burning wrongs we have in our heart's cells shut up,' must still go unrelated. 
Now, as the bloody tragedy seems drawing to a close, what is the condition 
of our State, so prosperous when first her peace was broken by the clangor 
of arms? Our people have been wantonly murdered, robbed, and driven 
from the State; our agricultural, mechanical, commercial, and mineral in- 
terests lie prostrate; our railroads torn up, bridges burned, and we unable ta 
re-build them; our universities, colleges, and schools abandoned and ruined; 
our children uneducated and ignorant; our asylums for the unfortunate of 
our race despoiled, robbed, and the unfortunates multiplied; our churches, 
are become hospitals for the sick and wounded of this war, and we have no 
more Sabbaths: our people are ruined by taxation, and the cry for bread ia 
heard in our land; the farmer is still shot down at his plow, and armies are 
still eating out our substance. Mr. President, this is but a glimpse of the 
long train of evils entailed upon our people by this most foul and unnatural 
rebellion of an unprincipled set of slaveholders, and their minions, to ex- 
tend the area of human slavery. They have dishonored the hitherto un- 
sullied name of American; they have crushed the prosperity of tiie common- 
wealth ; they have plunged millions of honest people into the depths of 
earthly miseries, and cast upon our people, for generations to come, the bur- 
den of oppressive taxation. And why, sir, have they done these things? 
Only that the strong might oppress the weak; only that one race of a. com- 
mon humanity might break in pieces the image of God in another, and crush 
out the virtue of the hearts of millions of their fellow creatures." 

T. R. H. Smith, M. D., is descended from an ancient Virginia family of 
the same name. His father, at an early day, settled in Kentucky, where he 
spent the remainder of his life, and where the subject of this sketch was 
born, 21st of February, 1820. His early opportunities for obtaining an edu- 



UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 593 

cation were good, and were well improved. After a thorough preparatory 
course of siudy, he became a student in Morrison college; but afterwards en- 
tered Georgetown college whence he graduated when about eighteen years of 
age. In 1838, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. W. II. Richard- 
son, at that lime, one of the professors in Transylvania college, Lexinglon, 
Kentuck}'. Dr. Richardson continued to be his preceptor until the period of 
his giaduation from the college in the spring of 1840. Immediately on 
finishing his course of study, Dr. Smitii immigrated to Missouri, and com- 
menced the practice of his profession at Columbia, Boone county, where he 
resided for the next eleven years. In 1851, he was elected to the responsible 
position of superintendent and physician of the Missouri State Lunatic Asy- 
lum located at Fulton. He accepted the position and entered at once upon 
its duties. For nearly fifteen years he gave the most untiring labor to the 
interests of the institution and its unfortunate inmates, until 18G5, when on 
account of failing health he resigned, and for the succeeding years, until 
18T2, spent liis time in agricultural pursuits in Florisant Valky, in St. 
Louis county. This year he was called to the same i)osition in the St. 
Louis county Insane Asylum which he had so long and faithfully occupied 
in the State institution. He only served here for a few months; and in .Jan- 
uary, 1873, he was again called, by the unanimous vote of the board of man- 
agers to take charge of the State institution. Accepting, he once more be- 
came the superintendent of tiie State asylum, assuming the duties, January 
23d, 1873. This position he still retains. Dr. Smith has thus been identitied 
with the interests of this noble charity for more than seventeen years. He 
embraced religion when a young man; has ever manifested an interest in 
every good word and work, and is a member of the Christian denomination. 
His wife, with whom he was united in marriage in the spring of 1841, was 
Mary E. Hardin, daughter of Cliarles Hardin, one of the early citizens of 
Columbia, and a sister of the present governor of the state, Hon.C. H. Hardin. 

Geokge Smith was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, on the 2d day of 
February, 1809. He passed his early j'outh on his father's farm. The schools of 
those da3-s were exceedingl}^ poor. Like all farmer's boys, he had to work 
on the farm from March to December, contenting himself with three month's 
schooling in each year. Ambitious and a hard student, he made each schol- 
astic day tell. In 1837, young Smith went to Wooster, Wayne counter, where 
he labored as a clerk in a country store for nearly two j'cars. Then he went 
to Cincinnati and there engaged in the same pursuit. He was saving, but not 
miserl}-, and in a few years, despite the low wages then paid to clerks, he had 
saved quite a sum of money. He meanwhile had satisfied himself that a 
good education was the best capital that^a j'oung man could have, and he 
determined to acquire it; accordingly in the fall of 1829, he entered Miami 
University, then one of the best educational institutions in Ohio. In the fall 
of 1830, he left the university to '^njoy a vacation at his father's farm, intend- 
ing to return to that institution and complete a full collegiate course; but 
while at home he was prevailed on by his father to take charge of a flat-boat 
loaded with flour for the New Orleans market. He embarked on his long 
voyage, late in October, and landed his boat in New Orleans early in Decern- 



594 AjS^ ILIjrSTItATEI) 

ber following, Ihe trip being accomplislied inside of two months. In 1832, 
Mr. Smith made a tour to Missouri, arriving at St. Louis in the month ot 
March. From St. Louis, he started on horseback through the central part of 
the State, visiting St. Charles, Fulton, and Columbia. He proceeded as far 
west as Lafayette county. The country was very sparsely settled, and he fre- 
quently rode from fifteen to twenty miles without coming to a single house. 
At a point where Glasgow now stands, he returned to the north side of the 
river, and stopped a short time at the old town of Chariton, since entirely 
obliterated, but then considered by many, the most important town west of 
St. Louis, and largely controlling the outfitting for the SanteF<5 trade. After a 
pleasant trip through north Missouri, he crossed the Mississippi river at Lou- 
isiana, and proceeded homeward, arriving at Ohio in April. He thereupon 
entered upon the life of a cattle-trader, in the summer months driving his 
herd to Pennsylvania. He also shipped flour to New Orleans in the winter. 
In the fall of 1833, he was wedded to Sarah Ann Chapman, of Brooke county, 
Virginia. His wife died in the fall of 1836, having borne her husband two 
children. In the fall of 1839, he married Mary A. Kerrins, a lady of Eng- 
lish descent, by whom he has had five children, an.d who is still living. In 
1853, he united with the Presbyterian church. In the fall of 1837, he was 
elected to the Ohio legislature. He served in the session of 1837-38, and was 
then returned by an increased majority and served in the session of 1838-39. 
So favorably impressed was Mr. Smith with Missouri, during his tour 
through its territoiy in 1832, that he had fully determined at that early date, 
to cast his lot with the people of that State. He had fully satisfied himself 
that the rich soil would return an abundant harvest to the industrious far- 
mer. In August, 1844, he left his old home in Ohio, taking with him a flock 
of fine sheep, about one thousand two hundred in number. The journey was 
along and tedious one. He arrived in Caldwell county on the 25th day of 
October, and settled on the western line of Caldwell county, a few miles west 
of the present town of Mirabile. He purchased a fine farm, and in 1852 
owned one thousand two hundred acres of very rich laud in one body. Cald- 
well county was then but sparsely populated, the total vote not exceeding 
three hundred. Kingston, the county seat, had just been established, and 
there were but two post-olfices in the entire county. The farmers, as a gen- 
eral rule, operated on a limited scale. They were exceedingly simple in 
their habits and tastes, and the exports from the county were exceedingly 
light. The trading points were Camden and Lexington, on the Missouri 
river. As an instance of the inconveniences that attended farming life in 
those early days, it is worthy of mention that Smith and his neighbors had 
to go from forty to fifty miles distant, to procure good flour. Mr. Smith was 
one of the foremost advocates for. the construction of a railroad acro.«3 the 
State, north of the Missouri river. In 1846, the first meeting was held at 
Far West, in Caldwell county, at which the advantages that would follow the 
construction of the road were fully set forth, and he was requested to draw- 
up a petition to the legislature, asking the co-operation of the State iu the 
enterprise. This petition was very largely signed by the people of Northern 
Missouri, and forwarded to the State legislature. The first enabling act was 



Hisrui:v OF misc>oui:i. 51^5 

passed by the fourteenth General Assenibl}', and approved by Governor Joliu 
C. Kdwurds, on tlie 16th of February, 1847. In the same mouth, the legis- 
lature memoralized Congress for a grant of land for the constructiou of the 
road, setting fortli that 'such a road would make a great State of Missouri — 
what nature designed her to be." Smith was detailed to secure the co-oper- 
ation of the people of Caldwell, Davies, DeKalb, Clinton, Clay, and Hay coun- 
ties. After hard work and incessant canvassing, he succeeded in securing 
stock subscriptions to the amount of $14,000, and, by correspondence with 
his co-laborers, he found that the proposed sum of $100,000 liad been fully 
subscribed. A convention was then called of all interested along the pro- 
posed line, and a very large and enthusiastic railroad meeting was held at 
Chillicothe, in the summer of 1848. He was one of the few men in attend- 
ance posted on railroad matters. After the convention was fully organized, 
he introduced propositions: That canvassing for further local subscriptions 
of stock be vigorously continued; that application be made to Congress for a 
grant of alternate sections, and parts of sections of all vacant lands, for ten 
miles on each side of the road; that the legislature be urged to issue bonds, 
to a limited extent, to the company, for construction purposes, the State to 
have a first mortgage lien on the road. The convention decided to memoral- 
ize Congress for a land grant, but voted down the proposition Ibr an issue of 
State bonds. As requested by the Chillicothe convention, Mr. Smith, and his 
associates on a committee appointed for the purpose, drew up a memorial to 
Congress for a land grant, and forwarded the same to Willard P. Hall, then 
representing the St. Joseph district in Congress. Hall labored zealously 
for the grant, and succeeded in securing an act giving alternate sec- 
tions of all vacant lauds for fifteen miles on each side of the road — from 
600,000 to 700,000 acres of rich and fertile land. With this enormous land 
grant secured, even the most doubting ones were satisfied that the road 
would be built. In addition to this grant, in February, 1851, the State legis- 
lature passed an act loaning $1,500,000 in State bonds, to be disposed of at 
not less than par, and to be a first lien upon the road. Prior to this, in 1849, 
Governor Stewarfand Colonel Tiernan, of Cameron, had run the preliminary 
line, and reported most favorably ; that the route would pass through a 
beautiful and level country, furnishing abundant material necessary for the 
construction of the work. In 1852, during the administration of Governor 
King, a special session of the legislature was held for the purpose of utiliz- 
ing the liberal land grant made by Congress to aid in the building of rail- 
roads in Missouri. Mr. Smith represented Caldwell county in the legislature. 
A joint committee was appointed to prepare and report the necessary bills. 
Governor Stewart, of the senate, and Mr. Smith, of the Jiouse, representing 
the Hannibal and St. Joseph interest. This joint committee had an exciting 
session of seven days' duration. Bills were reported for the incorjxuation 
of the North Mis.souri, the Iron IMountaiu, and the South-western branch of 
the Missouri Pacific roads, and also bills for the application of the land 
grants to the above named roads, and to the Hannibal and St. Joseph road. 
The only bill passed at this special session was the one providing for the 
utilization of the land grant to the Hannibal and St. Joseph road. At the 



596 A-N ILLUSTRATED 

regular session of 1852-3, however, legislatioa was had to utilize those grants 
for uU other roads about lo be constructed in the State. In the spring of 
1853, the directory for the Hannibal and St. Joseph road was fully organized, 
the various enabling acts accepted, and the work of construction commenced. 
Six years later, in 1859, St. Joseph was connected with the east by a band of 
iron, and the sound of the locomotive first echoed along the Kansas shore. 
Mr. Smith, seeing that all was well, retired from active operations on behalf 
of the road, returning to his homestead, to attend to his personal affairs. 

In the fall of 1853, Mr, Smith was elected to the legislature as a Benton 
democrat. In 1852, he presided over a convention of free-soilers, held at 
Gallatia. Judge H. M. Vories drafted the resolutions of the convention. 
James B. Gardenhire was nominated for Congress; and was beaten. 
For presiding over this meeting Mr. Smith's heterodoxy was fully es- 
tablished, and he was formally read out of the democratic party. Dur- 
ing the Kansas and Nebraska difficulties, Mr. Smith was at his farm, an 
industrious tiller of the soil. In Caldwell county, as elsewhere in Missouri, 
excitement ran high, and much feeling was manifested. Mr. Smith, how. 
ever, on every possible opportunity, condemned the efforts of the pro-slavery 
men to force tlie institution upon the people of Kansas. In the session of 1860 
— 61, the Missouri legislature passed a bill "to provide for the more efficient 
organization of the State militia," and there were elements in it that caused 
alarm to Union loving citizens. Inter alia, the oath of allegiance was to be 
made to the State, and not to the United States. Mr. Smith called public 
meetings at Kingston and Mirabile, and had resolutions passed expressing 
unequivocal loyalty to the general government. He urged ail the Union men 
of Caldwell county to stand together and present a bold and unbroken front 
to treason. A bitter and vindictive spirit characterized the rebellious element 
in the early part of the war. To aid the government, was the controlling sen- 
timent of loyal men, old and young uniting in its defense. Tlie young men 
generally went forward to the great war centres, and the old men and boys, 
volunteered to protect their homes. 

In the month of February, 1861, Mr. Smith drew up a pledge wherein the 
subscribers solemnly agreed to adhere to the government under every contin- 
gency. To this pledge he obtained 130 names in his neighborhood, all of 
whom maintained true allegiance to the government throughout the war> 
These men constituted a part of the Home Guards, organized in Maj\ 1861, 
and were the second company outside of St. Louis, who were entrusted with 
arms by the federal authority. His two sons old enough to bear arms, were 
members of this organization. Near the little village of Mirabile, away from 
the railroad, these leyal men drilled daily in anticipation of war then threat- 
ened in the neighborhood by a company of "Jackson's Guards" drilling 
near by. Many of these men fought throughout the war, and many died in 
front of the enemy. By Mr. Smith's efforts, the Union men secured full con- 
trol of the affairs of Caldwell county, and he was elected to represent his fel- 
low Unionists in the legislature of 1863 — 64. In 1864, at the republican State 
convention, Thomas C. Fletcher was nominated for Governor, and George 
Smith for Lieutenant-Governor, the full ticket being elected. For four years 



HISTOUY Oh' MISSOURI. 597 

Mr. Smith presided over the Stale Seimtc, with marked ability. That he well 
performed tlie arduous duties that devolved upon the presiding officer of the 
Senate, in tlie most critiKal period of Missouri's histoiy, the following tes- 
timonial, signed by all the senators and sent to him at his home, on his re- 
tirement from olliee, fully attests: "When your otlicial term expired, and, as 
president of the Senate, you bade us good bye, we expressed ourapprecialicm 
•of your zeal and worth by a resolution unanimously passed. Since then it 
has occurred to us to present you with some tangible memento of the high 
regard in which you are held by the senators of the twenty-fifth General As- 
sembly of the State of Missouri. * * * We ask you to accept this cane 
as a memento of our esteem for you as the late presiding officer of this body, 
and of the high respect we entertain for you as an eminent citizen of the 
^reat, growing, and free Slate of Missouri. We intend this as no idle compli- 
ment and its presentation as no empty pageant. It is a memento— a connect- 
ing link between the pleasant past, and what we hope may be the happy 
future. It is baptized with our hopes and best wishes for your future welfare, 
and prosperity, your continued health, your present and future happiness." 

During the session of 18G5-66, the legislature was much troubled over the 
vital issues of reconstruction and the status of the freedman. Governor 
Smith was deeply concerned in the successful solution of these perplexing 
issues; early in February, 1866, he drafted the following resolutions: 
Resolved, That the true basis and spirit of our system of government pre- 
cludes the idea that race or color should constitute a barrier to equal, civil, 
and political rights. Resolved, That the confidence entertained in the in- 
tegrity and capacity of the Republican-Union members of the National 
Congress gives the highest assurance that, in conformity to the loyal senti- 
ment of the countr}^ they will enact wise and efficient laws as a basis for the 
reconstruction of government for the states lately in rebellion, embodying 
the cardinal idea of equality before the law. Resolved, That we hereby 
instruct our senators and request our representatives in Congress to devote 
their best energies to give shape and force by legal enactment, at the earliest 
period consistent with the public interest, to the principles herein expressed. 

Mr. Smith submitted these resolutions to Judge Fagg, then secretary of the 
Senate, for his approval, and to the republican senators for their endorse- 
ment. They were endorsed; all the republican senators, and Judge Fagg, 
attaching their signatures thereto. Being one of the advance steps. Smith 
used every precaution in order to avoid any conflict in the republican party. 
Subsequently they were adopted in caucus by the republican members of the 
legislature and the State central committee, and were sent by telegraph to 
the senators and members of Congress. These were the first resolutions on 
the issues herein indicated that received the sanction of the representative 
republicans of the State. In 1864, he presided over the republican State con- 
vention; in 18G6, he presided over the first State board of equalization; and 
the following summer he presided over the senate during the impeachment 
trial of Judge Walter King. 

In the republican State convention, held in 1868, when Colonel McClurg 
was nominated for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor Smith was strongly urged 



598 AN ILLUSTRATED 

for the place by his friends, and came within a few votes of receiving the 
nomination. In 1870, he was the republican candidate for Congress in the 
sixth Congressional district and was defeated, altliough running largely 
ahead of the regular republican ticket. In March, 1869, he was appointed by 
President Grant, United States Marshal for the western district of Missouri, a 
position that he still retains. In 1873, he was elected president of a convention 
of United States Marshals held at Cleveland, .Ohio. 

He is liberal in his views, and a man of stern integritj'. In politics, he is 
an active partisan, yet retaining the respect and admiration of his political 
opponents. His family consists of seven children, — four sons and tiiree 
daughters. Governor Smith lives at Cameron, Clinton county, having moved 
from his farm, in Caldwell county, in 1868. 

Carl Schurz, recently United States Senator from Missouri, was born at 
Liblar, near Cologne, Germany, March 2d, 1829. His preparatory studies 
were pursued in Cologne, entering the University of Bonn at the age of 
seventeen, where he remained two years. He took an active part in the revo- 
lution of 1848; and at the capitulation of Rustadt, he became a prisoner, but 
afterward succeeded in escaping to Switzerland. He subsequently made his 
way to Paris, where he remained until June, 1851, as a correspondent of some 
German periodicals, when he went to London, where, for a year, he taught 
music and languages. About this time, he married Margurette Meyer, 
daughter of a Hamburg merchant, and shortly afterward came to America, 
lauding at Philadelphia. He remained in the latter city two or three years, 
and then removed to Watertown, Wisconsin, where he had purcliased a farm. 
It was in the presidential campaign of 1856, that Schurz first became known 
as an orator in the German language. He was defeated the next ^-ear for the 
office of Lieutenant-Governor of that State, upon the republican ticket. Tlie 
next year, he commenced his career as a public speaker, in the English 
language. Meanwhile, he had removed to Milwaukee and engaged in the 
practice of the law. Taking a prominent part in Lincoln's election in 1860, 
he was upon the acception of the latter to the Presidency, sent as Minister to 
Spain. He soon after was relieved at his own request, to take part in the 
civil strife which was soon after inaugurated, being commissioned a 
Brigadier-General of volunteers. He entered the army in Sigel's corps. He 
fought at the second Bull Run, at Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg where he 
won the rank of Major-General. In the summer of 1863, he was ordered to 
join Sherman at Chattanooga, where he was placed in command of a 
division, which position he held imtil the close of the war. In 18G6, he re- 
removed to Detroit, to take charge of the "Daily Post," but remained there 
only a few months, when, in the spring of 1867, he took up his residence in 
St. Louis, bought an interest in the "Westliche Post," and was its principal 
editor. In January, 1869, he was elected United States Senator bj'' the Missouri 
legislature. His senatorial career, though somewhat erratic, was a highly 
distinguished one. The legislature elected F. M. Cockrell in his place at the 
expiration of his term of otfice, and he resumed his editorial duties. Schurz's 
political influence in the United Stales was very great. As an orator, espec- 
ially in the political arena, he has but few, if any, superiors in this country. 



IIUSTOKY OF MISiSOUUI. 599 

EuwiN O. Stanard was born iu Newport, New Hampshire, in tlie year 
1833. In 188G, his parents came west, locating upon a farm in Iowa. Young 
Edwin was given sucli education as tlie limited facilities of the country 
aflbrded ; he grew to manhood, with a fair knowledge of man and of the world 
iu general. He spent some years, after arriving at age, teacliing during the 
winter season, in Illinois, but passing liis summers in St. Louis, studying and 
perfecting his ed,ucatiou. In 1856, 3Ir. Stanard was employed in a shipping 
and commission house in Alton, Illinois; but, afterward, returning to St. 
Louis, he commenced there, in connection with C. J. (Jilberf, a commission 
business of his own. Subscquentl}', the well known firm of Stanard, Gilbert 
& Co., was established, which became one of the most substantial houses of 
the city, with branches in Ciiicago and New Orleans. In 186C, Mr. Stanard 
purchased the Eagle Steam Mills iu St. Louis, and directed himself to the 
manufacture of flour. He has been president of the Chamber of Commerce, 
and is a director iu the Missouri Pacific railway. He is also president of the 
Citizens' insurance company, director in the Life Association of America, 
and a large owner and director in the St. Louis Elevator company, and in the 
Mississippi Valley Transportation company. In 1868, he was the nominee 
of the republican party for lieutenant-governor, and was elected by a hand- 
some majorit}'. During the rebellion, he gave largely of his means to sustain 
sanitar}- and Christian commissions. In 1872, he was elected to Congress, 
on the republican ticket, from the first district of Missouri; he was re-nomi- 
nated in 1874, but was defeated. Mr. Stanard is honored and appreciated in 
St. Louis, and is one of the many merchants of whom that city is justly, 
proud. 

James L. Stephens was born in Garrard county, Kentucky, but immi- 
grated wiih his father, the late Elijah Stephens, when quite young, to Boone 
count}', Missouri. After remaining with his father until he attained his 
majorit}', in 1836, he entered a dry-goods store, as clerk, in Columl)ia. He 
has since resided at Columbia, with the exception of one year in New York 
citj'; two in Greensburg, Indiana; one each in Mexico and Fulton, 
Missouri. In 1843, he was engaged in a large business on his own account, 
owning and conducting three drj'-goods stores in the coimty seats of three 
different counties: one in Mexico; one in Fulton; and another in Columbia. 
This large business he established and carried on upon the "cash system." 
For a number of years he did a large business — annually' selling from fifty to 
seventy-five thousand dollars' worth of goods, and, at the same time, carrying 
forward outside enterprises, all of which often involved heavy liabilities, 
sometimes to the extent of many thousands of dollars. Mr. Stephens also 
gave much attention to agricultural pursuits, owning a farm at Columbia, 
and conducting it in a way to make it a model. Some ten j'cars since, he 
laid this entire property of one hundred and eighty acres off into town 
lots, and commenced to ornament and improve them. At the present time, 
nearly every lot is adorned with a good residence. A mission school house, 
erected by Mr. Stephens, at a cost of several thousand dollars, occupies a cen- 
tral location. Tiiis enterprise proved successful to the projector, and has 
been of great advantage to the city. The present system of rock road-^, and 



(3U0 AN ILLUSTRATED 

railroads, which are so impoilant in tlie dtivelopiiieut of the resources of the 
couulry, as well as to the comfort of the people, are largely due to the efforts 
of Mr. Stephens. 

At a meeting of the general association of the Baptists of Missouri, held 
in St. Louis, in Octobei', 1870, when the work of endowing a Slate denomi- 
national female college was undertaken, the name " Stephens" was conferred 
upon it, as a token of the estimate which that body placed upon his labors 
and contributions in the establishment of the institution. His commercial 
and financial abilities are attested by the large number of successful business 
men now scattered over the State, who were once his clerks, as well as by the 
munificence of his contributions to every good ^work, and the handsome 
competency which he now enjoys. A communication to the- "St. Louis 
Republican," whilst expressing a just admiration for the refinement and 
liberality of the citizens of Columbia, says "the number and advanced status 
of her institutions of learning, the general beauty of the town, and environs, 
pay a merited tribute to one of the most public-spirited, far-seeing, and useful 
citizens, that Columbia can boast. The gentleman alluded to, is James L. Ste- 
phens, to whose untiring energy, almost unerring judgment, ceaseless self- 
devotion and generosity, Columbia owes much of her reputation as holding 
a most enviable and commanding position among the refined communities of 
the State." The writer alludes in terms of much praise to the donation of 
five hundred dollars to the University, and to the munificent benefaction of 
$20,000 to the endowment fund of Stephen's Female College. 

Mr. Stephens was elected first president of the board of directors of the 
Boone county branch of the North Missouri railroad, and for many years 
filled the position of director of nearly every bank or corporation in his 
town. He was at one time treasurer of Audrain county, and was ten- 
dered the same position by the Callaway county court, in Callaway county. 
In 1844, Mr. Stephens married Amelia, daughter of the late Judge J. O. 
Hockaday, of Fulton, Missouri. He has two children. His elegant resi- 
dence, at Columbia, is in a wood-lawn of some ten acres. Here, he is passing 
the twilight of life, dividing his time and attention between his own business 
interests and the welfare of the Baptist church— of which he, with all his 
family, are members— and Stephen's College, in both of which he takes a 
deep interest. 

William Henry Stone was born at Shawagunk, Ulster county. New 
York, November 7th, 1829. In 1836, he went to Detroit, Michigan, where he 
resided until 1842, when he returned to New York. Three years thereafter, 
he removed to St Louis, where he has since resided. In 1850, he became 
associated with the house of Gaty, McCune & Co., Mississippi Iron Foun- 
dry, as book-keeper, in which capacity he remained until 1855, when he 
was admitted as a partner. In 1868, in company with Amos Howe, he suc- 
ceeded McCune & Co., under the firm name of Stone & Howe. The new 
firm soon contracted for constructing the machinery of the gun boats, Mil- 
waukee and Winnebago. In June, 1864, Mr. Stone disposed of his interest 
in this concern, and purchased what is now known as the St. Louis Hot 
Pressed Nut and Bolt Manufacturing Company, and was elected president of 



UlSTOUY OF AiibSUL'lil. 601 

the company in July, 1804, wliicli position he still holds. He was elected a 
member of the 2Gtli General Assembly of Missouri troni tiie llth ward, and 
was also appointed member of the Board of Water Commissioners, by Honor 
able Joseph Brown, at that time mayor of the city. In 1873, ^Ir. Stone was 
elected to the 4od Congress, and on the expiration of his term of office was 
re-elected to the 44tii Congress, and is now serving with ability and faithful- 
ness iu this capacity, as chairman of the committees on manufactures and 
expenditures in the post office department, and is also a member of the com- 
mittee on railways and canals. As a public officer, he is active and capable, 
ever on the alert, for the interests of his own State, and especially of his 
adopted cit}-. Firm in his convictions, yet tolerant and liberal toward all 
who ditier with him, he is universally esteemed and respected. Mr. Stone is 
not a member of any religious denomination, but is a tirm believer in the 
one living and true God. He litis for many years been a member of the order of 
F. and A.M., and is P. M. of the George Washington lodge, No. 9; and P. E.G. 
of the St. Louis Commandery, No. 1 ; and P. G. G. of the Grand Commandery 
No. 1. He was married August 31st, 1850, and has had eight children, only 
three of whom are now living. 

John Pryoh Strotueii, of Marshall, Saline county, Missouri, was born 
on the 25th day of February, 1837, in Heniy county, Kentucky. He was the 
son of Rev. John F. Strother, a local minister of the Methodist Episcopal 
■church south, who is still living. In early life, young Strother was lamiliar- 
ized with manual labor; and also, was taught to apply himself induslrously 
to study. He early developed a fondness for classical study, and when a boy 
he translated and verified the first book of the ^ueid, at home. At the age 
of nineteen, he commenced the study of law with William S. Pryor, of 
New Castle, Kentucky, and after a little more than a year's study with him, 
he entered the law department of the University at Louisville, Kentucky, 
where he graduated in the year 1858, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. 
In the fall of the same year, he removed to Saline county, Missouri, located 
at Marshall and commenced the practice of his profession. He here 
acquired a good business, but when the war broke out the courts of 
justice suspended. In 1861, his liealth failing, he was induced to return to 
Kentucky. In the struggle then going on in the nation, Mr. Strother lionestly 
sympathized with the confederacy, and on this account he was arrested by the 
federal authority, but soon after took the oath and was released, whicli oath 
he has sacredly kept since. In 18G5, he returned to Saline county, and was 
not long in securing a large and prosperous business. Twice he has been 
appointed county attorney, and in 1873, he received the nomination of the 
democratic parly for State senator, to which office he was subscqnently 
elected by a majority of 3,300. While serving in this capacity, he was ap- 
pointed chairman of the committee on county boundaries, and State univer- 
sity, and was a member of the committee of ways and means, and also of the 
judiciary, of which committee, Hcmorable C. H. Hardin was the chairman. He 
earnestly advocated the calling of a constitutional convention, with the view 
to ridding the people of the obnoxious provision of the Drake constitution, and 
imposing farther restrictions upon legislative power, restraining corporate 



602 AN ILLUSTUATED 

power, and undue expenditure of public money; also restraining the reckless 
incurringof municipal indebtedness. Mr. Strotber is a democrat from princi- 
ple, believing tliat tbo principles of that party are conservative of constitu- 
tional liberty under a republican form of government. Mr. Strotber was mar- 
ried October 23d, 1800, to May E. Lewis, a native of Saline county. 

George Clinton Swallow, M. D. LL. D., was born in Bucktield, Oxford 
county, Maine, in 1817. As usual in early settlements, a man of meclianical 
gifts often enlarges the sphere of his usefulness by dividing his time be- 
tween two or more trades. Thus the father of George, a farmer of high re- 
putation among his neighbors, laid them under special obligation, by the 
exercise of his mechanical skill in his blacksmith and gunshop. Here their 
agricultural implements were made and repaired, as well as their firearms, 
which were in constant requisition. By such varied occupations, on the farm 
and in the shop of his father, was laid the foundation of that fine physical 
stature and development which cliaracterizes his manly figure. 

Inlieritiug the mechanical taste of his father, he felt an irrepressible long- 
ing and need for that scientific knowledge which his native village could not 
supply. Just then, men were beginning to unfold the long history of tlie 
earth from the stratified rocks. He looked at the mountain ranges of his 
native State, and resolved he would read their secrets. Putting at once his 
purpose to acquire a knowledge of geology and kindred subjects into exe- 
cution, he entered Bowdoin college, passed manfully througli the prescribed 
course, and graduated in 1843. Immediately upon his graduation, he was 
appointed lecturer upon botany, and delivered tlie first course ever given in 
his alma mater. 

Afterwards, upon being elected principal of Hampden academy, there not 
being one college in America, at thattime, tliat received students, except for the 
full course, he resolved there should, at least, be one school where tlie sous 
of farmers could study chemistry as applied to agriculture, and such other 
branches of practical knowledge as they might elect, to better fit them to be 
tillers of the soil. For this purpose he appealed to the legislature of the 
State, and in 1848, succeeded in procuring a grant of land in aid of his 
enterprise. By this means he was enabled to erect and equip a laboratory 
where students were instructed by experiment, as well as precept, in agricul- 
tural chemistry and assaying. But soon a wider field invited his labor. In 
1850, he was elected professor of chemistry and geology in the State Univer- 
sity of Missouri, and entered upon his duties there. As lie looked over tliis 
great territory, and saw the richness of her vast natural resources, and the 
growing need among the people for better means of interchange of ideas and 
methods, and practical experience in agricultural matters, he could not rest 
content with the routine duties of his chair in the University alone, but began 
to agitate amongst the people, the benefits to be derived from organizations 
for tliis purpose. His ettbrts in this direction finally culminated in the year 
1852, in an exhaustive address to the people of Missouri, tlie publication or 
which led to the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical Associa- 
tion of Boone and St. Louis counties — the latter now second to none in the 
country. These were quickly followed by similar societies throughout the 



HISTOKY OF AllSSOUKl. GO.'i 

State. As a result of his labors, aud in response to a moinorial from his pen, 
the Board of Curators of tlie State University, in 1858, formerly established 
the Department of Agriculture in that institution. But owing to the dis- 
turbed condition of afl'airs during the civil war, and the years immediately 
antecedent, but little could be accomplished, aud all educational matters were 
necessarily at a stand still. 

In 1853, Professor Swallow was appointed State Geologist, by Governor 
Sterling Price. This position he held for seven years, until he was driven 
from the field by the war. A lengthy notice would be required, to do justice 
to the extent aud value of his labors wliile at the head of the survey. 
Entering upon his work, he. called around him a corps of assistants of 
such signal ability as were rarelj-, or never engaged in a similar enterprise 
before. In 1855, his first report was published, which immediately took rank 
with the best similar works in America, and which gave the author high 
fame and deserved position among scientists. So great was the interest 
awakened by, aud the importance with which these contributions to geologi- 
cal science were regarded, that Professor Swallow was spceaily elected a mem- 
ber of the leading scientific associations of Europe and America. His announce- 
ment of the discovery of Permian rocks in America, was startling to geolo- 
gists all over the world, and much discussion was provoked thereb}-. In 
Europe, where this formation was best understood, his descriptions afforded 
convincing proof of their existence; while at home, though the fact is now 
unquestioned by any, many were slow to admit that the formation described 
was Permian at all. 

Among the many misfortunes which befel the State of Missouri by means 
of the civil war, not the least was the interruption, at this time, of this able 
geological survey, by which the results of a vast amount of labor were lost 
and totally destroyed. The geological work of Professor Swallow has not 
been confined to Missouri alone. In 1865, he was appointed State Geologist 
of Kansas, continuing in that survey for two years, at the end of which time 
he published a detailed report of the rocks in the eastern part of that State. 

In 1870, the cause of education received a new impulse in Missouri; the 
curriculum of the University was greatly enlarged, embracing the departs 
ments of law, medicine and agriculture. To the latter. Professor Swallow 
was soon called, and made Professor of agriculture and geology. Soon 
after he was placed at its head and made Dean of the College of Agriculture. 
This honored position he still holds. He has received the highest diploma 
in medicine, and the honorary degree of LL. D. While, by means of his 
reports, the rich mineral fields of south-western Missouri and south-eastern 
Kansas were brought to the uotice of the world, thereby hastening the de- 
velopment of the exhaustless treasures of this region, the most important 
and noblest sphere of his useful life, is doubtless the one he now so 
worthily fills. In the Agricultural college, of which he is Dean, the sons 
of the planters of the Mississippi valley are educated, and become thereafter, 
centers of intelligence and influence, in the widely separated regions where 
their homes are cast. 

Dr. Swallow is a teacher of life-long experience. By taste and natural 



604 AIS" ILLUSTRATED 

adaptation, by a lolicitous power of imparting knowledge, lie is eminently 
fitted for the work of an instructor of tlie young; and this experience, coup- 
led Willi his tireless industry, earnestness of purpose, and breadth of cul- 
ture, being now in the fulness and ripeness of his manhood, are a proph- 
ecy of still greater usefulness in the future, and a perennial influence for good, 
not only in the development of the natural resources of the valley of the 
Mississippi, but in promoting the intellectual character and culture of the 
people of this great State. 

William P. Switzler is a native of Kentucky, having been born in Fay- 
ette count}-, in that State, on the lUtli day of March, 1819. His paternal 
grand parents were citizens of Switzerland, immigraiiug to Pennsylvania at 
an early day, and subsequently to Orange count}', Virginia, where Simeon 
Switzler, the father of William P., was born. In 1826, he came with his 
father's family to Howard county, Missouri. Here he resided with his father, 
alternately attending school at Mt. Porcst Academy and aiding in the cultiva- 
tion of the farm, at the same time developing a taste for literary pursuits, 
which was a foreshadowing of his future career. In 1839-40, he was 
engaged in the study of law at home, occasionally assisted by Abiel Leonard 
and Joseph Davis of the neighboring town of Payette. On the 8th of Janu- 
ary, 1841, he went to Columbia for the purpose of pursuing his studies in the 
office of James S. Rollins, and has ever since resided in that place. In 1841, 
he became editor of the " Patriot," a small whig paper published at Colum- 
bia, at the same time pursuing his legal studies; and in 1843, he was admitted 
to the bar. The December following he purchased a half interest in the 
" Patriot," and changed the name of the paper in 1843, to that of the " Mis- 
souri Statesman." He has conducted it for a period of more than thirty-four 
years. This has been his life-work, and in it is to be seen a monument to 
his talents and enterprise. Ko weekly paper in the State, perhaps, wields a 
greater influence over the public mind, or has more largely contributed to 
the prosperity of the State, county, and town in which it is published, than 
this, and no editor enjoys a wider or more enviable reputation, professionally 
or personally. In 18-15, Switzler retired from the bar, and devoted himself 
entirely to editorial pursuits. In 1846, 1848, and again in 1856, he was 
elected a member of the General Assembly from Boone county; in 1860, 
was a delegate to the Baltimore Whig National Convention. In this conven- 
tioh it was upon h^s motion, that Mr. Everett was nominated to the vice- 
presidency by acclamation. During the late civil war, Switzler was a union 
man, decided, but always conservative, and since that lime has affllated in 
party politics with the democratic party. He was a delegate to the State 
Constitutional conventioa in 18G5, and as such, took an active part against 
disfranchisment, and other extreme measures adopted by the majority. In 
1866, and again in 1868, he was the democratic nominee in his district for 
Congress, and after an extensive canvass, in which he met his political oppo- 
nents in joint debate, lie was, as he claimed, each time elected, but the 
then Secretary of State refused him certificates of election, giving them to 
the opposing candidates. Thereupon, Switzler contested their election; and, 
with an energy which knew no flagging, prosecuted the contest before the 



UISTUUY OF MISSOURI. 605 

United States House of Representatives. He addressed that body on bolh 
occasions, ia forcible and eloquent speeches. But although proper commit- 
tees, to whom the cases were referred, reported in his favor in each, the 
House voted down the reports and awarded the seats to his opponents. In 
1875, Mr. Switzler was a member of the Constitutional convention, and to 
him, as chairman of the commilte on education, the people arc indebted for 
the admirable article on that subject in the new constituiion. Switzler is still 
in the pride of vigorous manhood, with a constitution unimpaired. He is still 
able and willing to labor for the advancement of those opinions and princi- 
ples upon the success of which depend the prosperity of the country. He was 
married in Columbia, Missouri, in 1843, to Mary Jane, a daughter of the late 
John B. Royall, formerly of Halifax county, Virginia. His two grown sons, 
and a daughter, are the fruits of the marriage, all of whom, together with 
himself and wife, are members of the Presbyterian church. 

Jonx H. Taylou was born at Leesburg, Loudon count}', Virginia, Jan- 
uary 2Glh, 1837, and was a son of Professor AVilliam Taylor, a well known 
educator of that State, afterwards of Ohio, and still later of ;Missouri — com- 
ing into the State and locating at Hannibal, in 1844, and in Independence in 
1851. During these three years, the subject of this sketch was chiefly under the 
instructionof his father. Graduating from the academy at Independence in 
1855, he soon afterward received the appointment of deputy circuit clerk 
under General Lucas. Having pursued the study of law under the direction 
of Chrisman and Comings, of Independence, in 1857 he was admitted to the 
bar, and received his license to practice. In the spring of 1858, he was 
appointed attorney for the city of Independence, and subsequently was sever- 
al times re-appointed to the oflice; also served for some time as county 
school commissioner. After the war, on the renewal of business, Taylor 
resumed the practice of his profession at Independence. In 1871, he went 
to Jasper county and v.as instrumental in organizing the "Joplin Mining 
and Smelting C ^mpany," of which he was chosen president and treasurer; 
and in 1872 he organized the "East Joplin City Mining Company," of which 
he was also chosen president. Soon after followed the establishment of the 
first bank, known as the "Joplin Savings Bank," and following that the 
" North Joplin Mining and Smelting Company," Mr. Taylor being the official 
head of both corporations. In 1875, he was elected a delegate from the 
sixteenth senatorial district, to the Constitutional convention. In religious 
belief he is a Presbyterian, having for many years been a church member. 
He has been associated in various temperance organizations, and in 1858 be- 
came a member of the I. O. O. F., and has been an active member of that 
order since, having for a time filled the office of district D. G. M. Mr. Taylor 
was married with Lulie Smith, at Independence, June 1875. His present 
residence is Carthage, Missouri. 

Anderson Wood Terrill, was born in Randolph count j-, Missouri, Dec- 
ember 20ih, 1850. His early days were spent in the quiet of a country 
life. After pursuing a thorough preparatory course in which he greatly 
excelled in scholarship, he entered Mount Pleasant college, of which hia 



606 AN ILLUSTRATED 

brother, J. W. Terrill, was president, graduating before he had attained hia 
majority. Afterwards, for four years, he was a member of tlie faculty of tliat 
institution. He finally left Mount Pleasant to accept the presidency of Har- 
din college at 3Iexico, Missouri, which position he is still filling. In charac- 
ter and disposition, President Terrill is of the positive kind. Of firm purpose 
and decided plans, an enterprise when once in hand is no longer an experi- 
ment. In manners, he is mild and quiet, and possesses that degree of per- 
sonal magnetism which attaches his pupils strongly to him. He is a Baptist 
in religious sentiment, and a member of the church of that order, at Mexico. 
His wife, Rebecca Wayland Terrill, is associated with him as a teacher in the 
college; a gifted and cultivated lady. 

John Thornton, an early and distinguished pioneer of north-west Mis- 
souri, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on the 24th day of Decern 
ber, 1786. His father, William Thornton, emigrated to Kentucky in 1793, 
where his son was educated, and in 1810, he immigrated to the town of Old 
Franklin, then the most flourishing place west of St. Louis. In January, 
1820, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Stephen Trigg, of that vicinity. 
A few months after his marriage, Thornton removed to what is now Clay coun- 
ty, and resided there ou the same farm until his death, on the 2-4th of October, 
1847. He represented Clay county in the legislature from 1824 to 1832; also, 
in 1836, and was speaker of the House during the sessions of 1828 and 1880. 
In politics, he was a democrat. He was eminently a popular man of his party 
in the Slate, until the famous proclamation of President Jackson was issued 
against South Carolina nullification. Believing that it savored more of 
the peculiar doctrines of Hamilton than Jefferson, he unhesitatingly announced 
his opposition to what he deemed political heresy. No man knew better than 
he did, that any opposition by a democrat to the popular administration of 
the President, was swift and certain political death. Few indeed, of the bold- 
est advocates of the resolutions of 1798 and 1799, had the virility to criticise 
what they candidly believed to be essentially latitudinarian in that elegantly 
written State paper. But Thorulou was emi)hatically an atlirmative man. Of 
stern uncompromising integrit}-, he never yielded to popular clamor or to the 
behests of party. He formed his conclusions after patient and thorough re- 
search, and thought, and adhered to them with tenacity. With him there was 
no hesitanc}^; whatever he deemed right, he advocated with boldness and 
energy. He was essentially honest in all his opinions and acts. His senti- 
ments were high-toned; his bearing, manly. 

His public spirit was evinced in the uniform interest which he mani- 
fested in education, religion, and morals; and especially in all improvements 
having in view the prosperity of the community. Such was his li.;eral con- 
victions touching the freedom of the press, and the fair discussion of all pub- 
lic measures, that in two instances he made liberal donations to establish 
journals advocating opinions opposed to his own. Commencing active life 
with only such an education as could in that early day be obtained in the 
common schools of Kentucky, by constant application and unremitting re- 
search, he was enabled before attaining the riper j'ears of his manhood, to 
have overcome, to a large degree, this want. His attainments were extended 



UlS'lOUV OF MlSSJOUUl. 607 

and varied, and his knowledge generally accurate and reliable. lie was 
well read iu parliamentary law and usage; hence, while speaker, lie was 
prompt, correct, and impartial. This State has had several talented speakers 
of the lower House, but none with greater fitness for the position. When he 
addressed the House in debate, he always commanded undivided atten- 
tion. Though not what is commonly called eloquent, yet his manner was 
pleasant and forcible, his language vigorous and logical. No one had more 
influence in debate. He was the perfection of manly form — full six feet, and 
admirably proportioned. He was cheerful in disposition. His married life 
was a happy one. He left eight children — seven daughters and one son. 
The daughters married A. W. Doniphan, O. P Moss, William Morton, James 
H. Baldwin, John Doniphan, 11. W. Dounell, and L. M. Lanson. 

Thornton is iileutitied in point of historical progression with a generation 
of the past, whose names and record are fast being enveloped in the shroud 
of forgetful ness; but, in deeds and influence, he belongs to the present and 
the future; and herein should his memory be cherished. 

John W. Trader, M. D., the present president of the Missouri State Medi- 
cal Association, was born in Xenia, Ohio, March 6lh, 1837, being the son of 
Rev. Moses Trader, f(jr many years a prominent minister of the Methodist 
denomination, both in Ohio and Missouri, whose memory is still dear to 
many of the older citizens of the State. His father removed to Missouri in 
1840, when the subject of this sketch was three years old. Trader studied 
medicine with Dr. Alexander S. Hughes, of Lindley, Grundy county, Mis- 
souri, and graduated iu the spring of 1800, at the Missouri Medical College, 
St. Louis. On the breaking out of the war, in 1861, he embraced the cause of 
the Union, and raised a company of militia, and was elected its captain. 
Shortly after, part of this compan^^ was mustered into the 1st regiment of 
cavalry, M. S. M., and the doctor was giveu the position of assistant-surgeon 
in the same regiment, which was soon in the field, and engaged in frequent 
skirmishes with the various bands of troops then being raised north of the 
Missouri river for the confederate service. The principal fight in which 
this regiment took part so early in the war, w-as at Kirksville, Adair county, 
where a large number of wounded were attended by the young surgeon, 
among them the commanding officer, General John McNeil, whose wounds 
he dressed on the field. Since that rough introduction to the practice of 
surger}', he has prosecuted its study and practice with great industry, until 
he lias reached a high and well-deserved position among the surgeons of cen- 
tral Missouri. The Doctor followed his regiment through the whole three 
yej^rs of its active service, and was in every battle in which it engaged. 
During the Price raid, in 18G4, he was appointed brigade surgeon, and, in the 
long run of skirmishes, beginning at Jefferson city, and terminating at the 
Battle of Mine Creek, some four weeks of almost daily fighting, the am- 
bulance corps was so well up, and so admirably handled, and the wounded 
so well cared for, that the doctor was complimented on tiie field by General 
• Curtis, for his energy and efliciency. After the battle of Mine Creek, which 
closed the campaign, he was honorably mentioned in the general report. In 
April, 18G5, the term of service of the regiment having expired, it, with its 



608 AN ILLUSTRATED 

officers, was mustered out. The Doctor immediately tendered his services to 
the government, and was appointed acting-assistant surgeon in the United 
States service, and was stationed at JclTerson barraclis, and on tlie steamer 
Baltic. At the close of the war he resigned his position, and settled at 
Lexington, Missouri, and began the practice of his profession. A few months, 
after, he removed to Scdalia, a rapidly growing town. 

Shortly after his settlement in Sedalia, he made a trip to Europe, visiting 
the hospitals, and principal teaohers in Paris and London. On his return, 
he resumed his practice, which, gradually increasing in extent and 
value, soon engaged his whole time. His reputation, both as surgeon and 
physician, is now co-extensive with the State. The State medical association, 
at its late meeting in St. Louis, elected him its i^resideut for 1876. His de- 
votion to the science of his love and choice, is such as to cause it often to be 
said of him, " he is wedded to his profession." He has been twice married. 
His first wife was Lucy A. W. AVyatt, daughter of Johu Wyatt, who com- 
manded a company of Kentucky volunteers under Colonel Dcshaj-, in the 
war of 1813. She died during the civil war, leaving no children. His 
present wife, whom he married in Danville, Kentuckj'-, on his return from 
his European trip, was Tillie E., daughter of William Batterton, late of 
Danville, Kentuck3\ They have four cliildren, three sons and one daughter. 
Dr. Trader is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. 

Richard C. Vaughan was born in the county of Goochland, Virginia, 
July 30th, 1813. After receiving a liberal education, he studied law with the 
late Archibald Boyce of the same county, and was licensed to practice in 
1835. In 1839, he removed from Virginia, and located in Howard county, 
Missouri ; afterwards, in 1843, he removed to Saline county, where, for a few 
years, he gave attention to agricultural pursuits. In 1857, he removed to 
Lexington, where he has since resided. He served in the office of clerk 
of the circuit court, and was, for a time, editor of the " Lexington Express." 
During these years he enjoyed the acquaintance and friendship of such men 
as E Jward Bates, Hamilton R. Gamble, Frank P. Blair, Judge Rj^land, Austin 
A. Khig, and Abiel Leonard, besides many others, equally eminent, who are 
still living. General Vaughan is a firm believer in the truth of the Cliristian 
religion, and a member of the Presbyterian church. He has also for many 
years been a member of the ancient order of Free and Accepted ]\Iasons; his 
wife was Margaret McNaught, of Richmond, Virginia, a native of Greenock, 
Scotland, to whom he was united in marriage in 1839. They have eight 
children — the youngest, eighteen j-ears of age. 

David Wagner, Chief Justice of Missouri, was born in Luzerne county, 
Pennsylvania, on the 31st of December, 1820. When about sixteen years of 
age, he came to Missouri, and found a home in Lewis county, where he has 
since resided. In 1845 and 1846, he was a student at Masonic college, [Marion 
county. Shortly afler leaving that institution, he commenced reading law 
with Judge James Ellison, at Monticello, anil, in the spring of 1849, was. 
admitted to the bar. From that time until 1862, he was employed chiefly in 
the practice of his profession, with excellent success, holding, meauwhila, 



HISTORY OF MISSOUUI. 609 

some small offices in bis county. At the general election in 18G3, he was 
elected State Senator, which position he filled during the sessions of 18G2-3 
and 1863-4. In the summer of 18G4, he was elected circuit judge for the 
fourth judicial circuit, resigning his scat in the senate to accept that office, 
and served in this capacity until the spring of 1865, when he was appointed 
to the Supreme Bench, to which office he was reelccied in 1868, receiving tlie 
largest vote of any candidate on the State ticket. Under the constitutional 
provision for the classification of the judges, he drew the short term of two 
years, so that his term expired in 1870, at which time he received the unani- 
mous nomination of both parties for the same office, and was, of course, 
elected. Most of the time, he has been Chief Justice, which position he now 
holds. In addition to his labors in his official capacity, in 18G8, he compiled 
and edited the statutes of the State, which edition immediately superseded 
all others, and is now in general use. 

The judicial labors of Judge Wagner will be found scattered through the 
twenty-four volumes of Missouri reports, from volume thirty-five to volume 
sixty. His opinions are held in high estimation, not only by the bar of 
Missouri, but also by the legal profession throughout the United States. 
They are constantly quoted as authority by the highest courts of the country. 
The treatise on the Law of Negligence, by that eminent legal writer, Dr. 
Wharton, furnishes but a single illustration of the frequency and fulness 
with which text-writers on legal subjects have cited them in their texts, and 
abstracted them in their notes. 

In his leading mental and moral traits, Judge Wagner is* not unlike that 
groat jurist. Lord Mansfield. First, he possesses, in a high degree, that 
cast of mind denominated "intellectual conscience." All his mental proc- 
esses are honest, open, and hence, direct. In addition to this, he possesses 
a strong habit of attention and a powerful momor3\ These enable him to 
seize with great rapidity upon all the elements of a subject, and to hold 
them in one connected image in his mind's eye. His most elaborate judg- 
ments are thus freely organized in his mind, before he puis pen to paper, 
and then they are written out at one sitting, with great rapidity, and with 
seldom an erasure or interlineation. Judge Wagner has been twice married 
— his present wife, to whom he was in 1871, having been Mrs. Mary Belle 
Van Werden. He has four children. 

Erastus Weli.s was born in JetTerson county, New York, December 3d 
1823. His father dying when he was a child, and leaving no estate, he was 
put upon a farm, where he worked during the summer months, and in winter 
faced the northern blasts to the old log school house, a distance of two miles, 
to "get his education." In 1839, he was engaged as a clerk at Lockport, 
New York, for gt^firm in which Ex-Governor Washington Hunt was a partner. 
When less than twenty years of age, young Wells by hard work and the 
most rigid economy, had acquired the no inconsiderable sum, for a young 
man in those times, of one hundred and forty dollars. In the summer of 
1843, he turned his face westward. Arriving at St. Louis in September, he at 
once entered in co-partnership with Calvin Case. On the 2d day of Novem- 
ber following they started the first omnibus line west of the Mississippi 



610 AlSr TLLTTSTRATKD 

river The entire '' rolliug stock" of this new enterprise consisted of one 
"bus," built in tlie city at a cost of two hundred dollius, and the total re- 
ceipts of the first six months averaged about $1.50 per 6ay. Wells him- 
self was proprietor, driver, fare-taker, and often the only passenger. In 1844, 
business having increased, another " bus" was put on, and profits began to 
accumulate. During the succeeding five years, some fifteen omnibuses 
were in use. In the latter part of 1850, a new firm was organized under the 
name of Case & Co., and the business greatly enlarged; a line being put on 
between St, Louis and Belleville, Illinois. In this relation Mr. Wells re- 
mained until 1859, when, on the organization of the " People's Railway Com- 
pany," he became its president, whi<jh position he still occupies. In 1848, 
he was elected a member of the 'city- council, and again in 1854, re- 
maining a member of that body until 1869, when he resigned to take his seat 
in Congress, to which office he had been elected. Whilst he was in the city 
government, the question of water supply came prominently before the peo- 
pie and the council, and by special appointment he visited several of the 
more important eastern cities, for the purpose of making a thorough inspec- 
tion of the methods adopted in each, regarding this important matter. On 
his return, he made a valuable report, which did much to educate the minds 
of the people on this point. He also, while visiting eastern cities in the in- 
terests of the water suppl3^ investigated the various police sjstems, and on his 
return, advocated the passage of an act by the legislJiture commonly known 
as the "Metropolitan Police Bill," in which effort he was finally successful; 
and for fifteen years the city of St. Louis has enjoj^ed the security coming 
from a police system believed to be second to no other city in the Union. 
In 1868, he was elected a representative to Congress, and has filled that posi- 
tion continuously to the present time. In politics, Mr. Wells is a democrat. 
In 1850, he was married to a daughter of Hon. J. F. Henry, of St. Louis. 
Tiiey have three children. 

John Wilkinson, of WJilkinson's landing, Perry county, Missouri, was 
born August 23d, 1^13, in Bingley, Yorkshire, England. At the age of four 
years, he was t)rought by his parents to the United States, the family locating 
first in Philadelphia, then in Jeffersonville, Indiana, where young John 
acquired such an education as the common schools of that day afl:'ordcd. He 
served his apprenticeship as ship-builder in New Albany, Indiana, and in the 
year 1835, superintended the building of the steamer " Laurel," owned princi- 
pally by himself and father. The boat made one trip between Louisville 
and Alton; and on her second trip, sunk at what is now known as "Wilkin- 
son's Landing." Wilkinson built himself a shanty on the bank near the 
wreck, from the old lumber, and set to work chopping cord-wood. Not being 
able to purchase a team, he conveyed his wood to the landing on a wheel- 
barrow, and when the snow fell, he used a sled, drawn by himself. By con- 
stant labor and great perseverance, he final!}' built up a trade. Twent}- years 
after, he was the largest wood dealer on the Mississippi. He kept forty or 
fifty hands constantly employed during the winter months. He suffered 
much by the overflows of 1844, 1851, and 1858, but continued in the business 
until near the commencement of the war. In connection with the wood 




JOHN WILKINSON, 



IIISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 611 

business, lie has invested in milling. He has been owner of Wilkinson's 
Water Power Mills for twenty years. He ran the first circular saw-mill ever 
erected in south-west Missouri. At the present time, Mr. Wilkinson is the 
largest taxpayer in Perry county, and one of the largest real estate owners in 
the State. His possessions are in Missouri, Illinois, and Texas. He has been 
a member of the Presbyterian church for twenty years. He is a Mason, and 
has held some of the higiiest stations among the craft. He has been three 
times married. 

Chaules P. WrLLi.\Ms, Pn. D., the present director of the Missouri 
School of Mines and Metallurgy, was born in Paoli, Chester county, Pennsyl- 
vania, October lOlh, 1838. Before coming to Missouri, he liad filled the 
position of Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy, in the Poly- 
technic college at Philadelphia; Professor of Chemistry at the Delaware 
State college, Newark ; and Chemist to the State of Delaware. In addition 
to filling these chairs. Dr. Williams had been connected with several 
important chemical industries, in the capacity of chemist to, or superinten- 
dent of, large working establishments, and had the widest range of exper- 
ience, as an analyst, of commercial material and products. A residence on 
Lake Superior, and several professional visits to other mining sections, 
added largely to liis experience as a metallurgist. He was appointed to the 
position of director of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, in 
August, 1871, and lias been connected with that institution in that capacity, 
and at the same time Professor of Analytical Chemistry and Metalluig}-, ever 
since. Besides tliese duties, Mr. Williams lias, by appointment of the 
Board of Curators of the Stale University, filled temporarily the position of 
State Geologist, and is now engaged in the preparation of the industrial 
reports of the survey. Williams is the author of several contributions to 
chemical science, most commonly in the direction of its application to the 
industrial arts. He is not a member of any secret society, and though an 
Episcopalian by education and connection, is not a communicant of the 
church. He is married — two children, before coming to Missouri. 

Elias V. W^iLSON, of Edina, Knox county, Missouri, was born in Butler 
county, in the State of Ohio, on the 17lh of February, 1834, being a son of 
John K. Wilson, for many years a prominent man in that county. When 
about sixteen years of age, young Wilson entered "Miami University," one 
of the oldest and best disciplined institutions in the State of Ohio. Up(m 
leaving college, in 1843, he entered the law oflice of John B. Weller, at 
Hamilton, Ohio, where he remained until January, 184G, when he was ad- 
mitted to tlie bar, and immediately entered upon the practice of his pro- 
fession at Hamilton. Having married in 1847, he decided to "go west," and 
accordingly immigrated with his young wife to Missouri, landing at Tolony, 
in Lewis county, early in 1849. At that time Tolony was regarded as one of 
the best ptiints for business in north-east Missouri, but in 1851, "the rains 
descended and the flood came," and almost entirely submerged the entire 
town, thus destroying its business prestige. Soon after, Wilson removed to 
Edina, Knox county, where he has since resided. In 1853, he was appointed 



012 AN ILLUSTRATED 

by the county court to organize the schools of Knox county, and for a num- 
ber of years was attorney for the county. In 1856, as the result of a warm 
canvass, he was elected representative to the General Assembly. When the 
civil war commenced, Wilson espoused the cause of the Union. He 
raised and commanded a company of Home Guards, and oa the organization 
of the 2d Regiment of north-east Missouri Reserve Corps, he was made 
major. During the years 1863 — 64, he was employed in the service of the 
government, in the capacity of assistant provost-marshal, and in 1864, he 
was cliosen to the State Senate from his senatorial district, in wliich capacity 
he served with marked ability during the sessions of 1864 — 65. In April, 
1865, he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the judgesliip of the fourth 
judicial circuit, occasioned by the promotion of his predecessor, Judge David 
Wagner, to the Supreme Bench, and in 1868, he was elected to the same 
position for the full term of six years, retiring from the bench in 1875. 
During this entire service of nearly ten years, he never failed to hold a term 
of court, provided for by law, and often held special terms. In 1869, he took 
an active part in the organization of the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific rail- 
road, of which company he is now a director. 

Robert P. C. Wilson, of Platte City, Platte count}', was born at 
Booneville, Copper county, Missouri, on theStli of August, 1836. His father, 
John Wilson, now deceased, immigrated from Kentucky to Missouri iu 1830, 
and was the compeer, at the bar, of Leonard, Geyer, Ha} den, Bales, Scott, 
Rylaud, and others no less eminent in the profession. His mother's maiden 
name was Clark, and belonged to a family of that name who were distin- 
guished iu public aflairs in Virginia and Kentucky l>om the earliest days; 
and both father and mother were descendants fiom revolutionary stock. 
Young Wilson entered Centre college, at Danville, Kentucky, at the age of 
sixteen, and graduated with higli honor in the class of 1853. Immediately on 
leaving school, he entered the law oflacc of his brother-in-law, E. H. Norton, 
at that time judge of the 12th judicial circuit, and in due time received his 
license. Shortly after tliis hejoined a party of his neighbors who were on 
their way to Texas for health and pleasuie, and on reaching that State, be- 
came infatuated wi;h the freo, wild lite of the south-west Texan border, and 
remained lliere until 1858, in tlie active and successful practice of liis i)rofes- 
sion. Returning to Missouri during that year on a visit, his friends induced 
him to remain. In 1859,lier( moved to the neighboring State of Kansas, locat- 
ing at Leavenworth. Here he first entered the political arena, and in 1!;60, 
was elected to represent his county in the Kansr.s legislature, being the demo- 
cratic nominee for speaker of the House, but was defeated, his parly being 
largely in the minority. Duringthe long and important sessions that followed, 
he contributed largely to its legislation, being a member of nearly every im- 
portant committee. In 1866, he was a candidate for the nomination for Con- 
gress from the northwest district, and canvassed a portion of it with the 
venerable Judge Birch, George C. Bingham, and John Doniphan as competi- 
tors. He was taken sick however, after having canvassed about half the dis- 
trict, and his illness being protracted, declined the canvass. From this time 
until the general election in the fall of 1870, he abstained from any participa- 



lllSTuUr OF MlttSOLTUl, 013 

tion in politics. He theu bcciime a candidate for tlic lower house of tlie Gen- 
■eral Assembly, and was elected. On the opening of the session he was elected 
speaker of that body. In 1872, his name was brought out in conuecticn vv-ith 
the nomination for Governor; and the same year he was nominated ty the 
State convention for presidential elector on the Greeley and Brown ticket, from 
the 8th district, and elected. In 1803, Mr. Wilson was united in mai-riage 
with Caroline F. Murry, a daughter of one of the early pioneers of the ''Pla'te 
Purchase," John D. Marry, now deceased. Tlicy liave one child — a boy. lie 
is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and of the masonic fraternit)\ 

John R. Woodside, of Thomasville, Oregon county, Missouri, was born in 
Franklin county, Kentucky, August 3d, 1814, but, soon after, liis parents 
moved to Callaway county in the same State, where the subjcctof this sketch 
was raised on a farm, and remained until twenty-two j-ears of age. His par- 
-ents being very poor, he had no opportunities for obtaining even the rudi- 
ments of an education. In the spring of 18 j7, he moved to Scott county, 
Missouri. The two following years he chopped wood on the banks of the 
Mississippi river, except a few weeks in the summer, where he crossed over 
to the east side every morning (returning in the evening) to attend a school 
(aught by a Miss Ware, in a small log school house, with the ground for a floor, 
and split poles, with four pegs driven into auger holes for legs, for seals. W^ith 
tliese limited means, together with the constant improvement of all hours of 
leisure, young Woodside matlesuch progress tliat in December, 1839, he was 
appointed assessor of Scott, by the county court, and in 1840, took the census 
■of the same county. In 1843, he was appointed deputy clerk of the county 
under Felix G. Allen. In 1843, he was appointed deputy sheriff, and the 
year following he made the canvass for the olHce of sheriff, but was defeated. 

About this time, he removed to Ripley (now Oregon) county. Having, in 
1889, married a well educated Tennessee lady, he continued his studies, and 
tinder her faithful tuition and encouragement, he acquired a fair English 
education. When he left Scott countj', his entire worldly posessions " con- 
sisted of thirty dollars in money, a forty dollar pony, — which died shortly 
afterward, — and about forty dollars' worth of household goods, a wife, and 
two children." Although sixty-five miles from a law office, and no money to 
buy books w'ith, he commenced the study of law, borrowing his text books; 
and after working through the day, he pursued his studies far into the night 
by the light of pitch-pine knots from the capacious fireplace. In 1S4G, he 
commenced the practice of his profession, and although he has never solicited 
business fronj any man, lie has followed his calling on this spot, within half 
a mile of where he read the first page of Blackstone, obtained a good living, 
educated his family of six children, done much for the benevolent objects and 
public improvements of his day, and at the same time acquired a handsome 
fortune. 

Judge Woodside was admitted to the bar in 1845, and upon the organiza- 
tion of Oregon county, he was appointed by the late C. II. Allen, clerk of the 
■circuit court, which office he held until 1849, and the next year he was ap- 
pointed by Governor King circuit attorney for the fourteenth circuit, and was 
elected to the same position in 1852; and soon after the organization of the 



C\4 A.TVr TLT.TTSTRATED 

fifteenth judicial circuit he was elected its attorney. In 1860, he was elected 
to the lower branch of the General Assembly, in which capacity he was a 
member of the judiciary committee, and exhibited his accustomed fidelity 
and energy. He continued the practice of his profession until 1872, when, 
on being elected judge of the thirteenth judicial circuit, he retired from ihe 
bar. He was re-elected iu 1874, and still honors the position. His wife was 
Emily H. Old ; married, November 17th, 1839. She was a Virginian b}' birtli, 
and educated in Tennessee. His family consists of three daughters and two 
sons, grown to manhood and womanhood. Judge Woodsidc is a member of 
the Methodist Episcopal church south, and of the masonic fraternity. 

John Hughes Winston, of Platte countj-, Missouri, was born in Stokes 
county, Norih Carolina, on the 22d of January, 1815. His maternal grand- 
fatliei-, Captain John Hughes, served iu the revolutionary army and woo 
commendation from "the Father of his country." His remote paternal 
ancestor came from the principality of Wales, and settled in Virginia, where 
mau}^ of his sons made their homes. John Winston immigrated to Ken- 
tucky, the "bloody ground," made almost classic by tlie adventures of 
Daniel Boone. Anthony Winston made his home in Alabama. Other bro- 
thers extended the family name north and west. One established himself in 
North Carolina. One of the sisters became the mother of the world-renowned 
Patrick Henry, and, to her early training and maternal care, he was 
indebted for the noble sentiments which suffused the colonies with a burn- 
ing blush for the indignities heaped upon the land by the mother country. 
Joseph Winston, who settled iu North Carolina, before the revolution, com- 
manded at the battle of King's Mountain, October 7th, 1780, and, with the 
other surviving commanders, at a later date, was awarded a memorial sword, 
in honor of the signal victory. The sword is cherished as an heir-loom. The 
hero of King's Mountain served the State in numerous capacities, in the State 
legislature, in various offices, and in Congress; and it was his good fortune 
to be surrounded by a wide circle of children, who sustain his name with 
honor. John Hughes Winston is the grandson of that distinguished man. 
His father took part in the war of 1812, and his uncles were marked meu in 
their several localities, commanding popular trust and regard. The youth 
thus happily sired, was surrounded, in the home of his childhood, by all 
the allurements of natural beauty. The exquisite scenery surrounding his 
ancestral home, was not, however, permitted to abate his ardor for learning, 
and, at the early age of eighteen, he was a law student in the office of Gene- 
ral J. F Poindexter, of Germanton. Circumstances compelled him to 
relinquish that pursuit, to accompany his sister, who was in ill health, to the 
south. Moving,— still in pursuit of health,— to Platte Valley, in 1837 she 
died, shortly after her arrival. Others of the family removed to that locality, 
attracted by the descriptions of the j'oung enthusiast; and his father died iu 
the new home in the forests of Missouri. Many cares thus devolved on the 
stalwart shoulders of the young man ; but he surmounted them all, and pros- 
pered as a grower, manufacturer and shipper of tobacco. At the outbreak of 
tlie Mexican war, he was proffered a major's command at Fort Leavenworth; 
but the precarious health of his young wife, and the solicitude of his wid- 




liBiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiyia 



JOHN H. WINSTON. 



HISTORY OF MlSSOiruI. 615 

owed mother, compelled him to forego that honor. He presided over the 
meeting in Platte Cit}', which, it is claimed, was the first to name General 
Taylor for President of the repuhlic. He was twice the nominee of the 
whigs for the State legislature; but that part}' was in the minority. His 
interest in churches and scuoois has been evidenced by many disinterested 
deeds in his immediate district. In the year 1861, when the "io.«t cause" was 
in its youth and vigor, Colonel Wins'on was commissioned by Governor 
Jackson, and rendered important services to the confederUte armies at the 
siege of Lexington, the battle of Pea Ridge, at Corinth, and in the battle of 
Farmiugton. General Price publicl}' commended his behavior. He assisted 
to throw supplies into Vicksburg, and was with Price when Little Rock was 
evacuated, having the honor to be often consulted by that veteran com- 
mander. He was captured, incarcerated, and sentenced to a prolonged term 
of imprisonment. He was not released from custody until twenty mouths 
after the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, notwithstanding the 
petitions and remonstrances of citizens, whose record had always been with 
the north. Arrested on a charge of treason, at a later date, the court dis- 
missed the indictment, but, singularl}-, compelled him to pay costs. As soon 
as Missouri was relieved from the thraldom of test-oaths, Winston was 
elected to the twenty-seventh General Assembl}-. He was a warm advocate 
of the movement to inaugurate a new constitution. Mr. Winston is spending 
the autumn of his days on a farm of four hundred acres, the summer resort 
of his five surviving children. His wile was Elizabeth Tebbs, daughter of 
William H. Tebbs, formerly of Prince William county, Virginia, to whom 
he was married on the 4th of December, 1839. 

John B. Wornall was born in Clark count}-, Kentucky, October 12th, 
1822, his parents moving to Shelby county, in that State, wlien he was a 
child. They emigrated to Jackson county, Missouri, in 1844. 'Mr. Wornall 
is honorably conspicuous among those who, many years ago, brouglit the in- 
telligence, manliness, and integritj- inherited through long lives of honorable 
ancestors, and laid them in the vigor and confidence of youth, on the altar of 
civilization, so newly erected on the western border of Missouri. For 
constancy of patriotism, courage, and fidelity in all trusts, his grandfather 
had been often crowned by old Kentucky with official dignities and responsi- 
bilities. His father, Richard Wornall, bequeathed to him a good name, un- 
stained in any particular, and a place in public esteem, which could only be 
maintained by that gentleness, uprightness, and real strength of character, 
always so much applauded by honest, hard-working pioneers. Tlie "Wornall 
farm," now so well known by the people of Kansas City, and so frequently 
pointed out to travelers as one of the pleasantest of suburban homes, had al- 
ready won its name of hospitality, and become a center of social life, when 
the now teeming hills wore their forest dress, and loaned the evening 
shadows to a few board warehouses scattered along the river's bank, aspir- 
ing to no higher name than "a landing." 

Possessing industry, energy, honesty, and largely endowed w ith common 
sense, it was only natural that Mr. Wornall should rise to affluence, and be- 
come a leader among the people. In every great enterprise he has stood 



(31(3 AN ILLUSTRATED 

with the foremost. At once bold and cautious, all who know him are in- 
spired with zeal and confidence in every enterprise in which they have the 
endorsement of his judi;ment, and the co-operation of his energies. Effort 
with him has always stood for success — and success means the grandest pos- 
sible results in given circumstances. He became the patron of public 
schools — and the numerous, beautiful and commodious buildings that have 
sprung up, in every quarter, pnwiding abundantly for the cosy accommo- 
dation of all the children in the city and suburbs, attest the faithfulness of 
his service to this great interest. But higher education, also, found in him 
a noble patron. For many years ho has been a trustee of 'William Jewell 
College," and much of the time president of the Board. He has been a very 
substantial friend of the institution. Atone time he gave eight thousand 
dollars to the endowment fund, and has been al\va3'3 ready with such smaller 
sums, as have seemed to be demanded of him by the interests Involved. 

Being a very decided Baptist, he has ahv lys bi.'cn much interested in the 
progress of his denomination, and he has been quite as much appreciated in 
the various departments of Christian work, as in educational matters. In 
the minutes of the "General Association of Missouri Baptists," for 1872, his 
name appears as president of the body — an assembly composed of the repre- 
sentatives from upwards of one thousand churches, representing more than 
80,000 people, with nine hundred ministers. For a number of years Mr. 
Wornall has been president of the Kansas City National Bank. In 18G9, he 
was nominated by acclamation for the State senate, from the fourteenth dis- 
trict. He was elected by a large majority and served throughout his term. 
Mr. Wornall's name was favorably mentioned by a number of the democratic 
papers of Missouri, in 1874, as a candidate for governor, but he made no can- 
vass or effort for the nomination. He was married in 1830 to Matilda A. 
Polk, daughter of William Polk, of Kentucky. She died in 1851. He again 
married in 1854 — the second wife was Eliza S. Johnson, daughter of Rev. 
Thomas Johnson. From this union there were seven children, (mly two of 
whom survive. Mr. Wornall was married the third time, in September, 1866; 
his present wife's maiden name was Roma Johnson. They have one son 
living. 

Foster Pelletieu Wright was born January 20th, 1807. His father's 
farm, upon which he was principally raised, adjoined the village of Sugar 
Gi'ove, Warren county, Pennsylvania, — convenient to the village school, 
which he attended until he arrived at the age of sixteen, except when assist- 
ing his father on the farm. He afterwards attended for several terms an 
academy in western New York. He then entered Miami University, in Ohio, 
being nineteen years of age. Having completed the course prescribed, he 
commenced the study of the law in an adjoining county, which he pursued 
with diligence for nearly three years, when he was admitted to the bar by the 
Supreme Court of Ohio, at Hamilton. He settled at Bowling Green, in Pike 
county, Missouri, in May, 1832, and soon after was licensed to practice in this 
State. He had made himself familiar with the elementary books, both in 
law and equity, and especially with the law of evidence. He was frequently 
called on by attorneys from other counties in the district, to aid tliem in mak- 




REV. W. POPE YEAMAN, D. D. 

CUANCEI.LOR WII.UAM JLWBLL COLLEGE. 



lIlSTe)i:V OF MISSOURI. (',17 

ang out briefs, and in conducting cases in tlie Supreme Court. In politics, 
Mr. Wrlglii was a democrat, and utter tlie 'Salt Kiver Journal" was estab- 
lished at Bowling Green, lie wrote for the paper under a previous arrange, 
ment between the democrats of Pike county, and the proprietor of the i):iper. 
He was known as a terse writer. Pike, then, was among the most populous 
counties in the State. At the election that took place in August, 183G, lie was 
elected a representative to the General Assembly, although the county was 
strongly whig. He became an active meuiber of that body, and was chairman 
on Internal Improvements. About the close of the session, there became a va- 
cancy in the judgeship of the seventh judicial circuit, and about the first of 
February, 18o7, he Mas nominated by Governor Boggs for that position, 
which nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. In procuring 
this appointment be took no part whatever. The constitution having been 
changed so that the term of the office of the circuit judges was reduced to 
eight years, he was reappointed by Governor King — the constitution was 
again cliauged and the judges made elective. He took no active part in this 
election, preferring to return to the practice of his profession. His ability and 
success are evidenced by the reported decisions of the court, and his accom- 
panying briefs. In 1858, Judge Ballou having resigned, he was elected to fill 
the vacancy, thus occasioned, without opposition. He continued to perform 
the duties of the office, until the latter part of 18(51, when he again returned 
to the bar. He had filled the office of judge of the scA'cnth judicial circuit for 
sixteen years; and few of his decisions were reversed, notwithstanding the 
country was mostly new, and books of reference extremely scarce. Clinton, 
the county seat of Henry county, becoming about the center of his circuit of 
practice, he permanently located there. Judge McGaughey of the 22d judi- 
cial circuit, in which Henry county is situated, having resigned, Judge Wright 
was elected to fill the vacancy, in Februarj-, 1863. Having given general sat- 
isfaction, he was re-elected at the November election, in 1875, without any op- 
position — receiving the entire vote of all parlies. The business of this circuit 
being larger than any other in the State, the legislature in 1874 passed a com- 
plementary act authorizing the count}-^ courts in his circuit to pay him two 
hundred and fifty dollars each, out of the county treasury. He however, has 
never applied to the courts for any of this extra pay. Judge Wright's resi- 
dence is in the city of Clinton, not far from the public square, in the center 
of the city. His dwelling is a commodious two-story brick building, with 
suitable out-houses and a well arranged garden. 

William Pope Yeaman, I). D., was born on May 28th, 1832, in the county 
of Hardin, in the State of Kentucky. His father, Steplien M. Yeaman, was 
born in Pennsylvania; and while he was yet at an early age, his father, Samuel 
Yeaman, migrated to Ohio, and purchased a farm, the site of which is now 
embraced in the western portion of the city of Cincinnati. This farm was 
exchanged for one in Warren county, Ohio. As Stephen M. Yeaman ap- 
proached the years of mature manhood, he took his fortunes into his own 
hands and sought a home in Kentucky. Here he studied law — having re- 
ceived u liberal education, embracing unusually high attainments in English 
literature, Latin, and mathematics. He was admitted to the bar, and soon won, 



618 AN ILLflSTIiATPm 

by his fine persoual appearance, liis clear and logical mind and rare powers 
of speech, decided eminence in his profession. At the age of twent^'-seven 
years he married Miss Lucretia Il.lin, daughter of George Helm, of Hardin 
county, IvL'utucky. Mr. Helm, (who married Rebecca Larne, a lady of rare 
beauty and intellect) was an eminent citizen, having been often chosen to re- 
present his fellow-citizens in the legislative and ministerial departments of 
government. George Helm was the father of the late Governor Helm, of 
Kentucky, and of the Rev. Dr. S. L. Helm, who still lives. By the marriage 
of Stephen M. Yeamaa and Lucretia Helm, there were born eight sons and 
one daughter. The subject of this notice is the third child, and third son. 
Six of these sons reached j'ears of manhood, and each prepared himself for 
the profession of law. This preparation required great self reliance and self- 
help, as, before his first children were grown, the father of the family met 
with heavy financial reverses, which so dispirited him that he abandoned tlie 
practice of his profession, and sought the recuperation of his fortunes by 
other means; but large success did not attend his efforts, and at the age of 
fifty-six years he died in humble circumstances, but honored by all who 
knew him. Mrs. Yeaman survives her husband, and is distinguished for her 
intelligence and sound judgment. 

The subject of this notice was called to the bar from the ofl3ce of his 
uncle, Governor Helm, at the age of nineteen, and at about this age was 
married to Miss Eliza Shackelford, of Hardin county, Kentucky, who lives 
and proves herself a helpmeet indeed. Her devotion to her husband's inter- 
ests, and her true motherly care of a large family, afford her the motives and 
comforts of a useful life. For one so young, jNIr. Yeaman attained to singu- 
lar prominence as a lawyer, and was full of practice for several years. In 
1859, having then been at the bar for about eight years, after a severe 
struggle between (Juty and inclination, he, like his brother John, yielded to 
the convictions of duty, and was ordained to the gospel ministr3^ His first 
pastorate was with the Baptist church at Nicholasville, Kentucky. He was 
soon called to succeed the venerable R. T. Dillard, D.D., in the pastorate of 
East Hickman church, distant about eight miles from Nicholasville. This 
call he accepted for half of his time, preaching on alternate Sabbaths in each 
church. Tlie churches were situated in the heart of the famous Blue 
Grass region of Kentucky, and it has been said that he had no more 
delightful field of labor in his pastoral career. In the spring of 1861, 
he was elected secretary of the General Association of Kentucky Baptists, 
and he was re-elected each succeeding term as long as he remained in the 
State. In the spring of 1862, he was called to the pastorate of the First Bap- 
tist church of Covington, Kentucky, but he was so well pleased with his 
Blue Grass home that he declined this call. However, the same church called 
him again iu the summer of the same year. The call was this time pressed 
with so much earnestness that he, taking the advice of his friends, Drs. D. R. 
Campbell, S. L. Helm, and William Pratt, accepted it. In August, 1863, he 
moved to Covington. The war was distracting society, business, and the 
churches, and the pastor soon discovered that his chief work was to harmon- 
ize conflicting elements. This was done with a most gratifying success — ■ 



HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 619 

"Blessed are tlic pcace-mjikcrs." Mr. Yeaman's pastorate, at Covington, 
continued with uninterrupted success until December, 18G7, when he accepted 
a call to tlie Bloomingdale Baptist church, on Forty-second street, in tlie city 
of New York. During this pastorate the church was greatly built up, and 
the magnificent house of worship having been finished in beautiful style, the 
church, at the suggestion of the pastor, changed its name to the Central Bap- 
tist church. 

In March, 1870, at the call of the Third Baptist church of St. Louis, he 
moved to St. Louis, and on the first Sabbath in April, 1870, entered upon his 
duties as its pastor. His ministry with the church has been blessed by the 
accession of two hundred and forty-four members. In coming to Missouri, 
where there is a Baptist population of over eighty thousand, Mr. Yeaman 
at once placed himself in sympathy with this vast brotherliood ; and, 
without reflection on any one, he has exercised an influence in the de- 
nomination of the State second to that of no other man. In the summer 
after his removal to St. Louis, he was elected moderator of the St. Louis As- 
sociation of Baptists, and has been re-elected each session since for six suc- 
cessive sessions. In 1870, the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity was con- 
ferred upon him by the facult}^ and trustees of William Jewell College. He 
has never relaxed his efi'orts to promote the great denominational enterprises 
in the State, and especially the endowment of the Baptist College. In June, 
1875, he was elected Chancellor of William Jewell College, which position, 
in connection with the pastorate, and the editorial management of the " Cen- 
tral Baptist," he still holds. Although comparatively a young man, Dr. 
Yeaman is a grandfather. Dr. Yeaman is a man of work. He has 
not much of the air of a clergyman. He, though a close and analytical 
thinker, is an extemporaneous speaker, and by his personal address, his clear 
reasoning and fervent eloquence, never fails to win and keep the attention of 
his audience. He is said by those that hear him critically, that the impress 
of his first profession is manifest in his style as a speaker. His genial man- 
ner and earnestness have made him many friends, while his conduct and in- 
dependence have sometimes given oft'ense to others. 



APPE]S"DIX. 

TERRITORIAL AND STATE OFFICES, JUDGES SUPREME COURT, UNITE1> 
STATES SENATORS. AND REPRESENTATIVES TO CONGRESS. 



TERRITORFAL GOVERNORS. 

Territouy of Lodisiana. — James 
Wilkinson, Governor from March 3il, 
1805, to 1806. Joseph Brown, Secre- 
tary and acting Governor from latter 
part of 1800, to May 1, 1807. Frederick 
Bates, Secretary and acting Governor 
from May, 1807, to October. Meri- 
wether Lewis, Governor from 1807 to 
September, 1809. Frederick Bates, Sec- 
retary and acting Governor, from 1809, 
to September, 1810. Benjamin How- 
ard, Governor from 1810, to November, 
1813. Frederick Bates, Secretary and 
acting Governor from November 19th, 
1813, to December 7lh. 

Tekritory op Missouri. — Freder- 
ick Bates, Secretary and acting Gover- 
nor. from December 7lli, 1813, to July, 
1813. William Clark, Governor from 
1813 to 1830, when the State Govern- 
ment was organized. 



STATE GOVERNORS. 

Alex.\nder. M'Nair, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1830, for four 
years. Died May, 182G. 

Frederick Bates, St. Louis county. 
Elected August, 1824, for four years. 
Died August 1st, 1825. Abraham J. 
Williams, President of the Senate and 
ex-officio Governor, acted as Governor 
until election to fill vacancy, in Sep- 
tember, 1825. 



John Miller, Howard county. Elec- 
ted Governor, September, 1835, to fill 
vacancy occasioned by death of Fred- 
erick Bates. Re-elected August, 1838, 
for four years. 

Daniel Dunklin, Washington coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1832, for four 
years. Resigned September, 1830. L. 
W. Boggs, Lieutenant-Governor, filled 
vacancy by virtue of his ofiice, until 
general election, August, 183G. Died 
August 25th, 1844. Aged fifty-four 
years. 

LilburnW. Boggs, Jackson county. 
Elected August, 183G, for four years. 

Thomas Reynolds, Howard county. 
Elected August, 1840, for four years. 
Committed suicide, Friday, February 
9th, 1844. M. M. Marmaduke, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, acted as Governor un- 
til regular election, in 1844. 

John C. Edwards, Cole county. 
Elected August, 1844, for four years. 

Austin A. King, Ray county. Elec- 
ted August, 1848, for four years. 

Sterling Price, Chariton county. 
Elected August, 1852, for four years. 

Trustf-n Polk, St. Louis county. 
Elected August, 185G, for four years. 
Resigned, and elected to U. S. S"enate, 
February 27th, 1857. Hancock Jack- 
son, Lieutenant-Governor, filled the 
vacancy until election, August, 1857. 
Robert M. Stew.\rt, Buchanan 
county. Elected August, 1857, for three 



622 



APPENDIX. 



years, to fill vacancy occasioned by 
resignation of Polk. 

Claiborne F. Jackson, Saline coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1860, for four 
years. Office vacated by ordinance 
1861. Died at Little Rock, Arkansas, 
December Gtli, 1862. 

Hamilton R. Gamble, made act- 
ing and provisional Governor in 1861, 
served till his death, January 31st, 
1864. Willard P. Hall, Lieutenant- 
Governor, acted as Governor the bal- 
ance of the term. 

Thomas C. Fletcher, St. Louis 
county. Elected November, 1864, for 
four years. 

Joseph W. McClurg, Camden coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1868, for two 
years. 

B. Gratz Brown, St. Louis county. 
Elected November, 1870, for two years. 

Silas Woodson, Buchanan county. 
Elected November, 1872, for two years. 

Ch.vrles H. Hardin, Audrain coun- 
ty. Elected November 1874, for two 
years. 

John S. Phelps, Greene county. 
Elected November 7lh, 1876, for two 
years. 

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 

William H. Ashley, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected September, 1820, for four 
3'ears. Died March 26th, 1838, near 
Booneville, Missouri. 

Benjamin A. Reeves, Howard 
county. Elected November, 1824, for 
four years. 

Daniel Dunklin, Washington coun- 
ty. Elected November 1828, for four 
years. ^ 

LiLBUKN W. BoGGS, Jacksou coun- 
tJ^ Elected November, 1832, for four 
years. 

Franklin Cannon, Cape Girardeau 
county. Elected November, 1836, for 
four years. 



M. M. Marmaduke, Saline county, 
Elected November, 1840, for four years. 

James Young, Lafayette county. 
Elected November, 1844, for four years. 

Thomas L. Price, Cole county. Elec- 
ted December, 1848, for four years. 
Died in Lexington, Missouri, Jul}^ 15th, 
1870. 

Wilson Brown, Cape Girardeau 
county. Elected December 1852, for 
four years. Died August, 27th, 1855. 

Hancock Jackson, Randolph coun- 
ty. Elected Dec. 1856, for four years. 

Thomas C. Reynolds, St. Louis 
county. Elected December 1860, for 
four years. Office declared vacant by 
State convention, 30th July 1861, and 
Willard P. Hall, of Buchanan countj', 
elected to fill the unexpired term. 

George Smith, Caldwell county. 
Elected 1864, for four years. 

Edwin O. Stanard, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected 1868, for two years. 

Joseph J. Gravely, Cedar county. 
Elected 1870, for two years. 

Ch.\.rles p. Johnson, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected 1872, for two years. 

Norman J. Colman, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected 1874, for two years. 

Henry C. Brockmeyer, St. Louis 
county. Elected November 7th, 1376, 
for two years. 



SECRETARIES OF STATE. 

Joshua Barton, Si. Louis county. 
Appointed September, 1820. Resigned 
September, 1821. 

William G. Pettis, St. Charles 
county. Appointed September 1821. 
Resigned November 17th, 1824. 

Hamilton R. Gamble, county. 

Appointed November, 1824. Resigned 
July, 1826. 

Spencer Pettis, St. Louis county. 
Appointed July 1826. Resigned Dec- 
ember, 1828. 



APPENDIX. 



623 



P. H. McBride, Boone county. Ap- 
pointed January, 1829. Resigned Sep- 
tember, 1830. 

John; C. Edw.vkus, Cole count3^ 
Appointed September, 1830. Term ex- 
pired March, 1835. Re-appointed Jan- 
ijary, 1837. Resigned May, 1837. 

Peter G. Gr,ovEU, Callaway county. 
Appointed May, 1837. Term expired 
February, 1839. 

James L. Minou, Marion county. 
Appointed February, 1839. Continued 
until April, 1845, six years. 

F. H. M.\RTiN, Jefferson county. Ap- 
pointed April, 1845, for four years. 

Ephkaim B. Ewing, Ray county. 
Appointed April, 18-i9, for four years. 

John M. Richakuson, Greene county. 
Elected August, 1852, lor four years. 

Benjamin F. Massey, Jasper coun- 
ty. Elected August, 185G, for four 
years. Re-elected August, 1860, for 
four years. 

MoRDECAi Oliver, Greene county. 
E rcted by Convention, July BOtb, 1861, 
in place of B. F. Massey, removed. 

Francis Rodman, Buchanan county. 
Ek;ctcd November 8th, 1864, for four 
years. Re-elected November 3d, 1868, 
for two years. 

Eugene F. Weigel, St. Louis county. 
Elected November 8th, 1870, for two 
years. Re-elected November 5th, 1872, 
for two years. 

-Michael K. McGratu, St. Louis 
county. Elected November 3J, 1874, 
for two years. Re-elected November 
7th, 1876, for two years. 



STATE TREASURERS. 

Peter Didier, St. Louis county. 
Appointed September, 1820, for two 
years. Resigned in 1821. 

Nathaniel Simonds, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Appointed 1821. Term expired in 
December, 1828. 



James Earickson, Howard county. 
Appointed January, 1829. Continued 
until December, 1833. 

John Walker, Cole county. Ap- 
pointed January, 1833. Continued in 
office until his death. May 26th, 1838. 

Abraham McClellan, Jackson 
county. Appointed June, 1838. Con- 
tinued until January, 1843 — five years. 

Peter G. Glover, Cole county. Ap- 
pointed January. 1843, and continued 
until his death, October, 1851, — nine 
years. 

A. W. Morrison, Howard county. 
Appointed November, 1851, to fill Glo- 
ver's vacancy. Elected by people, Aug- 
ust, 1852, for four years. Re-elected, 
August, 1856, for four years. Re-elec- 
ted second time, October, 1860, for four 
years. 

George C. Bingham, Jackson coun- 
ty. Appointed by Governor, January 
3d, 1862, in place of A. W. Morrison, 
who failed to qualify. 

William Bishop, Cass county. Elec- 
ted November 8th, 1864, for four years. 

William Q Dallmeyer, Cole coun- 
ty. Elected November 3d, 1868, for 
two j'ears. 

Samuel Hayes, county. Elec- 
ted November 8th, 1872, for two years. 

Harvey W. Salmon, Henry county. 
Elected November 5lh, 1872, for two 
years. 

Joseph W. Merger, Jackson coun- 
ty. Elected November 3d, 1874. for 
two years. 

Elijah Gates, Buchanan county. 
Elected November, 7lh, 1876, for two 
years. 

ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 

Edward Bates, St. Louis county. 
Appointed by Governor and Senate, 
September, 1820. Resigned in 1821. 

RuFus Easton, St. Louis county. 



624 



APPENDIX. 



Appointed, December, 1821. Died 
Jauuary 21st, 182G. 

Robert W. Wells, Cole county. 
Api)ointed January 21st, 1826, and con- 
tinued to Septeuaber, 1836, a period of 
ten years. 

William B. Napton, Howard 
county. Appointed September, 1836. 
Resigned February, 1839. 

S. M. Bay, Cole county. Appointed 
February, 1839. Continued to March, 
1845, six years. 

B. F. Strikgpellow, Chariton 
county. Appointcal March, 1845. Re- 
signed January, 1849. 

William A. Robarts, Boone county. 
Appointed January, 1849. Died Sep- 
tember, 1851. 

James B. Gardenhiue, Buchanan 
county. Appointed September, 1851. 
Elected by people, August, 1852, for 
four years. Total term of service, five 
years. 

Ephkaim B. Ewing, Hay county. 
Elected by people, August, 1856, for 
four years. Resigned September 1st, 
1850, having been elected Supreme 
Judge. 

James P. K.vott, Scotland county. 
Appointed by Governor, September 2d, 
1859, in place of Ewing, resigned. 
Elected August, 1860, for four years. 

AiKMAN Welsh, Johnson county. 
Appointed December 21st,1861, in place 
of J. P. Knott, who failed to qualify. 
Died July 29lh, 1864. 

Thomas T. Crittenden, Lafayette 
county. Appointed September 3d, 
1864, in place of Welsh, deceased. 

Robert F. Wingate, St. Louis 
couuiy. Elected November 8th, 1864, 
for four years. 

Horace P. Johnson, Cole county. 
Elected November 3d, 1868, for two 
years. 

A. J. Baker, county. 



Elected November, 1870, for two years. 



Henry Clay Ewing, Cole county. 
Elected November 5lh, 1872, for two 
years. 

John A. Hockaday, Callaway 
county. Elected November 3d, 1874, 
for two years. 

Jackson L. Smith, Cole county. 
Elected November 7th, 1876, for two 
years. 

AUDITORS OF PUBLIC 

ACCOUNTS. 

William Christie, St. Louis county. 
Appointed September, 1820, for four 
years. Resigned December, 1821. 

William V. Rector, St. Louis 
countj-. Appointed December, 1821, 
for four 3'ears. Resigned Nov. 1823. 

Elias Barcroft, St. Louis county. 
Appointed November, 1823. Continued 
in olfice until February, 1833 — ten 
years. 

Henry Shurlds, Washington county. 
Appointed February, 1833, for four 
years. Resigned March, 1835. 

Peter G. Glover, Callaway county. 
Appointed March, 1835. Resigned 
May, 1837. 

Hiram H. Baber, Cole county. Ap- 
pointed May, 1817. Continued in of- 
fice until February, 1845, eiglit years. 

William Monroe, Morgan county. 
Appointed February, 1845. 

J. R. McDearmon, St. Charles 
county. Appointed December, 1845, 
continued in oflice until his death, 
Maich 20th, 1848. 

George W. Miller, Cole county. 
Appointed April, 1848, to fill v.acancy 
of McDearmon. 

Wilson Brown, Cape Ghardean 
county. Appointed January, 1849, for 
four years. 

William H. Bufpington, Cole 
county. Elected by the people, Aug- 
ust, 1852, for four years. Reelected 
August, 1856, for four years. 



APPENDIX. 



625 



WiLXJAM S. MosELEY. New Madrid 
county. Elected August, 1860, for 
four years. 

Alonzo Thompson, Nodaway Co. 
Elected Nov.Slh, 1864, for four years. 

Daniel, M. Draper, Montgomery 
county. Elected November 3d, 1868, for 
two years. Re-elected November 8th, 
1870, for two years. 

Georqe B. Clark, "Washington 
county. Elected November 5th, 1873, for 
two years. 

Thomas HoLLADAY,Madison county. 
Elected November 3d, 1874, for two 
3'ears. 

Thomas Holladay, Madison county. 
Elected November 7th, 1876, for two 
years. 



JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT. 

Mathias McKirk, Montgomery 
county. Appointed in 1823, to hold 
his office until sixty-five years of age. 
Resigned. 1841. ' 

John D Cooke, Cape Girardeau 
county. Appointed 1833, until sixty- 
five years of age. Resigned 1833. 

John R. Jones, Pike county. Ap- 
pointed 1823, until sixty-five years old. 
Died April, 1824. 

RuFUS Pettibone, Pike County. 
Appointed 1823 iu the place of Cooke, 
resigned. Died August 1st, 1825. 

George Tompkins, Cole county. 
Appointed April, 1824, in the place of 
Jones. Re-appointed in February, 1825, 
until sixly-five years of age. Term ex- 
pired March, 1845. 

Robert Wash, St. Louis county. 
Appointed September, 1825, in the 
place of Pettibone, deceiised. Re- 
appointed in 182 -, until sixty-five years 
old. Resigned May, 1837. 

John C. Edwards, Cole county. 
Appointed May, 1837, till meeting of 
General Assembly. 



WiMJAM U Napton, Saline county. 
Appointed February, 1839, until sixty, 
five years of age — iu the place of 
Wash, resigned. 

William Scott, Cole county. Ap- 
pointed August, 1841, until meeting 
of General Assembly — iu the place of 
McKirk, resigned. Reappointed Janu- 
ary, 1843, until sixty-five years of age. 

P. H. McBuiDE, Monroe county. 
Appointed March, 1845, until sixty-five 
years old, in the place of Tompkins, 
term expired. 

William B. Napton, Saline county. 
Appointed by Governor and Senate for 
twelve 3'ears, from March 1st, 1849. Re- 
moved by constitutional amendment 
in 1853. 

John F. Ryland, Lafayette county. 
Appointed for twelve years, from 
March 1st, 1849. Removed by consti- 
tutional amendment in 1851. 

J. H. Birch, Clinton county. Ap- 
pointed for twelve years, from March 
1st, 1649. Removed by constitutional 
amendment in 1851. 

WiLLiA-M Scott, John F. Ryland, 
and Hamilton R. Gamble, elected 
by people, August, 1851, for six years 
each ; Gamble resigned, 1854. 

Ariel Leonard, Howard county. 
Elected January, 1855, to fill vacancy 
of Gamble, resigned. 

William B. Napton, (vacated by 
failure to file oath,) William Scott, 
and John C. Richardson, (resigned,) 
elected Aug. 1857, for six years each. 

E. B. EwtNO, Ray county. Elected 
August 1st, 1859, to fill Richardson's 
resignation. 

Barton Bates, St. Charles county. 
Appointed by Governor, January 1862. 

W. V. N. Bay, St. Louis county. Ap- 
l)ointe(l by Governor, January 20, 1862. 

John D. S. Dryden, Marion county. 
Appointed by Governor, January 31st, 
1862. 



626 



APPENDIX. 



Barton Bates, St. Charles county. 
Elected November 3d, 1863. Resigned 
February 1st, 1865. 

W. V. N. Bay, St. Louis county. 
Elected November 3d, 1863. 

John. D. S. Dryden, Marion county. 
Elected November 3d, 1863. 

David Wagner, appointed by gov- 
ernor, April 10th, 1865, under provision 
of constitutional ordinance. 

Wallace L. Lovelace, appointed 
by Governor, May 1st, 1865, under pro- 
visions of constitutional ordinance. 

Nathanial Holmes, appointed by 
Governor, June, 1865, under provision 
of constitutional ordinance. 

Thomas J. C. Fagg, appointed by 
Governor, October, 1st, 1866, in the 
place of Lovelace, deceased. 

James Baker, appointed by Gov- 
ernor, August 22d, 1868. 

David Wagner, elected November 
3d, 1868, for two years. Re-elected 
November 8th, 1870, for full term. 

Philemon Bliss, elected November 
3d, 1868, for two years. 

Warren Currier, i elected Novem- 
ber 3d, 1868, for six years. 

Washington Adams, appointed by 
Governor, December 27th 1871, in the 
place of Currier, resigned. 

Henry M. Vories, i elected Novem- 
5th, 1872, for six years. 

Washington Adams, elected No- 
vember 5th, 1872, for two years. 

Epuraim B. Ewing, elected Novem- 
ber 5th, 1872, for eight years. 

Thomas A. SuerwoodI elected 
November 5tli, 1872, for ten years. 

W. B. Napton, appointed June 
24th, 1873, in place of Ewing, de- 
ceased. 

Edward A. Lewis, appointed Sep- 
tember 25th, 1874, in the place of 
Adams, resigned. 

Warwick Hough i elected Novem- 
ber 3d, 1874, for ten years. 



William B. Napton i elected No- 
vember 3d, 1874, for short term. 

John E. Henry, Macon county. 
Elected November 7th, 1876. 

1 Constitute Ihc present Supreme Court. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Thomas H. Benton, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1820, and re- 
elected every six years (hereafter for 
a period of thirty years. 

David Barton, St. Louis county. 
Elected November, 1820, for four years, 
and re-electetl November, 1824, for six 
j-ears. 

Alexander Buckner, Cape Girar- 
deau county. Elected November, 1830, 
for six years. Died in 1833. 

Louis F. Linn, Ste.Genevieve county. 
Appointed by the Governor in 1833, to 
fill vacancy of Buckner. Elected No- 
vember, 1836, for six years ; re-elected 
November, 1842, for six years. Died 
October 3d, 1843. 

David 11. Atchison, Platte county. 
Appointed October, 1843, by Governor^ 
to fill vacancy of L. F. Linn, deceased. 
Elected November, 1844, for four years, 
and re-elected January, 1849, for six 
years. 

Henry S. Geyer, St. Louis count}^ 
Elected February 22d, 1851, for six 
years. 

James S. Green, Lewis county 
Elected January 12th, 1857 for four 
years, to till vacancy occasioned by 
failure of Legislature to elect, in 
1855. Term expired 1861. 

Trusteu Polk, St. Louis county. 
Elected January 13th, 1857, for six 
years. Term expired 1863. 

Waldo P.Johnson, St. Clair county. 
Elected January, 1861. Expelled the 
same year. 

Robert Wilson, Andrew county. 
Appointed in 1861 by Governor Gam- 
ble, in place of Green expelled. 



APPENDIX. 



627 



B. Gkatz Brown, St. Louis county. 
Elected January, 1863, for unexpired 
term of Johnson. 

John B. Henderson, Pilce county. 
Elected January, 186;} for six years. 

Charles D. Drake, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected January' 1867, for six years ; 
resigned 1870 to accept Judgeship of 
the court of claim, Washington, D. C. 

Carl ScnuRZ, St. Louis county. 
Elected January, 1869, for six years. 

Daniel F. Jewett, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected 1870, in the place of Drake, 
resigned. 

Francis P. Blair, Jr., St. Louis 
county. Elected January 1871, for si.\ 
years. 

Lewis V. Bogy, St. Louis county. 
Elected January 1873, for six years. 

Francis M. Cockrell, Johnson 
county. Elected January, 1875, for six 
years. 



REPRESENTATIVES TO 

CONGRESS. 

John Scott, Sainte Genevieve county. 

Elected August, 1820, and continued 

until 1826, six years. Died at Sainte 

Genevieve, 1861. 

Edward Bates, St. Louis county 
Elected August, 1826, for two years. 

Spencer Pettis, St. Louis county. 
Elected August, 1828, for two years. 
Re-elected 1830. Killed in a duel with 
Biddle, August, 1831. Term of service, 
three years. 

William H.Ashley, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1831, to fill va- 
caucj' of Pettis, deceased. Continued 
• until 1836— five years. 

John Bull, Howard county. Elect- 
ed August, 1832, for two years. 

Albert G. Harrison, Callaway 
county. Elected August, 1834, and 
continued until his death, September, 
1839, — five years. 

John Miller, Cole county. Elected 



August, 1836, and continued until 1842 
— six years. 

John Jameson, Callaway county. 
Elected October, 183!), and continued 
until 1844 — five years. Re-elected Aug- 
ust, 1846, for two years. 

John C Edwards, Cole conaty. 
Elected August, 1840, for two years. 

James M. ^ugiies. Clay county. 
Elected August, 1842, for two years. 

James H. Relke, Washington coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1842, and contin- 
ued until 1846 — four years. 

James B. Boavlin, St. Louis county. 
Elected August, 1842, and continued 
until 1850 — eight years. 

Gcstavus M. Bower, Monroe coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1842, for two 
years. 

Sterling Price, Chariton county. 
Elected August, 1844, for two years. 
Resigned 1846. 

William McDaniel, Marion county. 
Elected 1846, to fill vacancy of Sterling 
Price, resigned. 

Leonard H. Sims, Greene county. 
Elected August, 1844, for two years. 

John S. Phelps, Greene county. 
Elected August, 1844, and continued 
until 1858. Re-elected August 1858, 
for two 3'ears, making sixteen years. 

James' S. Green, Lewis county. 
Elected August, 1846, and continued 
until 1850. Re-elected August, 1856, 
for two years, but resigned, and was 
elected to the United States Senate, Jan- 
uary, 1857. Died at St. Louis, January 
19th, 1870. 

WiLLARD P. Hall, Buchanan coun- 
ty. Elected August 1846, and continued 
until 1853. 

WfLLiAM V. N. Bay, Franklin coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1848, and con- 
tinued until 1861. 

John F. Darby, St. Louis county. 
Elected August, 1850, and continued 
until 1853. 



628 



APPENDIX. 



Gilchrist Porter, Pike couaty. 
Elected August, 1850, and continued 
until 1857. 

Jo FIN G. Miller, Cooper county. 
Elected August, 1850. Re-elected in 
1852, and died May 11th, 1856. 

Alfred W. Lamb, Marion county. 
Elected August, 1852, for two years. 

Thomas H. Benton, S^. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1852, for two 
years. 

MoRDECAi Oliver, Ray county. 
Elected August, 1852, and continued 
until 1857. 

James J. Lindley, Lewis county. 
Elected August, 1852. Continued four 
years. 

Samuel Caruthers, Madison coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1852. Served six 
years. 

Thomas P. Akers, Lafayette county. 
Elected August, 1855, to fill term unex- 
pired of J. G. Miller, deceased. 

Fr.\ncis p. Blair, Jr., St. Louis 
county. Elected August, 1856. Re- 
elected August, 1860, but, during the 
first session resigned to enter the Union 
army. 

Thomas L. Anderson, Monroe coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1856. Continued 
to 1860. 

James Craig, Buchanan county- 
Elected August, 1856. Continued to 
I860. 

Samuel H. Woodson, Jackson coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1856, and con- 
tinued to 1860. 

John B. Clark, Sen'r., Howard 
county. Elected August, 1857, in place 
of Green, made U. S. Senator. Re- 
elected 1858 and 1860. Expelled July, 
1861. 

J. Richard Barrett, St. Louis coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1858. Seat con- 
tested, and declared not elected. 
Elected August, 1860, in place of Blair, 
resigned. 



John W. Noell, St. Francois 
county. Elected August, 1858, and 
continued to March 14th, 1863, when 
he died. 

James S. Rollins, Boone county. 
Elected August, 1860, and continued to 
1864. 

Elijah H. Norton, Platte county. 
Elected August, 1860, and continued to 
1863. 

John W. Reid, Jackson county. 
Elected August, 1860, and expelled in 

1861. y 

WiLLiASjT A. Hall, Randolph county. 
Elected August, 1863, in place of Clark 
expelled, and continued to 1864. 

Thomas L. Price, Cole county. 
Elected August, 1862, in place of Reid 
expelled. 

Henry T. Blow, St. Louis county. 
Elected August, 1862, and continued 
to 1866. 

Sempronius T. Boyd, Greene coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1862, and again 
August, 1868, for two years. 

Joseph W. McClurg, Osage county. 
Elected August, 1862, and continued 
until 1866, when he resigned to accept 
the office of Governor of Missouri. 

Austin A. King, Ray county. Elected 
August, 1862, for two years. 

Benj.\min F. Loan, Buchanan coun- 
ty. Elected August, 1862, and con- 
tinued to 1869. 

John G. Scott, Jefferson county. 
Elected August, 1863, in place of Noel, 
deceased. 

John Hogan, St. Louis county. 
Elected November, 1864, for two years. 

Thomas E. Noell, St. Francois 
county. Elected November, 1864. Re- 
elected in 1866. Died, Oct. 3d, 1867. 

John R. Kelsoe, county. 

Elected November, 1864, for two years. 

Robert T. VanHorn, Jackson coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1864, and con- 
tinued to 1871. 



APPENDIX. 



629 



John F. Benjamin, Shelby county. 
Elected November, 18G4, and continued 
until 1871. 

GeohgeW. Anderson, Pike county. 
Elected in November, 1864, and con- 
tinued until 18G!). 

William A. Pile, St. Louis county. 
Elected in November, 1866, for two 
years. 

C. A. Newcomb, county. 

Elected November, 1866, for two 3'ears. 

Joseph E. Gkavely, county. 

Elected November, 1866, for two jears. 

James R. McCoumick, Iron county. 
Elected November, 1866, in place of T. 
E. Noell, deceased, and continued until 
1873. 

John H. Stover, Morgan county. 
Elected November, 1867, in place ot 
McCIurg, resigned. 

Erastus Wells, St. Louis county. 
Elected November, 1868, 1870—72—74. 

G. A. FiNKELNBURG,St. Louis couuty . 
Elected November, 1868, and continued 
until 1871. 

Samuel S. Burdett, St. Clair coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1868, and con 
tinned until 1871. 

Joel F. Asper, Livingstqn county. 
Elected November, 1868, for two years. 

David P. Dyer, Pike county. 
Elected November, 1868, for two years. 

Harrison E. Havens, Greene coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1870. and con- 
tinued until 1875. 

Abram Comingo, Jackson county. 
Elected November, 1870, and continued 
until 1875. 

Isaac C. Parker, Buchanan county. 
Elected November, 1870, and continued 
until 1875. 

James G. Blair, Lewis county. 
Elected November, 1870. for two years. 

Andrew King, St. Charles county. 
Elected November, 1870, for two years. 



Edwin O. STANARD,St. Louis county. 
Elected 1872, for two year.-. 

William H. Stone, St. Louis county. 
Elected November, 1873 and 1874, and 
is now, (1876.) in office. 

KoHERT A. Hatcher, New Madrid 
county. Elected November, 1872. 

Richard P. Bland, Laclede county. 
Elected November, 1872 and 1874. 

Thomas Crittenden, Johnson coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1872, for two 
years. 

Ira B. Hyde, Mercer county. 
Elected November, 1872, for two years. 

John B. Clark, Jr, Howard county. 
Elected November, 1872 and 1874, and 
now (1876), holding office. 

John 31. Clover, Lewis county. 
Elected in November 1872 and 1874, 
and now holds the office. 

Aylett II. Buckner, Andrain coun- 
ty. Elected November, 1862,ll874, and 
now liolds the office. 

Edward C. Kehr, St. Louis county. 
Elected November, 1874, and now holds 
the office. 

Charles H. Morgan, Barton county. 
Elected November, 1874, and now 
holds the office. 

John F. Philips, of Pettis county. 
Elected November, 1874, and now holds 
the office. 

B. J. Franklin, Jackson county. 
Elected November, 1874, and now 
holds the office. 

David Rea, Andrew count}-. 
Elected November, 1874, and now 
holds office. 

Rezin a. DeBoet, Grundy county. 
Elected November, 1874, and now holds 
office. 

Anthoney Ittner, 1st District. 
Elected November 7th, 1876. 

Nathan Cole, 2d District. Elected 
November 7th, 1876. 



INDEX 



INDEX. 



Abbott, S-vmuel 42 

Acock, llobeit E. 126, 138. 

Adair County 313, 314 

Adams, Waslunpton 463, 527. 

Agriculture of Missouri, 235 — 241. 

Alc.\>iu(lria Collefre, 282. 

Allen, Beverly 115. 

Allen, Cl.arlesII. 124, 127. 

Allen, De Witt C. 312,463. 

Alien, Tliomas 141. 

Almond, William B. 124, 127. 

Alverson, Iverson B 464, 465. 

American Fur Company, 42. 

Andrew County, 314—316 

Armitasje, Captain 41. 

Astor, John Jacob 42. 

Ashlev, Daniel 465, 466. 

AshleV, William H. 72, 84, 86, 101, 103, 

108—112. 
Atchison County, 316, 317. 
Atchison, David K. 122, 127, 466. 
Atkinson, General Henry 91. 
Audrain County, 317, 318. 
Austin, Moses 40. 
Austin, Stephen F. 110. 

B 

Bank of St. Louis, 39. 
Baptist Church, 246—253. 
Barry County, 318. 
Baptist College, 282. 
Barton County, 318, 319. 
Barton, David 77,88, 114. 
Barton, Joshua 39. 85. 
Bas.sett, Charles C. 457, 466. 
Bates County, 320,321. 
Bates, Edward 39, 93, 95, 467, 468. 
Bates, Frederick 50, 51, 54, 86. 88, 89. 
Bay of Biioxi. 6. 
Bay, William V. N. 184. 
BeHerive, Louis St. Ange 16, 22, 23. 
Bellefoutaine, Fort 51. 
Benton County, 321, 322. 
^Benton, Thomas H. 77, 92, 100, 104, 
X 117,127, 138, 141, 145, 146,202,468. 
Bevett, E. D. 138. 
Biddle, Mnjor 100. 



Bienville, De 6. 

Biographical Sketches, 463 — 569. 

Bingham, George C. 469 — 471. 

Birch, James H. 96, 471,472. 

Blair, Francis P. 141, 159, 179, 210, 216, 

472. 
Black Hawk War, 101, 102. 
Blow, Henry, 475. 
Boerstein, Henry 160—102. 
Boggs, Lilburn W. 40, 103, 105, 109, 

111, 112, 116, 117, 119. 
Bogy, Lewis V. 216, 475. 
Boh art, James M. 476, 477. 
Boisbriant, M. 11. 
Bollinger County, 322, 323. 
Boone County, 323—325. 
Boone, Daniel M. 73, 78. 
Boone, Banton G. 222, 478. 
Boone Jesse D. 73. 
Boone, Henry L. 120. 
Booneville, Battle of 161. 
Bottom, Montgomery 477, 478. 
Bowl in, James B. 108, 124, 134. 
Brady, Thomas 40. 
Broadhead, James C 478, 479. 
Brown, B. Gratz 141,179, 186, 207,209, 

482. 
Brown, Charles H. 481, 482. 
Brown, Joseph 51, 96. 
Brown, Wilson 138, 142, 143. 
Brockmeyer, Henry C. 480, 481. 
Brittan, James H. 479, 480. 
Buckner, Alexander 95, 98, 107, 122. 
Buckner, Aylett U. 483, 484. 
Buchanan County, 326, 337. 
Bullet, George 54, 01. 
Bull, John 95, 103. 
Burr, Aaron 51. 
Burgess, Gavou D. 484. 
Burgmont, M. 11. 
Burton, Francis 12. 
Burlingham, Rev. A. H. 485. 
Butler County, 327. 328. 
Byrd, Abraham 110. 



Cabell, E. C. 172. 
Cahokia, 13, 29. 



634 



INDEX. 



Caldwell County, 328—331. 

Callaway Countv, 831—333. 

Camden County, 333—334. 

Camp Jackson, 156. 

Cannon, Franklin 109, 111, 112, 110. 

Cape Girardeau, City and County, 46, 

47, 334, 336. 
Cartabona, Silvina Francisco, 25, 27. 
Carr, William C. 36,67, 91. 
Carroll County, 336—338. 
Caruthers, Samuel 138. 
Carter Countv, 338. 
Case, Theodore S. 485, 486. 
Cass County, 338—340. 
Cedar County, 340, 341. 
Central Colleo;e, 282—284. 
Central Wesleyan College, 284. 
Chariton County, 341, 342. 
Childs, J. C. 146. 
Cliickasaw Bluffs, 46. 
Cholera in St. Louis, 103, 107. 
Chouteau, Auouste 14, 16,40,98. 
Chouteau, Pierre, 38, 90. 
Christian County, 342, 343. 
Christian Brothers' College, 285, 286. 
Christian Brothers' Female Colleue, 

287. 
Christian Church, 256—258. 
Chrisman, AVilliam 486. 
Claiborne, W. C. C. 44. 
Clark County, 343, 344. 
Clark, George Rogers 24. 
Clark, John 13,31, 118,259. 
Clark, William, 38,54, 60—64, 72, 79, 

91, 117,487. 
Clay County, 344—348. 
Clay, Henry 71—80. 
Clay Seminary, 287. 
Clifford, Benjamin P. 488. 
Clinton County, 348, 349. 
Cockrell, Francis M. 220, 348—349,488. 
Coffrey, J. T. 147. 
Collier, Liu her T. 491,492. 
Colman, Norman J. 489—491. 
Cole Countv, 349—355. 
Conant, Alban J. 492, 493. 
Congregational Church, 253—256. 
Cooper,''William 354, 355. 
Cooper County, 355, 356. 
Coxe, Henry S. 98. 
Cote sans Dessein, 52. 
Crawford County, 356, 357. 
Crittenden, Thomas T. 493. 
Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 258, 

259. 
Curtis, General S. R. 174. 

D 
D'Abadie, 13,21. 
Dade (bounty, 357, 358. 



Dallas County, 358, 359. 

Daniel, Henrv C. 493, 494. 

Davl)y,JoliaF. 136. 

Daviess County, 359, 360. 

Davis, S. C. 103. 

Dean, Benjamin D. 494, 495. 

DeBolt, Rezin A. 495. 

Deigel, George 220, 495. 

Delassus, Charles Dehault, 29, 45, 

DeKalb, General 359, 360. 

DeKalb Countv, 360,361. 

Dent Count3% 361, 362. 

De Soto, Hernando, 1, 2. 

D'lberville, 6. 

Dickson, Robert 64. 

Dinning, Louis F. 496, 497. 

Doniphan, Alexander W. 130, 484, 

498—501. 
Dorman, Jerubal G. 497, 498. 
Dorris, George P. 217. 
Doughertv, Ralph 95. 
Douglas County, 362, 363. 
Drake, Charles" D. 210. 
Drury College, 387, 388. 
Dubourg, Bishop W. L. 83, 273, 274. 
Dug Sprinsjs Enaagement, 164. 
D'Ulloa, G^eneral 21. 
Dunklin County, 363, 364. 
Dunklin, Daniel 95, 103, 104, 105, 108, 

124, 126. 
Dunn , George W. 501, 502. 
Dunn, Lemuel 503. 
Dusseldorf, City of 470. 

E 
Eads, Jame.s B. 503—505. 
Easton, Rufus 36, 40, 91. 
Eastin, Lucian J. 505. 
Earthquake at New Madrid, 54—57. 
Edwards, E. Livingston 506, 507. 
Edwards, John C 118, 124, 127, 131, 

132, 134. 
Embargo Act, 51, 52. 
Evens, John 507, 508. 
Ewing, Ephraim B. 131, 508, 509. 
Ewing, Robert C. 145, 509, 570. 

F 
Farrar, Dr. 39. 

Fletcher, Thomas C. 188, 511. 
Flood, Joseph 512. 
Florida War, 114. 
Ford, Nicholas 512, 513. 
Fort Chartres, 9, 11, 13, 14. 
Fort Orleans, 11. 
Fort Sumter, 473. 

Fremont, Gen. John C 162, 167, 170. 
Franklin County, 364, 365. 
French Manners and Customs, 16 — 20, 
33. 34. 



INDEX. 



635 



Prontenac, Count de 5, 17. 
Fur Trade, 36. 



Gasconade County, o65 — 367. 

Gamble, Hamilton H. 146, 166, 188. 

Gamble, Archibald Dl. 

Gayard, R. P. 41. 

Gatevvood, J. M. 138. 

Gentry County, 367, 368. 

Gentry, Ilicliard 114. 

Gentry, William 220. 

Geyer, Henry S. 138. 

Giddings, Napoleon B. 512, 513. 

Giddings, Rev. Salmon 2.'53,264. 

Gill, Turner A. 513. 

Gilpin, William 126, 130. 

Goodell, Rev. C. L. 514. 

Gray, H. F. 138. 

Green, Rev. David 24G. 248. 

Greene County, 368—370. 

Green, James S. 134, 145, 146. 

Grand River College, 288, 289. 

Grundy County, 370, 372. 

Gunn City Traeedv, 212, 213. 

Guitar, Odou i78,'515, 516. 

H 

Hall, John 96. 

Hall, Willard P. 132, 134, 136. 

Hall, William A. 516. 

Hal ley, C. F. 138. 

Hallock, General 171. 

Halliburton, Wesley 516, 517. 

Hamilton. Lieut. Gov. Henry 24. 

Hammond, 8. 40, 61. 

Hannibal Colleue, 289, 290. 

Hardin, Charles H. 220—223, 518. 

Harlan, Andrew J. 519. 520. 

Harney, William S. 158, 162,519, 520. 

Harrison, Albert G. 104, 108, 118. 

Harrison, jMicajahV. 11(5. 

Harrison Ct)unly, 371, 312. 

Harrison, William Henry 46, 88, 119. 

Harris, John W. 519—521. 

Harvey, Thomas H. 115, 116. 

KaVks, Bishop Cicero h. 268, 296. 

Hays, William B. 522. 

Hempstead, Edward 36, 61. 

Hemstead, Stephen 90. 

Henderson, John B. 174, 179, 186, 314. 

Hennepin, Louis 3. 

Henry, Major A 39. 

Henry County, 372, 373. 

Heryford, Wriliam 522—524. 

Hickory County, 373, 374. 

Hicks, Russell 524. 525. 

Hill, Britton A. 525. 526. 

Hillman, William H. 517, 518. 

Hockaday, John A. 220, 526. 



Holt County, 374, 375. 
Hough, WaVwick 147, 526, 527. 
Hornet, (Steamer) 41. 
Houston, Thomas F. 527, 528. 
Howard County, 375—377. 
Howard, Dou Carlos 29. 
Howard, Governor 59. 
Howell County, 377, 378. 
Hughes, Charles J. 530. 
Hughes, James E. 529. 
Hughes, AVilliam H. 114. 
Humboldt, Baron Von 470. 
Hunt, Seth 51. 
Hunter, General 169. 
Huston, George W. 137. 
Hutchins, Stilson 528, 529. 

I, J 

Independence, City 382. 
Independence, (Steamer) 41. 
Indian Assault on St. Louis, 24, 25. 
Indian Troubles, 57, 62, 63, 97. 
Indiana Jurisdiction, 48, 50, 51. 
Inm County, 378, 379. 
Iron Mountain, 123. 
Jackson, Claiborne F. 126, 129, 131, 138, 

151. 
Jackson County, 379—384. 
Jackson, President Andrew 101, 102, 

128. 
.Jackson, Hancock 145, 146. 
Jameson, John 108, 111, 115, 118, 131. 
Jasper County, 384, 385. 
JeflFerson, Thomas 49. 
Jefferson County, 385, 386. 
.Johnson County, 386, 387. 
Johnson, Waldo P. 174, 180. 
Johnson, Richard M. 110. 
Joliet, Louis 2, 3. 
Jones, Charles 141. 
Jones, James 109, 112. 
Jones, W. C. 126. 

K 

Kahokia, see Cahokia. 

Kansas Troubles, 148, 149. 

Kansas City, 380, 381. 

Kaskaskia. 5, 8, 13. 24, 29. 

Kayser, Alexander 138. 

Kearny, Gen. Stephen W. 130. 

Kelly, John W. 145. 

Kelley, ll.ury S. 530, 531. 

Kennelf, L. M. 145. 

Kemper, Bishop Jackson 267, 268. 

King, Austin A. 134, 135—137. 

King, William R. 138. 

Knapp, George 531, 532. 

Knapp, John, 532—531. 
I Krekel, Arnold 141,53'!. 
i Kno.x County, 387, 3S8. 



6'M) 



INDEX. 



Laclede, Liguest 13 — 16. 

Laclede Couuty, 388. 

Lafayette, Marquis de; Arrival at St. 

Louis, 90. 
Lafayette County, 388—390. 
Lafayette Park, St. Louis 201, 441,443. 
La Grange C.)ll<gc, 2i)0. 
Lamb, Alfred AV. 138. 
Langdon, Edwin J. 535. 
Lane, William Carr 89, 90, 95. 
La Salle, Ciievalier 3—0. 
Latbrop, LL.D. Jolm H. 804, 535—538. 
Laussat, 30, 44. 
Law, Jolm 9, 12. 
Lawless, L.E. 99. 
Lawrence County, 390. 
Lead Discoveries, 10 — 13. 
Lead Mining, 93, 94, 123, 243, 244. 
Lelaud, JolinD. 123. 
Leonard, Abicl 48. 
Letcher, William H. 538. 
Lewis County, 390, 391. 
Lewis & Clark's Expedition, 49, 50. 
Lewis, Meriwether 51, 52, 539—542. 
Lexington, Capture ot 1G8. 
Leybas, Lieut. General 23 — 26. 
Liudenwood Female College, 291, 292. 
Lincoln, Abraham 168. 
Lincoln Countv, 391, 392. 
Lincoln Institute, 290, 291. 
Linn, Louis F. 108, 121, 126. 
Linn Count}', 392, 393. 
Lisa, Manuel 40, 42. 
Livingston County, 393, 394. 
Lochon, Sleur de 10. 
Louisiana, 3, 4—21 44—50. 
Louisiana Fur Company, 13. 
Loutre Island, 57, 58. 
Lowe, S. A. 142. 
Lowry, Doctor 39. 
Lucas, J. B. ('. 40, 50, 61, 60, 73, 120. 
Lumber of Missouri, 231, 232. 
Lyklns, M. D., Johnston 543. 
Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel 157, 160,161, 542. 

M 

Macon County, 394, 395. 
Madison County, 395, 396. 
Major, Samuel C. 544, 545. 
Maries County, 396, 397. 
Marlon County, 397, 398. 
Marionville Collegiate Institute, 292. 
Marshall, Hugh D. 543, 544. 
Marmaduke, M. M. 118, 120 126. 
Marquette, Father James 2, 3. 
Martial Law, 168. 
Mary Institute, 396, 397. 
Massey, Benjamin F. 131, 134, 146. 



Matthews, Stanley 227. 

Maxent, Antolne 13. 

Meigs, Return J. 50. * 

Membre, Father Zi-nobe 4. 

Mercer Couuty, 899, 400. 

Mercer, Joseph W. 549. 

Methodist Episcopal Church, 259-264. 

Mexican War, 130, 131. 

Mercantile Library Association, 173. 

Miller County. 400. 

Miller, John 91, 92, 95, 96, 112. 

Miller, John G. 136,138. 

Mills, Rev. S. J. 253. 

Mineral of Louisiana, 9, 10, 422. 

xMlnor, James L. 106, 111, 116, 303, 549, 

550. 
Missionary Ridge, 474. 
Missouri Bank, 40. 
Missouri Compromise, 71. 
Missouri Count}' Sketches, 313 — 460. 
Missouri Fur Company, 38, 42, 85. 
Missouri Gazette, 38, 447. 
Missouri Territorial Organization, 59- 

61. 
Missouri State Organization 69 — 73. 
Missouri School of Mines 292, 293. 
Mississippi County, 400,401. 
Mississippi Company, 9, 12. 
Mississippi River, 2.'3, 4, 6, 27, 29, 127. 
Mississippi Valley. 1. 
Mitchell, D. D. 130. 
Moniteau County, 401, 402. 
Monroe, William 110. 
Monroe County, 402, 403. 
Monroe Station Engagement, 164. 
Montelth, John 550. 
Montgomery County, 403, 404. 
Morgan, Charles H. 554. 
Morgan, Michael, D. 5'A). 551. 
Morgan County, 404, 405. 
Morgan, William H. 551. 
Mormon Troubles, 105, 115, 116. 
Morrison, T. J. O. 554, 555. 
Mosby, M. D., William W. 5.55. 
Moscoso, Louis de 1, 2. 
Moseley, William S. 147. 
Motte, M. de La 10. 
Musgrove, Rev. T. J. 556. 
Muslck, Abraham, 31. 
Muslck, Rev. T. R. 248. 

Mc 
McAnally, David R. 545, 546. 
McBride, Thomas 256. 
McCarty, Edward C. 546. 
.VIcGaughey, David 546, 547. 
McClui-ir, Joseph W. 201—203. 
McCracken, W. D. 138, 140, 142, 144. 
McDonald Couuty, 398, 399. 
McCullough, Joseph L. 548, 549 



INDEX. 



637 



McGrath, Michiicl K. 220, 547. 
Mcllliiiuy, Mortimer, 54H. 
iMcNair, Alexander 72, 77, 82. 88. 
McNeil, Jolin 164, 178, 552—554. 
McRay, Colonel (J5. 

N 
Nacke, Joseph 557, 558. 
Naptun, William B. 108, 556. 
Nelson, Uapiaiu 41. 
Newlami, William 142, 145. 
Newton County, 408. 
New Orleans Steamer, 54. 
New Madrid County, 405—408. 
New Madrid, Eartluiuake 54. 
Nickersoii, Edmund A. 556, 557. 
Nodaway County. 409, 410. 
North Missouri Railroad, 201. 
North Missouri Slate Normal School, 
294. 

O 

Oath of Allegiance, 173, 174. 

O'Failon, Benjamin 95. 

O'Fallon. Major John 89, 91, 98. 

Oliver, Mordecai 138. 

O'Reilly. Count 21, 23. 

Oregon County, 410. 

Osage County, 410, 411. 

Owen, Reuben P. 559. 

Owens, Samuel II. 559, 560. 

Ozark County, 411. 

Ozark Mountains, 1, 228, 288, 368. 



Paxton, William Q. 560,561. 

Peck, J. H. 98. 

Peck, Rev. John M. 249. 

Peers, Charles E. 558, 559. 

Pemiscot County, 411, 412. 

Penrose, C. B. 40. 

Perez, Manual 28. 

Perkins, Captain 42, 65. 

Perry County, 412, 413. 

Perry, Samuel 95. 

Pettis County, 413—416. 

Pctiis, Spencer 95, 101. 

Phelps, John S. 124, 131, 134, 136, 138, 

151, 200. 
Phelps, William H. 561. 
Philips, John F. 561,562. 
Phelps County, 416—418. 
Physical Geography, 228—245. 
Pierce, Franklin 138. 
Pieruas, Lieutenant-Governor 22. 
Pike County, 418. 
Pike, Steamer 41. 
Pike's Expedition. 50. 
Pilcher, John L. 42. 
Pilot Knob, 123. 



Pipkin, Philip 562, 563, 

Platte County, 419—421. 

Polk Count V, 422. 

Polk, Truslen 145. 146, 174, 564. 

Pontiac, (Chief) 22. 

Pope, General John 171. 

Population Statistics, 29, 202, 208. 

Portage des Sioux, 47. 

Porter. Gilchrist 136. 

Post, Rev. Truman M. 254, 565, 566. 

Prairie du Chien, 64, 65. 

Prairie du Rocher, 13. 

Pratte, Bernard 49. 

Presbyterian Cliurch, 264—266. 

Price, John W. 114. 

Price, R. H. 40. 

Price, Sterling 119, 120, 124, 130, 138, 

^40, 142, 144, 159, 165, 172. 
Protestant Episcopal Churcli, 256 — 272. 
Pulaski County, 422, 423. 
Putnam County, 423, 424. 

Q, R 

Quantrell, General 179. 

Ralls Countv. 424. . 

Ralls, John "566, 567. 

Randolph County, 425. 

Rav County, 425, 426. 

Rea, David 567, 508. 

Read, LL. D., Daniel 304, 568—571. 

Rector, William 85. 

Rector, Thomas C 85. 

Reed, Jacob 4. 

Reed, L. B. 104. 

Rees, Richard R. 136. 

Reid, John W. 151,571,572. 

Reeves. B. H. 96. 

Relfe, James H. 124. 

Religious Denominations, 246 — 277. 

Religious Tolerance, 30, 31. 

Renault, Philip F. 10, 12. 

Reynolds County, 426, 427. 

Reynolds, Thomas C. 567. 

Reynolds. Governor Thomas 104, 118, 

120, 121, 123, 124. 
Richardson, Samuel A. 572. 
Richmond College, 295. 
Rios, (Spanish officer) 22. 
Riley, Major 98. 

Riley, Prof. Charles V. 573—575. 
Ripley County, 427. 
Ritchey, Mathew H. 575. 570. 
Robertson, Rev. W. AV. 576 
Robertson, Right Rev. Charles F. 297. 
Robinson. Alexander M. i;)4. 
Rollins, James S. 134, 151, 301. 303, 

477—482. 
Rollins, Anthony "Wayne 582 — 585. 
Roman Catholic Church, 272. 



638 



INDKX. 



Roy, Baptiste Louis 52, 54. 
Ryland, John F. 585, 580. 



Saline CJounty, 437, 428. 

Salt Tax, 99, 100. 

Sappiugton, John 110. 

Savvver, Samuel L. 58G, 587. 

Scliofield, Gen. J. M. 184. 

School of Mines, 292, 293. 

Sohurz, Carl 204, 598. 

Schuyler Count}-, 429, 

Scotland Couniy, 429, 430. 

Scott, Felix 93,95. 

Scott, John 36, 72, 86. 

Scott County, 430, 431 . 

Sedalia City, 714, 715. 

Shannon, Richard D. 220, 587, 588. 

Shannon County, 431, 432. 

Shelby County, 432. 

Shelby, Reuben 139 

Shelton, Pines H. 588, 589. 

Shepard.Elihu H. 589. 

Shrader, Otto 51. 

Sliurids, Henry 104. 

Sibley, JNIajor 91. 

Simpson, Robert 40. 

Sh)an, Charles H. 589 

Smith, George R. 4l5 590—592. 

Smith, Geortre 593—598 

Smith, Dr. t. R. H 592, 593. 

Smith, John B. 40. 

Suead, Thomas L. 172. 

Spanish Domination, 21 — 32. 

Si)anish and French Discoveries, 1 — 7. 

Spanish Retrocession, 43. 

State Normal Sch()()ls, 297— 299. 

Stanard, Edwin O. 599. 

Steamboats, 401. 

Stephens, James L. 300,599, 600. 

Stephens' College, 300, 301. 

Stevenson, J. D, 138. 

Stewart, Robert M. 140, 147. 

Stoddard County, 450. 451. 

Stoddard, Amos 45, 40. 

Stone County, 451, 452. 

Stone, William H. 600, 601. 

Stringfellow, B. F. 138. 

Stuart, Alexander 95. 

St. Anthony's Falls, 3. 

St. Charles County, 433, 434, 

St. Clair County, 434, 435. 

St. Charles Village, 13, 14, 35, 47. 

Ste. Genevieve Villasje and County, 13, 

14, 35, 47, 59, 435, 436. 
St. Francois C'Unty, 436—438. 
St. Francois Mines, 10. 
St. Ferdinand, 23. 
St. IldefoDs:>, 29, 43. 



St. Louis Bridge Company, 198. 

St. Louis Citv, 14, 15, 22, 24, 27—29, 

33—38, 47, 50, 67, 82—84, 109, 449. 
St. Louis Count}', 438 — 450. 
St. Louis Fort, 4. 
St. Louis Universitv, 299. 
St. Paul's College, 296,297. 
St. Phillip's Village, 13. 
Strother, John P. 601. 
Switzler, William P. 604, 605. 
Sullivan County, 452, 453. 
Swallow, Prof. George C. 526, 602—604. 
Synodical Female College, 301. 



Talon, 3. 

Taney County, 453. 
Taylor, Johu H. 605. 
Territory of Oi leans, 46. 
Terrill, A. W. 605. 606. 
Texas Count3% 453, 454. 
Texas Revolution, 109,110. 
Thayer College, 301, 302. 
Thompson, J. W. 40. 
Thornton, John 96, 606, 607. 
Todd, David 91. 
Tompkins, George 39, 563. 
Tonty, Henri de^6. 
Trader, M.D., John W. 607. 
Trudeau, Zenon 28, 31. 

U 

Unitarian Church, 277. 
United Presbyterian Church, 275—277. 
United States Branch Bank, 98. 
University of Missouri, 302—307. 



Van Buren, Martin 110. 
Vardeman, Rev, J. 251. 
Vaughan, Ricliard C. 608. 
Vest, George G. 172. 
Vernon County, 454, 455. 
Village du Cole, 13. 
Vincennes, 24. 

W 

Wagner, David 608, 609, 
Walker, Rev. John 115. 
Walker, R. 129. 
Walkins, W. W. 137. 
War of 1812—1815, 64, 65. 
Ward, Rev. John 266. 
Warren County, 455 — 457. 
Washington County, 457, 458, 
Watson, J. S, 120. 
Washington Universitv, 307—310. 
Wayne County, 458, 459. 
Webster County, 459, 460. ' 



indp:x. 



689 



Wells, Erastus 609, 610. 

Wells, R. W. 103, 127. 

Wherry, Mackey, 99. 

Wilkinson, John GIO. 

Wilkinson, General James 44, 50, 51. 

William Jewell College. 311—317. 

Williams, Abraham J. 91, 104. 

Williams, Charles P. 293, Gil. 

Wilson, John 115. 

Wilson, EliasV. 611. 

Wilson, Robert P. C. 612, 613. 

Wilson Creek, Battle of 164. 

Winston, John H. 614, 615. 

Witt, Christian 40. 

Woodsidc, JoliQ R. 613, 614. 



Woodson, Silas 131, 214—216. 
Woman, John B. 312, 615, 616. 
Worth County, 460, 461. 
Wright, Foster P. 616, 617. 
Wright County, 461, 462. 



Yeaman, Rev. W Pope 311, 617—619. 
Year of Ten Boats, 28. 
Yiezer, Captain 65. 
Young, James 124, 127, 131. 



Zagouyi, Major Charles 169. 



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